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给孩子食物，可以让他长身体;给孩子观念，可以让他成伟人。身体的成长点点滴滴，心智的成长一日千里。我精心收集了有关食物的英语短文，供大家欣赏学习! 有关食物的英语短文篇1 With the science and technology expanding day by day,we can get and experience more and more things which have never existed before,such as plane,car and genetically modified planes and cars can let us be more convenient in our daily far we still do not clearly know all the aspects of genetically modified they damage to our healthy? So what is the genetically modified food?It is a kind of food that people apply modern molecular biotechnology,transfer some biological gene to other species, transform the genetic material of living things,change the shape, nutritional quality, consumer quality to the target of people's from the definition of GMF,we can know it happened for people's can have more options to cook and eat,and it also can save our money because this kind of food is usually cheaper and easier to plant than , it is good for our life. While,almost 50 percent of the whole people in China believe that the genetically modified food is not safe to our healthy,but what is the fun thing is most of them don't know how the genetically modified food damage their just are deeply misunderstanding and even have repellent psychology because of the long-time negative public opinion. Of course,in our country,the new grain law have same more rigorous example,the genetically modified seeds' scientific research,experiments,productions,sales,imports and exports should be followed to the country's laws,and every individual person and unit are not allowed to imply genetically modified technology at principle grain cultivars without authorization. So in my opinion,we should believe that the genetically modified technology can bring more advantage and less disadvantage to becomes a tendency to eat genetically modified we just be at ease to eat unless the productions are counterfeit and inferior and it is not qualified by the standard department. 有关食物的英语短文篇2 Today there are 6 billion people on the earth. By the year 2050 there may be billion. This is a lot of people to feed. We need more food. One way to produce more food is by growing stronger plants. For thousands of years, farmers have made plants better. Every season, they pick the best plants for the next season. It works very slowly. Since 1983, scientists have been able to change plants more quickly by changing their genetic material(遗传物质). Foods from plants grown in this way are called genetically modified foods(转基因食品), or GM foods. By changing the genetic material of a plant, it is possible to make new plants. They make plants which are strong against plant diseases. They can also help with our diseases: a kind of rice is being prepared(准备), for example, which stops people from becoming blind. Rich countries produce GM foods because they are easy to grow and bring in more money. Poor countries are interested in them because they help produce more food. GM plants are not natural. No one knows how good or bad they are. Making GM foods is only one way of feeding people in 2050. There are strong feelings against them, because they are unnatural. They may feed people, then hurt them or their children later. But, both rich and poor countries are very interested in their use, and they are not going to go away. In 2050 We may think differently about them. 有关食物的英语短文篇3 An increasing number of people are becoming aware of the significance of health maintainence . Just as the basic need of human beings for survival , like food to prevent starvation , and clothing to keep away from cold , being healthy is one essential element , which would be easily ignored . Here , tips for keeping good healthy are to be : work regularily and rest adequately , keep in good hours and have a healthy diet . If you do not intent to get yourself sick , exercising every moring would surely be the best way to prevent disease . Often can be seen that there are senior folks jogging and playing Taiji on the square or garden . And many young peers would much like to take sports gathering , such as table tennis and badminton , instead of spending the whole night getting drunk in bars . And as is known to all , tobacco an alcohol are the two greatest evils that creat negative affections on our health . Thus a man should definitely be sure of what to eat and what not , what to drink and what not . Besides , joining a family outdoor pinic in a shining weekend would be a lovely way to keep psychologically/mentally healthy . Anyway , health is the most precious gift that man can ever have . 越来越多的人们已经意识到健康的重要性。正如食物充饥、衣物御寒一样，拥有健康也是人类生存的必要条件之一，而它却往往被忽视。以下有保持身体健康的小秘笈：规律的工作、充足的休息、早睡早起、健康饮食。如果你不想把自己弄生病，那么每天的晨练一定是预防疾病最好的方式。经常可以看见，很多老年人在广场或公园健身或打 太极拳 ，而很多年轻人也喜欢聚在一起玩玩 乒乓球 或 羽毛球 ，而不再是扎堆在酒吧里宿夜买醉。地球人都知道，烟草和酒精是影响我们健康的两大恶邪，所以应该明白，什么该吃什么不该吃，什么该喝什么不该喝。除此之外，在阳光灿烂的周末跟家里人到郊外野餐也能使得心理/精神保持健康。总之，我们应该知道，健康是上天赐给人类最宝贵的礼物。 有关食物的英语短文篇4 Different people like different food. Most children like ice cream, so do I. The ice cream has a lot of taste, such as chocolate ice Dream, strawberry ice cream ,milk ice cream and so on. I like the chocolate ice cream best. Because it's delicious. I always eat it in the summer. It made me feel cool. My mother tells me not to eat too much ice cream. It's not good for our health. But I still love ice cream.
1、英文： People in different parts of our country have very different ideas about what is good to eat. In our country, for example, people from the south like to eat rice whereas people living in the north prefer bread or noodles. The natives of Hunan or Sichuan enjoy hot food while those of Shanghai or Suzhou will choose sweet dish. But even if people live in the same part of the country, their tastes vary greatly. Old people and young ones have different tastes; men and women also have their different preferences. In a restaurant, some customers order soups that is thick and heavy, while others drink soup that is thin and clear. A few people only eat vegetables. They de noteat fish or chicken. Therefore, it is not easy for restaurants to satisfy the needs of all the customers. To increase their business, the restaurants in the cities try their best to prepare foods of different kinds and different styles. They constantly add new names of dishes to their menus to eater for customers with different tastes. 2、翻译： 我国不同地区的人对吃什么东西有着不同的看法。例如，在我们国家，南方人喜欢吃米饭，而住在北方的人更喜欢吃面包或面条。湖南或四川的土著人喜欢吃热的食物，而那些在上海或是苏州的人会选择甜食。 但是，即使人们生活在同一地区，他们的口味差别很大。老年人和年轻人有不同的品味，男人和女人也有不同的喜好。在餐馆里，有些顾客要的汤是又厚又重的汤，而另一些则喝得又细又清。少数人只吃蔬菜。他们去吃鱼或鸡肉。 因此，餐馆不容易满足所有顾客的需要。为了增加他们的生意，城市里的餐馆尽力准备不同种类和不同风格的食物。他们不断添加菜肴的新名称菜单，以吃不同口味的客户。
'.答案补充我喜欢吃健康食物，吃健康食物对于我来说的十分有用的。它能提供给我很多能量。我们需要健康食物而不是垃圾食物和快餐。汉堡包和薯条就是垃圾食物的例子。尽管它们味道好，但汉堡包和薯条没有足够的营养，并含有大量的脂肪。它将使你体重失衡。小麦，大米，蔬菜是常见的健康食品。它们含有大量的营养，这些能提供给你能量，并使你原离疾病
编写教案要依据教学大纲和教科书。从学生实际情况出发，精心设计。下面是我给大家整理的初中英语教学案例范文，供大家参阅!
Language focus:
expressions
on Bondi Beach; great fun; fail; need practice; leave for; by the way; on business; so far; travel to. . .Time flies
2. Present Perfect Tense
Properties: Recorder; Overhead Projector; Pictures.
Teaching Procedures:
Ⅰ. Showing aims
Get the students to know what they will learn in this lesson and what they will do in this class:
1. Master some useful expressions
2. Practise the Present perfect Tense
3. Practise speaking English
Ⅱ. Revision
1. Check the homework.
2. Revise the passage "surfing". Ask one or two students to retell the story in front of the class.
3. Revise the Present Perfect Tense. Get the students to make dialogues in pairs, then have some of them act out their dialogues to share with the class. Pay attention to the use of the Present Perfect Tense.
III. Presentation
Speech Cassette. Play the tape for the students to listen and repeat. Then in groups, have the students read and act out the dialogue, ask several pairs to perform the dialogue for the class.
Note: such great fun; Time flies; on business. They may be explained in Chinese.
Explain the difference between "such" and "so" (such + nouns, so + adjectives)
IV. Practice
Part 2. Go through the dialogue with the students. Then get the students to ask and answer in pairs. Remind the difference between "have / has gone to" and "have / has been to"
V. Practice
Each student interviews a student or a teacher by asking the following questions:
What places have you been to in China?
Have you ever been to…?
How many times have you been there?
When did you go there?
How did you go there?
What interesting things did you do there?
Do you want to go there again?
Then ask the students to write a short passage about the interview, get one or two students to read for the class.
VI. Practice
Have the students give their own answers to the questions in the book.
Ask the students to ask and answer in pairs.
VII. Workbook
Do Exercise I with the class. First have the students do it individually, then check with the whole class.
The answers are: have got; Have been; went; gave; Have taken; took; be; has gone
Do Exercise 3 with the whole class. And get the students to learn the sentences.
VIII. Summary
Exercises for class
Translate the following sciences into Chinese.
1. 他在哪儿?他已经去了北京。
2. 他去过北京几次?
3. 不管他说什么，我都不会相信。
4. 你刚才做家庭作业了吗?还没有。
5. 他已经到美国去旅游了。
6. 不管你走到哪儿，我都会记得你。
IX. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
Language Focus:
Useful expressions:
a 12 - year - old schoolboy; try to; cross; channel; fail; set off; slow down; go on swimming, a big crowd of; wait for; be proud of; speak highly to.
Properties:
Recorder; Overhead Projector; Pictures
Teaching procedures:
I. showing aims
Get the students to know what they will learn in this lesson and what they will do in this class:
1. To master some useful expressions.
2. To revise all the contents of Unit 2.
3. To go through Checkpoint 2.
4. To train their listening ability.
5. To train their writing ability.
II. Revision
1. Revise "have / has been to" and "have / has gone to". Ask: Where is he? Get some of the students' answers with: He has gone to. . .
S1: He has gone to the office.
S2: He has gone to the hospital. .
S3: He has gone to Beijing.
Then ask: How many times have you been to Beijing?
S1: I've never been there.
S2: I've been there twice.
S3: I've been there three times.
Make sure the students can ask and answer correctly.
2. Revise the sports words. Divide the class into four groups and have a competition, say out the words as quickly as possible. See which group can say the most quickly and say the most words.
III. Listen
Listening Casette. Play the tape twice for the students to listen and do Exercise I in the workbook. Then play the tape again, and check the answers with the class.
IV. Word Puzzle
Ask the students to find the words in groups of the four. Get one student to share his or her answer with the whole class and check with them. The answers are: skiing; swimming; skating; boat-racing; diving.
V. Presentation
Part 3. Speech Cassette. Play the tape twice for the students to listen and repeat. Then ask the students to read the passage by themselves. Try to find the answers to the following questions:
1. Who was the youngest swimmer to cross channel?
2. Which channel did he cross first?
3. When did he first cross the channel?
4. Where was the channel?
5. Why did he slow down?
6. How many hours did it take him to cross the channel?
7. Did he cross the channel alone?
8. How did his parents feel when he arrived the beach?
Note some useful expressions on the blackboard: a-12-year-old schoolboy; cross the Qiongzhou Channel; fail; his dream came true; step into; slow down; go on swimming; another; a big crowd of people; be proud of; not only … but also … ; Have the students retell the story.
VI .Writing
Get one student to act as Li Lida and the other students act as journalists. Make an interview, then write down a passage about the interview. The journalists can ask questions like:
1. Do you like swimming?
2. When did you swim?
3. Do you often swim?
4. Were you afraid while you were crossing the channel?
5. Do your parents like you to swim?
6. How do you like when your dream comes true?
VII. A poem
Speech Cassette. Get the students to read the poem after the tape and help the students understand the poem. Ask them to learn the poem by heart.
VIII. Checkpoint 2
Go through Checkpoint 2 in the usual way. Explain any problems that the students may have. Get the students to go over the grammar notes.
IX. Workbook
Do Exercise 3 in class, and check the answers in pairs. The answers are: E; A; D; C; B
Do Exercise 4 individually and practise the dialogue in pairs.
Work on Exercise 5 as homework.
X. Summary
Exercise in class
Fill in the blanks with "so" and "such"
1. He was ________ tired that he can't climb the hill.
2. She is __________ a kind girl that everyone likes her.
3. The classroom is ___________ beautiful.
4. There is ___________ a clever monkey in the tree.
5. My mother is - busy, she can't go with you.
6. There are __________ many books here, I like them very much.
have ___________ an honest daughter. I like her very much.
8. The flowers are __________ beautiful, don't pick them.
Answers: 1. so 2. such 3. so 4. such 5. so 6. so 7. such 8. so
XI. Homework
Finish off the exercises in the workbook.
教学目标
教学目标与要点
1.能够运用过去时态来谈论过去的经历和运用现在完成时来谈论由过去开始，与现在相联系或有影响的经历。
2.学习和归纳有关环境和污染方面词汇，且能够正确运用它们来描述所见所闻。
3.进一步学习现在完成时态，特别是它的时间状语的表达法：for…或since…
4.归纳总结哪些动词是延续性动词，哪些是非延续性动词，以及它们之间的转换。特别是与一段时间连用时只能使用延续性动词。
5.培养自己的环境意识，养成良好的行为举止，能运用所学知识来报道周边的环境问题。
素质教育目标
1. 完成本单元语法现在完成时的学习，注意for与since的用法。
2. 熟练掌握本单元相关词组和短语的用法。
3. 引导学生了解优美的环境对人类健康的重要性，以养成宣传及保护我们生活、工作、学习环境的良好习惯。
4. 通过学习本单元，能使学生理解过去时与完成时，并能灵活运用相关知识。
5. 通过各种教学手段，如声音、图片、动画、电视、网络等，让学生在了解环境保护知识的基础上，提高表述、思考、总结相关此类知识的能力。
6. 引导学生尝试运用不同的学习工具、学习方法、媒体素材等进行学习和提高。
Language Focus:
1. some useful expressions:
waste water; Greener China; Good idea; be afraid; a member of; a book on the environment
2. some useful sentences:
How long have you been a member of Greener China?
I've been with Greener China for a year.
How many English words have you learned since you came here?
About one thousand.
Properties: Pictures：TV; Overhead Projector; Recorder
Teaching Procedures:
I. Showing amis
Get the students to know what they will learn in this lesson and what they will do in this class:
1. To master some useful expressions.
2. To learn the grammar: the Present Perfect Tense.
3. To make the similar dialogues freely.
4. To know that they should protect the environment and make our world more beautiful.
II . Revision
Revise the grammar; the Present Perfect Tense. Ask: Have you ever been to the Great Wall? How many times have you been there? Get the students to ask and answer in pairs. Then ask several pairs to act out their dialogues.
III. Presentation
Present this dialogue:
A: Where have you been?
B: I've been to a paper factory.
A: What did you do there?
B: I saw the worker making paper there.
Present this dialogue with one student as an example, then ask the students to practise this dialogue in pairs, and get some of them to act out the dialogue.
IV. Practice
Put up a picture of a paper factory on the blackboard, get the students to talk about the factory, for example; " This is a paper factory, it makes paper, but it also makes smoke and waste water. I found the smoke was put into the air and the waste water was put into the river near it. The river has become very dirty. Lots of fish have died." Have the students talk in groups of four and then ask some of them to read out their report to share with the whole class.
V. Read and say
Part 1. Speech Cassette. Play the tape twice for the students to listen and repeat. Ask the students to read the dialogue in groups of three. Then read for the class. Get the students to read the dialogue individually again and find the answer to the following questions:
1. Where has Hu Lan just been to?
2. Why has the river near the factory become dirty?
3. What has happened to the fish in the river?
4. What does Greener China want to do?
5. Why are they going to write to the TV station and the newspaper?
6. Do you take care of the environment? Why or why not?
7. What can you do to improve the environment?
VI. Ask and answer
Read through the dialogues with the students. Ask and answer in pairs. Then make similar dialogues in pairs using the phrases in the box of the book.
VII. Write
Get the students to act as journalists, make an interview. Interview one of their friends. Ask him or her some questions about him or her and his or her family members.
For example: How long have you been in this school?
What subject have you studied?
How many friends have you made?
What's your fathers job?
How long has he been a … ?
What has he done since … ?
Then get the students write a report, have some students read their reports to share with the whole class.
VIII. Workbook
Do Exercise 3 orally with the class. Have the students ask and answer in pairs. Write Exercise 2 in the exercise books.
IX. Summary
Exercises for class
Rewrite the following sentences using the Present Perfect Tense:
Model: He went to Nanjing two days ago.
He has been in Nanjing for two days.
1. They began to study English in 2000.
2. He became a teacher ten years ago.
3. Jim came to China one year ago.
4. He joined Greener China one year ago.
5. My sister bought this book last week.
X. Homework
Talk something about the environment.
在初中阶段进行英语阅读教学很重要,教师不仅要让学生学会语言知识,获取文章提供的资讯,领悟文章内涵,更要采取适当的阅读教学策略,使学生掌握阅读方法和技能,逐步培养其阅读能力。本文是关于初中英语美文，希望对大家有帮助! 关于初中英语美文篇一 A lifetime friendship Thomas Jefferson and James Madison met in 1776. Could it have been any other year? They worked together starting then to further American Revolution and later to shape the new scheme of government. From the work sprang a friendship perhaps inparable in intimacy and the trustfulness of collaboration and induration. It lasted 50 years. It included pleasure and utility but over and above them, there were shared purpose, a mon end and an enduring goodness on both sides. Four and a half months before he died, when he was ailing, debt-ridden, and worried about his impoverished family, Jefferson wrote to his longtime friend. His words and Madison's reply remind us that friends are friends until death. They also remind us that sometimes a friendship has a bearing on things larger than the friendship itself, for has there ever been a friendship of greater public consequence than this one? "The friendship which has subsisted between us now half a century, the harmony of our po1itical principles and pursuits have been sources of constant happiness to me through that long period. It's also been a great solace to me to believe that you're engaged in vindicating to posterity the course that we've pursued for preserving to them, in all their purity, their blessings of self-government, which we had assisted in acquiring for them. If ever the earth has beheld a system of administration conducted with a single and steadfast eye to the general interest and happiness of those mitted to it, one which, protected by truth, can never known reproach, it is that to which our lives have been devoted. To myself you have been a pillar of support throughout life. Take care of me when dead and be assured that I should leave with you my last affections." A week later Madison replied- "You cannot look back to the long period of our private friendship and political harmony with more affecting recollections than I do. If they are a source of pleasure to you, what aren’t they not to be to me? We cannot be deprived of the happy consciousness of the pure devotion to the public good with Which we discharge the trust mitted to us and I indulge a confidence that sufficient evidence will find in its way to another generation to ensure, after we are gone, whatever of justice may be withheld whilst we are here. " 关于初中英语美文篇二 Bee a Better Listener I strongly believe that it is rather important to be a good listener. And although I have bee a better listener than I was ten years ago, I have to admit I'm still only an adequate listener. Effective listening is more than simply avoiding the bad habit of interrupting others while they are speaking or finishing their sentences. It's being content to listen to the entire thought of someone rather than waiting impatiently for your chance to respond. In some ways, the way we fail to listen is symbolic of the way we live. We often treat munication as if it were a race. It's almost like our goal is to have no time gaps between the conclusion of the sentence of the person we are speaking with and the beginning of our own. My wife and I were recently at a cafe having lunch, eavesdropping on the conversations around us. It seemed that no one was really listening to one another, instead they were taking turns not listening to one asked my wife if I still did the same thing. With a *** ile on her face she said, "Only sometimes." Slowing down your responses and being a better listener aids you in being a more peaceful person. It takes pressure from you. If you think about it, you'll notice that it takes an enormous amount of energy and is very stressful to be sitting at the edge of your seat trying to guess what the person in front of you or on the telephone is going to say so that you can fire back your response. But as you wait for the person you are municating with to finish, as you simply listen more intently to what is being said, you'll notice that the pressure you feel is off. You'll immediately feel more relaxed, and so will the people you are talking to. They will feel safe in slowing down their own responses because they won't feel in petition with you for "air time"! Not only will being a better listener make you a more patient person, it will also enhance the quality of your relationships. Everyone loves to talk to someone who truly listens to what they are saying. 关于初中英语美文篇三 Teachers are People Today, more than ever before, education is playing an important role in the teaching of children. The school has bee a vital part of every munity, drawing children from every walk of life. The children are eager to take advantage of its opportunities, emerging from their sheltered confines, dipping easily into the habits of the student. They are ing from far and near, struggling towards an education, whetting their appetites for knowledge, forming friendships for the future. Childish energy lets nothing stand in its way. In their tiny hands, they hold the future. The person upon whose capable shoulders rests the responsibility for their education is that unsung hero, the teacher. He must be fair, honest, understanding, and intelligent. He must handle every situation with the utmost dignity. With a plete understanding of his pupils, the experienced teacher equips himself for the classroom. The students eagerly return to the classroom. Youthful minds are encouraged to develop their latent talents. Ah, yes, the creative outlets of the arts and the crafts. Tests and examinations fill out the day, as bright little minds gather knowledge form their teacher. But the little hands make the time pass quickly. Contrary to popular belief, the teacher's work is not through at the end of the school day. Oh, no. There’re many unfinished chores -- blackboards to be cleaned, erasers dusted, and of course the ever-present parent-teacher relationship. So it's to this great profession and its halls of learning that we dedicate this. When the occasion arises, there’re times when disciplinary actions must be taken.
英语是世界上普遍使用的语言,许多国家都在强化和改革基础教育阶段的英语教学,下面就是我给大家整理的，希望大家喜欢。 ：Parenthood If it was going to be easy, it never would have started with something called labor! Shouting to make your children obey is like using the horn to steer your car, and you get about the same results. To be in your children's memories tomorrow, you have to be in their lives today. The *** artest advice on raising children is to enjoy them while they are still on your side. The best way to keep kids at home is to give it a loving atmosphere - and hide the keys to the car. The right temperature in a home is maintained by warm hearts, not by hot heads. Parents: People who bare infants, bore teenagers, and board newlyweds. The joy of motherhood: What a woman experiences when all the children are finally in bed. Life’s golden age is when the kids are too old to need baby-sitters and too young to borrow the family car. Grandparents are similar to a piece of string - handy to have around and easily wrapped around the fingers of grandchildren. A child outgrows your lap, but never outgrows your heart. God gave you two ears and one mouth.... so you should listen twice as much as you talk. There are three ways to get something done: Do it yourself, hire someone to do it, or forbid your children to do it. Adolescence is the age when children try to bring up their parents. Cleaning your house while your kids are at home is like trying to shovel the driveway during a snowstorm. Oh, to be only half as wonderful as my child thought I was when he was *** all, and half as stupid as my teenager now thinks I am. There are only two things a child will share willingly: municable diseases and his mother’s age. Money isn't everything, but it sure keeps the kids in touch. Adolescence is the age at which children stop asking questions because they know all the answers. A alarm clock is a device for awakening people who don't have *** all children. No wonder kids are confused today. Half the *** s tell them to find themselves; the other half tell them to get lost. People hardest to convince that it's time for retirement are children at bedtime. Kids really brighten a household; they never turn off any lights. ：After A Long Winter Up earlier than usual. The air is calling. Spring air is different from winter air. Tree branches are serrated with red bud teeth. Later, they grow chartreuse fuzz, making pale green auras in the sun. Summer leaves will be dark, shading, but spring leaves let the light through. Spring trees glow in the daytime, spreading translucent canopies. The birds are out, racketing their news from bush to branch. Cats are still curled up on fire escapes. They are in no hurry to get up in the cool morning air and they know it will warm up later. They are watching the birds. They can wait. The air is clear, clean cool. The *** ells are tiny *** ells, little whiffs of green, a ribbon of brown mud, the blue *** ell of the sky. Midday is mild enough for short sleeves. I eat my lunch outsider, sitting on a warm brick wall. The breeze lifts my hair and riffles the edge of my skirt. I have to squint. Everything tastes better. Until today I had been too huddled in my winter coat to notice the quiet ing of flowers. Suddenly, daffodils *** ile in my face, parrot tulips wave their beaky petals, and fragrant white blossoms are pinned to dogwood trees like bows in a young girl's hair. The evening is soft. I need my thin jacket. It's still light out when I walk home from the Metro. I could walk for hours. Like a kid playing street games with her friends, I don't want to go in. When I went to work this morning, I left my windows open. Spring came in through the screens while I was gone. It's as if I had used a big sliver key and rolled back the roof like a lid on a sardine can. The indoors *** ell like the outdoors. It will be like lying down in the grass to sleep. The sheets are cool. The quilt is warm. The light fades outside my windows. This weekend, I think I'll wash my car. ：Never Judge A Book by Its Cover A lady in a faded gingham dress and her hu *** and, dressed in a homespun threadbare suit, stepped off the train in Boston, and walked timidly without an appointment into the president of Harvard's outer office .The secretary could tell in a moment that such backwoods country folk had not business at Harvard, and probably didn't even deserve to be in Cambridge .She frowned. "We want to see the president," the man said softly. "He'll be busy all day," the secretary snapped. "We'll wait," the lady replied. For hours, the secretary ignored them, hoping that the couple would finally bee discouraged and go away. They didn't. And the secretary grew frustrated and finally decided to disturb the president. "Maybe if they just see you for a few minutes, they'll leave," she told him. He signed in exasperation and nodded. Someone of his importance obviously didn't have the time to spend with nobodies, but he detested gingham and homespun suits cluttering his office. The president, stern-faced with dignity, strutted toward the couple .The lady told him, "We had a son that attended Harvard for one year .He loved Harvard, and was very happy here. But he was accidentally killed. And my hu *** and and I would like to erect a memorial to him somewhere on campus. "The president wasn't touched, and she was shocked, "Madam," he said gruffly, "we can't put up a statue for every person who attended Harvard and died, this place would look like a cemetery." "Oh, no" the lady explained quickly, "we don't want to erect a statue .We thought we would give a building to Harvard." The president rolled his eyes. He glanced at the gingham dress and homespun suit, and then exclaimed, "A building! Do you have and earthly idea how much a building costs? We have over seven and a half million dollars in the physical plant at Harvard. For a moment the lady was silent. The president was pleased .He could get rid of them now. The lady turned to her hu *** and and said quietly. "Is that all it costs to start a university?" Her hu *** and nodded. The president's face wilted in confusion and bewilderment. Mr. and Mrs. Leland Stanford walked away, traveling to Palo Alto, California where they established the university that bears their name -- a memorial to a son that Harvard no longer cared about. You can easily judge the character of others by how they treat those who can do nothing for them or to them.
通常来说，药品是属于一种特殊商品来对疾病进行治疗、诊断以及预防，和人们的生命存在着息息相关的关系，做好药品质量管理工作相当重要。下面是我精心推荐的关于药品质量管理论文，希望能对大家有所帮助！药品质量管理论文篇一 基于GMP的药品质量管理研究 摘要：随着2010版GMP的深入学习，从而对药品质量管理重要性的认识得以深入，而且在这一过程当中，对于当前我国药品生产企业控制药品质量存在着从检验模式、生产模式以及设计模式逐级推进进行探讨，在设计模式当中才能够对药品质量做到最大限度保证。 关键词：GMP;药品质量管理;设计模式 个人简介：孟祥杰，女， 毕业 于贵阳中医学院中药制药专业，中级职称，中药执业药师，就职于益康制药有限公司质保部 通常来说，药品则是属于一种特殊商品来对疾病进行治疗、诊断以及预防，和人们的生命存在着息息相关的关系。药品只有合格质量，这样才能做到应有疗效发挥，使得患者用药安全进行保证。从当前的情况来看，全社会最为关注的问题之一就是药品质量安全，政府对这一问题也高度重视。卫生部在2010年为对生产药品质量管理做到规范，推出《药品生产质量管理规范(2010年修订)》，而且在第二年的三月一日对这部修订之后的规范进行实施。通过对这一规范进行研究，则可以了解到当中的条款由之前的八十八条增加到三百一十三条，这就使得软硬件方面的要求做到全面提高。 一、药品质量与质量管理 制药企业的重点就是药品质量，质量意识则是企业所有员工认识与理解质量与质量工作，在质量行为当中有着极其重要制约与影响作用的则是质量意识。企业生存与发展的思想基础则是从主观上对工作质量或者产品质量追求，对工作成果时刻关注。这就绝对不能将其停留在口头上，必须借助实际行动去传播，加强管理工具，固话 规章制度 ，凭借各个部门对其贯彻执行，导致质量意识逐步深入到企业员工内心，使得员工自觉遵守质量管理规范，切切实实将药品质量落到实处。 从质量上来进行分析，我们对于各种产品当中的关注重点则是药品，而在所有药品当中的重点则是无菌药品，其中的重中之重则是我们所生产的非最终灭菌无菌药品，如果有着仅仅千分之一的质量不合格药品，那么这支药就会让患者造成一定程度的生命威胁。有鉴于此，药品生产商要本着对患者负责，对社会负责的态度，如同对待人们的生命那样做到对药品质量重视。 在药品质量与质量安全这两者之间存在着密切的关系，做好药品的质量管理这是抓好药品质量的关键环节。针对管理模式上来看，所谓的药品质量管理这就是一个个的质量环相互之间紧密相扣的管理模式。通常来说，全面的质量管理则是属于企业准入资格的审查许可，这一重要思想在推行的GAP、GMP、GLP、GSP、GCP当中都能够得到体现。而对药品所做的质量管理所强调的则是药品质量研发药品、制造药品、转移技术与临床应用等全过程的管理理论，GMP则是属于一整套的药品生产质量管理规范，是在药品质量体系当中所包含着的一个重要环节。而在新颁布实施的新版GMP当中的第二条，则相应的规定企业必须要对于相应的药品质量管理体系建立。根据对质量管理体系所做的分析，其中包含着对质量目标、质量方针、质量保证、质量控制、质量改进等活动的制定，对其目的按照通俗点的讲法则是对问题进行发现与解决，使得质量得到有效提高。 二、当前我国药品生产企业控制药品质量的发展历程 通过对我国生产药品的历程来进行研究，那么在质量管理当中整个药品生产企业控制药品的质量呈现着检验模式、生产模式、设计模式这样的逐级推进的过程。 一是检验模式。根据研究发现，在建国之后的很长的一段时间之内，并没有相应的GMP的规范来要求国内的药品生产企业，这就是要对检验药品进行强调，换句话说，也就是指对那些药品只有检验合格那么才能将其划分为合格药品的范畴，只有通过检验才能体现出合格的药品。这是借助于检验最终产品以便能够对药品质量确认检验模式的主要特征，检验的依据则是凭借针对药品的鉴别、卫生学检查、性状、含量测定、检查等质量标准，从而做出判断药品质量是否对标准的限度要求符合，立足于此基础，从而判断这是否是属于合格的药品。根据对这一模式所做的分析，这当前所包含的缺陷显得比较大，那么就是质量标准的局限性对于药品质量并不能做到全面体现，其中在质量标准当中的部分项目对于药品质量的真实情况，按照标准来实施检验往往很可能出现产生进行当中的质量问题，那么在这时候对其解决显得比较困难。按照质量的标准也仅仅能够对其中的是非判断来做出相应的判断，可是并不能溯源出现问题的原因，从本质上来看，这种终点控制的方式属于结束生产之后实施的单点控制，这种行为显得滞后，那么当有质量问题发生，不能做到及时找到原因，以便对问题解决，这样面临着比较大的风险。 二是生产模式。根据我们的了解，如果检验模式单一这就不能有效控制药品质量。按照美国著名质量管理大师威廉·戴明博士的观点认为：是生产出产品的质量，绝对不是对其检验出来。我国药品生产企业在对二十世纪九十年代参考国外药品生产情况，通过对生产模式这一概念的引入，其代表则是在1998年修订通过，在1999年7月1日实施的药品生产质量管理规范。在这一模式当中的核心则是立足于检验模式当成基础，把生产过程确立为控制的重心，借助于对过程的强化以便能够对于药品的质量进行保证。生产模式与检验模式进行比较，这就能够从一定程度上对一些基础性问题解决，通过对全面过程控制的实施就能够对于药品质量有效提升，如果控制得当，就能够有效保障质量，避免大多数的问题，即便是发生质量问题也可以解决。虽然这一模式能够对药品质量进行有效保障，可是只是监控生产过程却被动保证产品质量显得远远不够，在98版GMP当中监控洁净区往往的非连续与静态的，尚未有着持续改进的倾向，那么必须要对主动决定药品质量进行进一步考虑。 三是设计模式。要想对药品的质量进行准确确定，那么必须立足于良好的设计。借助于良好的设计这样才能生产出良好的药品，这就是所谓的设计模式。通过与生产模式进行比较，这就是将控制重心逐步前移，在对研发生产目标最初确定的过程当中则应该对全盘设计的理念进行考虑，借助于系统性的设计，从而能够对拟生产的产品质量进行预估，对生产的过程进行严格控制，这样才会有这预期药品的质量达到。设计药品的质量则是将产品质量概括成为研发起点的预先设定目标，在立足于对关键物质属性进行了解的条件下，借助于对实验的设计，以便对于关键质量产品的属性进行理解，从而将关键工艺的参数进行确立，受到原料的工艺条件、环境以及特性等多种因素影响下，建立起稳健工艺设计空间与对产品性能满足，而且按照设计的空间，做到质量风险管理的建立，将质量的控制策略与药品的质量体系进行确立，在整个过程当中必须认识产品与生产。 三、结语 凭借分析当前我国实施GMP阶段，实施这新旧这两个版本不同的药品质量管理规范要求就可以了解到，那么就不断健身我国药品生产企业有效控制药品质量的认识，通过单一的终点控制到有效的结合过程与重点控制，再到源头设计质量，这就不断的提升药品的质量，企业在当前药品生产整体工程当中，必须要做到对观念改变、与时俱进、理顺认识，将从环境、物料、人员、工艺、设备这五个方面作为切入点，做好药品质量科学管理，以便确保最终产品能够对生产设计思想进行观察，确保能够紧紧围绕药品质量可控、安全有效的最终目标来运行。 参考文献： [1] 党晓伟，陈玉文.将《药品生产质量管理规范》引入药品试生产阶段的探讨[J].中国药业.2011(10) [2] 邵义红，范建伟.标准操作规程与GMP实施的关系探讨[J].齐鲁药事.2009(08) [3] 柳飞.中小型制药企业实施新版GMP的研究[J].机电信息.2012(23) [4] 丁艳，李吉松.新版药品GMP实施过程中发现的问题及监管对策[J].中国药事.2012(11) 药品质量管理论文篇二 门诊药房药品质量管理应对 措施 药品是一种特殊的商品，均具有效期。药品的有效期是指药品在规定的储藏条件下能保持其质量的期限，所有药品从生产后到使用前都会有储存间期，这期间若不能保持正常储藏条件，其效价(或含量)就会发生变化致毒性增加而不能使用，因此药品的有效期是反映药品内在质量的一个重要指标。《中华人民共和国药品管理法》规定，禁止任何单位和个人销售、生产(配制)假药、劣药。因此，医疗机构加强药品的储存管理和有效期的管理，是执行《中华人民共和国药品管理法》的重要措施，也是保证用药安全、有效的重要条件，不可忽视。 1 门诊药房药品过期、失效、变质的原因 影响药品质量的原因很多,其中包括环境因素、人为因素、制度因素和一些很容易被忽略的 其它 因素。 环境因素 所有的药品对其贮藏条件都有一定的要求，如低温、避光、密闭、密封、阴凉干燥、冷藏等。由于门诊药房的贮藏条件有限，一年四季不能保持恒温恒湿，一旦储藏条件不能达到某一药品规定要求，就可能出现霉变、受潮、虫蛀、风化，有的生物制剂贮存温度过高或过低还会出现蛋白质变性等情况。对于一些需拆开密封包装零售的零散药品,包括预先拆成小包装的协定处方药品,由于贮存条件发生改变,尽管在有效期内使用,但却很快出现潮解、变色、裂片等变质现象,容易在疏忽的情况下发放给患者,造成安全隐患。 人为因素 由于人为因素没有严格按照药品规定的贮藏条件进行储存(如避光、冷藏，阴凉干燥等)，由于工作疏漏没有及时对近期药品采取妥善处理;虽然规定药品一经发出，概不退换，但在目前情况下为了缓和医患矛盾，避免发生纠纷，对一些特殊情况的还是允许患者退药(如患者出现过敏症状、医生的错误导致患者要求退药、患者拒绝使用医生开具的药等)，通常情况下只检查外包装是否完整就放回药架继续发放，但有些药品的外包装可以随意打开，如果患者已经将内包装打开，或者试用过后来退药，这时只检查外包装，不合格药品就会被重新放入药房，当这些药品被再次发出时就会对其他患者的用药安全产生影响甚至产生医患纠纷。 制度因素 1)由于管理 方法 不当，门诊工作人员没有科学合理地制定药品的领药计划，有时某些药品使用数量有所波动，需求多时从药库多领，则造成需求少时药品积压，容易致药品过期失效。 2)监督机制不健全，工作人员没有严格执行“先产先出，先进先出，近期先出，易变先出”的管理原则，会使效期远的先出，而效期近的积压，造成药品变质、失效，使药房遭受损失。 3)只将工作重点放在保障药品及时供应上，而对药品效期的监控管理没有足够重视，不能做到定期检查药品效期和及时监控库存积压的情况，当大盘点或检查效期时才会发现有些药品已过期或近效期的药品积压情况严重。 其它因素 一些根据临床特殊需求从厂家购买的品种,由于临床需求突然减少而厂家又不允许退货等原因而造成压库报损;有的拆零包装的协定处方药品由于缺乏科学的管理办法有时会出现几种不同效期的混装情况，就更容易发生过期、变质等质量问题。 2 加强门诊药房药品质量管理的几项措施 由于药品是预防、治疗、诊断疾病，有目的地调节人的生理功能的物质,其质量的好坏、是否合理使用,都将直接影响人的健康和生命。药品质量事关广大人民群众的身体健康和生命安全，同时也对医疗机构的信誉产生影响，作为医疗机构的药学部门，保障药品的供应管理和药品质量管理是同样重要的。因此，要求药品质量必须符合药典质量标准或其它有关质量标准。只有做好以下几点，才能从根本上保障药品的质量。 药品的储存须严格管理 从药库领出的所有药品都要严格按照 说明书 的要求将其正确存放在门诊药房储库。尽可能应用相应设备，保证药品在规定的温、湿度条件下储存。对于门诊药房不具备条件储存的、用量较少的药品，可以在需要时再从药库领入。 完善门诊药品请领与验收制度 1)及时根据门诊药品的使用情况调整请领的药量，减少门诊药房的存药量。 2)做到少量多次请领，尽可能地增强门诊药品的周转率，避免药品积压。药品的请领量一般维持在保证门、急诊的1周用量，对于一些使用情况不规律的药品，相关人员应及时与药库联系，分析具体原因，对其请领计划作适当调整，需要时向科主任作汇报，提醒药库工作人员对该药的库存作必要处理。 3)对于效期在半年内的药品，建立预警目录，尽快与临床沟通，加快使用速度，尽量在效期内使用完，对于临床沟通无效的，及时和药库联系，尽可能退回医药公司，减少医院的损失。 建立、健全各项管理制度和台帐 包括做好门诊药房的温度、湿度登记，拆零药品标签登记，药品效期一览表、报损药品的销毁制度制定和登记。 1)温、湿度记录:由值班人员每日2次记录温度、湿度及冰箱温度，对超出正常范围应立即采取相应措施，及时向科主任汇报并开启降温或抽湿设备，这样可保证药品始终处于正常的储存条件。 2)拆零药品的管理及标签登记:现有大部分药品，特别是普药，装量基本上是100片/瓶，临床上一般只需几片或十几片，这就必然导致这部分药品拆零，从而造成调配给患者或剩余的药品无外包装，无原装瓶，从而影响药品储藏，缺失药品原包装中的批号、有效期，甚至影响到具体的药品的认定，影响调剂的质量。对于这类协定处方的药品，在分装到一个大的容器内之前先要由拆零人员选择药品所需的相应容器(如棕色瓶或透明瓶)，并记录相应的药名、药品规格、批号、有效期、失效期，确保不同时存在异批号，在下一次填充药品之前应先将瓶内剩余的药品用完后再补充，如只剩下几片零散应作报损处理，然后再行补充。医院协定处方药品分装时,除按要求做好详细分装记录外,包装袋上应有分装日期,一次分装的数量不应超过1个月的常用量,并置于密封防潮的容器中。 3)药品效期一览表：由专人将每次效期检查表进行汇总分析，将效期在1年内的药品全部重新整理，按月份由近到远制成效期一览表，把期限在6个月内的药品用醒目的红色作出标记，然后将效期在3个月内的药品，在其货架上也贴上红色标签。 4)药品的销毁制度和登记：门诊药房有时会因药品变质、过期等原因要求将药品进行销毁。为了避免不合格药品滞留门诊药房或流入社会，必须严格执行药品销毁管理制度，由专人对药品进行销毁并由专人进行监督、登记，登记内容包括药品名称、生产企业、生产批号、有效期、销毁原因、销毁时间、销毁地点、销毁执行人员、监督人员。为了避免主观原因造成失误，可建立电脑报警系统，如果没有对过期变质的药品及时进行销毁，则电脑会发出警报，并进行电脑锁定直到警报解除。 健全退药管理制度 患者往往会因药物过敏、配伍禁忌、单次取药量过大超出报销范围、医生不对症开药、拒绝使用该种药品等情况而要求退药，而退回的药品还将会继续在门诊进行调配，为此，必须建立一套完善的管理制度以杜绝不合格药品的流入。对于退药，患者必须说明理由，然后由专门人员对退回的药品进行严格的检查，确认无任何质量缺陷后给予退药，并对其阐述的退药原因、处方医师、取药日期、退药日期、退药名称、数量、生产企业、生产批号、有效期、外观有无缺失、可检查到的最小包装是否完整等情况，由药剂科经手人员进行登记。对于退回的药品应及时放上药架以加快流通。 药品效期定期检查制度 每两月一次，安排专门人员对门诊药房的全部药品进行彻底的效期检查(将药品按位置分组，每组指定一个专门人员负责)，做到责任到人，有过失者须承担相关的过失责任和经济损失，对于精神药品则由专门负责管理麻醉药品和精神药品人员进行检查，每个负责效期检查者在检查结束后须在检查单上注明日期和检查人员姓名，交由门诊负责药品管理的人员进行分析整理。 药品的批号管理 所有准备上架的药品在上架前都要对它们认真检查效期，如果效期和药架上的一致可以直接上架，如果不一致则将效期近的药品放在外面，并在不同效期的药品之间作出醒目标记，便于及时了解药品效期的动态管理情况并避免先产后出导致近效期药品积压失效。对于小货架也是同理，必须在每次补架之前从后往前填充。严格执行“先产先出，先进先出，近期先出，易变先出”的原则。 加强药师的素质 教育 ，加强人员管理 在克服环境和制度因素后，还应加强人员的教育管理，以杜绝人为因素造成的药品失效、变质。加强药师素质教育，培养其高尚的职业道德，强化药品有效期差错危害性的教育，树立对患者、医院的高度责任心，以思想带动行动，严格规范工作流程，培养每个药师认真细致的工作作风和科学的工作习惯。对于药片、胶囊，调剂人员在拆出一瓶用完后，才能再拆新瓶，并严格做到定位摆放，以保证“先进先出”原则的贯彻，对于针剂拆零要做到把剩余针剂保存在原包装中，最好再有专人经常检查拆零药物的效期情况，不断监督调剂人员药品拆零使用习惯。加强业务知识和法律法规的学习，提高质量意识，增强辨别假劣药品的水平。 3 结语 药品作为一种特殊商品，关系到人民群众的生命安全，随着大众对药品安全的不断重视，加之近几年来新药层出不穷，不断完善的新的药品管理政策陆续出台，对药品的质量提出了更加严格的要求，医患纠纷增多，对医疗机构的药事工作也提出了更高的要求。只有从根本上保障药品安全，完善药品的质量管理，才能顺应时代的发展，避免医患纠纷，建设好和谐医患关系。 药品质量管理论文篇三 试谈药品经营质量管理 【摘 要】药品的质量关系到生命的安全，近年来我国不断加大对药品经营质量的监督和管理，对药品经营企业的质量管理工作要求也越来也高。经营企业要想切实做好药品质量的管理工作，必须加强对药品经营过程中各个环节的监督和把控。 【关键词】药品经营 药品质量 管理分析 药品作为一种特殊的商品，其质量的坏好直接影响着人们的生命安全。所以药品经营企业必须严格把好质量关，提高企业自身质量管理水平，规范药品经营管理的制度，以保障人民群众的用药安全。 一、药品经营质量管理现状 药品的质量是关系到人民群众生命安全的大事，但是目前相当一部分药品经营企业在质量管理上存在漏洞。首先表现为对药品经营管理质量把控不严，管理制度相对较为混乱，而且有弄虚作假的不法行为，缺乏相应的药品质量监督机制，过多的注重企业的利润，忽视药品的质量。其次药品采购把关不严。很多药品经营企业工作人员为了个人利益，在进行药品采购时，缺乏相应的监察手段，不能严格按照国家有关标准对药品质量进行检验入库，从而留下巨大隐患，一出现问题，后果将不堪设想。第三由于药品行业的特殊性，难免因运输、储存不当等原因造成药品质量的下降，例如运输路程过长、运输方式选择不正确、天气原因等。 二、加强药品经营质量管理的措施 (一)加强药品经营的监管力度，并规范经营管理 要想从源头上保证药品的质量必须加强对药品经营企业的监管力度，使其进行规范化经营，从药品原材料到生产的各个环节，再到药品的经营都要严格按照国家相关标准进行质量检测，以防止不合格产品的出现。并且药品经营企业要严格按照GSP相关标准进行操作，认真学习国家颁布的药品质量管理有关法律和法规，并且进行规范化的经营。 (二)制定切实可行的质量标准，并完善监督制度 药品经营企业的质量管理部门可以按照企业自身经营的实际状况，进行相关质量管理标准和制度的制定，并保证严格按照制度来执行，而且要在药品经营过程中注意对药品的保养，合理储存药品，对需要冷冻、冷藏的药品要严格按照相关标准进行操作，要求药品管理人员要熟悉每一类药品的特性以及储存要素，严格按照储存标准进行储存，并掌握适当的储存温度，以免因储存和保养不当而引起药品质量问题，药品质量不合格轻则影响企业的信誉度，重则危及人民群众的生命安全。相关药品经营 企业管理 人员一定要做好监督，促使员工严格按照质量标准来执行。 (三)做好药品质量的查询工作，完善药品质量档案 近年来因药品质量问题而引发的事故不计其数，所以做好药品的质量查询工作相当重要。企业可以对经营的药品按照用途和种类进行分类，设置相应的编号，以方便查询，质量管理部门严格对企业经营部门的质量查询和监督，对发生事故的经营企业严肃处理，明确权责，要求其限期整改，甚至是停业整顿等。并且建立并完善药品的质量档案，质量档案的建立既可以方便药品质量管理部门对药品质量的查询，又使得经营企业对自身的药品质量有一个明确的概念，而且有利于经营企业对药品质量的管理和优化等。 (四)药品经营企业要加强药品的验收和管理，以保证入库药品质量 药品经营企业在对购进的药品进行验收时，要严格按照GSP的相关要求进行审核和验收，严把入库药品质量关。药品验收人员对合箱药品要进行分别检验，尤其是双批号的合箱药品必须分别进行审核和验收。对于从未出现过合箱的药品，应该加大审查力度，可以追踪到生产企业进行质量查询，而且要加大对该品种药品的检验，必要的情况下可以停止购进该类药品，降低药品质量问题带来的风险，以保证入库药品的质量。 (五)选择合适的运输方式以及做好跟踪 合理的运输方式是保证药品质量的重要手段之一，尤其是需要冷藏或者冷冻的药品。而且不同的药品种类和数量也有着不同的运输方式，这就需求企业根据药品的质量要求进行运输方式的选择。要求尽可能采用快速有效的运输方式，减少中间的中转过程，以缩短运输时间。有条件的企业尽可能采用直接运输的方式，直接送达到客户手中，而且要尽量采用冷藏运输方式。在运输过程中，还应注意天气的变化，时刻掌握天气动态，并根据南北温度差异来进行运输方式的选择。此外，做好药品运输实时动态的跟踪，对药品质量也有着重要的意义，尤其是需要冷藏的药品。要求企业必须做好药品发运之后的跟踪工作，以便随时监控药品质量。 (六)加强冷藏药品出库包装的质量控制 加强冷藏药品出库包装的质量控制能够保障冷藏药品在运输过程中的质量安全。药品经营企业在对冷藏药品进行运输之前必须仔细检查药品包装是否完好，是否存在质量问题，是否具备完备的密封冷藏措施，对需要保温的药品进行保温包装。而且药品还要注意对药品的防虫、防潮处理，以免因质量问题引起不必要的麻烦。 (七)加强药品经营企业员工质量管理意识 药品生产经营离不开员工的参与，所以员工的质量管理意识直接影响到药品质量的好坏，所以企业必须加强员工生产经营的质量意识，加强员工对于药品质量管理相关法律法规的培训，切实提高员工的质量意识，严格按照标准化流程进行药品质量的管理。 三、结束语 综上所述，随着国家对食品药品经营质量以及经营企业管理的不断加强，一方面促使药品质量的不断提高，另一方面也使药品经营企业加大对药品质量的监督和管理，严格质量管理体系，增强企业的质量意识。并且促使药品经营企业制定药品经营的标准化体系，从药品的原材料到出库包装，再到运输都严格把关，以确保药品的质量，最大限度的保障人民群众的用药安全。 猜你喜欢： 1. 企业质量管理论文范文 2. 质量管理论文范文 3. 产品质量管理论文 4. 浅谈企业质量管理论文范文 5. 产品质量管理论文范文
我也这个专业唉，好难找啊
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
希望我的回答对你有帮助~
记得及时采纳答案哦！O(∩_∩)O~
楼上是用翻译软件还是什么弄的吧？很多语法错误哦~
这是我自己翻译的~
About education
Education is very important nowadays in our society. In industrialized countries, jobs are very plex and people have to study for a long time and very often they should have training in puter technology.
Fifty years ago, our society was very different. Most people to have a job just needed a basic education.
Generally, people who have university studies have access to better jobs and better salaries. Moreover, they can often choose to work in something they like. I think that education is important because it can help people to have a better standard of life.
在我们今天的社会，教育是非常重要的。在工业化国家，工作是很复杂的，人们要学习很长一段时间，很多时候，他们得有电脑技术培训。
50年前，我们的社会是非常不同的。大多数人有一份工作只需要一个基本的教育。
一般来说，人们谁拥有大学的研究就能获得更好的就业机会和更好的薪水。此外，他们通常可以选择自己喜欢的工作。我认为，教育是重要的，因为它可以帮助人们有一个更好的生活水平。
展开全部 My View on School EducationSchool eduction has played an important role in people's life. When reaching three tears old, the little children will go to kindergarten for a preschool education. And then they will take part in the primary school, middle school, high school, college and so on. School eduction almost run through people's whole life. So it is very important. We all know that thereare many knowledgeable teachers in school will teach the students. But it's not enough. School eduction needs the coordination of family education. The British educator, Hosea Ballou once said,”Education mences at the mother's knee, and every word spoken within the hearsay of children tends towards the formation of character. Therefore, we can see that the successful of school education needs the help of family education so that the children can have a perfect education. The promissing future is waiting for them.学校教育在人们的生活中扮演着很重要的角色。
在小孩三岁的时候，他们就会去幼儿园进行学前教育。
之后他们会去上小学，初中，高中，大学等。
学校教育几乎贯穿人的一生。
所以它是非常重要的。
我们都知道，学校有很多知识渊博的老师来教学生知识。
但这是不够的。
学校教育需要家庭教育的协调。
英国教育家巴卢曾经说过，“教育始于母亲膝下，孩童耳听一言一语，均影响其性格的形成”。
因此，我们可以看到，学校教育的成功需要家庭教育的协助，使孩子们拥有一个完善的教育。
光明的未来在等着他们。
To many people,education is a very important is known that people who want to make difference（有所作为）almost have education,which can help one improve China,student can learn lessons in all kinds of schools,such as primary school（小学），high school,univisity and so can learn various of subject,such as Chinese,English,Maths and so I think that the Chinese students are quite tired,expeciall the high order to enter the univisity,they have to spend their most time on study in have enough time to have a good rest in everyday yo think that we should do something useful to change this situation 对很多人来说，教育是一个很重要是大家都知道的人，要提出差异（有所作为） ，几乎都受过教育，可以帮助一个提高自身素质.在中国，学生可以从中吸取教训，在所有类型的学校，如小学（小学） ，高中，大学等可以学习不同的学科，如中文，英文，数学等.但我认为，中国学生是相当疲惫，尤其是高中生为了进入大学，他们要花费他们大多数时间在研究和学习.他们有了足够的时间，才能有一个良好的休息，在日常生活中，我们应该做一些有益的事情，要改变这一状况
1 The present condition of rural education in the western region of China is not optimistic. Existing problems include lacking education investment, poor school-running conditions, simplified running pattern and laggard concept of education. The countermeasures are: firstly, governments at all level especially the center one should increase input to acplish the ＂support the poor＂ project authentically and integrate all sort of social forces; secondly, the government should strengthen the building of teaching team, attach importance to ameliorate the rural teacher's wage, their living conditions and improve their professional abilities; thirdly, we should develop the minority education greatly; fourthly, solving the problem of education of girls should be regarded as a strategic Nowadays people are being increasingly aware of the importance of quality-oriented education. As far as I'm concerned, the principal difference beeen exam-oriented education and quality-oriented education is their purpose. They aim at improve students' skills whether particular for exams or ready for all kinds of challenges in the future. My idea stems generally from o aspects as , we students are under the pressure of many examinations, such as college entrance examination. This is a fact and everyone should admit it. To improve students' score, teachers and parents concentrate on developing their skills for exams. In this case, students may gain high marks and get further study. However, will they manage to overe challenges and difficulties in the future? No one knows the , quality-oriented education mainly aims at improving students' skills not only for study but also for many other activities. In that case, students may have their own hobbies and abilities so that they can use their intelligence and labor to deal with all kinds of difficulties and conclusion, quality-oriented education may make our students excellent people, both good at study and coping other kinds of things. Let's attach much importance to it！网上找的~不错~
1. 大学毕业生在就业时有许多考虑的因素，如待遇、专业、工作地点…¨2. 对该优先考虑的因素持有不同的意见3. 我的看法On Job-hunting PrioritiesWhen a graduate hunts for a job, he has to take the priority issue of a few significant factors into consideration, such as the pay, the specific field, and the give priority to different elements. Some graduates think the pay should take the first place, since they have been spending the money of the family all the time, and it's time to do something as the reward to other family members. Besides, a high pay usually means a relatively high position in the pany. Some would their major as the No. 1 element, or it would be a big waste of what they have learned in college. Meanwhile, the major chosen for college most of the time reflects their interest and preference. Still others offer the pride of place to the location of the job. They believe big cities like Beijing or Shanghai will provide more opportunities, or a place close to hometown will furnish more convenience beeen the graduate and his family since most families now have one child only. As to me ,the ideal is the three elements bined together. But when I have to take a choice, l would pick up the best choice close to my family since “ East, west, home is the best”1.参加高考的人数有所下降2.有人认为职业教育更为重要3.你的看法 Vocational education or college education ?The number of people who take the college entrance examination has been decreasing these years. Some people consider vocational education an advantage to job-hunting, while others argue that a college diploma is more my opinion, college education is more advisable or most people. [4lFirst, college education is systematic and students can learn a lot in many aspects. Unlike vocational, which always focuses on just one job skill, college education enables students to develop different , to obtain a higher degree, such as a master's degree, one has to go through college education to a bachelor's degree a society where any job skill may bee outdate-ed quickly with the appearance of new technologies, the limitations of vocational education prove even more serious. Only college education can prepare us for future challenges.
Parents, the munity needs to support interaction. Many parents reflect, reducing the burden of spare time after the kids more, how reasonable arrangement became a problem. Mount Tai, vice president of National School Song new that the current school, family, social convergence is not in place, the children returned to school time, during which time the child should do ??Family and the munity to provide timely guidance and help. The original Palace of young people now many of them do not, the munity youth activities not many places, goes on like this, time will only allow the children returned to the Inter cafes and social Banban more fire. Quality education is the trend of the times, the children liberated from the school, family and society must take on the responsibility of education and guidance.
Choosing an OccupationOne of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time they are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular .Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions.
Aducation is not an end,but a means to an other words,we do not educate children only for educating purpose is to fit them for some modern countries it has been fashionable to think that free education for all can solve all the problems of society and build a perfect we can already see that free education for all is not find in such countries a far larger number of people with university degrees refusing to do what they think is ＂low＂work, fact,working with one's hands is thought to be dirty and shameful in such we have only to think a moment to understand that the work of a pletely uneducated farmer is far more important than that of a professor~we can live without education,but we die if we have no no one cleaned our streets and took the rubbish away from our houses,we should get terrible diseases in our towns.
National Day Holidays I went to my cousin's house on the first day of the holidays and got a piece of good news that his wife was pregnant;She said she's worrying about getting fat,but on her face there was a unconcealable pleasure of conceiving a cousin told me that he'll educate his child in a severe way,with a future father's 'm happy for them.:) Yesterday,our research school's soccer team had a match with the graduate students from the department of international was almost a close game in the first half,but we seemed lacking of vigor in the second half,so,we lost the game. Half of the National Day holidays have passed by...life still goes with good and bad times.
展开全部 1. 大学毕业生在就业时有许多考虑的因素，如待遇、专业、工作地点…¨2. 对该优先考虑的因素持有不同的意见3. 我的看法On Job-hunting PrioritiesWhen a graduate hunts for a job, he has to take the priority issue of a few significant factors into consideration, such as the pay, the specific field, and the give priority to different elements. Some graduates think the pay should take the first place, since they have been spending the money of the family all the time, and it's time to do something as the reward to other family members. Besides, a high pay usually means a relatively high position in the pany. Some would their major as the No. 1 element, or it would be a big waste of what they have learned in college. Meanwhile, the major chosen for college most of the time reflects their interest and preference. Still others offer the pride of place to the location of the job. They believe big cities like Beijing or Shanghai will provide more opportunities, or a place close to hometown will furnish more convenience beeen the graduate and his family since most families now have one child only. As to me ,the ideal is the three elements bined together. But when I have to take a choice, l would pick up the best choice close to my family since “ East, west, home is the best”1.参加高考的人数有所下降2.有人认为职业教育更为重要3.你的看法 Vocational education or college education ?The number of people who take the college entrance examination has been decreasing these years. Some people consider vocational education an advantage to job-hunting, while others argue that a college diploma is more my opinion, college education is more advisable or most people. [4lFirst, college education is systematic and students can learn a lot in many aspects. Unlike vocational, which always focuses on just one job skill, college education enables students to develop different , to obtain a higher degree, such as a master's degree, one has to go through college education to a bachelor's degree a society where any job skill may bee outdate-ed quickly with the appearance of new technologies, the limitations of vocational education prove even more serious. Only college education can prepare us for future challenges.
转载请注明出处 » 以“教育”为话题的英语作文
教育是人类永恒的话题，人从在妈妈的肚子里就会要接收到教育，下面让我们来看一些有关教育的英文文章吧。
有关教育的英语文章
Traditional Teaching Method
Do your teachers still use traditional techniques to teach you nowadays? A revol- ution in teaching techniques is required now. In the past, we just took it for granted that a teacher' s aim was to teach the students all that he knew and solve all the problems for them. Therefore, students could mot judge things on their own under this circumstance. Thus students gradually lost the ability to learn by themselves. In addition, they were only equipped with the knowledge that were taught in class and made the same judgement upon every problem which might crop up. Of course, they would find their knowledge not enough to solve practical problems.
So it is time to change the teaching method. A teacher' s goal is to help the students develop not only the ability to learn by themselves but the skills to make judgements on every aspect on their own. It' s not necessary for the students to turn to teachers for help while meeting with difficulties. The first thing is to develop the students' abilities to make sound judgements upon any problem and overe difficulties.
All in all, the aim of teaching is to liberate, but mot to fetter the students' innate powers of making sound judgements.
大概翻译：
内容：传统教学方法
你们的老师仍使用传统技术，现在教你?阿revol在教学技巧ution现在需要。在过去，我们只是把它理所当然地认为一老师的目的是要教导学生，他知道，解决他们的所有问题。因此，学生可以摩托罗拉自行判断在此情况下的东西。因此，学生们逐渐失去了学习能力本身。此外，他们只配备了那些在课堂上教授时所作的每一个问题，可能会突然出现相同的判断的知识。当然，他们会发现自己的知识不足以解决实际问题。
因此，现在是改变教学方法。甲老师的目标是帮助学生发展，不仅学习的能力，但自己的技能，就在自己的每一个方面的判断。那不为学生需要寻求帮助教师在会见困难。首先是培养学生的能力作出的任何问题，正确的判断和克服困难。
总之，教学是解放的目标，但摩托罗拉束缚作出正确的判断学生的固有权力。
有关教育的英语文章
Throughout the millennia, students of all ages in China have had to endure the miseries of learning by rote. Teachers have stifled creativity in the pursuit of the accumulation of facts, and parents have forced children to spend mind-numbing hours cramming for exams. But for the past year, the government has been experimenting with what could amount to revolutionary changes in China's classrooms. The aim is to make education more pleasant, more useful and, above all, to challenge students to think for themselves.
What has prompted the reforms is a belated recognition that China's education system is failing to produce enough innovative thinkers. In addition, students are deeply unhappy. A survey conducted by the Education Ministry five years ago found more than 80% of students disliked school. Dropout rates have been rising in rural areas—partly for economic reasons but also because of the stultifying atmosphere of their classrooms. Exam pressures frequently lead to suicides. According to a survey last year among senior secondary-school students and university freshmen in one area, more than 50% had considered killing themselves.
Several other countries in East Asia, including Japan, South Korea and Taiwan, are grappling with similar problems. But the implications of China's reform efforts are particularly profound. China's traditional education methods are ideally suited to a political culture that requires citizens to submit blindly to authority. By encouraging students to question their teachers and regard them as equals even official literature now talks of fostering a “democratic” atmosphere in classrooms, China could be ushering in a new kind of relationship between the rulers and the ruled.
The problem is making it work. The government has set ambitious targets with few resources to ensure that the country's more than 10m primary- and secondary-school teachers acquire the skills and determination to change the habits of a lifetime. The reforms started in September 2001 with about 420,000 primary- and junior secondary-school students out of a national total of more than 215m taking part in 38 experimental zones around the country. In September this year, participation increased to pupils in 572 zones. These figures will double next year. The Education Ministry's original idea had been to implement the reforms nationwide by 2010. But according to Liu Jian of the ministry's National Centre for School Curriculum and Textbook Development, employers from a variety of enterprises said they wanted a quicker timetable. So now the target is 2005. In 2004, similar experiments will start in secondary schools
俗话说~民以食为天食以安为先，这样的论文网上肯定是有不少的~所以~你去看下（食品与营养科学）期刊呗~找找这样关于食品安全的论文~
近年来,食品安全问题引起了世界范围内的普遍关注,成为各国政府和消费者谈论的焦点。下面是我为大家精心推荐的关于食品的科技论文3000字，希望能够对您有所帮助。 关于食品的科技论文3000字篇一 重视食品质量,保证食品安全 国以民为本,民以食为天,食以安为先。食物是人类赖以生存和发展的基本物质条件,也是国家安定、社会发展的根本要素。在任何一个国家,食品质量及其安全性都是上至国家领导人,下至百姓共同关注的一个永恒主题。食品安全不仅涉及广大人民群众的生命安全与健康,还涉及到一个单位乃至一个国家的声誉[1]。由食品安全问题引起的事件还会直接影响社会稳定、经济发展以及国际间的合作。为此,笔者简要论述了食品质量与食品安全性。 1食品质量 食品质量,是指食品固有特性满足要求的程度,包括食品的外观、品质、规格、数量、重量、包装以及安全卫生等[2]。食品质量的内容主要包括以下3个方面: 食品的特性 食品特性指食品本身固有的,可以相互区分的各种特征,如外观特性、内在特性、适用性、质量特性等。外观特性包括大小、粗细、长短等形态,黑白、黄绿、青红等颜色;内在特性包括老嫩、口感、纯度等;适用性包括使用范围、食用方法、食用条件等;质量特性包括营养成分、保健性能、保质期限、有毒有害物质含量等。食品特性有些可以通过人的感觉,如嗅觉、触觉、味觉、视觉、听觉等识别,有些只能通过仪器设备检测才能发现,如对人的生理影响或有关人身安全的特性;有些食品特性通过定性描述就很清楚,有些则需要定量说明。为表示食品质量,食品包含的一些成分不仅要说明有无,而且还要说明多少。 对食品的要求 消费者和社会对食品的要求,包括明示的要求和隐含的期望,可由不同的相关方提出。明示的要求是指在文件中明确规定的要求,如社会关于食品生产加工及其食品本身的安全、环境、自然资源等方面法律、规章、条例等规定;国家、行业或者地方关于食品的标准、规范和技术要求;市场对食品的要求,如市场准入条件、标识包装特点。隐含的要求或期望是指社会、消费者和其他相关方惯例或一般做法所考虑的需求或期望。隐含的要求或期望,是人们的意愿和期盼,是消费者对某类或某种食品长期形成的理解和要求,没有文件规定。如消费者一般认为,芹菜是绿色、细长具有特有清香气味、多纤维素的一种蔬菜,否则就不是芹菜。生产者为市场提供的芹菜不能脱离消费者对芹菜的这些基本理解。 满足消费者的程度 食品满足消费的程度,指食品满足明示要求和隐含期望的情况,它既包括满足规定要求的客观水平,也包括消费者对满足预期使用目的主观评价。质量是一种客观状态,其本身既不表示人们在主观上所做的优良程度评价、在定量上所做的技术评价、在效果上所做的适用性能评价,也不表示人们的主观质量要求。食品满足明示的要求,达到标准,说明食品质量合格。 2食品安全性 食品安全性是食品质量的基本要素。食品的安全性,就是要求食品应当无毒、无害,是指正常人在正常食用的情况下摄入可食状态的食品,不应造成对人体的危害[3]。对它的充分理解应该注意2个方面:一是对危害人体的界定。这种危害应包括消费者急、慢性毒害、感染疾病,危及消费者及其对后代的隐患。二是对无毒无害的界定。这是一种会对食品产生潜在危害健康的生物、化学、物理因素或状态。随着人类社会和现代科学的发展,一方面新的有毒有害物质不断被发现,另一方面新的检测技术和方法发现原本被认为“清洁无污染”的食品中也广泛存在着极微量的有毒有害物质。因此,从食品安全性的内涵和外延来看,对于普通消费者而言,食品的安全性越来越不是一个能够简单、明确判断的事情。 美国学者Jones建议应该区分绝对安全性与相对安全性2个不同的概念[4]。绝对安全性被认为是指确保不可能因食用某种食品,而危及健康或造成伤害的一种承诺,也就是食品应绝对没有风险。不过,由于在客观上人类的任何一种饮食消费,甚至其他行为总是存在某些风险,绝对安全性或零风险是很难达到的,尽管这是当代环境威胁加剧条件下普通消费者追求的目标。所谓相对安全性就是一种食物或成分,在合理食用方式和正常食量情况下,不会导致对健康损害的实际确定性。任何食物成分,尽管是对人体有益的成分或其毒性极低,若食用数量过多或食用条件不当,都可能引起毒害或损害健康。如食盐摄入过量会中毒、过度饮酒伤身体等。饮食的风险不仅来自生产过程中人为施用的农药、兽药、添加剂等,还大量来自食品本身含有的天然毒素。过度偏食可能使食品中某些化学成分在人体超量积累达到有害程度。某些食品的安全性又因人而异,如鱼、蟹类水产品经合理的加工制作及适量食用,对多数人是安全的,但对少数有鱼类过敏症的人可能带来危险。食物中某些微量有害成分的影响,也往往在对该成分过敏的人群中表现出来。以上说明,一种食品是否安全,取决于制作、食用方式是否合理,食用数量是否适当,还取决于食用者自身的一些内在条件。 食品绝对安全性与相对安全性的区分,在很大程度上也反映了一方面是消费者,另一方面是管理者、生产者和科技界主流派对什么是安全食品在认识角度上的差异。前者要求对他们提供没有风险的食品,而把近年频繁发生的安全性事件归因于技术和管理的不当。后者从食品构成及食品科技的现实出发,认为安全食品并不是完全没有风险的食品,而是在提供丰富营养和最佳品质的同时,力求把可能存在的任何风险降至最低限度。可以认为,这2种不同的概念既是对立的,又是互补的,是人类对食品安全性认识发展与逐渐深化的表现,从需要与可能、现实与长远的不同侧面,概括了食品安全性比较完整的含义。 食品安全是关系国计民生的大事。保证食品安全,防止食源性疾病的发生,是构建和谐社会、维护安全稳定的重要措施。吃的放心、吃的安全、吃的健康,这是公众的强烈愿望和共同的健康追求,也是社会文明进步的表现。而倡导和建立健康、科学、文明的生活方式,正是先进文化的重要内容。为人民健康服务、为社会经济建设服务,是公共卫生工作的根本宗旨。保证食品安全、保障公众的健康权益,代表了广大人民群众的根本利益,这是以科学发展观为指导,全面建设小康社会的重要内容。食品工作者和食品消费者,要正确认识食品质量和食品安全性,确保消费者吃的放心、吃的安全、吃的健康。 参考文献 [1] 陈丽华,李光宇,王世琨.我国的食品质量安全现状分析[J].东北农业大学学报:社会科学版,2007,5(1):47-49. [2] 王薇.食品质量安全分析[J].畜牧与饲料科学,2009(2):80-81. [3] 石毓梅.浅论我国食品质量安全及控制体系[J].广西质量监督导报,2009(6):38-40. [4] 张则钦.推行农业标准化确保食品质量安全[J].世界标准化与质量管理,2008(7):41-44. 关于食品的科技论文3000字篇二 浅析食品添加剂与食品安全 摘要：随着人们生活水平的提高，对食品安全问题也越来越重视，当今已然成为社会焦点问题。食品添加剂是促进食品工业生产最活跃的因素，被誉为现代食品工业的灵魂。食品添加剂按其原料和生产方法分为化学合成添加剂和天然食品添加剂。现代食品工业的安全生产离不开食品添加剂，它可以满足消费者的各种需求。但若不科学地使用也会带来很大的危害，近几年食品添加剂的安全性引起了人们的关注。所以，合理使用食品添加剂才能保持它的安全性，使之更好地有助于食品工业的发展，提高人们生活质量。本文详细介绍了食品添加剂的作用发展趋势与食品的检测方法。 关键词：食品添加剂安全性食品质量安全 一、前言 食品添加剂(Food additives)是构成现代食品工业的重要因素，它对于改善食品的色、香、味，增加食品营养，提高食品品质，改善加工条件，防止食品变质，延长食品的保质期有极其重要的作用。因此，食品添加剂工业，在食品工业中占据重要地位，可以说没有食品添加剂工业就不可能有现代食品工业。但人工合成食品添加剂的使用直接影响食品的安全性,也直接关系到消费者的身体健康。 二、食品添加剂简介 1.食品添加剂的定义 食品添加剂通常是人们为了改善食品质量和保持或提高营养价值，在食品加工或贮藏过程中添加的少量天然或合成的物质。它们具有某些特定的功能，既可以是单一成分，也可以是混合物。有关食品添加剂的定义，世界各国也有所不同。在我国，根据《中华人民共和国食品卫生法》附则中的规定，食品添加剂是指为改善食品品质和色、香、味，以及为防腐和加工工艺的需要而加入食品中的化学合成或者天然物质。食品营养强化剂、食品用香料、胶基糖果中基础剂物质、食品工业用加工助剂也包括在内。(GB2760-2007《食品添加剂使用卫生标准》) 2.食品添加剂的分类 食品添加剂按其原料和生产方法可分为化学合成添加剂和天然添加剂。一般说除了化学合成添加剂外，其余的都可纳入天然食品添加剂。食品添加剂还可按安全性评价来划分，联合国食品添加剂法规委员会(CCFA)曾在FAO/WHO食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)讨论的基础上将其分为A、B、C三类，每类再细分为两类。 A类 JECFA已制定人体每日允许摄入量(ADI)T和暂定ADI者; B类 JECFA曾进行过安全性评价，但未建立ADI值，或者未进行过安全性评价者; C类 JECFA认为在食品中使用不安全和应该严格限制作为某些食品的特殊用途者。 由于食品添加剂功能各异，所以按其用途分类，世界各国至今也没有统一的标准。据统计，目前国际上使用的食品添加剂种类已达14000余种，其中直接使用的约4000余种，其中香精、香料占80%以上，目前我国在GB2760-2007中已公布批准使用的食品添加剂有1812种(含食品用香料)。国外的食品添加剂更加普遍，美国已有25000多种食品添加剂应用在近20000种食品中，日本使用的有2000多种。 3.我国食品添加剂的发展趋势 我国是13亿人口的大国，近二十年来食品工业发展迅速。为了进一步提高我国食品加工业的水平，缩短和世界食品工业发展的差距，开发新的食品添加剂和配料具有十分重要的意义。此外，随着经济的不断发展，人民生活水平的不断提高，人们对食品有了新的要求，营养食品、功能食品、保健食品、绿色食品等已成为食品消费市场的主流，而食品添加剂对生产这些产品的品质起着至关重要的作用。 三、合理使用食品添加剂可提高食品安全性 食品添加剂大大促进了食品工业的发展，并被誉为现代食品工业的灵魂。添加剂在食品领域立下的功劳是不可取代和，合理使用食品添加剂可以提高食品的安全性。我们现在的生活是不可以没有食品添加剂的。 1.使用食品添加剂有利于食品的保藏，防止食品败坏变质 除少数食品(如食盐)以外，各种生鲜食品若不能及时加工或加工不当，就会腐败变质，带来很大损失。防腐剂可以防止由微生物引起的食物腐败变质，延长食品的保存期，同时它还具有防止由微生物引起的食物中毒的作用;抗氧化剂则可阻止或推迟食品的氧化变质，以提高食品的稳定性和耐藏性，同时也可以防止可能有害的油脂自动氧化产物的形成。这对食品的保藏具有一定的意义。 2.使用食品添加剂能改善食品的感官性状 食品的色、香、味、形态和质地等是衡量食品质量的重要指标。食品加工后有的退色、有的变色，风味和质地等也可有所改变。适当使用着色剂、护色剂、漂白剂、食用香料以及乳化剂、增稠剂等食品添加剂，可明显提高食品的感官质量，满足人们的不同需要。 3.合理使用食品添加剂能保持或提高食品的营养价值 食品加工往往可能对原食品造成一定的营养损失，在食品加工过程中适当添加某些天然营养素范围的食品营养强化剂，可以大大提高食品的营养价值，这对防止营养不良和营养缺乏、促进营养平衡、提高人们健康水平具有重要的意义。 4.合理使用食品添加剂能增加食品的品种和方便性 食品超市的货架，摆满了琳琅满目的各种食品，这些食品除主要原料是粮油、果蔬、肉、蛋、奶外，还有一类不可缺少的原料，就是食品添加剂。各种食品根据加工工艺的不同、品种的不同、口味的不同，一般都要选用正确的各类食品添加剂，尽管添加量不大，但不同的添加剂能获得不同的花色品种。它们大部分都是防腐剂、抗氧化剂、乳化剂、增稠剂以及不同的着色剂、增香剂、调味剂乃至其他各种食品添加剂配合使用的结果。正是这些方便食品的供应，才给人们的生活和工作带来了极大的方便。 5.合理使用食品添加剂有利于食品加工操作，适应工业生产的机械化和自动化 在食品加工中使用消泡剂、助滤剂、稳定剂和凝固剂等，可有利于食品的加工操作。例如加工豆腐时使用卤水、葡萄糖酸内酯作为凝固剂，大大提高了豆腐生产的效益。 看了关于食品的科技论文3000字的人还看 1. 科学饮食健康生活论文2000字 2. 关于饮食与健康的论文 3. 有关食品微生物论文范文 4. 食品安全与健康论文3000字 5. 浅谈食品安全研究论文范文
食品加工质量安全管理工作是保障企业产品质量安全符合质量标准的关键、是维护企业市场信誉的关键,是企业在现代激烈市场竞争中赢得市场竞争力的关键。下面是我为大家推荐的食品加工论文，供大家参考。
食品加工论文 范文 一：食品工业泡沫分离技术的应用
泡沫分离又称泡沫吸附分离技术，是以气泡为介质，以各组分之间的表面活性差为依据，从而达到分离或浓缩目的的一种分离 方法 [1].20世纪初，泡沫分离技术最早应用于矿物浮选，后来应用于回收工业废水中的表面活性剂.直到20世纪70年代，人们开始将泡沫分离技术应用于蛋白质与酶的分离提取[2-3].目前，在食品工业中，泡沫分离技术已经应用于蛋白质与酶、糖及皂苷类有效成分的分离提取.由于大部分食品料液都有起泡性，泡沫分离技术在食品工业中的应用将越来越广泛.
1泡沫分离技术的原理及特点
泡沫分离技术的原理
泡沫分离技术是依据表面吸附原理，基于液相中溶质或颗粒之间的表面活性差异性.表面活性强的物质先吸附于分散相与连续相的界面处，通过鼓泡形成泡沫层，使泡沫层与液相主体分离，表面活性物质集中在泡沫层内，从而达到浓缩溶质或净化液相主体的目的.
泡沫分离技术的特点
优点
(1)与传统分离稀浓度产品的方法相比，泡沫分离技术设备简单、易于操作，更加适合于稀浓度产品的分离.(2)泡沫分离技术分辨率高，对于组分之间表面活性差异大的物质，采用泡沫分离技术分离可以得到较高的富集比.(3)泡沫分离技术无需大量有机溶剂洗脱液和提取液，成本低、环境污染小，利于工业化生产.
缺点
表面活性物质大多数是高分子化合物，消化量比较大，同时比较难回收.此外，溶液中的表面活性物质浓度不易控制，泡沫塔内的返混现象会影响到分离效果[4].
2泡沫分离技术在食品工业中的应用
蛋白质的分离
在分离蛋白质的过程中，表面活性差异小的蛋白质，吸附效果受到气-液界面吸附结构的影响，因此蛋白质表面活性的强度是考察泡沫分离效果的主要指标.谭相伟等[5]研究了牛血清蛋白与酪蛋白在气-液界面的吸附，并发现酪蛋白对牛血清蛋白在气-液界面处的吸附有显著影响.此后，Hossain等[6]利用泡沫分离技术对β-乳球蛋白和牛血清蛋白进行分离富集，结果得到96%β-乳球蛋白和83%牛血清蛋白.Brown等[7]采用连续式泡沫分离技术从混合液中分离牛血清蛋白与酪蛋白，结果表明酪蛋白的回收率很高，而大部分的牛血清蛋白留在了溶液中.Saleh等[8]研究了利用泡沫分离法从乳铁传递蛋白、牛血清蛋白和α-乳白蛋白3种蛋白混合液中分离出乳铁传递蛋白，在牛血清蛋白和α-乳白蛋白的混合液中加入不同浓度的乳铁传递蛋白，并不断改变气速，优化了最佳工艺条件.结果得出：在最佳工艺条件下，87%的乳铁传递蛋白留在溶液中，98%牛血清蛋白和91%α-乳白蛋白存在于泡沫夹带液中.由此可见，利用泡沫分离法可以有效地从3种蛋白质混合液中分离出乳铁传递蛋白.Chen等[9]利用泡沫分离技术从牛奶中提取免疫球蛋白.考察了初始pH值、初始免疫球蛋白浓度、氮流量、柱的高度及发泡时间等因素对反应的影响，结果表明：采用泡沫分离方法可以有效地从牛奶中分离出免疫球蛋白.Liu等[10]从工业大豆废水浓缩富集大豆蛋白，最佳工艺条件:温度为50℃，pH值为，空气流量为100mL?min-1，装载液体高度为400mm，得到大豆蛋白富集比为等[11]为了提高泡沫析水性，研发了一种新型的利用铁丝网进行整装填料的泡沫分离塔，利用铁丝网整体填料塔泡沫分离法对牛血清蛋白进行分离.通过研究填料对气泡大小、持液量、富集比和在不同条件下以牛血清蛋白水溶液作为一个参考物的有效收集率的影响，评价填料的作用.结果表明，填料可以加速气泡破裂、减少持液量、提高泡沫析水性和牛血清蛋白的富集比.研究表明，在积液量为490mL，空气流速为300mL?min-1，牛血清蛋白初始浓度为，填料床高度为300mm和初始pH值为的条件下，最佳的牛血清蛋白富集比为，是控制塔条件下富集比的倍.刘海彬等[12]以桑叶为原料，采用泡沫分离法对桑叶蛋白进行分离，并分析了影响分离效果的主要因素，结果测得桑叶蛋白回收率为、富集比为.由此可见，利用泡沫分离法对桑叶进行分离可得到含量较高的桑叶蛋白.与传统的叶蛋白分离方法如酸(碱)热法、有机溶剂法相比较[13-14]，泡沫分离法分离效果好，避免了加热导致蛋白质变性以及减少有机溶剂带来的环境污染等问题.李轩领等[15]以亚麻蛋白浓度、NaCl浓度、原料液pH值以及装液量为主要考察因素，用响应面法优化了从未脱胶亚麻籽饼粕中泡沫分离亚麻蛋白的工艺条件.在最佳工艺条件下，得到的亚麻蛋白质，而多糖的损失率仅为.可见，采用泡沫分离技术可以从未脱胶亚麻籽饼粕中有效分离出亚麻蛋白.
酶的分离
蛋白质属于生物表面活性剂，包含极性和非极性基团，在溶液中可选择性地吸附于气-液界面.因此，从低浓度溶液中可泡沫分离出酶和蛋白质等物质.Linke等[16]研究了从发酵液中泡沫分离胞外脂肪酶，考察了通气时间、pH值及气速等主要因素对回收率的影响，研究得出通气时间为50min、pH值为及气速为60mL/min时，酶蛋白回收率为95%.Mohan等[17]从啤酒中泡沫分离回收酵母和麦芽等，结果表明，分离酵母和麦芽所需的时间不同，而且低浓度时更加容易富集.Holmstr[18]从低浓度溶液中泡沫分离出淀粉酶，研究发现在等电点处鼓泡，泡沫夹带液中的淀粉酶活性是原溶液中的4倍.Lambert等[19]采用泡沫分离技术考察了β-葡糖苷酶的pH值与表面张力之间的关系，研究表明，纤维素二糖酶和纤维素酶的最佳起泡pH值分别为和6~等[7]利用泡沫分离技术对牛血清蛋白与溶菌酶以及酪蛋白与溶菌酶的混合体系分别进行了分离纯化的研究.结果表明，溶菌酶不管与牛血清蛋白混合还是与酪蛋白混合，回收率都很低，但是由于溶菌酶可提高泡沫的稳定性，从而提高了牛血清蛋白与溶菌酶的回收率.Samita等[20]对牛血清蛋白与酪蛋白、牛血清蛋白与溶菌酶两种二元体系分别进行了研究，发现在牛血清蛋白与酪蛋白的蛋白质二元体系中酪蛋白在气-液界面处的吸附占了大部分的气-液界面，从而阻止了牛血清蛋白在气-液界面处的吸附.而在牛血清蛋白与溶菌酶的二元体系中，研究表明溶菌酶提高了牛血清蛋白的回收率，同时提高了泡沫的稳定性.针对这种现象，Noble等[21]也采用泡沫分离法分离牛血清蛋白与溶菌酶的二元体系，研究发现泡沫夹带液中存在少量的溶菌酶，提高了泡沫的稳定性，牛血清蛋白溶液在低浓度下本来不能产生稳定泡沫，溶菌酶的存在使得其也能产生稳定的泡沫.这些研究表明，泡沫分离技术可以在较低的浓度下分离具有表面活性的蛋白质，为泡沫分离技术在蛋白质分离中的应用研究开辟了新的领域.国内泡沫分离技术已应用在酶类物质分离中，范明等[22]设计了泡沫分离装置，利用泡沫分离技术分离脂肪酶模拟液和实际生产生物柴油的水相脂肪酶溶液，对水相脂肪酶进行回收并富集.考察了通气速度、进料酶浓度及水相脂肪酶溶液中pH值等主要因素对分离效果的影响，当通气速度为10L/(LH)、进料酶浓度为、pH值为时，蛋白和酶活回收率接近于100%，富集比为.研究表明，初始脂肪酶浓度对泡沫分离的富集比和蛋白回收率有显著影响，pH值对富集比、蛋白和酶活回收率无显著影响，而气速是影响蛋白回收速率的一个重要因素.回收水相脂肪酶的过程中酶活性无损失.可见，泡沫分离是一个回收液体脂肪酶的有效方法[22].
糖的分离
糖一般存在于植物和微生物体内，可根据糖与蛋白质或者其他物质的表面活性差异性，利用泡沫分离技术对糖进行分离提取[23].Fu等[24]采用离心法从基隆产的甘薯块中分离提取可溶性糖和蛋白，得到的回收率分别为和;而采用泡沫分离法时，可溶性糖和蛋白的回收率分别为和等[25]采用泡沫分离法富集假单胞菌生产的鼠李糖脂，最佳工艺条件下得到鼠李糖脂97%，富集比为洲[26]利用间歇式泡沫分离法从美味牛肝菌水提物中分离牛肝菌多糖，考察了pH值、原料液浓度、空气流速、表面活性剂用量及浮选时间等主要因素对分离效果的影响，以回收率为指标评价分离的效果，并优化了分离牛肝菌多糖的工艺条件.在最佳工艺条件下，牛肝菌多糖回收率为.国内关于食用菌多糖的提取一般利用水提醇析法，但是该法需要消耗大量的乙醇，操作周期长，能耗大[27-28]，而泡沫分离法具有快速分离、设备简单、操作连续、不需高温高压及适合分离低浓度组分等优势，因此间歇式泡沫分离法是提取食用菌多糖的一种有效方法.
皂苷类有效成分的分离
皂苷包含亲水性的糖体和疏水性的皂苷元，具有良好的起泡性，是一种优良的天然非离子型表面活性成分，因此可采用泡沫分离法从天然植物中分离皂苷[29].泡沫分离法已广泛用于大豆异黄酮苷元、人参皂苷、无患子皂苷、竹节参皂苷、文冠果果皮皂苷等有效成分的分离.
大豆异黄酮苷元的分离Liu等[10]
采用泡沫分离与酸解方法从大豆乳清废水中分离大豆异黄酮苷元，指出从工业大豆乳清废水中提取的异黄酮苷元主要以β-苷元的形式存在，并利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析发现大豆异黄酮和大豆蛋白以复合物的形式存在.研究结果表明，利用泡沫分离技术可以从大豆乳清废水中有效地富集大豆异黄酮，分离出大豆异黄酮苷元和β-苷元.
无患子总皂苷的分离魏凤玉等[30]
分别采用间歇和连续泡沫分离法分离纯化无患子皂苷，利用正交试验，考察了原始料液浓度、气体流速、温度、pH值等因素对无患子皂苷回收率的影响，确定了泡沫分离最佳工艺条件.林清霞等[31]采用泡沫分离技术分离纯化无患子皂苷，利用紫外分光光度计测定无患子皂苷含量，通过富集比、纯度及回收率判断分离纯化的效果.在进料浓度为、进料量为150mL、气速为32L/h、温度为30℃、pH值为时，得到富集比为，纯度与回收率分别为和.研究结果表明：无患子皂苷的回收率随着进料浓度的增大而减小，随着气速、进料量的增大而增大;富集比随着进料浓度、气速及进料量的增大而减小，pH值对富集比的影响较小;纯度随着进料浓度、气速的增大而降低，进料量、pH值对纯度的影响较小.
竹节参总皂苷的分离
竹节参的主要成分皂苷是一种优良的天然表面活性剂，而竹节参中的竹节参多糖、无机盐及氨基酸等是非表面活性剂，因此可根据表面活性的差异，采用泡沫分离技术对竹节参皂苷进行分离纯化[32-34].张海滨等[35]考察了气泡大小、pH值、原料液温度及电解质物质的量浓度等主要因素对泡沫分离竹节参总皂苷的影响，以富集比、纯度比及回收率等为指标分析分离纯化的效果，得出最佳工艺条件：气泡直径为，pH值为，温度为65℃，电解质NaCl浓度为.在最佳工艺条件下，总皂苷富集比为，纯度比为，回收率为，能够得到较好的分离.张长城等[36]研究了利用泡沫分离技术对竹节参中皂苷进行分离纯化的方法与条件，指出泡沫分离技术分离纯化竹节参皂苷具有产品回收率高、工艺简单、能耗低及不使用有机溶剂等优点，为竹节参皂苷的开发利用提供了技术支持.
文冠果果皮皂苷的分离
文冠果籽油是优质的食用油，含油率达35%～40%[37]，同时可作为生物柴油的原料.文冠果果皮含有皂苷～.研究表明，文冠果果皮皂苷具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化及抗疲劳等功效[38].文冠果果皮皂苷的开发利用带来的附加价值可以有效地降低生物柴油的生产成本.在生产生物柴油的过程中需要处理大量的果皮，因此需要寻求一种简单可行、成本低、收率高以及对环境污染小的皂苷分离方法.吴伟杰等[39]使用自制起泡装置，研究了泡沫分离技术分离文冠果果皮总皂苷的可行性及最佳反应条件.研究得出泡沫分离文冠果皂苷的最佳工艺条件为：料液气体流速为，初始浓度为2mg?mL-1，温度为20℃，pH值为5.与泡沫分离人参、三七等皂苷的气体流速相比较，文冠果果皮的气体流速较低，这样可以更大限度地降低能耗、节约成本.同时，泡沫分离文冠果果皮皂苷可在室温条件下进行，降低了加热所需的能耗.此外，由于文冠果果皮皂苷的水溶液pH值在5左右，泡沫分离时无需调节pH值.在最佳工艺条件下，得到富集比为，回收率为，纯度为.研究表明，泡沫分离文冠果果皮皂苷可以达到较高的富集比、回收率和纯度，对于大力开发利用生物能源、综合利用文冠果以及降低生物柴油的成本有着重要意义.
3展望
泡沫分离技术是一种很有发展前景的新型分离技术，在食品工业中的应用将会越来越广泛，今后在天然产物及稀有物质的分离提取等方面有着更加广泛的应用.同时，泡沫分离技术也存在一定的局限性，为促进泡沫分离技术在食品工业中的应用发展，应该在以下方面进行深入研究：(1)对泡沫分离复杂物料实际分离过程的泡沫形成情况建立理论模型，对标准表面活性剂的分离提取建立标准数据库，对标准表面活性剂和非表面活性物质间的分离建立指纹图谱;(2)如何减少泡沫分离非表面活性物质时的表面活性剂消耗量;(3)如何解决泡沫分离高浓度产品时回收率低的问题;(4)目前泡沫分离设备存在局限性，应研究开发新型的适合食品工业分离的泡沫分离设备，提高泡沫分离的效果[40].
食品加工论文范文二：食品工业废水处理节能研究
食品工业包括制糖、酿造、肉类、乳品加工等，食品工业的废水主要来源于原料的处理、洗涤、脱水、过滤、脱酸、脱臭和蒸煮过程中产生的，这些废水含有大量的有机物、蛋白质、有机酸和碳水化合物，具有很强的耗氧性，如果不经处理直接排入水体会大量消耗水中的溶解氧，从而造成水体缺氧，造成水生生物的死亡。食品工业废水油脂含量高，多伴随大量悬浮物随废水排出，其中动物性食品加工排出的废水还可能含有病菌，此外，这些废水还含有铜、锰、铬等金属离子。近年来，随着食品加工业的快速发展，每年由此产生的废水量也呈现快速增长态势，许多废水未经有效处理便被直接排放，给环境产生了十分严重的破坏。因此，探讨食品工业废水处理对于生态环境保护具有非常重要的现实意义。
1食品工业废水处理工艺现状
目前，国内外对于食品工业废水的处理过程中主要采用的是生物处理工艺，其中主要包括有好氧生物处理工艺、厌氧生物处理工艺，以及由好氧生物处理工艺与厌氧生物处理工艺相结合的处理工艺。在好氧生物处理工艺方面，主要有活性污泥法(目前实际应用较为广泛的主要有SBR法)和生物膜法(具有代表性的是曝气生物滤池法)。由于厌氧生物处理工艺相较于好氧生物处理工艺无论在后期的运行管理费用还是前期的基建投资方面的费用都有较大优势，其中比较具有典型的处理工艺有厌氧颗粒污泥膨胀床(EGSB)工艺、第三代厌氧处理工艺———厌氧内循环反应器(IC)被广泛应用到了食品工业废水处理中。此外，厌氧生物处理工艺在处理食品工业废水方面具有良好的处理效果[1]。
2各种工艺特点及应用效果分析
目前国内外，食品工业废水的处理以生物处理[2]为主。在实际中运用较广，技术较为成熟的主要有厌氧接触法、厌氧污泥床法、浅层曝气、延时曝气、曝气沉淀池法等等。
好氧生物处理工艺
好氧生物处理是在不断供氧的环境中，利用好氧微生物来氧化有机物。在好氧过程中，微生物对复杂的有机物进行分解，一部分被转化为稳定的无机物CO2、H2O和NH3，一部分则由微生物合成为新细胞，最后去除污水中的有机物。
法，即间歇式活性污泥系统(又叫序批式间歇活性污泥法)。SBR法目前在国内外应用较为广泛，生物反应池中集中了生物降解过程、沉淀过程以及污泥回流功能为一体，这种工艺比较简单，它是在以前间歇式活性污泥工艺基础上发展来的一种新工艺，采用SBR法处理废水的运行过程一般包括了进水、充氧曝气、静止沉淀、排水和排泥五个步骤。与连续性活性污泥工艺相比，该工艺具有的有点主要有：曝气池兼具二沉池的功能，不设二沉池，也没有污泥回流设备，系统结构简单，易于管理;耐冲击负荷，一般无需设置调节池;反应推动力大，较为简便的得到优质出水水质;污泥沉淀性能好，SVI值较低，便于自控运行，后期维护管理也较为简便。居华[3]通过SBR法在酱油、酱菜食品废水处理中的应用研究后得出，原废水CODcr在2000mg/L～4000mg/L范围内，经SBR法处理后出水水质得到了二级标准，去除率达96%以上，没有出现污泥膨胀现象，而且操作管理方便，占地面积小，运行的费用也低。
法，即曝气生物滤池法。这种工艺最早可以追溯上个世纪80年代，是由欧美等国家应用和发展起来的，大连马栏河污水处理厂是我国最早采用BAF工艺。该工艺是在生物接触工艺基础上，在滤池中填装陶粒、石英砂等粒状填料，以填料及其附着生产生物膜为介质，发挥生物的代谢功能，通过物理过滤功能，发挥膜和填料的截留吸附作用从而实现污染物的高效处理。廖艳[4]等采用混凝—ABR与曝气生物滤池(BAF)联合处理工艺，对某市肉联厂高浓度废水化学需氧量和氨氮的去除研究后发现，化学需氧量和氨氮的去除效果从原水时的1500mg/L～4500mg/L、30mg/L～85mg/L，经处理后出水COD<100mg/L，氨氮<50mg/L，达到了国家一、二级排放标准，取得良好的环境和社会效益。
法，即膜生物反应器法。是上个世纪90年代逐渐发展起来的一种废水处理技术，该工艺是将膜组件替代传统的二沉池，实现固相和液相分离。其实质是把细菌和微生物以生物膜的方式附着在固体表面上，以污水中的有机物为营养物进行新陈代谢和生长繁殖，从而达到实现净化污水的效果。该工艺具有较强的抗冲击力，对水质和水量变化具有较强适应性;污泥产量较低且沉降性能优，易于固液分离;对于低浓度污水也可以进行处理，在正常运行时可以把原水中的BOD5由20mg/L～30mg/L降至5mg/L～10mg/L;运行费用也不高，管理方便。张亮平，王峰[5]以MBR在湖北某食品厂废水处理中的应用为例进行研究后发现，采用MBR-活性炭-杀菌联合工艺，出水COD和BOD的去除率达到了99%以上，系统工艺能耗低，运行稳定。
厌氧生物处理工艺
在食品废水处理过程中，厌氧处理法与好氧处理法相比由于产生的污泥少，动力流耗小，管理简便，既能节能又能降低成本，逐渐在高浓度有机废水行业———食品工业广泛推崇。
法，即升流式厌氧污泥床法。该种工艺是由高活性厌氧菌体构成的粒状污泥，在UASB装置内随上升的气流呈向上流动的状态。处理效率高、性能可靠、能耗低，也不需要填料和载体，运行成本低等优点，既可以处理高负荷废水，也不会产生堵塞等优点。也是当前应用最为广泛的高速反应器之一。王炜，何好启[6]研究发现，食品废水经由UASB+接触氧化法工艺处置后，CODcr、BOD5、SS和植物油由原水浓度的1170mg/L、570mg/L、600mg/L、150mg/L，处置后的效果为、、40mg/L和3mg/L，出水水质达到了《污水综合排放标准》中的一级标准，且工程的经济运行效益也良好，总运行费用约为元/m3，工艺占地小，处理成本低，运行方式灵活，值得推广。
反应器，即膨胀颗粒污泥床反应器。该工艺是在UASB基础上发展起来的一种新厌氧工艺，与UASB工艺相比，EGSB增加了出水的回流，提升了反应器中水流的速度，其速度可以达到5m/h～10m/h，比UASB的～高出近10倍。李克勋[7]等以天津某淀粉厂采用EGSB处理淀粉废水为例，EGSB的厌氧反应器对COD的去除率超过了85%，出水水质达到了国家一级排放标准，大量有机物被去除，后续单元的处理压力被减轻，此外，厌氧反应器的介入使用，可以产生沼气作为能源进行二次利用，降低运行费用(总运转费用为元/m3?d)，具有良好的环境效益和社会效益。
法，即厌氧序批式活性污泥法。ASBR厌氧序批式活性污泥法最早诞生于上世纪90年代的美国，是在SBR基础上发展起来的，该工艺的显著特点是以序批间歇运行，按次序分为进水、反应、沉淀和排水四个步骤，与连续流厌氧反应器相比，该工艺由于不需要大阻力的配水系统，因此极大地减少了系统的能耗，也不会产生断流和短流，运行灵活，抗击能力较强，实现厌氧功能，也同时兼有了SBR的优点。
3厌氧生物处理工艺优势分析
与好氧生物处理工艺相比，在食品工业废水处理方面，厌氧生物处理工艺具有很多优势：工艺运行时污泥的剩余量非常少，由于不需要附加氧源而降低运行管理费用;食品工业废水有机物浓度高，而厌氧生物处理工艺拥有良好的抗高浓度有机物的冲击负荷力优势，能够做到间接性排放;另外，厌氧生物处理工艺能够产生沼气，实现资源的二次利用，真正实现了 变废为宝 ，降低能耗，因此，厌氧处理工艺在食品工业废水处理中是一种节能型废水处理工艺。作为低能耗而且能够产生二次能源的厌氧生物处理工艺必将成为食品工业废水处理的主流方向[8]。