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你可以到财新网或“中国权威经济论文库”等网站看看。经济论文的写法，比较规范的格式，一是先要有“摘要”，这个相当于论文的中心思想；二是要设置“关键词”，关键词是用于表达文献主题内容；其三是“正文” ，也就是论文的内容部分；其四是论文的最后，要注明本论文拟写过程中参考的论文或文献。经济学论文，结构和给自己断的议论文基本一致。刚入门时，你可以按先提出问题，即问题是什么；然后分析问题，即为什么；最后要结合自己的见解提出解决问题的办法，即怎么办，或采取什么措施去解决所提出的问题。尤其要注意的是，高质量的论文首先是独创性，内容里一定要有自己看问题的角度、想法或观点，而不是人云亦云；然后才是文章的结构创意和文字质量。
不是论文翻译网站有哪些的话这个多的很啊比如说那个百度翻译它的里面的内容就非常舒服九零
有道等等谷歌翻译都是可以的，翻译的时候一定要有一定技巧啊，不要太直接
百度网站，QQ网站都可以做网站翻译的，不管是英语也好日语也好，都可以给你翻译出中文
China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the . government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange rateFirst, the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of Sino-US trade deficit1, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balanceChina and the United States for such a big difference between two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China through Hong Kong re-exports of double counting in China's exports to the United States (2), the . trade data Collection process has many , Sino-US trade deficit is what causes(1), the . Government's high-tech products export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason.(2), . investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the . multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is . multinational companies to reduce production costs and increase profits one of the main channel.(3), the . trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income account3, Liaokai . foreign trade deficit . imports from the large number of foreign companies in setting up their own production lines, in other words, the . subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries trade with the countries of the economist Julius once the . balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the . trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion . dollars into 57 billion A surplus of . dollars. According to the . Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the . subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million . dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion . dollars, almost 3 trillion . dollars, and foreign exports to the . and foreign companies in the . , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of trillion . dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the . exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion . dollars. Over the same period, imports of . and foreign multinational companies in the . market sales, and for both of trillion . dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion . dollars, and this is when the analysis of the . foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the , the . trade deficit, the real reason for the(1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar, which makes . goods, services, trade Deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion . dollars.(2) deterioration of the low . savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building.(3) . multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods."China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation
翻译之路道阻且长，必经百般磨砺。每周精修一篇《经济学人》中译文，主要目的是琢磨语言，一方面学习英文表达，另一方面深入思考中文表达。尽量避免“翻译腔”，就算是没有白费功夫了。【这里是我的精修】Low-Earth-orbit satellites Round and round they go The launch of thousands of new satellites will boost the space economy 近地轨道卫星 转圈圈 【转呀转呀转呀转】 将有数千颗新卫星升空，推动太空经济发展 【数千颗新卫星即将升空，太空经济将迅猛发展】Space is becoming more crowded. On December 3rda Falcon 9 rocket made by SpaceX thundered into the sky. On board were 64 small satellites, more than any American company had launched before in one go. They have an array of uses, from space-based radar to the monitoring of radio-frequency emissions. One, designed by Trevor Paglen, an artist, will soon unfurl a 30-metre reflective structure that will shine down on Earth like an artificial star, visible to the naked eye. 太空正变得越来越拥挤。12月3日，SpaceX制造的一枚猎鹰九号火箭轰隆升空。它上面装载了64颗小型卫星，超过之前任何一家美国公司单次发射卫星的数量。从天基雷达到无线电发射监测，这些卫星的用途多种多样。其中一颗由艺术家Trevor Paglen设计，内嵌的30米场反射器不久将会打开，变成一颗肉眼可见的人造星星，在地球的上空闪光。 【太空越来越拥挤了。12月3日，SpaceX发射了一枚猎鹰9号火箭，这一次共有64颗小型卫星随之升空，创下了美国公司单次发射卫星数量的新纪录。这些卫星用途多样，从天基雷达到无线电监测等十分广泛。其中还包括一颗由艺术家特雷弗·裴格伦（Trevor Paglen）设计的艺术卫星，它将在太空中释放约30米长的反射器，变身为肉眼即可观赏到的人造卫星。】These objects are part of the latest breed of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, which are designed to whizz around the planet only a few hundred kilometers above its surface. This month’s launch is just a taste of what is planned. SpaceX and OneWeb, a communications firm, plan to launch satellites in their thousands, not hundreds (see briefing). The pair are set to double the total number of satellites in orbit by 2027. 这些都属于最新型的近地轨道卫星，在距地表仅几百公里的轨道上绕行。本月发射的只是计划中的以下部分。SpaceX和卫星通信公司OneWeb计划发射几千而不是几百颗卫星。两家公司的目标是让轨道卫星的综述到2027年增加一倍。 【此次发射的卫星都属于最新型近地轨道卫星（LEO），运行轨道距离地面不过几百公里。此次发射活动也只是更宏大计划的牛刀小试。SpaceX和通信公司OneWeb打算发射数以千计的卫星，几百个尚不足为道，到2027年，它们要把在轨卫星的数量增加一倍。】That promises to change things dramatically on Earth. LEO satellites can bring internet connectivity to places where it is still unavailable or unaffordable. This will also be an enduring source of new demand for the space economy. Morgan Stanley, a bank, projects that the space industry will grow from $350bn in 2016 to more than $ by 2040. New internet satellites will account for a half this increase. 这会给地球带来巨大改变。近地轨道卫星可以为目前还未接入互联网或者联网成本过高的地区提供网络连接。而这也将是太空经济新需求的持久源泉。摩根士丹利预测，航天业的规模将从2016年的3500亿美元增长至2040年的超过万亿美元。其中一半的增长将源自新兴互联网卫星。 【这将给人类社会带来巨大改变。有了近地轨道卫星，目前没有网络或者网络太贵的地区就能联网了。太空经济也将因此获得源源不断的新需求。摩根士丹利预测，到2040年，太空行业规模将从2016年的3,500亿美元增长到超过万亿美元，其中一半将来自互联网卫星。】For that to happen, however, three worries must be overcome. Debris is the most familiar concern. As long ago as 1978, Donald Kessler, a scientist at NASA, proposed a scenario in which, when enough satellites were packed into low-Earth orbits, any collision could cause a chain reaction which would eventually destroy all space craft in its orbital plane. The syndrome which bears Mr. Kessler’s name weighs heavily on the minds of executives at the new satellite firms. Debris could conceivably render entire tracts of space unusable for decades. (Collisions have already happened. In 2009 an American satellite and a Russian one crashed into each other above Siberia, sending over a tonne of metal fragments swirling around the planet at thousands of kilometers per hour.) 然而，要实现这一点必须解决三大忧患。其中最为人熟知的一个是空间碎片。早在1978年，美国国家航空航天局的科学家DO哪来的Kessler就提出，当足够多的卫星进入近地轨道时，任何碰撞都可能引起连锁反应，最终破坏所在轨道平面内的所有航天器。这一被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”的理论是压在新型卫星公司高管心头的一块大石。碎片可能导致整个太空轨道在几十年内都无法使用。（碰撞事件已有发生。2009年一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞，产生的一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空旋转。） 【然而，要实现这一愿景，尚需解决三大问题。太空垃圾首当其冲。1978年，美国国家航空航天局的科学家唐纳德·凯斯勒（Donald Kessler）就曾提出，当近地轨道卫星达到一定的密集程度，一旦发生碰撞，连锁反应将摧毁该轨道平面上的所有航天器。这种情景被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”，给新兴卫星公司高管的心头投下了一片阴影。一旦太空轨道上挤满了碎片，或许数十年都不能再发射航天器了。（太空碰撞已经不再是设想。2009年，一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞，留下了一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空飞速旋转。）】Solutions exist. One is to grab malfunctioning satellites and pull them down into Earth’s atmosphere. Another is to monitor space more intensively for debris; a US Air Force programme called Space Fence is due to start in 2019. But technology is only part of the answer. Rules are needed to govern the safe disposal of old satellites from low-Earth orbit. The United States’ Federal Communications Commission is revising its regulations with this in mind. Other countries should follow suit. 解决办法是有的。一个方案是“捉住”故障卫星，将其下拉至地球大气层中。另一个方案是更严密地检测太空中的碎片，美国空军一项名为“太空篱笆”（Space Fence）的相关计划将于2019年启动。但技术只是解决方案的一部分，还需要制定规则来管理近地轨道就卫星的安全处置问题。为此美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）正在修订相关规定。其他国家也应效仿。 【解决办法还是有的。首先，可以将发生故障的卫星抓住并拖入地球大气层中。其次，更严密地监控太空碎片；美国空军就将在2019年启动Space Fence（太空篱笆）计划。但是科技只是一个方面。要安全清除近地轨道上的旧卫星，还需要相关政策加持。美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）正在沿着这个思路修订相关规定。其他国家也应如此。】Cyber-security is a second, long-standing worry. Hackers could take control of a satellite and seal intellectual property, redirect data flows or cause a collision. The satellite industry has been slow to respond to such concerns. But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the infrastructure of space for access to the internet, the need for action intensifies. 第二个担忧存在已久——网络安全。黑客可能劫持卫星，窃取知识产权，重新定向数据流，或者让卫星相撞。卫星行业对这类问题反应迟缓。但随着世界上越来越多人口依赖太空基础设施接入互联网，就此类风险采取行动变得愈加迫切。 【其次，网络安全隐患存在已久。黑客可能劫持卫星，窃取知识产权，重新定向数据流，甚至让卫星相撞。对于这些问题，卫星行业的反应一直很缓慢。但是，越来越多的人口需要依赖太空基础设施才能连接互联网，因此，采取行动已变得十分紧迫。】The third issue follows from the first two. If a simple mistake or a cyber-attack can cause a chain reaction which wipes out hundreds of billions of dollars of investment, who is liable? Underwriters are studying the plans of firms that wish to operate large numbers of satellites. But there is a long way to go before the risks are well understood, let alone priced. 第三个问题因前两者而生。如果一个简单错误或一次网络攻击就可能导致连锁反应，令数千亿美元的投资化为乌有，那么谁该为此负责？保险公司正在研究那些想要运营大量卫星的企业提出的计划。但要充分了解其中的风险尚需时日，更别说要为这些风险定价了。 【问题之三与前两者联系密切。如果一个小小的错误或者一次网络攻击就能引发连锁反应，足以让数百亿美元投资化为乌有，那么这笔账该找谁来算呢？保险公司正在帮助有意运营大量卫星的公司研究保险计划，但是充分了解其中风险尚需时日，要给风险定价岂不是难上加难。】As space becomes more commercialized, mind-bending prospects open up: packages shuttled across the planet in minutes by rocket rather than by plane, mining equipment sent to asteroids, a stream of paying passengers launched to orbit and beyond. All that and more may come, one day. But such activities would raise the same questions as LEO satellites do. They must be answered before the space economy can truly blossom. 随着太空空间变得更商业化，让人脑洞大开的前景渐现：通过火箭而不是飞机在几分钟之内横跨地球递送包裹；把采矿设备发射到小行星上；把付费乘客“发射”到地球轨道或更远的地方。某一天，这些乃至更多的想法也许都会一一实现。但这些活动会和近地轨道卫星引发同样的问题。必须首先回答这些问题，太空经济才能真正开花结果。 【太空的商业化程度越来越高，千奇百怪的想法也纷纷涌现：用火箭代替飞机送快递，几分钟就能穿越地球；把采矿设备发送到小行星上去；花钱买票就能去地球轨道甚至更远的地方。未来某天，或许再光怪陆离的想法也能成真。但是那时，人们还是要面对近地轨道卫星今天面对的问题。只有尽快找到解决办法，太空经济才能真正百花齐放。】
翻译如下：China's sustained economic growth and weak world economic growth and the continuous devaluation of dollar, particularly the . government in the domestic unemployment rate and rising international trade deficit of the circumstances, the United States some people will be unemployed manufacturing workers in the United States and the reasons for the Sino-US trade deficit Summed up as the RMB exchange , the renminbi exchange rate is not the main cause of a Sino-US trade deficit, the EC analysis of Sino-US trade balance statistics difference between the two countries so large there are two main aspects of reasons: (1), the United States statistics will be part of China's re-exports through Hong Kong Double-counting of trade in China's exports to the United States (2), the . trade data collection process has many , Sino-US trade deficit is what causes (1), the . Government's high-tech products export control policy, Sino-US trade imbalance is an important reason. (2), . investment in China's balance of trade of multinational companies is another important reason. China to the United States despite the existence of high trade surplus, but a large part of the trade surplus from the . multinational companies in China, according to Chinese statistics show that: China's import and export amount of 56 percent is from foreign-funded enterprises to achieve, China is . multinational companies to reduce production costs and increase profits one of the main channel.(3), the . trade statistics report and the multinational corporations will not return to the United States of the investment income , Liaokai . foreign trade deficit veil of the United States imports a large number of companies from abroad set up their own production lines, in other words, the . subsidiary of multinational companies import goods from overseas, the reality of the trade are many companies and the companies, not countries with national The document economist Julius once the . balance of trade statistics, if coupled with its overseas subsidiaries in the local double-counting, then in 1986 the . trade balance from a deficit of 144 billion . dollars into 57 billion A surplus of . dollars. According to the . Department of Commerce statistics, in 1995 the . subsidiary of multinational companies in sales over 210 million . dollars, with exports of goods and services the same year 794 billion . dollars, almost 3 trillion . dollars, and foreign exports to the . and foreign companies in the . , A subsidiary of the internal sales total of trillion . dollars, the United States today is not the world's largest trade deficit country, but the world on a few large trade surplus with one of the . exports to foreign multinational companies in the United States and abroad for sale on the market, both in 2002 and amounted to 3 trillion . dollars. Over the same period, imports of . and foreign multinational companies in the . market sales, and for both of trillion . dollars, resulting in the United States on the world's total trade surplus of 600 billion . dollars, and this is when the analysis of the . foreign trade deficit Should comprehensively grasp the essence of the , the . trade deficit, the real reason (1) in the 1970s, the two oil crises led to two world oil prices rose sharply, from Japan and developing countries with strong economic competitiveness and the strength of the dollar exchange rate, these Are making . goods, services trade deficit in 1987 reached a peak of 152 billion . dollars.(2) deterioration of the low . savings rate, the United States must from the international financial market, raising funds for construction, that is, factoring funds to invest heavily in the building. (3) . multinational companies in the United States in the import trade played by the "one of us" role, that is part of the trade deficit is actually "returning goods." China and the United States is a complementary economy, maintain the existing exchange rate system is a win-win situation.
这篇文章有几个非常有意思的句子和表达，我贴出来，大家一起赏析一下： 佳句篇： Sentence 1. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. 解析： Ruffle弄皱的意思 Ruffle one’s feathers惹怒（想想逆毛流撸猫） The idea that ...用的是同位语从句，不太多，常用搭配是the evidence that，the concept that 等。That后从句解释idea, concept或evidence等。 Which的指代问题。Which指代的不是上文任何一个出现的单词或词组，而是Dr. Cochran的这波操作。Sentence 2. Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. disproportionately不成比例地 主干and复合句+非谓语动词scoring+as引导的从句（插入后置定语） 每个部分都不难，集合到一起就对理解产生障碍了。Sentence 3. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这个句子不难，为什么拿出来是因为这个violently的用法。简单来讲，这一个单词乍一看是作aristocratic的副词，实则在翻译（以及理解）当中，我们必须单独翻译成一个实意的成分，而且作副词处理。 Aristocratic贵族统治 Meritocratic德治Sentence 4. That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. 主语从句，注意 5. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. 典型长句，如何解析？ Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: Or so大约 斜体作的是disease genes they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. either or后面是两个in... 第一个in后面的which form part of the insulating outer sheaths解释的是Sphingolipids that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals解释的是sheaths。 也就是说，（非限制性）定语从句后面紧接另一个定语从句。 第二个in后面很简单，但！！！文章最后一段有解释，对于 文章结构 至关重要。Sentence 6&7. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 两句话放一起。 主干已加黑。很有意思的句子，工整、对仗，而又解释非常清楚。 下一句，persist和ubiquitous用词极其精准，整句话像外科手术般，精准简练。作者还是怕读者一下子没读懂，用简单而又高效的句子总结下。写作手法很老练高超，字字玑珠，像极了宝马M3。Sentence 8. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. 乍一看没什么稀奇，再一看，把一个comparison分别放在了主语和谓语的修饰成分中，可谓老辣。 作何解？ That promote intelligence对genes做了一个限定，指的是genes的其中一种特征，然后用when说明了适用情况。 Create谓语的主语也是genes，但这时候是没有限定的genes。Create disease做的是限定，其实对应的是promote intelligence。后面同样用一个when来说明范围。 简单来讲，genes的含义做了一个缩小和限定，又在create的时候恢复了genes的双重功能含义。 Promote intelligence和create diseases一个对应，尽管成分差别很大。 两个when的对比。 可谓神句。Sentence 9. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. Than (what) would be expected by chance. 省略了what。。。你能理解吗？ 还有这个books，这个同语境关联强烈。好的表达： 1. ruffle one’s feather 2. Tremble at the thought 3. Affirm作不及物动词（Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. ） 4. aristocratic . meritocratic 5. Exact a price类似用法 exert influence附原文及翻译： Natural genius? 天生我才？ The high intelligence of Ashkenazi Jews may be a result of their persecuted past 德系犹太人的高智商或许是因为曾经遭受迫害的后果 THE idea that some ethnic groups may, on average, be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran, a noted scientific iconoclast, is prepared to say it anyway. He is that rare bird, a scientist who works independently of any institution. He helped popularise the idea that some diseases not previously thought to have a bacterial cause were actually infections, which ruffled many scientific feathers when it was first suggested. And more controversially still, he has suggested that homosexuality is caused by an infection. 某些少数民族的平均智商高于其他民族这一说法，是很多不敢公开的假设之一。不过著名的科学狂人Gregory Cochran 决意要做第一个吃螃蟹的人。他很特别，总是独立工作而不属于任何机构。某些曾被诊断并非病菌引起的疾病，其实病源来自传染病。这一观点因他的推动受到了关注。此观点一经提出，就受到了许多科学家的反对。这还不算，更具争议的是，他认为同性恋也是由传染病引起的。 Even he, however, might tremble at the thought of what he is about to do. Together with Jason Hardy and Henry Harpending, of the University of Utah, he is publishing, in a forthcoming edition of the Journal of Biosocial Science, a paper which not only suggests that one group of humanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in question are Ashkenazi Jews. The process is natural selection. 然而就算是Cochran，也为自己接下来要做的事捏了一把汗。他准备同Utah大学的Jason Hardy与Henry Harpending一同，在最新一期的《生物社会科学杂志》发表一篇论文，文中不仅提出了某一少数民族比其他民族更聪明这一观点，还解释了这一结果产生的过程。文中两大主角就是德系犹太人和自然选择。 History before science 不管是否科学，先来看看历史 Ashkenazim generally do well in IQ tests, scoring 12-15 points above the mean value of 100, and have contributed disproportionately to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the careers of Freud, Einstein and Mahler, pictured above, affirm. They also suffer more often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as Tay-Sachs and breast cancer. These facts, however, have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been put down to social effects, such as a strong tradition of valuing education. The latter was seen as a consequence of genetic isolation. Even now, Ashkenazim tend to marry among themselves. In the past they did so almost exclusively. 德系犹太人不仅在IQ测试上表现不俗，正常人一般在100分左右，而他们大多都能得个112-115分，而且虽然人数不多，但他们在欧洲知识、文化生活中的地位却举足轻重。想想弗洛伊德、爱因斯坦、马勒，我们就会点头称是了。但同时，他们中患有如泰-萨克斯病、乳腺癌这类严重的遗传疾病的比率明显高于其他种族。这些事实，最初被人们认为是毫无联系的。前者被说成是社会原因引起的，如浓烈的价值观教育的传统；后者则被说成是基因隔离的结果，不过即使是现在，德系犹太人还是愿意同本族人结婚，在过去，就更是如此了。 Dr Cochran, however, suspects that the intelligence and the diseases are intimately linked. His argument is that the unusual history of the Ashkenazim has subjected them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this paradoxical state of affairs. 但Cochran博士对以上两点表示质疑，并认为德系犹太人的天赋异禀与痛病缠身联系密切。他认为正是异常的历史环境强加给了德系犹太人独有的进化压力，才导致了这些看似奇怪的现象。 Ashkenazi history begins with the Jewish rebellion against Roman rule in the first century AD. When this was crushed, Jewish refugees fled in all directions. The descendants of those who fled to Europe became known as Ashkenazim. 德系犹太人的历史源于公元1世纪。犹太人在反对罗马人的统治失败后，犹太难民四散而逃，逃亡欧洲的犹太后裔就是如今的德系犹太人。 In the Middle Ages, European Jews were subjected to legal discrimination, one effect of which was to drive them into money-related professions such as banking and tax farming which were often disdained by, or forbidden to, Christians. This, along with the low level of intermarriage with their gentile neighbours (which modern genetic analysis confirms was the case), is Dr Cochran's starting point. 在中世纪，欧洲的犹太人在法律上地位很不平等，结果之一就是他们不得不从事与金钱相关的职业，如被人看不起或不准基督徒涉足的银行或征税工作，此外，他们只能与邻居中社会地位较低的非犹太人通婚（这种状况通过现代基因学分析得到了证实）。上述就是Cochran 博士论文的起点。 He argues that the professions occupied by European Jews were all ones that put a premium on intelligence. Of course, it is hard to prove that this intelligence premium existed in the Middle Ages, but it is certainly true that it exists in the modern versions of those occupations. Several studies have shown that intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, is highly correlated with income in jobs such as banking. 他认为欧洲犹太人从事的职业都是些需要一定智商的职业，虽不能证明这些职业在中世纪时就是这样了，但在当代它们确实如此。一些研究表明，智力水平（按智力测试的标准来算）与工资水平（如那些从事银行工作的人）联系密切。 What can, however, be shown from the historical records is that European Jews at the top of their professions in the Middle Ages raised more children to adulthood than those at the bottom. Of course, that was true of successful gentiles as well. But in the Middle Ages, success in Christian society tended to be violently aristocratic (warfare and land), rather than peacefully meritocratic (banking and trade). 这些历史记录证明了，那些在欧洲工作地位较高的犹太家庭子女存活率要高于那些地位较低的犹太家庭。情况对于那些其他种族的也是一样的。但在中世纪，基督教社会中所谓的成功多是贵族通过战争与土地强争豪取，而非通过量才而用（如从事银行或贸易工作）和平地获得。 Put these two things together—a correlation of intelligence and success, and a correlation of success and fecundity—and you have circumstances that favour the spread of genes that enhance intelligence. The questions are, do such genes exist, and what are they if they do? Dr Cochran thinks they do exist, and that they are exactly the genes that cause the inherited diseases which afflict Ashkenazi society. 把智力与成功的关联以及成功与生殖力的关系合二为一，你就具备了有利于智商提高的基因传播的条件。问题是这种智商基因确实存在吗？假如它果真存在的话，那究竟是什么呢？科克伦博士认为它们的确存在，而且正是那种引起折磨德系犹太人遗传疾病的基因。 That small, reproductively isolated groups of people are susceptible to genetic disease is well known. Constant mating with even distant relatives reduces genetic diversity, and some disease genes will thus, randomly, become more common. But the very randomness of this process means there should be no discernible pattern about which disease genes increase in frequency. In the case of Ashkenazim, Dr Cochran argues, this is not the case. Most of the dozen or so disease genes that are common in them belong to one of two types: they are involved either in the storage in nerve cells of special fats called sphingolipids, which form part of the insulating outer sheaths that allow nerve cells to transmit electrical signals, or in DNA repair. The former genes cause neurological diseases, such as Tay- Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick. The latter cause cancer. 众所周知，越是人口稀少并且生育范围狭小的种族就越易患遗传疾病。总是于同族人通婚，就算不是近亲，也会较少遗传的多样性，同时也会使某些致病基因没有规律地在该种族内部泛滥起来。而这种无规律性意味着人们不知道何类致病基因会被大量传播。但对德系犹太人来说，Cochran 医生指出，情况却并非如此。他们当中最常见的十几种疾病基因基本上可以归结于两类：一类参与神经细胞中鞘脂类特殊脂肪）的储存。鞘脂组成一部分绝缘外层鞘，允许神经细胞发射电子信号。另一类参与DNA 的修复。前者基因会引发神经性疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病；而后者会导致癌症。 That does not look random. And what is even less random is that in several cases the genes for particular diseases come in different varieties, each the result of an independent original mutation. This really does suggest the mutated genes are being preserved by natural selection. But it does not answer the question of how evolution can favour genetic diseases. However, in certain circumstances, evolution can. 上述看起来并非毫无规律。而且更趋于规律的表现就是，在一些病例中，特殊疾病的致病基因来自于不同的变体，而每个变体都是独立的原基因变异的结果。这就印证了变异基因是自然选择保留下来的结果，可它却不能回答自然选择为什么会成了遗传疾病的帮凶，但在一些特殊的条件下，进化能够产生这样的结果。 West Africans, and people of West African descent, are susceptible to a disease called sickle-cell anaemia that is virtually unknown elsewhere. The anaemia develops in those whose red blood cells contain a particular type of haemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen. But the disease occurs only in those who have two copies of the gene for the disease-causing haemoglobin (one copy from each parent). Those who have only one copy have no symptoms. They are, however, protected against malaria, one of the biggest killers in that part of the world. Thus, the theory goes, the pressure to keep the sickle-cell gene in the population because of its malaria-protective effects balances the pressure to drive it out because of its anaemia-causing effects. It therefore persists without becoming ubiquitous. 如西非人以及他们的后代易患一种叫做镰状细胞性贫血的疾病，这种病在西非之外几乎都没人听说过。贫血症发于那些红血球中含有一种特殊的血红蛋白，其蛋白质中含有氧气的人。但这种镰状细胞性贫血症只会发生在同时有两组这种致病的血红蛋白（父母都有这种血红蛋白）的人身上。而那些只有一组的人不但不会患这种贫血症，也不会患疟疾，该病被称为非洲的头号杀手。因此，我们可以这样说，抵御疟疾的特性使得镰状细胞在得以人体中存活下来，同时这种细胞导致贫血症的特性也会被人体排斥，只有在为保持这两种状态而产生的压力达到平衡时，才不会有任何一个特性占据上风。 Dr Cochran argues that something similar happened to the Ashkenazim. Genes that promote intelligence in an individual when present as a single copy create disease when present as a double copy. His thesis is not as strong as the sickle-cell/malaria theory, because he has not proved that any of his disease genes do actually affect intelligence. But the area of operation of some of them suggests that they might. Cochran博士认为，德系犹太人也面临着同样的情况，他们的某些基因如果以单组出现就可以提高智力，一旦以双组出现就会引起疾病。显然，该理论并不如他的镰状细胞/疟疾理论那样具有说服力，因为他尚未证明任何一种致病基因确实能够影响智力，但是某些基因的活动区域显示它们或许真能影响智力。 The sphingolipid-storage diseases, Tay-Sachs, Gaucher's and Niemann-Pick, all involve extra growth and branching of the protuberances that connect nerve cells together. Too much of this (as caused in those with double copies) is clearly pathological. But it may be that those with single copies experience a more limited, but still enhanced, protuberance growth. That would yield better linkage between brain cells, and might thus lead to increased intelligence. Indeed, in the case of Gaucher's disease, the only one of the three in which people routinely live to adulthood, there is evidence that those with full symptoms are more intelligent than the average. An Israeli clinic devoted to treating people with Gaucher's has vastly more engineers, scientists, accountants and lawyers on its books than would be expected by chance. 鞘脂储存类疾病，如泰萨二氏病、脑苷脂沉积病和神经鞘磷脂沉积病，都涉及到连接神经细胞的凸起的多余生长和分叉。显然，这种生长和分叉太多的话就会引起疾病。但是，也有可能，仅有单份致病基因的人会出现比较有限的、但仍然加强了的凸起生长。这将有助于加强脑细胞之间的连接，或许因此导致智力提高。实际上，在脑苷脂沉积病的例子中，在三分之一能够活到成年的患者中，确实有证据表明完全发病的人拥有高于平均值的智商。根据一家专门治疗脑苷脂沉积病的以色列诊所的医疗记录，患者中的工程师、科学家、会计和律师的比例多于常人。 Why a failure of the DNA-repair system should boost intelligence is unclear—and is, perhaps, the weakest part of the thesis, although evidence is emerging that one of the genes in question is involved in regulating the early growth of the brain. But the thesis also has a strong point: it makes a clear and testable prediction. This is that people with a single copy of the gene for Tay-Sachs, or that for Gaucher's, or that for Niemann-Pick should be more intelligent than average. Dr Cochran and his colleagues predict they will be so by about five IQ points. If that turns out to be the case, it will strengthen the idea that, albeit unwillingly, Ashkenazi Jews have been part of an accidental experiment in eugenics. It has brought them some advantages. But, like the deliberate eugenics experiments of the 20th century, it has also exacted a terrible price. 为什么基因修复系统失灵会提高智力，现在还不清楚原因何在。虽然，陆续有证据表明产生问题的基因之一参与了调节大脑的早期发育，但是这仍是该论题最薄弱的环节。不过，该理论也有令人信服的地方：它对于拥有单份泰萨二氏病或脑苷脂沉积病或神经鞘磷脂沉积病基因的人会比普通人更聪明做出了明确而可检验的预测。Cochran 博士和他的同事认为，这些人的智商因此会比平均水平高出5 个点。尽管有人不愿接受，假如确实如此的话，它将有力地证明，德系犹太人在不经意间经历了优生实验，而这为他们带来了智商上的优势。但是，如同发生在20 世纪的人为的优生实验一样，它同样让他们付出了可怕的代价。
翻译之路道阻且长，必经百般磨砺。每周精修一篇《经济学人》中译文，主要目的是琢磨语言，一方面学习英文表达，另一方面深入思考中文表达。尽量避免“翻译腔”，就算是没有白费功夫了。【这里是我的精修】Low-Earth-orbit satellites Round and round they go The launch of thousands of new satellites will boost the space economy 近地轨道卫星 转圈圈 【转呀转呀转呀转】 将有数千颗新卫星升空，推动太空经济发展 【数千颗新卫星即将升空，太空经济将迅猛发展】Space is becoming more crowded. On December 3rda Falcon 9 rocket made by SpaceX thundered into the sky. On board were 64 small satellites, more than any American company had launched before in one go. They have an array of uses, from space-based radar to the monitoring of radio-frequency emissions. One, designed by Trevor Paglen, an artist, will soon unfurl a 30-metre reflective structure that will shine down on Earth like an artificial star, visible to the naked eye. 太空正变得越来越拥挤。12月3日，SpaceX制造的一枚猎鹰九号火箭轰隆升空。它上面装载了64颗小型卫星，超过之前任何一家美国公司单次发射卫星的数量。从天基雷达到无线电发射监测，这些卫星的用途多种多样。其中一颗由艺术家Trevor Paglen设计，内嵌的30米场反射器不久将会打开，变成一颗肉眼可见的人造星星，在地球的上空闪光。 【太空越来越拥挤了。12月3日，SpaceX发射了一枚猎鹰9号火箭，这一次共有64颗小型卫星随之升空，创下了美国公司单次发射卫星数量的新纪录。这些卫星用途多样，从天基雷达到无线电监测等十分广泛。其中还包括一颗由艺术家特雷弗·裴格伦（Trevor Paglen）设计的艺术卫星，它将在太空中释放约30米长的反射器，变身为肉眼即可观赏到的人造卫星。】These objects are part of the latest breed of low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites, which are designed to whizz around the planet only a few hundred kilometers above its surface. This month’s launch is just a taste of what is planned. SpaceX and OneWeb, a communications firm, plan to launch satellites in their thousands, not hundreds (see briefing). The pair are set to double the total number of satellites in orbit by 2027. 这些都属于最新型的近地轨道卫星，在距地表仅几百公里的轨道上绕行。本月发射的只是计划中的以下部分。SpaceX和卫星通信公司OneWeb计划发射几千而不是几百颗卫星。两家公司的目标是让轨道卫星的综述到2027年增加一倍。 【此次发射的卫星都属于最新型近地轨道卫星（LEO），运行轨道距离地面不过几百公里。此次发射活动也只是更宏大计划的牛刀小试。SpaceX和通信公司OneWeb打算发射数以千计的卫星，几百个尚不足为道，到2027年，它们要把在轨卫星的数量增加一倍。】That promises to change things dramatically on Earth. LEO satellites can bring internet connectivity to places where it is still unavailable or unaffordable. This will also be an enduring source of new demand for the space economy. Morgan Stanley, a bank, projects that the space industry will grow from $350bn in 2016 to more than $ by 2040. New internet satellites will account for a half this increase. 这会给地球带来巨大改变。近地轨道卫星可以为目前还未接入互联网或者联网成本过高的地区提供网络连接。而这也将是太空经济新需求的持久源泉。摩根士丹利预测，航天业的规模将从2016年的3500亿美元增长至2040年的超过万亿美元。其中一半的增长将源自新兴互联网卫星。 【这将给人类社会带来巨大改变。有了近地轨道卫星，目前没有网络或者网络太贵的地区就能联网了。太空经济也将因此获得源源不断的新需求。摩根士丹利预测，到2040年，太空行业规模将从2016年的3,500亿美元增长到超过万亿美元，其中一半将来自互联网卫星。】For that to happen, however, three worries must be overcome. Debris is the most familiar concern. As long ago as 1978, Donald Kessler, a scientist at NASA, proposed a scenario in which, when enough satellites were packed into low-Earth orbits, any collision could cause a chain reaction which would eventually destroy all space craft in its orbital plane. The syndrome which bears Mr. Kessler’s name weighs heavily on the minds of executives at the new satellite firms. Debris could conceivably render entire tracts of space unusable for decades. (Collisions have already happened. In 2009 an American satellite and a Russian one crashed into each other above Siberia, sending over a tonne of metal fragments swirling around the planet at thousands of kilometers per hour.) 然而，要实现这一点必须解决三大忧患。其中最为人熟知的一个是空间碎片。早在1978年，美国国家航空航天局的科学家DO哪来的Kessler就提出，当足够多的卫星进入近地轨道时，任何碰撞都可能引起连锁反应，最终破坏所在轨道平面内的所有航天器。这一被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”的理论是压在新型卫星公司高管心头的一块大石。碎片可能导致整个太空轨道在几十年内都无法使用。（碰撞事件已有发生。2009年一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞，产生的一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空旋转。） 【然而，要实现这一愿景，尚需解决三大问题。太空垃圾首当其冲。1978年，美国国家航空航天局的科学家唐纳德·凯斯勒（Donald Kessler）就曾提出，当近地轨道卫星达到一定的密集程度，一旦发生碰撞，连锁反应将摧毁该轨道平面上的所有航天器。这种情景被命名为“凯斯勒综合症”，给新兴卫星公司高管的心头投下了一片阴影。一旦太空轨道上挤满了碎片，或许数十年都不能再发射航天器了。（太空碰撞已经不再是设想。2009年，一颗美国卫星和一颗俄罗斯卫星在西伯利亚上空相撞，留下了一吨多金属碎片以每小时数千公里的速度在地球上空飞速旋转。）】Solutions exist. One is to grab malfunctioning satellites and pull them down into Earth’s atmosphere. Another is to monitor space more intensively for debris; a US Air Force programme called Space Fence is due to start in 2019. But technology is only part of the answer. Rules are needed to govern the safe disposal of old satellites from low-Earth orbit. The United States’ Federal Communications Commission is revising its regulations with this in mind. Other countries should follow suit. 解决办法是有的。一个方案是“捉住”故障卫星，将其下拉至地球大气层中。另一个方案是更严密地检测太空中的碎片，美国空军一项名为“太空篱笆”（Space Fence）的相关计划将于2019年启动。但技术只是解决方案的一部分，还需要制定规则来管理近地轨道就卫星的安全处置问题。为此美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）正在修订相关规定。其他国家也应效仿。 【解决办法还是有的。首先，可以将发生故障的卫星抓住并拖入地球大气层中。其次，更严密地监控太空碎片；美国空军就将在2019年启动Space Fence（太空篱笆）计划。但是科技只是一个方面。要安全清除近地轨道上的旧卫星，还需要相关政策加持。美国联邦通信委员会（FCC）正在沿着这个思路修订相关规定。其他国家也应如此。】Cyber-security is a second, long-standing worry. Hackers could take control of a satellite and seal intellectual property, redirect data flows or cause a collision. The satellite industry has been slow to respond to such concerns. But as more of the world’s population comes to rely on the infrastructure of space for access to the internet, the need for action intensifies. 第二个担忧存在已久——网络安全。黑客可能劫持卫星，窃取知识产权，重新定向数据流，或者让卫星相撞。卫星行业对这类问题反应迟缓。但随着世界上越来越多人口依赖太空基础设施接入互联网，就此类风险采取行动变得愈加迫切。 【其次，网络安全隐患存在已久。黑客可能劫持卫星，窃取知识产权，重新定向数据流，甚至让卫星相撞。对于这些问题，卫星行业的反应一直很缓慢。但是，越来越多的人口需要依赖太空基础设施才能连接互联网，因此，采取行动已变得十分紧迫。】The third issue follows from the first two. If a simple mistake or a cyber-attack can cause a chain reaction which wipes out hundreds of billions of dollars of investment, who is liable? Underwriters are studying the plans of firms that wish to operate large numbers of satellites. But there is a long way to go before the risks are well understood, let alone priced. 第三个问题因前两者而生。如果一个简单错误或一次网络攻击就可能导致连锁反应，令数千亿美元的投资化为乌有，那么谁该为此负责？保险公司正在研究那些想要运营大量卫星的企业提出的计划。但要充分了解其中的风险尚需时日，更别说要为这些风险定价了。 【问题之三与前两者联系密切。如果一个小小的错误或者一次网络攻击就能引发连锁反应，足以让数百亿美元投资化为乌有，那么这笔账该找谁来算呢？保险公司正在帮助有意运营大量卫星的公司研究保险计划，但是充分了解其中风险尚需时日，要给风险定价岂不是难上加难。】As space becomes more commercialized, mind-bending prospects open up: packages shuttled across the planet in minutes by rocket rather than by plane, mining equipment sent to asteroids, a stream of paying passengers launched to orbit and beyond. All that and more may come, one day. But such activities would raise the same questions as LEO satellites do. They must be answered before the space economy can truly blossom. 随着太空空间变得更商业化，让人脑洞大开的前景渐现：通过火箭而不是飞机在几分钟之内横跨地球递送包裹；把采矿设备发射到小行星上；把付费乘客“发射”到地球轨道或更远的地方。某一天，这些乃至更多的想法也许都会一一实现。但这些活动会和近地轨道卫星引发同样的问题。必须首先回答这些问题，太空经济才能真正开花结果。 【太空的商业化程度越来越高，千奇百怪的想法也纷纷涌现：用火箭代替飞机送快递，几分钟就能穿越地球；把采矿设备发送到小行星上去；花钱买票就能去地球轨道甚至更远的地方。未来某天，或许再光怪陆离的想法也能成真。但是那时，人们还是要面对近地轨道卫星今天面对的问题。只有尽快找到解决办法，太空经济才能真正百花齐放。】
1）翻译硕士考研网 ()2）鬼谷一喵3）卢敏--热词4）翻译教学与研究--热词、名词解释、翻译届的大事及人物。翻译届的事情要多关注。虽然今年靠的多关于时政，但是去年还有很多翻译届的人物呢（钱钟书、朱生豪）翻译硕士5）经济学人杂志-- 在初期(暑假前)练习精读时可以选择，就算是暑假后，如果你的阅读依然错很多的话，不如考虑精度一两个月，按文章类型阅读（经济、科学、历史、传记等）。当然“鬼谷一喵”也有推荐精读文章，也可以选择跟着鬼谷一喵的进度来！6）外刊时文双语精析--基本都是经济学人的精析7）中国日报网双语新闻--热词、名词解释、时政新闻8）中国日报--1.热词、名词解释、时政新闻。这个对于词汇翻译和名词解释是非常关键的，北语这几年是朝着靠近时政的方向发展的，今年就特别明显。9）由于我自己常听广播，所以就关注了。但是这个广播常关注新闻事件，对写作有很大帮助。今年的大作文，与传统文化有关，当时中国之声有这么一个专题，我看了，所以写作的有些素材来自于此！10）最受欢迎的微博之一了！不知道你关注了没有？用来积累写作素材挺好的。
BRITAIN'S private schools are one of its most successful exports. The children of the well-heeled flock to them, whether from China, Nigeria or Russia: the number of foreign pupils rose by in the last year alone. One headmaster recently asked a room full of pupils whether they flew business class to Britain. Only a few hands went up, suggesting they were not quite as cosseted as he had thought. Then a boy explained: many of the pupils fly first class instead. 英国的私立学校可以说是英国最成功的“出口商品”之一。在这些学校里，无论 是来自中国、尼日利亚或是俄罗斯，富有的学生比比皆是:仅去年一年，留学生 的数量就增长了。最近有一位校长查访了一间满寝的宿舍，并询问他们是 否乘坐商务客舱飞到英国。寥寥无几的人举起了手，以表明实际上他们并不像他 所想的那样娇生惯养。随后一名男孩解释道:许多学生都没有乘坐头等舱。 Yet foreign students, whether educated in British private schools or elsewhere, are decreasingly likely to go to English universities. According to the Higher Education Funding Council for England, 307,200 overseas students began their studies in the country in 2012-13, down from 312,000 two years earlier and the first drop in 29 years. Student numbers from the rest of the EU fell—probably a result of the increase in annual tuition fees in England from 6,000 (10,000) a year to 9,000. But arrivals from India and Pakistan declined most sharply. 然而这些留学生，无论是在英国的私立学校还是在别的教育机构接受教育的，进 入英国的大学求学的可能性都在不断减小。根据英国高等教育拨款局的调查，相 较于上一学年的 万人，在 2012-13 学年选择在英格兰大学求学的留学生只 有 万人，这是 29 年来人数首降。而且欧盟中其他国家的留学生人数也在 下降，极有可能是受到了英国每年的学费从 6,000 (10,000)增加到 9,000 的影 响。特别是来自印度和巴基斯坦的人数在急剧下降。 In contrast to the visa regime for private schools, which is extremely lax (the Home Office counts private schools as favoured sponsors) student visas have been tightened. Foreign students used to be allowed to work for up to two years after graduating. They now have only four months to find a job paying upwards of 20,600 if they want to stay in Britain. 相比于私立学校那相当宽松的签证制度(因为私立学校是内务部的友好赞助商)， 学生签证就严格很多。以往，外国学生被允许在毕业之后可工作时间长达两年。 而如今，若他们想留在英国，就必须在仅仅四个月的时间内找到一份薪资高于 20,600 的工作。 This change was intended to deal with sham colleges that were in effect offering two-year work visas. But it seems to have put off serious students too. Nick Hillman of the Higher Education Policy Institute says the government has sent unclear messages about the sort of immigration it wants to restrict. An emphasis on holding down net immigration deters young Indians and Pakistanis in particular. Australia and America, which have more relaxed entry criteria for students, are becoming more favoured destinations. Colin Riordan, Cardiff University's vice-chancellor, adds that Britain's student-visa regime has become more onerous and fiddly overall. 这样的改变是为了应对那些所谓提供两年工作签的假冒院校。但是这样的做法似 乎也影响到了真正求学的学生。来自高等教育政策研究所的尼克·希尔曼表示， 政府的做法向大众传递了一个限制留学移民的模糊信息。英国着重于控制移民的 政策对来自印度和巴基斯坦学生的影响最为严重。同时，澳大利亚和美国，因其 对学生宽松的准入标准而变得倍受青睐。卡蒂夫大学副校长克林·里奥丹补充道， 英国的学生签证制度变得越来越严格复杂。 As a result, Britain is losing out to other countries in the contest for talent—an oddity, given how often the prime minister bangs on about the “global race”. Its unwelcoming stance will harm its long-term prospects. And the drift of foreign students from leading British private schools to American colleges may have another, somewhat happier, consequence: America might become rather better at cricket. 尽管英国首相多次强调“全球竞争”，可英国却在人才竞争上输给了其他国家， 多么令人诧异的结果。它不通人情的态度将会有损它未来的前景。留学生放弃英 国私立学校而转向美国的大学可能带来另外一个多少让人欣喜的结果:英国的板 球都有可能被美国超越(板球起源于英国)。
1. 可可英语-------包括VOA慢速和常速听力，经济学人等各种考试英语学习文章2. 高斋外刊双语精读——每周更新经济学人/纽约时报/卫报等外刊中的精彩表达、精读和小词大用，会有保送北外高翻MTI口译学姐做的外刊笔记3. 中国日报网双语新闻-------热点新闻和每周热词4. 高斋考研英语-----每周更新经济学人长难句分析和语法+学习方法论，每周更新经济学人/纽约时报/卫报等外刊中的精彩表达、精读和小词大用，会有保送北外高翻MTI口译学姐做的外刊笔记5. 英文巴士---------口笔译学习资料6. 高斋翻译学堂-------更新中国日报热词、翻硕MTI和CATTI经验贴，翻译比赛，翻译知识，学习笔记，英语资料比如高斋外刊双语精读：比如高斋考研英语：本文由西外MTI研二学生编辑，Joy润色定稿。取自经济学人18的文章：后无来者——马云长难句分析原文： Last year it boasted sales of $25bn on Singles Day, China’s equivalent of Black Friday when Americans spent a measly $5bn.官方译文：去年“双十一”当天其平台的销售额高达250亿美元（美国人在“黑色星期五”当天オ花了50亿美元）。一、主句“s+v+o”主干部分解析 s:itv: boastedo:sales详解： （1）“Last year”、 “on singles Day”，作句子的时间状语，表明事件发生的时间。（2）“China’s equivalent of Black Friday when Americans spent a measly $5bn”作为“Singles Day”的同位语成分，用来对其进行补充说明。Singles Day, China’s equivalent of Black Friday：意思就是说双十一等同于美国的黑色星期五（3）翻译思维：一、翻译中小词的使用。这点高斋翻译学堂CATTI和MTI课程里面常讲。根据译文，如果我们将“高达”一词回译成中文的话，可能会翻译成“has”，也可以，但是boast一词表达褒义含义时，意为“拥有...而自豪”，词汇选用轻巧，且将原文的情感态度表现出来；二、增译方法的使用。“ Singles Day”为中国的购物狂欢节，可能许多外国人对此并不是特别熟悉，但在后面运用增译的方法，将其类比成“Black Friday”，则更有助于外国读者的理解。我们在平时做汉英翻译的过程中，也可以运用此种类比句型（sth, China’s equivalent of sth when/where定语从句），简洁，而且增强目的语读者对于特殊文化现象以及术语的理解。（4）boast sales of 销售额高达：有的人可以翻译为its sales reached $25bn on Singles Day ,汉语喜欢把数字放最后强调，比如高达……达到多少，但是，英语里面可以说sth reached...也可以是sb/国家/机构组织 has 数字+名词。二、Singles Day “双十一”三、equivalent of 相当于四、Black Friday “黑色星期五”五、measly 英 [ˈmi:zli] 美 [ˈmizli] adj. 少得可怜；微不足道的 第一句：WHEN Zhou Xiaochuan took the helm of China’s central bank 15 years ago, the world was very different. 周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，世界与现今迥然不同。一、《经济学人》中是如何介绍人物的？the world was very different：《经济学人》在介绍人物时，前半句一般是“介绍人物+所做重要事件+时间”，后半句用“the world was very different”、“the world was a different place”等类似表达。在平常的英语写作中，可以借鉴类似表达，提升语言张力。比如在介绍马斯克的时候这样说：WHEN Elon Musk started Tesla in 2003 the world was a different place.伊隆马斯克2003年创办特斯拉时，世界与现在大不同。二、“执掌...”英语怎么说？take the helm of：比如金融时报这样说：Guo Shuqing, who took the helm of the CSRC in late October, said in a first public address this month that he wanted to clean up 月末开始执掌中国证监会的郭树清，本月在第一次公开讲话中表示，他要清理市场。第二句：China had just joined the World Trade Organisation and its economy was still smaller than Britain’s.当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织，经济总量仍低于英国。一、“经济总量”怎么说？在经济学人中，表达“经济总量时”，往往直接使用“economy”即可，而不使用“the amount of economy”、“economy aggregate”等。二、过去完成时的结构以及用法过去完成时表示过去某一时间之前完成的动作或发生的情况，句子谓语形式由had+动词的过去分词构成，通常表述为“过去的过去”。也可以跟有一定的时间状语，如by, before等介词或连词。“had just joined”：文章中第一句第二句所表达的思想为“周小川15年前执掌中国央行时，当时中国刚刚加入世贸组织......”。第一句中所使用的时态为一般过去时，表示过去发生的动作。从第二句“当时中国刚刚加入”这一动词我们可以判断出“加入世贸组织”是先于“周小川15年前执掌中国央行”的时间，因此本句中的时态应为“过去的过去”，因此采用了过去完成时这一语法结构。三、“所有格所修饰的名词”在什么情况下可以省略？its economy was still smaller than Britain’s（economy):所有格修饰的名词有时可以省略，这主要见于以下情形:(1) 、承前省略：即根据前文语境省略后文中所含的不言而喻的名词。Lily’s book is more interesting than Lucy’s (book). 莉莉的书比露西的书更有趣。(2) 、习惯性省略：当所有格所修饰的名词表示教堂、商店、诊所、某人家、某人办公室等时，所有格后的名词有时可以省略。如：I've got an appointment at the dentist's（dental clinic）at 11:15.我已预约11时15分到牙医诊所看病。
Rectification through a three-year, 1992, China's official identified the socialist market economic system, after the overheating of China's economy has momentum, therefore, 1994-1996 adopted a monetary and fiscal "double tight" policy, in 1996 the successful implementation of "soft landing ", as a result of the premature formation of a buyer's market and the Asian financial crisis led to the total lack of demand, so that the economic downturn in 1997 until 2002, entered the major readjustment of national economic development stage, the implementation of expansionary macro-control policies to address the the expansion of aggregate demand problem. Since 2003, China's economy is the main problem of overheated investment, consumption, structural problems are conspicuous, the problem of insufficient effective demand.
International Economics and Trade Program 课程 Contemporary Chinese Economy 当代中国经济 global economy generality 世界经济概论 Linear Algebra 线性代数 English Language 英语 International Business(trade) 国际贸易 Monetary Banking 货币银行学 Microeconomics 微观经济学 International Insurance 国际保险 International Finance 国际金融 Macroeconomics 宏观经济学 Practice in Foreign Economic Relations and Trade 对外经贸实务 International Marketing 国际市场营销 Foreign Business Correspondence 外贸函电 International Economic Law 国际经济法 Business English 或 Economic Trade English 经贸英语 International Corporation & Equity Investment 跨国公司与直接投资 International Economics Cooperation 国际经济合作 毕业论文 Graduation Thesis 或 diploma work 或 diploma paper Best wishes to you and I believe you will have a splended future.! Good luck!
Cultural integration of the Yangtze River Delta region and of regional economic cooperation Abstract: The regional cultural integration of the Yangtze River Delta to promote regional economic cooperation. Analysis of the cultural integration of the Yangtze River Delta region and status of the foundation to explore the cultural integration of regional economic cooperation to promote the role. On this basis, the proposed cultural integration of the Yangtze River Delta regional economic cooperation to promote the four initiatives: to build the cultural circle, a win-win situation of cultural industries, cultural organizations and co-prosperity, as well as the sharing of cultural achievements. Key words: Yangtze River Delta region; cultural integration; for Economic Co-operation At present, the Yangtze River Delta (hereinafter referred to as the Yangtze River Delta) regional economic cooperation is in full swing to start the economic integration is also shown a good trend. But to maintain this momentum forward to a higher level, from regional economic cooperation towards regional economic integration, there are many areas to be strengthened. Integration of regional culture, and for regional economic cooperation and provide more and better opportunity, which is an important part. First, the regional cultural integration of regional economic cooperation to promote the role of Sources of cultural integration is different, different in nature, as well as goal orientation, different cultural values, through mutual absorption, melting, and tend to reconcile the process of integration. Cultural integration can be reflected in the cultural industries, cultural organizations, cultural achievements, such as "浅层次" also can be reflected in the cultural circle, and cultural concepts such as "deep-seated" as well. For a region, economic cooperation and cultural integration is the "catalyst" and "lubricant" of regional economic cooperation with the meaning of the following aspects. (A) cultural integration of regional economic cooperation is one of the forms in many cases, regional economic cooperation and cultural integration are complementary to each other, and cultural integration in itself is one form of economic cooperation through regional and cultural integration can be a different economic regions resources linked to the regional business, travel, culture, after the market opened up, speed up passenger flow, goods flow, information flow, capital flow of the operation, to attract more participation of social resources in order to produce good results. In this regard, the Yangtze River Delta region had a number of useful attempts. For example, in 2004, Shanghai Circus City Performing Arts Group and Jiangsu Province, Zhejiang Province total acrobatics Mission quyi signed the "Yangtze River Delta Cultural Cooperation Agreement", to form the introduction of the project tour "industry chain", joint venture, co-operation. Fox brothers introduced animals white tiger magic show, the Netherlands, Hans • Crocker "magic history" programs, in Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shanghai to perform, due to increased screening performance, effectively reducing the cost of the introduction of the project, resulting in a very good cost-effectiveness . Like the West Lake Expo in Hangzhou in Zhejiang Province, Haining international tide Festival, Summer Xinanjiang Jiande, Zhoushan International Sand Sculpture Festival and other cultural activities in Shanghai has attracted a large number of inputs of capital and social resources. Shanghai International Arts Festival, International Film Festival, Television Festival, travel section and so on, as well as the capital of Zhejiang's private investment to create a broad space, has brought about tremendous business opportunities. The above project is a regional cultural integration process, but also the process of economic cooperation, a strong culture and economy to achieve a win-win. (B) cultural integration can enhance the overall competitiveness of the regional inter-regional competition in the future more power in the culture, systems, and management, and opening up and the order of 5 and so the "soft power" elements of the cultural force which the Home the first five elements in regional development in the increasingly important to highlight the status and role. • well-known American sociologist Daniel Bell has said that "culture has become part of our civilization's most dynamic component, the energy than the technology itself," "the ultimate direction for the economy but not the price system in which survival cultural value system "[1] 79. And integration of regional culture is an important function of a regional community, will force different cultures together. After the integration of cultural cohesion in regional economic cooperation is an indispensable element, it will help to mobilize all social resources for regional economic and social coordination, as well as common development. At the same time, cultural integration for deeper regional economic cooperation in a spirit of power, its influence is not only realistic, but also far-reaching. Especially for an inter-regional administration, the cultural integration of the cohesion is very important for cooperation. Only the cities in the Yangtze River Delta region to form joint regional culture can be in the increasingly intense domestic and international competition in the region to gain a head start, and even the formation of China's economic growth the world economy.
With the development of economic globalization and China's accession China, world economic and trade activities frequently, goods import and export increased gradually, China foreign trade is in a rapid development phase of the rise, the profound influences of economic globalization on China's economic development. In recent years, with China's opening-up, further liberalization of foreign trade import and export rights, more and more small and medium-sized enterprises and private enterprises began to direct foreign trade business, so the international trade documents is one of the key points in foreign trade. The sale in foreign trade documents, has become an importantbasis and guarantee the transaction, and the work of the business documents and personnel demand also increases, thus improve the quality of business documents, improve the quality of business documents and knowledge level is the inevitable requirement of the development of China's foreign trade, some when documentsoften determines the success of transaction, so the international trade documents in modern international tradeoccupies the position play a decisive role, we need to master the various documents in international a kind of trade documents file, it constitutes a trade circulation program. The documents work throughout the enterprise for export, purchase, transport, in the whole process, workload, time is strong, involve wide, in addition to the coordination between the various departments of foreign trade enterprises, and the bank must also,customs, transportation department, the insurance company, the commodity inspection authorities, the relevant administrative institutions in many aspects contact. Interlocking, mutually affects, mutually for the condition. The documents for delivery and payment for a payment of goods. The documents can prove whether exportersperformance, the performance level, the goods from the importer to documents as evidence of the right goods, thedocuments that have the goods. International trade documents is the important documents of foreign tradebusiness activities, is the original certificate of commodity circulation, it reflects the whole process of commoditycirculation, is the main part of the purpose and significance of this research lies in the practice of their own in Ningbo Huating outdoor products limited experience were summarized, in order to better understand the role and the various types of documents, so as to improve their English level in the application documents, and strive for greater benefits for the company!