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移动通信作为一个科技密集型和知识密集型的高新技术产业，在现代市场经济条件下，在竞争空间日趋激烈和社会信息化发展趋势下，必须十分重视市场营销管理，重视市场营销管理体系建设。要充分根据市场需求的现状与趋势，制定计划，合理有效配置资源。通过有效地满足市场需求，来赢得竞争优势，在加快市场营销步伐的同时，努力建立和完善移动通信市场营销管理体系，以不断适应新的发展形势需要。1目前国内移动通信市场营销管理的现状“市场部”这个词走进国内企业还是近几年的事，目前移动通信企业内部所设置的营销部、分销处、运营部、销售部、以及市场管理部等都是市场部的涵盖范围。从分营后的中国移动通信、中国联通、上海光大、电信长城等具有运营资格的运营商来看，中国移动通信市场营销做的比较大，在原先营业厅基础上，又发展了商场、专卖店、量贩等销售形式，给人一种规模和实力的感觉，然而市场知名度高，但市场品牌忠诚度低；中国联通起步晚，但市场经济条件下没有迟到的经营者，只有善于经营的赢家，中国联通采取分销商网络营销的思路引起业内效仿，但诸多不完善的环节也时常引起消费者反应；其它几家运营商尽管营销思路很前卫，但是制约其市场开发的因素较多，市场反应冷淡。可以说，目前移动通信企业市场营销管理是各行其道，短期行为太多，缺乏长远统一的规划。从行业整个市场来看，我国移动通信企业尚未真正掌握专业营销知识和操作技能，就其对市场的态度和行为而言，移动通信企业还处于为完成短期销售目标而采用广告、公关、有奖销售等促销手段为主的促销导向型阶段，尚未达到市场营销导向型阶段。当然，其中原因也有我国通信行业长期处于垄断阶段的因素，广大从业者没有市场危机感。没有市场危机感就不会产生市场营销紧迫感，对市场营销管理的认识和努力只是在竞争机制下才有所转变。就移动通信行业进入市场经济状态的时间和目前市场供需关系的状况看，从业者的观念和认识的迅速提高要靠调查、分析、预测、营销企划等方式来引导、开拓、扩大和满足广大消费者对其服务的需求来完成，进而达到企业整体长远的营销目标的实现，尽管尚须时日，但这是市场营销的需求和必然发展趋势。从市场发展规律来看，卖方市场到买方市场的转变往往是在市场开始竞争之时，对竞争日渐激烈的移动通信业而言，具有前瞻性目光的人士早已看到，初露端倪的买方市场正在形成。如何适应市场、创造市场，是移动通信企业面临的带有战略性的问题。移动通信商们应该清醒认识到，拥有目前的市场并不完全意味着必然占有市场，还必须依靠行之有效的方式去进行市场拓展，发展市场，创造市场，这个行之有效的方式就是建立和完善企业的市场营销管理体系。2市场营销管理体系的组成和细分从事过营销的人都知识，市场营销的表现是市场管理，市场营销管理的实质是需求管理。企业在开展市场营销的过程中，一般要设定一个在目标市场上预期要实现的交易水平。然而，实际需求水平可能低于、等于、或高于这个预期的需求水平，换言之，在目标市场上，可能没有需求、需求很小或超量需求，市场营销管理就是要对付这些不同的需求，市场营销管理体系就是要对市场营销管理进行科学有效组合。根据移动通信行业自身特点以及市场的发展情况来看，移动通信市场营销管理体系应包括五个方面：(1)市场需求管理；(2)市场营销网络管理；(3)市场推动管理；(4)市场营销环境管理；(5)市场营销组织管理。这个市场营销管理体系就是通过创造建立和保持与目标市场之间的有益交换和联系，以实现移动通信企业的各种目标并进行分析、计划、执行和控制的市场营销指挥系统，可以说，这个系统不仅是定价、分销、促销等单一活动的职能行使，而是一个目标市场运作的中枢神经系统，通过这个系统，企业不断观察市场，发现和评估各种变化因素，然后反馈企业，作为企业制定新战略和行动计划的基础，然后运用新的修正过的行动来消除阻碍目标实现的因素，并观察评价客户和竞争对此作出的反应，然后再反馈到企业使企业再次形成新的战略修正方案推向市场，这样形成良性循环，以达到不断适应市场，创造市场的目的。就移动通信市场营销管理体系的五个组成部分而言，既有机地结合，又独立工作，每一部分又包涵着丰富的细分内容。市场营销需求管理细分我们知道，市场营销管理的实质是需求管理。根据市场需求水平、时间和性质不同，市场需求一般有八种不同状况：(1)负需求；(2)无需求；(3)潜伏需求；(4)下降需求；(5)不规则需求；(6)充分需求；(7)过量需求；(8)有害需求。从市场的组成要素人口、购买力、购买欲望来看，目前移动通信市场需求状况基本处于充分需求和潜伏需求的阶段，是市场开拓者应好好把握的大好时机。市场营销需求管理就是要对市场的需求状况进行有效管理，充分做好市场调查研究，深入市场，广泛了解客户、顾客、分销商、供应商以及广告反应、行业信息、营销网络、促销效果等有关业内的综合情况，广泛搜集市场信息，摸准市场的变化，找准潜在市场及市场盲区和死角，做出详尽属实的市场调研分析报告，以便企业的企划者以此制定市场营销企划方案，制定新业务计划。可以说，市场营销需求管理是企业营销工作的一双眼睛。一般来说，市场营销需求管理包括目标市场分析和市场目标分析两个方面。(1)目标市场影响移动通信目标市场的因素较多，从市场定位、营销策略、促销政策、广告方式、产品价格、产品包装及外形到技术先进程度、购买形式、服务态度、营销网络建设、售后服务等方面都要认真考虑。目标市场变化不断，移动通信运营商也要依据市场的变化不断变化营销管理思路。从手机市场上我们可以看到，手机从当初的组织消费购买到如今的私人消费购买为主，目标市场的变化也引起供应商的努力，摩托罗拉从当初以行政机关领导为主到现在形色多样的各种层次手机，正是目标市场使然。移动通信商要在研究目前目标市场的综合情况时，不断把目光投向市场的新变化，进行市场细分与目标市场新选择，准确把握和预测市场需求的发展动态，才能做到有的放矢。(2)市场目标那些收入稳定、有一定的经济实力和地位的人群，固然是市场目标，但这些人早已是手机的拥有者，移动通信商关注的是新增长的消费层和高消费层新的消费变化。市场永远在变化，所有稳定都是暂时的，移动通信市场也不例外。不同的消费者有不同的变化，从行政机关公务员、企业老板到小业主、企业白领阶层、打工仔，不同年龄不同性别，需求不同，变化也不同，兴趣爱好各异，审美观点有别，需要市场开拓者仔细研究，区别对待，进行准确市场定位。这一点我们从外企的情况可以看出，摩托罗拉手机以厚重大方为主，为行政机关人员和高级管理者所看重；诺基亚以专业公司著称，倡导科技以人为本，平均不到一周时间推出新款，其先进的形象对新潮时尚人士和高级知识分子具有较强吸引力，而在全国各大媒体统一推出的《专业、全面、关怀》系列宣传篇，更是把诺基亚推向大众化市场；爱立信则以灵巧方便为高级商务人士所青睐；飞利浦更是以外形美观色彩明快吸引着广大青年消费者。我国的科键、波导、康佳则以工薪阶Mobile communications as a technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive high-tech industries, in a modern market economy, the space in the increasingly fierce competition and social development trend of information technology, we must attach great importance to marketing management, attention to marketing management system. To fully meet market demand the status and trends, planning, rational and efficient allocation of resources. To effectively meet the market demand, to gain a competitive advantage in accelerating the pace of marketing at the same time, efforts to establish and improve mobile communications marketing management system to continuously adapt to the new development of the situation. 1 domestic mobile communications marketing management status "Market" or words into the domestic enterprises in recent years, the current mobile communication enterprises set up by the marketing, distribution, the Ministry of operations, sales and market management, and so are the Department of the Ministry of the coverage of the market . From the camp after China Mobile, China Unicom, the Shanghai Everbright, telecommunications operators, such as the Great Wall of qualified operators, China Mobile Marketing to do more, in the original business on the basis of the Office and the development of shopping malls, Stores, hypermarkets and other forms of sales, gives people a sense of size and strength, but the market well-known, but the market is low brand loyalty; China Unicom late start, but not under market economy conditions late for the operators, only good at business The winner, China Unicom network marketing distributors to take the ideas from the industry to follow, but many imperfections often caused part of the response of consumers; several other carriers despite the very avant-garde marketing ideas, but restricted their market development than the factors , The market cold. It can be said that the current mobile communication business marketing management is Gexingqidao, too much short-term, long-term lack of unified planning. From the industry look at the entire market, China's mobile communication business has yet to truly master professional knowledge and operating skills marketing, on his attitude and behaviour of the market, the mobile telecommunications sector is still in the short-term sales target for the completion of using advertising, public relations, sales crossword , And other promotions based marketing-oriented stage, have not yet reached the market-oriented marketing stage. Of course, the reasons for China's communications industry has a monopoly stage of the long-term factors, the majority of market practitioners no sense of crisis. No market will not have a sense of crisis on the marketing sense of urgency, the market knowledge and marketing management efforts in the mechanism of competition only if they changed. On the mobile communications industry into the market economy status of the time and the market supply and demand situation, the practitioners of the concept and awareness of the rapid increase to rely on investigation, analysis, forecasts, marketing and other ways to guide the planning, development, to expand and meet the majority of consumer To demand for its services to complete, thereby achieve their overall long-term goal of marketing, despite the need to be given time, but this is the marketing needs and inevitable trend. From the development of the market, a seller's market to a buyer's market is often the changes in the market when the competition began, the increasingly fierce competition in the mobile communications industry, are forward-looking vision of people already see emerging is a buyer's market Formation. How to adapt to the market and create markets, is facing the mobile communications companies with strategic issues. Mobile communications have to be clearly recognized that the current market has not fully occupy the market will inevitably mean that, we must rely on effective ways to conduct market development, market development, market creation, the effective ways is to build and Improve enterprise marketing management system. 2 marketing management system and the breakdown of the composition Engaged in the marketing people have the knowledge, marketing is the performance of market management, marketing management, in essence, is demand management. In carrying out marketing enterprises in the process, to set a general target market in order to achieve the expected level of transactions. However, the level may be lower than actual demand, equal to or higher than the expected level of demand, in other words, the target market, may not demand, needs little or excessive demand, marketing management is to deal with these different needs, Marketing Management System is to the marketing management of scientific and effective combinations. According to the mobile telecommunications sector of its own characteristics and the development of the market situation, mobile communications marketing management system should include five areas: (1) market demand management, (2) marketing network management, (3) market-driven management, (4 ) Marketing environment management, (5) marketing organization and management. The marketing management system is established and maintained through the creation of target markets and between the exchange and useful links, mobile communication enterprises in order to achieve the objectives and analysis, planning, implementation and control of the marketing chain of command, it can be said that this System is not only pricing, distribution, marketing and other activities of the functions of a single exercise, but a target market operation of the central nervous system, through this system, enterprises have continuously observe the market, the detection and assessment of the changes, and then feedback enterprises, as enterprises develop New strategies and action plans based on, and then use the new revised action to eliminate obstacles to achieve the objectives, and to observe and evaluate customer response to this competition, and then back to the enterprises so that enterprises once again to form a new strategic programme that Into the market, such a virtuous circle, constantly adapting to the market to achieve, the purpose of creating the market. Marketing on the mobile communication management system of five components, the combination of both, working independently, each part also includes a breakdown of rich content. marketing demand management breakdown We know that marketing management is the essence of demand management. According to market demand, time and a different nature, the general market demand has eight different conditions: (1) negative demand (2) No demand, (3) latent demand (4) decreased demand (5) irregular demand; (6) the full demand (7) excessive demand (8) harmful demand. From the constituent elements of the market, purchasing power, the desire to purchase, the current mobile communication market demand situation is basically in full demand and potential demand for the stage, the market should take full advantage of the pioneers of opportunity. Marketing is to manage demand in the market demand for effective management, to make full market research studies, in-depth market, broad knowledge of clients, customers, distributors, suppliers and advertising response, industry information, marketing network, promotional effects On the comprehensive situation of the industry, extensive collection of market information, Mozhun market changes, and identify potential markets and market blind spots and dead ends, make a detailed analysis of the case of market research reports in order to enterprises are planning to develop marketing planning programme, The development of new business plan. It can be said that marketing needs of enterprise marketing management is the work of the pair of eyes. In general, marketing demand management, including the target market analysis and objective analysis of two aspects of the market. (1) target market Impact of mobile communications market factors more objective, market positioning, marketing strategy, promotion policies, advertising, product prices, product packaging and appearance to the advanced level of technology, purchase forms, service and marketing network construction, service and other aspects To seriously consider. Target market changes constantly, mobile communication operators to market changes based on the changing marketing and management ideas. From the phone on the market, we can see that the phone from the original purchase of consumer organizations to today's mainly the purchase of private consumption, the target market also caused changes in the supplier's efforts, Motorola from the original mainly in the executive leadership to diverse now Xingse Various levels of mobile phones, the result is the target market. Mobile communications have to study the current target market in the comprehensive situation, keep eyes on the new changes in the market, market segmentation and target market of new options, accurate grasp of market demand and projected developments can be targeted. (2) target market Those who are stable, have a certain economic strength and status of the crowd, of course, is the target market, but these people have long been the owner of a mobile phone, mobile communications are concerned that the new growth of consumption and high consumption of the new changes in consumption. The market will never change, and stability are all temporary, mobile communications market is no exception. Different consumers have different changes, from the administrative organs of civil servants, owners of small business owners, corporate white-collar class, wage earners and age groups of different sex, different needs, different changes, different hobbies, aesthetic views are different, the needs of the market Portland careful study and treat them differently, accurate market positioning. This is the situation we can see that foreign invested enterprises, Motorola mobile phones mainly to heavy generous, for the executive officers and senior managers by value; Nokia to a professional company, science and technology to promote people-centered, less than a week the average time a new , Of its advanced image of the futuristic and intellectuals have strong appeal, and the reunification of the country the major media's "professional, comprehensive and caring" series of promotional articles, Geng Shiba popular Nokia push the market; love Ericsson while ingenious convenient for senior business people favor; Philips is a more attractive appearance bright colors to attract a large number of young consumers. China's key Branch, Bird, Konka while working order
Abstract: Chinese have experienced the pre-researches and partial satellite tests on the man carried cosmonautic vehicle, carried on the researches on environmental control and ecology protection subsystem in "Shenzhou" airships, carried on the researches on physical chemistry regenerating technical of environmental control and ecology protection & that of controlled ecology and ecology protection. This paper mainly introduces the research evolution of the technical of the environmental control and ecology protection system and analyses the technical characteristic about the environmental control and ecology protection : In this paper, we provide a new practical method to abstract noise model of INS/GNSS integrated navigation system for Kalman filter from measuring data, we first designed the experiment which based on the elaborate deduction, then we log the data of GNSS and made stationary test of the stochastic process, after that, we fit the model and estimate the parameter. This method, we think, can be used practically in other integrated navigation system.
1Wireless technology was little more than just a distant idea for the majority of ordinary consumers ten years ago. However, it has exploded over recent years with the use of 3G phones and wireless home computing increasingly would be foolish to suggest that wireless communication has reached its peak. Whilst mobile phones and home computing will continue to be the major focus in the quest for ever increasing sophistication within the technology, new applications are emerging company, Securecom Technologies, based in Ireland, have been at the forefront of harnessing wireless technologies in the area of personal safety. They already have a number of products in the marketplace designed to enable users to activate an alarm signal to a remote emergency centre wirelessly. Their Benefon range of applications are used by vulnerable elderly people, lone workers and VIPs to increase their sense of security and ability to effortlessly get in touch with help at the touch of the are now in the process of developing PERUSE1, which stands for 'Personal Safety System Utilising Satellite combined with Emerging Technologies'. The Peruse project will develop a Wireless Personal Alarm (WPA) solution which will be carried by or worn on a person and will allow the user to summon help at the touch of a button. When the alarm has been activated, the WPA will transmit a low power signal to a satellite communications headset which will forward a message to an authorised number. This will include the identity of the person in distress, as well as their current location. However, the ingenuity of the technology goes further as it will also have the potential to transmit the user's current state of health and local environmental is envisaged that the recipient of the users SOS signal will be a fully equipped Emergency Monitoring Centre to whom the user will have previously given full instructions as to the steps they would wish to have the Centre take on their behalf in the event of an are two core components that are in the development phase. The wireless personal alarm (WPA) and a 'dongle' which provides the handset for satellite communication use which will have a low power wireless link to the important issues here are that the two components will need to take into account size, cost, accuracy of location and battery autonomy. The main benefits will be that the device will be able to be worn or carried on a person discreetly. This makes it ideal for professions such as personal security, where the ability to communicate a message quickly and without fuss can often be of paramount importance. It will herald a new era in satellite communication. No longer will the user have to tap a keypad to enter a number nor will they have to move the handset for optimal signal strength prior to sending an emergence message. This technology will be invaluable to professions such as mountain rescue and will also be a tremendous benefit to those who enjoy hiking and climbing in the course of their leisure pursuits where conventional mobile phone technology can often be rendered are currently no known competitors for this potentially life saving technology for which Securecom has filed for both Irish and European Patent Applications. Prototypes have already been manufactured and pilot programmes and laboratory tests are well under (Ultra Wide Band)2 is another example of emerging wireless technology. Alongside traditional wireless uses, UWB can also detect images through solid objects, such as people on the opposite side of a wall. This has led to an equal number of supporters and UWB can be used for consumer applications in a similar fashion to Bluetooth technology such as cable elimination between a PC and its peripheral equipment, the more interesting applications focus on its 'radar 'like imagery. These applications could be used to find people trapped in a burning building, locating hostages and captors behind a thick wall and finding objects such as those that might be buried in the ground. Heightened security at airports and other public buildings can use UWB technology to detect weapons on people and bombs in luggage and packages. In this age of heightened security, post 9/11, the benefits of this emerging technology should not be few companies have started to develop UWB products, including XtremeSpectrum, Time Domain and Aether Wire. XtremeSpectrum is developing products to enable the sending and receiving of multiple streams of digital audio and video for both battery powered and other consumer devices such as digital cameras, DVDs, DVRs, camcorders, MP3 players and set top boxes. Time Domain has developed a UWB chip set targeting three core technologies: wireless communication, precision location and tracking, and high definition portable radar whilst Aether Wire is working on miniature, distributed-position location and low data-rate communication devices. One of its goals is to develop coin sized devices that are capable of localisation to centimetre accuracy over kilometre , privacy violation is one of the major concerns of the technology's opponents. Any technology that can 'see' through solid objects can be used for illegal purposes as well as legitimate ones. In theory, a UWB-enabled system could 'look through' the walls of a house to locate valuable objects and could detect when the occupants are not at home. Supporters, however, could rightly point out that this is a dilemma shared by many technologies that are used to enhance public safety - the juggling act between increased security versus decreased personal freedom. It could be argued that baggage searches at airports via x-ray and metal detection are common examples of us giving up privacy for better security, a price most people are willing to other area is more at the forefront of the emergence of innovation in wireless technology than space exploration. Future missions to nearby planets like Mars will require space communication technologies that can provide an interplanetary satellite and navigation infrastructure via space systems that are far more compact and efficient than seen ever before. A longer term commitment will be necessary to resolve the challenges of efficient planetary communication due to the increase in distances involved as space exploration ventures further out into the solar system. To support planetary exploration, techniques developed for Earth-bound usage will be transferred to other planets as well. Exploration of Mars, for example, will require a high accuracy positioning capability such as a 'Martian GPS' as an aid to exploratory roving very day, the 'Mars Spirit' space rover continues to send data back to Earth, almost 18 months after it touched down on the red planet, surviving more than 4 times its expected mission length. One day it is highly likely that we may see astronauts walking on Mars carting around wi-fi enabled PCs. In a remote Arizona meteor crater, NASA has already begun testing a mobile wi-fi system that could enable those on a Mars mission to easily deploy wireless data connectivity at a transmission rate of just more than a megabit per second over a 2 square mile area, and then change that coverage area at will through the use of mobile access points, making it entirely feasible to explore different terrain on any given Networks3 developed the technology which NASA has adopted whereby the astronauts could have inter-connectivity via a three node mesh network. They would first establish a base communications station near their spacecraft and then set up an Ethernet connection between that base and a main access point. Then each node in the network would pick up its wireless connectivity from the access is still in its infancy and there is some way to go before astronauts would be strutting their stuff on Mars and communicating wirelessly with one and other and with mission control in this , the Mars Spirit space rover is still sending back images and data from the red planet today, relying heavily on wireless technology to do so. It may appear that these vehicles have been designed solely for the purpose of space exploration but closer scrutiny reveals applications that could also be modified and used on Earth. Unlike, say, a car manufacturing robot which knows where and when the engine or body appears on the assembly line, the Mars rovers are working in an unstructured and unknown environment. As a result, the rovers have had to learn about their new home through their own sensors, including a set of nine cameras on each rover. The rovers have two navigation cameras for a 3D view of their surroundings, two hazard avoidance cameras for a 3D view of nearby terrain and panoramic cameras to capture the images of the planet's surface. However, the rovers cannot just look around them, process the images and know where to go. Neither can the mission controllers on Earth grab a joystick and start steering the rovers whilst watching images being beamed back from thousands of miles away. A key reason is processing power. The central processor in each rover has a top speed of 20 MHz. Instead, during the Martian night, while a rover is 'asleep', a team on Earth with much more powerful computers programs its activities for the day ahead, and then sends basic instructions on where to go and how to get there. Along with taking pictures, each rover is examining the planet with several instruments on a robotic arm. The arms have 'shoulder', 'elbow' and 'wrist' joints for manoeuvrability and are equipped with four sensors: a microscopic camera for close up pictures of rocks, an alpha particle x ray spectrometer for determining the mineral content of rocks, another spectrometer for detecting iron and a rock abrasion tool for cutting through the layer of oxidation that forms on the surfaces of Martian rocks. As with the movement of the rovers, the arms are controlled mostly via prepared commands from mission observers have noted that some of these applications may prove useful here on Earth. For example, a robotic arm that doesn't require real time human control might be good for disabled people who use wheelchairs and can't control a joystick with their hands. Using its own sensors, it could reach out and get things for the person in the wheelchair, for addition, a robot that can deal with new and unknown environments might save manufacturers money. In current factories with 'robotic' workers, when the company shifts to making a new product, the whole factory floor has to be reconfigured and the robots reprogrammed to deal with the new arrangement. A robot that could use feedback from sensors to figure out where things are could adapt to changes by itself, saving the company the time and effort of building a new structured environment and reprogramming the all the emerging technologies around and, inevitably, with more to come, the inevitable hurdle will be one of convergence and integration as the IT industry seeks to develop the tools that will be most sought after. Inevitably, there will be winners and , there is no doubt that the wireless phenomenon is reshaping enterprise connectivity worldwide and is definitely here to stay. Business needs information mobility for better customer interaction. Employees will be even more equipped to perform their job functions from their workplace of choice and, though this sounds like utopia, a societal change from office based to 'wherever they feel like being' based might conjure up an horrific vision of the future for company leaders who have enjoyed the traditions of having all their employees working from under the same major issue has to be one of security. There are many issues when it comes to security over wireless networks. Wireless networks do not follow the rules of traditional wired networks. Many times, the signals are carried far beyond the physical parameters they are meant to be controlled within making it easier to intercept signals and capture will also be the question posed of what happens to the have nots? - Those people and developing countries in particular that don't have the resources to wirelessly interact with others. The same thing could be said about the Internet itself but satellites could alleviate that problem far more quickly than the ability to put broadband connections in every office and home throughout the major hurdle has to be that business and society can only adapt at a certain pace. Technology evolves far more quickly and there may be many a product developed for which the demand is not yet there. But the mobile phone and PC market driven by what the consumer wants will determine what the future of wireless there is no question that wireless communication is here to stay and will grow even of the new wireless technologies abound. Consumers are setting up wireless local area networks (WLANS) in their homes. These allow multiple computers to hook up to one fast internet connection or laptop users to connect from the comfort of their sofa or back garden patio. Away from home, 'Hotspots' that permit wireless connection to the internet are popping up everywhere, in book stores, coffee shops, airports and even pubs. Within the next year, airlines are expected to announce the availability of wi-fi during flights. However, until there is increased competition in the market place, this new epoch will be there for the privileged few as opposed to the mass market who will still be relying solely on their mobile phones for wireless connectivity on the move. It remains to be seen whether the new generation of 3G phones has arrived too late to push aside wi-fi and it's even conceivable that mobile phone companies could one day find themselves obsolete unless they look for new ways to attract and retain issues like security, along with the problems of cost, intrusion on privacy and identifying such things as hotspot locations is not going to hold wireless communication and technology back. In the end, there will always be solutions to problems and wi-fi is no different in this Reed, an adjunct professor at MIT's Media Lab in Cambridge, Massachusetts has been studying the future of wireless communications. He draws a comparison with the new wi-fi revolution with that of the 'paperless society' which was often mooted in offices and homes all over the world with the advent of the PC. He said, The market will push us towards a wireless future. People love paper but I can't find a single person who can say that about more wi-fi systems are developed which will, in turn, drive the cost down it will become an increasingly less disruptive way to communicate in the future and it will become very difficult for anything else out there to compete with is used by millions of people every minute. For many people the Internet is a "room" that is situated somewhere behind their computer screens in a cyberspace. Though the Internet exists for about a decade it has become the medium of the new network society. The popular and commercial spreading of the Internet has been exceedingly significant - promoting changes in almost every sphere of human activity and society. From the very beginning of the Internet in 1991, it has completely changed the way firms do business, as well as the way customers buy and use products and services. The Internet gives extra opportunities for marketing. The spreading of the Internet has been so impetuous that it has been the point for well-grounded analysis. The Internet, virtual reality, can or cannot have negative effects on our culture and society? This paper is concentrated on the Internet phenomenon and on the spreading of the Internet culture and its effects on people. The first ideas appeared in the 1950s. In the 1980s, technologies that became the basis of the modern Internet began to spread worldwide. In the 1990s the World Wide Web was used all over the world. The infrastructure of the Internet spread all over the world and the modern world wide network of computers have appeared. It spread amidst the western countries, then came into the developing countries and created a worldwide admittance to communications and data and a digital divide in admittance to this new infrastructure. While studying the amount of Internet users, the Internet had 30 million users on 10 million computers linked to over 240,000 networks in about 100 states. The last figures indicate the fact that International Data Corp values that 40 million people are home web users in the USA in 1999, which consists of 15% of the population. “Le Monde” in 1998 published that 100 million people use the Internet all over the world. Jupiter Communications estimates that active Internet users - 4 to 5 million USA customers - shop regularly on the Internet by 2000, which represents 3% of Internet is a very attractive marketing tool with the possibility to customize pages, as well as new promotional systems, giving firms the possibility of communication and promotion effectively by adapting to consumers’ likings. Interactive traits of the Internet permit asking customers their likings, and then the firm can adapt product offers and promotions to these likings. It provides the effective recruit of new customers. For instance, some car manufacturers ask Internet users for concrete information and in return give potential customers a $1,000 discount coupon or a free CD player coupon. 这里有很多，不知是通讯的具体什么方面，看看这里，找你想要的吧
参考文献可以在百度学术中找到。参考文献规范格式一、参考文献的类型参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下：M——专著 C——论文集 N——报纸文章J——期刊文章 D——学位论文 R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。对于英文参考文献，还应注意以下两点：①作者姓名采用“姓在前名在后”原则，具体格式是： 姓，名字的首字母. 如： Malcolm Richard Cowley 应为：Cowley, .，如果有两位作者，第一位作者方式不变，&之后第二位作者名字的首字母放在前面，姓放在后面，如：Frank Norris 与Irving Gordon应为：Norris, F. & .；②书名、报刊名使用斜体字，如：Mastering English Literature，English Weekly。二、参考文献的格式及举例1.期刊类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名，出版年份，卷号（期号）：起止页码.【举例】[1] 王海粟.浅议会计信息披露模式[J].财政研究，2004,21(1)：56-58.[2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业论文教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育，2004(1):46-52.[3] Heider, . The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 – .专著类【格式】[序号]作者.书名[M].出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.【举例】[4] 葛家澍，林志军.现代西方财务会计理论[M].厦门：厦门大学出版社，2001：42.[5] Gill, R. Mastering English Literature [M]. London: Macmillan, 1985: .报纸类【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[N].报纸名，出版日期（版次）.【举例】[6] 李大伦.经济全球化的重要性[N]. 光明日报，1998-12-27(3).[7] French, W. Between Silences: A Voice from China[N]. Atlantic Weekly, 1987-8-15(33).4.论文集【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[C].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[8] 伍蠡甫.西方文论选[C]. 上海：上海译文出版社，1979：12-17.[9] Spivak,G. “Can the Subaltern Speak?”[A]. In & L. Grossberg(eds.). Victory in Limbo: Imigism [C]. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988, .[10] Almarza, . Student foreign language teacher’s knowledge growth [A]. In and (eds.). Teacher Learning in Language Teaching [C]. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1996. .学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：.研究报告【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[R].出版地：出版者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[12] 冯西桥.核反应堆压力管道与压力容器的LBB分析[R].北京：清华大学核能技术设计研究院, 1997：.条例【格式】[序号]颁布单位.条例名称.发布日期【举例】[15] 中华人民共和国科学技术委员会.科学技术期刊管理办法[Z].1991—06—058.译著【格式】[序号]原著作者. 书名[M].译者，译.出版地：出版社，出版年份：起止页码.三、注释注释是对论文正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明。注释前面用圈码①、②、③等标识。四、参考文献参考文献与文中注（王小龙，2005）对应。标号在标点符号内。多个都需要标注出来，而不是1-6等等 ，并列写出来。最后，引用毕业论文属于学位论文，如格式55.学位论文【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地：保存者，出版年份：起始页码.【举例】[11] 张筑生.微分半动力系统的不变集[D].北京：北京大学数学系数学研究所, 1983：1-7.
Based on the communication network Direct3D visual simulation engine design and implementationtheVisual Simulation (Visual Simulation) is used to realize 3 d space information visualization technology, it has a realistic Simulation effect and convenient operation method, can well satisfy the new plane avionics system design paper designs and realizes an Direct3D based on the communication network visual simulation , in this paper the characteristics of the visual simulation and the programming essentials Direct3D brief analysis of selection, and expounds the main reason for the Direct3D. Secondly, put forward the visual simulation software, the total design project of the simulation software program and the software module partition the working process of the analysis of the various modules, explore the main functions and the relations among them. And then, based on the communication network of Direct3D visual simulation is the key technology of engine are analyzed and the study, introduces solutions discrete event simulation, Direct3D resource management and animation optimization and the mouse control technology, the key technology of the method. Finally, this essay discusses the Direct3D based on the communication network visual simulation software realization method, and in a more complex switched communication network as an example, the visual simulation, and the performance of the program was tested
Abstract: Chinese have experienced the pre-researches and partial satellite tests on the man carried cosmonautic vehicle, carried on the researches on environmental control and ecology protection subsystem in "Shenzhou" airships, carried on the researches on physical chemistry regenerating technical of environmental control and ecology protection & that of controlled ecology and ecology protection. This paper mainly introduces the research evolution of the technical of the environmental control and ecology protection system and analyses the technical characteristic about the environmental control and ecology protection : In this paper, we provide a new practical method to abstract noise model of INS/GNSS integrated navigation system for Kalman filter from measuring data, we first designed the experiment which based on the elaborate deduction, then we log the data of GNSS and made stationary test of the stochastic process, after that, we fit the model and estimate the parameter. This method, we think, can be used practically in other integrated navigation system.
题名又称题目或标题。题名是以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合。论文题目是一篇论文给出的涉及论文范围与水平的第一个重要信息，也是必须考虑到有助于选定关键词不达意和编制题录、索引等二次文献可以提供检索的特定实用信息。论文题目十分重要，必须用心斟酌选定。有人描述其重要性，用了下面的一句话：“论文题目是文章的一半”。对论文题目的要求是：准确得体：简短精炼：外延和内涵恰如其分：醒目。(二)作者姓名和单位(Authoranddepartment）这一项属于论文署名问题。署名一是为了表明文责自负，二是记录作用的劳动成果，三是便于读者与作者的联系及文献检索(作者索引)。大致分为二种情形，即：单个作者论文和多作者论文。后者按署名顺序列为第一作者、第二作者……。重要的是坚持实事求是的态度，对研究工作与论文撰写实际贡献最大的列为第一作者，贡献次之的，列为第二作者，余类推。注明作者所在单位同样是为了便于读者与作者的联系。(三)摘要(Abstract）论文一般应有摘要，有些为了国际交流，还有外文(多用英文)摘要。它是论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。其他用是不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息。摘要应包含以下内容：①从事这一研究的目的和重要性;②研究的主要内容，指明完成了哪些工作;③获得的基本结论和研究成果，突出论文的新见解;④结论或结果的意义。(四)关键词(Keywords）关键词属于主题词中的一类。主题词除关键词外，还包含有单元词、标题词的叙词。主题词是用来描述文献资料主题和给出检索文献资料的一种新型的情报检索语言词汇，正是由于它的出现和发展，才使得情报检索计算机化(计算机检索)成为可能。主题词是指以概念的特性关系来区分事物，用自然语言来表达，并且具有组配功能，用以准确显示词与词之间的语义概念关系的动态性的词或词组。
基于WIN CE的ADSL线路参数研究ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version [2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution has stated that the ‘CE’ is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for ‘Consumer Electronics’ or ‘Compact Edition’; users often disparagingly called it “Wince”.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including “Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.”[5] The first version, known during development under the codename “Pegasus”, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile , Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many industrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then products like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form toolsVisual StudioLate versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, producing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and , but not Managed C++.Platform BuilderThis programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named Visual C++ (eVC)The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhoneOften Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a modular/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these modules provide subsets of other components' features (. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for producing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger Mobile 5 supports USB and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash productsCompetitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi ( km) [William Stallings' book].At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, . it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home usersHow ADSL worksOn the wireCurrently, most ADSL communication is full duplex. Full duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division duplex (FDD), echo canceling duplex (ECD), or time division duplexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.[edit] ModulationADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, and (also called and respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL the ADSL access utilizes the MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the MHz downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.[edit] Installation issuesDue to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procedure is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.
5G通信是未来移动通信系统一个新的发展方向，当前这种技术还不是很成熟，处于探索和研发阶段。下面是我带来的关于5g通信技术论文的内容，欢迎阅读参考!5g通信技术论文篇一：《5G无线通信通信系统的关键技术分析》 摘要：5G无线通信是未来移动通信系统一个新的发展方向，当前这种技术还不是很成熟，处于探索和研发阶段。笔者在对5G无线通信技术系统进行简要介绍的基础之上，重点针对了5G无线通信系统的大规模MIMO 技术、超密集异构 网络技术 和全双工技术进行论述。 关键词：5G无线通信大规模MIMO 技术全双工技术超密集异构网络 引言： 经过了几十年的发展，移动通信使得人们生活和工作得到了翻天覆地的变化。当今已进入了信息化发展的新时代，由于移动终端越来越普及，使得多媒体数据业务的需求量极具增长。可以预测到，移动通信网络将在2020年增长1000倍的容量和100倍的连接数，众多的用户接入以及很低的营运成本的需求也会随之出现。因此，对5G 无线网络 技术的研究就显得格外重要。鉴于此，笔者希望本文的论述能够对5G无线通信网络技术的研究起到抛砖引玉的作用。 一、5G无线通信系统概述 5G无线通信和4G相比具有更高的传输速率，其覆盖性能、传输时延以及用户体验方面比4G更加良好，5G通信和4G通信之间有效的结合将贵构成一个全新的无线移动通信网络促进其进一步扩展。当前国内外对5G无线通信技术的研究已经进入到了深入时期，如2013年欧盟建立的5G研研发项目METIS(mobile and wireless communications enablers for the 2020 information society)项目，中国和韩国共同建立的5G技术论坛以及我国的813计划研发工程的启动。 由此可以看出5G无线通信是移动互联网在外来发展的最为重要的驱动力，将对移动互联网作为未来新兴业务的基础平台起到了重要的推动作用。而当前在互联网进行的各种业务大多都是通过无线传播的方式进行，而5G技术对这种传输的效率和传输质量提出了更高的要求。而将5G通信系统和 其它 通信系统进行有效的结合以及无缝的对接是5G无线通信技术研究的主要方向和目标。因此，在5G无线蓬勃发展的今天，其技术的发展主要呈现出以下特点： 首先，5G通信技术系统更加注重用户体验，而良好的用户体验主要是以传输时延、3D交互游戏为主要支撑来实现。 其次，5G无线通信系统以多点和多用户协作的网络组织是其与与其它通信系统相比最为明显的特点和优势，这种网络组织系统使得系统整体的性能得到了极大的提升。 再次，5G无线通信系统和其它通信系统相比应用到了较多的高端频谱，但是高端频谱无线电波穿透能力有限，因此，有线和无线相结合是系统采取的最为普遍的组成形式。 二、5G无线通信通信系统的关键技术 (一)大规模MIMO 技术 1技术分析 在多种无线通信系统中已经普遍采用了多天线技术，这种技术能够有效的提升通信系统的频谱效率，例如，3G系统、LTE、LTE-A、WLAN 等.频谱效率是随着天线数量的增多而效率随之提高。MIMO信道容量的增加和收发天线的数量呈现出近似线性的关系，因此在5G无线系统内采取较多数量的天线是为了有效的提高系统容量。但是当前系统收发终端配备的收发天线数量不多，这是由于天线数量的增多使得系统的空间容量会被压缩，并且多数量天线技术复杂所造成的。 但是，大规模MIMO 技术的优势还是非常明显的，主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，大规模MIMO分辨率更强，能够更加深入挖掘到空间维度资源，从而使得多个用户能够在大规模MIMO的基站平台上实现同一频率资源的同时通信，因此，使得能够实现小规模数量基站的前提下高频谱的信息传输。其次，大规模 MIMO抗干扰性能强，这是由于其能够将波束进行集中。再次，能够极大程度的降低发射功率，提高发射效率。 2我国的研究和应用现状 我国对大规模MIMO 技术的研究主要是集中在信道模、信道容量以及传输技术等方面，在理论模型和实测模型方面的研究比较少，公认的信道模型当前还没有建立起来，而且传输方案都是采用TTD系统，用户数量少于基站数量使得导频数和用户数呈现出线性增长的关系。除此之外采用矩阵运算等非常复杂的运算技术来进行信号检测和信息编码。因此，我国要充分挖掘MIMO 技术的内在优势，结合实际来对通信信道模型进行深入的研究，并且在频谱效率、无线传输 方法 、合资源调配方法等方面应当进行更多的有效分析和研究。 (二)全双工技术 所谓全双工技术就是指信息的同时传输和同频率传输的一种通信技术。由于无线网络通信系统在信息传输过程中传输终端和接受终端存在一种固有的信号自干扰。全双工计划苏能够充分的提高频率利用率，以实现多频率的信息的信息传输，从而改变了一般通信系统不能够实现同频率和双向传输的技术现状，因此这种技术已经成为无线通信技术当前研究的一个重要的关键点。这种技术应用在5G无线通信系统中能够实现无线频谱资源得到充分的挖掘和利用。当前5G无线通信系统由于接受信号的终端和发射信号的终端频率之间存在着较大的差异，使得其产生自干扰的现象比较突出，是5G无线通信技术发展的一个主要瓶颈，因此，全双工技术在5G无线通信系统内有效的应用使得信号自干扰的问题能够通过相互抵消的方式得到有效的解决。通过模拟端干扰抵消、对已知的干扰信号的数字端干扰抵消等各种新的干扰技术的发展以及这些技术的有效结合使得极大多数信号之间的自干扰现象都基本上得到了有效的抵消。 (三)超密集异构网络技术 5G无线通信通信系统不仅包括无线传输技术，而且也包括后续演化的无线接入技术，因此，5G网络系统就是各种无线接入技术，例如，5G，4G，LTE， UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system)以及wireless fidelity等技术共同组成的通信系统，在系统内部，宏站和小站共同存在，例如，Micro，Pico，Relay以及Femot等多层覆盖的异构网络。在异构网络内部，运营商和用户共同部署基站，而用户部署的主要是一些功率较低的小站，并且节点的类型也比较多使得网络拓扑变得相当复杂。并且由于异构网络网络基站的密集程度较高，因此其网络节点和用户终端之间的距离就更为接近，使得功率的效率和频谱的效率以及网络系统容量等方面比一般通信网络系统更为优良。 虽然这种技术应用于5G无线网络通信系统中有着非常良好的发展前景，但是也存在着一些缺陷，这种缺陷主要表现在以下几个方面：首先，由于节点之间比较密集使得节点之间的距离相应就比较短，这样就会造成系统内会存在同种无线接入技术之间的同频干扰的现象以及不同无线接入技术在共享频谱之间分层干扰的现象，这种问题的解决有赖于对5G无线通信网络系统进一步的深入研究。其次，由于系统内存在着大量的用户部署的节点，使得拓扑以及干扰图样呈现出范围较大的动态变化。因此，要加强应对这种动态变化的相关技术的研究。 结束语 5G无线网络系统的建立是建立在现有无线网络技术的进步以及新的无线接入技术的研发的基础之上，通过5G无线网络技术的进一步发展，将会在未来极大的拓展移动通信业务的应用领域和应用范围。 参考文献 [1]石炯.5G移动通信及其关键技术发展研究[J].石家庄学院学报，2015(06) [2]尤肖虎.5G移动通信发展趋势与若干关键技术[J]中国科学，2014(05). [3]杨绿溪.面向5G无线通信系统的关键技术综述[J]。东南大学学报，2015(09). 5g通信技术论文篇二：《试谈5G移动通信发展现状及其关键技术》 【摘要】 第5代移动通信(5G)是面向2020年以后的新一代移动通信系统，其愿景和需求已逐步得以确立，但相关技术发展目前仍处于探索阶段。本文简单介绍了5G移动通信的发展前景;概述了国内外5G移动通信的发展现状及相关研发单位和组织的学术活动;重点针对5G移动通信中富有发展前景的若干项关键技术做了详细的阐述，包括Massive MIMO、超密集异构网络、毫米波技术、D2D通信、全双工无线传输、软件定义网络、网络功能虚拟化和自组织网络等。 【关键词】 5G 发展现状 关键技术 前言 社会的进步，使人与人、人与万物的交集越来越大，人们对通信技术的需求和更优性能的追求在当今变得更加迫切。无论是在移动通信起步的伊始，还是迅速发展的当下，人们对移动通信的追求都是更快捷，更低耗，更安全。第五代移动通信为满足2020年以后的通信需求被提出，现今受到无数学人的关注。 第5代移动通信(fifth generation mobile communication network，5G)作为新一代的移动通信肩负着演进并创新现有移动通信的使命。它主要通过在当今无线通信技术的基础上演进并开发新技术加以融合从而构建长期的网络社会，是新、旧无线接入技术集成后方案总称，是一种真正意义上的融合网络。 一、5G发展现状 移动通信界，每一代的移动无线通信技术，从最开始的愿景规划，到技术的研发，标准的制定，商业应用直至其升级换代大致周期都是十年。每一次的周期伊始，谁能抢占技术高地，更早的谋划布局，谁就能在新一轮‘通信大洗牌’中获得领先优势。我国在5G之前的全球通信竞备中一直是落后或慢于发达国家的发展速度，因而在新一轮5G通信的竞备中国家是非常重视并给予了大力支持。2013年初，我国便成立了专项面对5G移动通信研究与发展的IMT-2020推进组，迅速明确了5G移动通信的愿景，技术需求，应用规划。2013年6月，国家863计划启动了5G移动通信系统先期研究一期重大项目。令人振奋的是2016年伊始，我国正式启动5G技术试验，这是我国通信业同国际同步的一个重要信号。 同样2013年以来，欧盟、韩国等国家与地区也成立相关组织并启动了针对5G的相关重大的科研计划[1]：1)METIS是欧盟第七框架计划中的一部分，项目研究组由爱立信、法国电信及欧洲部分学术机构共29个成员组成，旨在5G的愿景规划，技术研究等。2)5G PPP是由政府(欧盟)出资管理项目吸引民间企业与组织参加，其机制类似于我国的重大科技专项，计划发展800个成员，包括ICT的各个领域。3)5G Forum是由韩国发起的5G组织，成员涵盖政府，产业，运营商和高校，主要愿景是引领和推进全球5G技术。 二、5G关键技术 结合当前移动通信的发展势头来看，5G移动通信关键技术的确立仍需要进一步的考量和市场实际需求的检验。未来的技术竞争中哪种技术能更好的适应并满足消费者的需求，谁能够在各项技术中脱颖而出，现阶段仍然不能明确的确立。但结合当前移动通信网络的应用需求和对未来5G移动通信的一些展望，不难从诸多技术中 总结 出几项富有发展和应用前景的关键性技术[1]。 Massive MIMO MIMO(Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)技术其实在5G之前的通信系统中已经得到了一些应用，可以说它是一种作为提高系统频谱效率和传输可靠性的有效手段。但因天线占据空间问题、实现复杂度大等一系列条件的制约，导致现有MIMO技术应用中的收发装置所配置的天线数量偏少。但在Massive MIMO中，将会对基站配置数目相当大的天线，将把现阶段的天线数量提升一到两个数量级。它所带来的巨大的容量和可靠性吸引了大量通信研究人员的眼球，彰显了该技术的优越性。 它的应用能够给我们带来的好处是：1)较于以往的多入多出系统，Massive MIMO可以加大对空间维度资源的利用，为系统提供更多的空间自由度。2)因其系统架构的优越性，可以做到降干扰、提升功率效率等。 同时它也存在着一系列问题：1)因缺乏大量理论建模、实测建模方面工作的支撑，当前没有认可度较高的信道模型。2)在获取信道信息时的开销要依靠信道互易性来降低，但是当前的假定方案中使用比较多的是TDD系统，且用户均为单天线，与基站天线数量相比明显不足，当用户数量增加时则会致使导频数量线性增加，冗余数据剧增。3)当前Massive MIMO面对的瓶颈问题主要是导频污染。 Massive MIMO在5G移动通信中的应用可以说是被寄予厚望，它将是5G区别以往移动通信的主要核心技术之一。 超密集异构网络 应5G网络发展朝着多元、综合、智能等方向发展的要求，同时随着智能终端的普及，数据流的爆炸式增长将逐步彰显出来，减小小区半径、增加低功率节点数等举措将成为满足5G发展需求并支持愿景中提到的网络流量增长的核心技术之一。超密集组网的组建将承担5G网络数据流量提高的重任。未来无线网络中，在宏站覆盖范围内，无线传输技术中的各种低功率的节点密度将会是现有密度5-15倍，站点间的距离将缩小到10米以内，站点与激活用户甚至能够做到一对一的服务，从而形成超密集异构网络[2]。超密集异构组网中，网络的密集化的构造拉近了节点与终端的距离，从而使功率效率和频谱效率加以提升，并且可以让系统容量得到巨幅提升。 毫米波技术 在5G网络中，与即将面对的巨大的业务需求相冲突的是传统移动通信频谱资源已趋于饱和。如何将移动通信系统部署在6GHz以上的毫米波频段正成为业界广泛研究的课题。相比于传统移动通信频谱的昂贵授权费，MMW频段中包含若干免费频段，这使得其使用成本可能会降低。MMW频谱资源极为丰富可以寻找到带宽为数百兆甚至数千兆的连续频谱，连续频谱部署在降低部署成本的同时也提高了频谱的使用率[3]。 D2D通信 在未来5G网络中，无论是网络的容量还是对频谱资源的利用率上都将会得到很大空间的提升，丰富的信道模式以及出色的用户体验也将成为5G重要的研发着力点。D2D通信具有潜在的提升系统性能，增强用户体验，减轻基站压力，提高频谱利用率等前景，因而它也是未来5G网络的关键技术之一。 D2D通信是一种在蜂窝系统架构下的近距离数据直接传输技术。用户之间使用的智能终端可以在不经基站转发的情况下直接传输会话数据，且相关的控制信号仍由蜂窝网络负责。这种新型传输技术让终端可以借助D2D在网络覆盖盲区实现端到端甚至接入蜂窝网络，从而实现通信功能。 全双工无线传输 全双工无线传输是区别于以往同一时段或同一频率下只能单向传输的一种通信技术。能够实现双向同时段、同频传输的全双工无线传输技术在提升频谱利用率上彰显出其优越性，它能够使频谱资源的利用趋于灵活化。全双工无线传输技术为5G系统挖掘无线频谱资源提供了一种很好的手段，使其成为5G移动通信研究的又一个 热点 技术。 同样，在全双工无线传输技术的应用上也有很多阻力因素：同频、同时段的传输，在接收端和发射端的直接功率差异是非常大的，会产生严重自干扰。而且全双工技术在同其他5G技术融合利用时，特别是在Massive MIMO条件下的性能差异现在还缺乏深入的理论分析[4]。 软件定义网络(SDN)与网络功能虚拟化(NFV) SDN技术是源于Internet的一种新技术。该技术的思路是将网络控制功能从设备上剥离，统一交由中心控制器加以控制，从而实现控、转分离，使控制趋于灵活化，设备简单化。 同时在考虑网络运营商的运维实际也提出了一种新型的网络架构体系NFV，该体系利用IT技术及其平台将网元功能虚拟化，根据用户的不同业务需求在VNF(Virtual Network Feature)的基础上进行相应的功能块连接与编排。NFV的核心所在即降低网络逻辑功能块和物理硬件模块的相互依赖，提高重用，利用软件编程实现虚拟化的网络功能，并将多种网元硬件归于标准化，从而实现软件的灵活加载，大幅度降低基础设备硬件成本。 自组织网络 运营商在传统的移动通信网络中，网络的部署和基站的维护等都需要大量人工去一线维护，这种依赖人力的方式提供的服务低效、高昂等弊端一直深受用户诟病。因此，为了解决网络部署、优化的复杂性问题，降低运维成本相对总收入的比例，便有了自组织网络的概念。 SON的应用将会为无线接入技术带来巨大的便利，如实现多种无线接入技术的自我融合配置，网络故障自我愈合，多种网络协同优化等等。但当前在技术的完备上也存在一系列挑战：不支持多网络之间的协调，邻区关系因低功率节点的随机部署和复杂化需发展新的自动邻区关系技术等。 三、小结 5G移动通信作为下一代移动通信的承载者，肩负着特殊的使命，在完成人们对未来移动通信的诸多憧憬上被寄予厚望。本文概述了当前5G几项富有发展前景的关键性技术，结合5G一系列的发展背景和人们多方面的通信需求，对几项关键技术的利弊加以剖析。可以预计的是未来几年5G的支撑性技术将被确立，其关键技术的实验、标准的制定以及商业化的应用也将逐步展开。 参 考 文 献 [1]赵国峰，陈婧等.5G移动通信网络关键技术综述[J].重庆邮电大学学报(自然科学版)， DOI： [2] Kela，P. Turkka，J. Costa，M. Borderless Mobility in 5G Outdoor Ultra-Dense Networks[J]，Access， IEEE(Volume：3)，，pages1462-1476. [3] JungSook Bae， Yong Seouk Choi，Architecture and Performance Evaluation of MmWave Based 5G Mobile Communication System[C]，Information and Communication Technology Convergence(ICTC)，2014 International Conference ，，pages847-851. [4] Wang，，，T. On the Capacity Gain from Full Duplex Communications in A Large Scale Wireless Network[J]， IEEE EARLY ACCESS ARTICLES， . 5g通信技术论文篇三：《试论5G无线通信技术概念》 引言 近年来,移动通信技术已经历数次变革,从20世纪80年代速度慢、质量差、安全性小、业务量低的1G通信技术,到20世纪90年代提出的低智能的2G无线通信技术,再到近年来的频谱利用率较低的3G网络,和现在的前三代无可比拟的4G无线通信技术,可谓是长江后浪推前浪,一浪更比一浪高啊!5G无线通信工程技术作为当代最具前景的技术,将可以满足人们近期的对移动无线技术的需求。 15G无线网络通信技术的相关概念 5G无线网络通信技术实际上就是在前面无线网络技术的基础上不断改进充分利用无线互联网网络。这项技术是最近才在国际通信工程大会上被优点提出的,他将会是一项较为完美的、完善的无线通信技术,他将可能会将纳米技术运用到这种将会在未来占据一席之地的无线互联网网络工程中,运用纳米技术更好的做好防护工作,保护使用者的一切信息。在未来5G无线网络通信技术将会融合之前所有通信工程的优点,他将会是更为灵活与方便的核心网站,在运营过程中将会减少在传输过程中的能量损耗,速度更快。若是在传输信息的过程中受到阻碍,将会被立刻发现且能很好的保护个人信息起到保护作用。 5G无线网络通信技术将会有很多优点,不仅融会贯通了在它之前所有通信技术的长处而且集百家之长于一身,是个更加灵活的网络核心平台,也会就有更加激烈的竞争力。在这项网络技术中将会为人类提供更加优秀、比其他平台更优惠的价位,更接近人类生活的服务。它的覆盖面要比现如今的3G、4G的更为广阔,有利于用户更快更好的体验,智能化的服务与网络快速推进进程的核心化的全球无缝隙的连接。为了使人类体验到更优惠的、更先进化的、具有多样性的、保障人类通信质量的服务,我们必须利用有限的无限博频率接受更大的挑战,充分利用现在国家领导人为我们提供的宽松的网络平台,让5G无线网络通信技术在不久的将来更好的服务于我们。 25G无线网络通信技术的相关技术优点与特点 5G无线网络通信技术也就是指第五代移动网络通用技术,它与前几代通信技术有些许不同之处,他并不是独立存在的而是融合了别的技术的许多优点更为特别的是将现有的无限技术接入其中,它将实现真正意义上的改革,实现“天人合一”达到真正的融合。它的体型会更加的小巧,便于我们随时随地安装。现如今5G无线网络通信技术已经被提上日程,成为了全球相关移动通信讨论热议的话题,互联网公司在争先恐后的提高与改善自身的通信设备,加快创新的步伐,想要在未来的通信技术领域占据一席之地。现在让我么一起来探讨一下他可能具有哪些其他通信技术无可比拟的优点与特点: (1)全新的设计理念:在未来5G无线网络通信技术将会是所有通信工程中的龙头老大,它设计的着重点是室内无限的覆盖面与覆盖能力,这与之前的通信工程的最根本的设计理念都不同。 (2)较高的频率利用率:5G无线网络通信技术将会使用较高频率的赫兹,而且会被广泛的使用在生活中但是我们国家现阶段的技术水平还较为低下,达不到这样的层次,所以我们必须先提高我们的科学技术,才能跟上通信技术更新的步伐。 (3)耗能、成本投入量较低:之前我们所使用的通信工程技术都是较为简单的将物理层面的知识营运的网络中,没有创新意识,不能够将环保的理念运用到通信工程中,都是一些较为传统的方法与手段,只是一味的追求经济利益。现如今随着科技的进步我们需要做到全方面的考虑,不能只注重眼前利益,所以低耗能、高质量的通信技术将是未来5G无线网络通信技术要面临的主要问题,也是难点问题,我们必须学会适时的对相应状况作出调整。 (4)优点:5G无线网络通信技术作为未来世界通信技术的主力,在不久将会得到实质性的开展,他将大大的提高我们的上网速度,将资源合理有效的利用起来,较其他之前的通信技术上升到一个新的层面,安全性也会得到保障不会出现个人信息外漏的现象,总而言之它的各个方面将都会得到改善,成为人们心中理想的模样,它具有较大的灵活程度可以适时更具客户的需求做出合理的调整,它的优点相信不久我们就会有切身的感受. 3小结 随着现代的快速进步,移动无线通讯技术也紧随时代的进步,呈现着日新月异的变革,现如今我国综合国力已经得到了很大程度的提高,当然在通信技术领域这一块我们也不愿屈居人后,必须加快通信技术改革与创新的脚步,满足人们对互联网的需求,尽快的、更好的发展5G无线网络通信技术才能在未来的通信技术中立于不败之地。 猜你喜欢： 1. 移动无线网络技术的论文三篇1000字 2. 大学通信技术论文范文 3. 通信技术论文范文 4. 浅谈无线网络通讯技术的论文1000字 5. 通信工程的毕业论文优秀范文 6. 通信学术论文范文
[1]Ajay 著，中京邮电通信设计院，无线通信研究所译.蜂窝网 络规划与优化基础.北京:机械工业出版社， 2004. [2]何琳琳，杨大成.4G移动通信系统的主要特点和关键技术.移动通信， 2004. [3]刘伟，丁志杰.4G移动通信系统研究进展与关键技术.中国数据通信， 2004. [4]袁晓超.4G通信系统关键技术浅析.中国无线电， 2005. [5]陈忠民，田增山.浅谈软件无线电技术及其在 4G中的应用.电信快报， 2006
通信业已经走进了千家万户，成为了大家日常生活不可分割的一部分，如今一些高校也设立了专门的通信专业。下面我给大家带来通信专业 毕业 论文题目参考_通信方向专业论文题目，希望能帮助到大家!
通信专业毕业论文题目
1、高移动无线通信抗多普勒效应技术研究进展
2、携能通信协作认知网络稳态吞吐量分析和优化
3、协作通信中基于链路不平衡的中继激励
4、时间反转水声通信系统的优化设计与仿真
5、散射通信系统电磁辐射影响分析
6、无人机激光通信载荷发展现状与关键技术
7、数字通信前馈算法中的最大似然同步算法仿真
8、沙尘暴对对流层散射通信的影响分析
9、测控通信系统中低延迟视频编码传输 方法 研究
10、传输技术在通信工程中的应用与前瞻
11、城市通信灯杆基站建设分析
12、电子通信技术中电磁场和电磁波的运用
13、关于军事通信抗干扰技术进展与展望
14、城轨无线通信系统改造方案研究
15、无线通信系统在天津东方海陆集装箱码头中的运用
16、分析电力通信电源系统运行维护及注意事项
17、 无线网络 通信系统与新技术应用研究
18、基于电力载波通信的机房监控系统设计
19、短波天线在人防通信中的选型研究
20、机场有线通信系统的设计简析
21、关于通信原理课程教学改革的新见解
22、机载认知通信网络架构研究
23、无线通信技术的发展研究
24、论无线通信网络中个人信息的安全保护
25、短波天波通信场强估算方法与模型
26、多波束卫星通信系统中功率和转发器增益联合优化算法
27、HAP通信中环形波束的实现及优化
28、扩频通信中FFT捕获算法的改进
29、对绿色无线移动通信技术的思考
30、关于数据通信及其应用的分析
31、广播传输系统中光纤通信的应用实践略述
32、数字通信信号自动调制识别技术
33、关于通信设备对接技术的研究分析
34、光纤通信网络优化及运行维护研究
35、短波通信技术发展与核心分析
36、智慧城市中的信息通信技术标准体系
37、探究无线通信技术在测绘工程中的应用情况
38、卫星语音通信在空中交通管制中的应用
39、通信传输系统在城市轨道交通中的应用发展
40、通信电源 系统安全 可靠性分析
41、浅谈通信电源的技术发展
42、关于电力通信网的可靠性研究
43、无线通信抗干扰技术性能研究
44、数能一体化无线通信网络
45、无线通信系统中的协同传输技术
46、无线通信技术发展分析
47、实时网络通信系统的分析和设计
48、浅析通信工程项目管理系统集成服务
49、通信网络中的安全分层及关键技术论述
50、电力通信光缆运行外力破坏与预防 措施
51、电力通信运维体系建设研究
52、电力配网通信设备空间信息采集方法的应用与研究
53、长途光缆通信线路的防雷及防强电设计
54、电网近场无线通信技术研究及实例测试
55、气象气球应急通信系统设计
56、卫星量子通信的光子偏振误差影响与补偿研究
57、基于信道加密的量子安全直接通信
58、量子照明及其在安全通信上的应用
59、一款用于4G通信的水平极化全向LTE天线
60、面向无线通信的双频带平面缝隙天线设计
铁道信号专业毕业论文题目
1、CTCS应答器信号与报文检测仪-控制主板软硬件设计
2、基于ACP方法的城市轨道交通枢纽应急疏散若干问题研究
3、全电子高压脉冲轨道电路接收器的硬件研究与设计
4、实时断轨检测系统中信号采集与通信子系统研究
5、基于模型的轨旁仿真子系统验证及代码自动生成
6、基于全相位FFT的铁道信号频率检测算法研究
7、基于机器视觉的嵌入式道岔缺口检测系统应用
8、铁路信号产品的电磁兼容分析与研究
9、铁路高职院校校内实训基地建设研究
10、铁道信号电子沙盘系统整体规划及设计
11、基于Web的高职院校考试系统的设计与实现
12、铁道信号沙盘模拟显示系统研究
13、联锁道岔电子控制模块的研制
14、基于ARM的故障监测诊断系统设计(前端采集和通信系统)
15、客运专线列控车载设备维修技术及标准化研究
16、驼峰三部位减速器出口速度计算方法研究
17、CTCS-2级列控系统应答器动态检测的研究
18、石家庄铁路运输学校招生信息管理系统的设计与实现
19、铁道信号基础设备智能网络监测器设计
20、基于光纤传感的铁道信号监测系统软件设计
21、铁道信号基础设备在线监测方法研究
22、有轨电车信号系统轨旁控制器三相交流转辙机控制模块的研究
23、基于故障树的京广高速铁路信号系统问题分析及对策
24、站内轨道电路分路不良计轴检查设备设计与实现
25、铁路综合视频监控系统的技术研究与工程建设
26、客运专线信号控制系统设计方案
27、铁路信号仿真实验室的硬件系统设计及其信号机程序测试
28、基于C语言的离线电弧电磁干扰检测系统数据采集及底层控制的实现研究
29、铁路综合演练系统的开发与实现
30、大功率LED铁路信号灯光源的研究
31、牵引供电系统不平衡牵引回流研究
32、CBTC系统中区域控制器和外部联锁功能接口的设计
33、城轨控制实验室仿真平台硬件接口研究
34、ATP安全错误检测码与运算方法的研究与设计
35、LED显示屏控制系统的设计及在铁路信号中的应用
36、客运专线列控系统临时限速服务器基于3-DES算法安全通信的研究与实现
37、基于动态故障树和蒙特卡洛仿真的列控系统风险分析研究
38、物联网环境下铁路控制安全传输研究与设计
39、轨道交通信号事故再现与分析平台研究与设计
40、铁路强电磁干扰对信号系统的影响
41、基于LTE的列车无线定位方法研究
42、列车定位系统安全性研究
43、基于CBTC系统的联锁逻辑研究
44、无线闭塞中心仿真软件设计与实现
45、职业技能 教育 的研究与实践
46、光纤铁路信号微机监测系统数据前端设计
47、LED大屏幕在铁路行车监控系统的应用研究
48、基于微机监测的故障信号研究与应用
49、语域视角下的人物介绍英译
50、基于嵌入式系统的高压不对称脉冲轨道信号发生器设计
通信技术毕业论文题目
1、基于OFDM的电力线通信技术研究
2、基于专利信息分析的我国4G移动通信技术发展研究
3、基于无线通信技术的智能电表研制
4、基于Android手机摄像头的可见光通信技术研究
5、基于激光二极管的可见光通信技术研究和硬件设计
6、智能家居系统安全通信技术的研究与实现
7、基于DVB-S2的宽带卫星通信技术应用研究
8、基于近场通信技术的蓝牙 配对 模块的研发
9、多点协作通信系统的关键技术研究
10、无线通信抗干扰技术性能研究
11、水下无线通信网络安全关键技术研究
12、水声扩频通信关键技术研究
13、基于协作分集的无线通信技术研究
14、数字集群通信网络架构和多天线技术的研究
15、通信网络恶意代码及其应急响应关键技术研究
16、基于压缩感知的超宽带通信技术研究
17、大气激光通信中光强闪烁及其抑制技术的研究
18、卫星通信系统跨层带宽分配及多媒体通信技术研究
19、星间/星内无线通信技术研究
20、量子通信中的精密时间测量技术研究
21、无线传感器网络多信道通信技术的研究
22、宽带电力线通信技术工程应用研究
23、可见光双层成像通信技术研究与应用
24、基于可见光与电力载波的无线通信技术研究
25、车联网环境下的交通信息采集与通信技术研究
26、室内高速可调光VLC通信技术研究
27、面向5G通信的射频关键技术研究
28、基于AMPSK调制的无线携能通信技术研究
29、车联网V2I通信媒体接入控制技术研究
30、下一代卫星移动通信系统关键技术研究
31、物联网节点隐匿通信模型及关键技术研究
32、高速可见光通信的调制关键技术研究
33、无线通信系统中的大规模MIMO关键理论及技术研究
34、OQAM-OFDM无线通信系统关键技术研究
35、基于LED的可见光无线通信关键技术研究
36、CDMA扩频通信技术多用户检测器的应用
37、基于GPRS的嵌入式系统无线通信技术的研究
38、近距离低功耗无线通信技术的研究
39、矿山井下人员定位系统中无线通信技术研究与开发
40、基于信息隐藏的隐蔽通信技术研究
通信专业毕业论文题目参考相关 文章 ：
★ 通信工程毕业论文题目
★ 通信工程毕业论文题目
★ 通信工程毕业论文选题
★ 通信工程的毕业论文参考范文
★ 通信工程专业毕业论文参考文献
★ 通信工程的毕业论文(2)
★ 通信工程方面毕业论文
★ 通信工程专业毕业论文
★ 通信工程的毕业论文范例
★ 通信工程的毕业论文范例(2)
论文摘要： 在幼儿园教育体系中游戏和教学都不可相互替代。游戏能满足儿童在现实生活中无法实现的需要，帮助他们自由表达意愿，从而达到智慧和情感的平衡。而教育机构是不可能没有教学的，幼儿园也不例外。本文从整体上概述了幼儿园教学中课程与游戏的区别和联系，应该将二者进行有机的融合，同时对当前幼儿园教学课程与游戏问题进行了一些探讨并提供了一些建议。
论文关键词： 幼儿园教学 游戏 渗透 课程
游戏是幼儿的天性，幼儿游戏蕴藏着发展的需要和教育的契机，发展的多样性、差异性、自然性等特点，在游戏中体现得淋漓尽致。游戏是早期儿童课程的核心。游戏不仅为教师提供了评价儿童的线索和完成课程目标的媒介，更重要的是，儿童通过游戏与群体的要求与不断发展的自我意识之间进行协调，在智力、社会性、体质和情感等方面得到充分发展。
《幼儿园教育指导纲要》明确指出：“游戏是幼儿园的基本活动，善于发现幼儿感兴趣的事物，游戏和偶发事件中所隐含的教育价值，把握时机，积极引导”，“寓教育于生活，游戏之中”。要求幼儿园的教育内容，形式要充分考虑幼儿的学习特点和认知规律，强调活动的趣味性与综合性。
越来越多的事实告诉我们，只研究游戏本身是远远不够的，必须将游戏与课程有机地结合起来，将游戏与幼儿的实际生活经验与发展需要结合起来，只有这样，才能让幼儿在游戏中反映出自己的现实生活经验，让游戏成为幼儿创造的源泉，使游戏发挥出应有的教育价值。
(一)游戏给幼儿园课程注入了活力
幼儿园课程内容作为一个统一的、相互联系的整体，只有贴近幼儿的生活，符合幼儿的年龄特征，才能促进幼儿的发展。游戏是幼儿的生命和真实生活，渗透了课程意义的游戏才能更好地发挥教育功能。
游戏和课程的渗透就好像血液和身体的关系，血液渗透在身体的每一部位，当血液的供应充足时，人的生命力会非常旺盛，当血液出现毛病时，人就会显得苍白无力。而游戏在课程中的地位与之相似，它渗透在课程设计、组织实施和评价之中。游戏作为一种内容和形式融入幼儿教育，不应是孤立的、分割的，它以反映幼儿完整的经验为目的.。安排游戏不是为游戏而游戏，而是为了借助游戏这种有效的学习方式来促进幼儿的发展。因此，课程选择的形式和内容要注意趣味性，强调在内容之中渗透游戏性特征。
在教育活动的实施过程中，我们应该从孩子的体验来辨别游戏是否真正存在。如果课程中游戏成分较多，就会因其富有趣味性而深深吸引孩子，表现出较强的生命力；反之，教师可能因不自觉地猜疑幼儿已有的经验而过分使外部受到控制。如，教师的过多命令，提供经过精心准备，便于控制的材料，课程内容因而显得枯燥，幼儿常常会表现出厌烦、劳累。
(二)幼儿需要相互渗透、彼此联系的经验
各种各样的学科把儿童的世界割裂和肢解了，但是，学科互相联系的真正中心不是科学、不是文学……而是一个完整的世界，生活事件和现象是整体的、相互联系的。游戏对幼儿发展的价值从来就不是单一的，智力游戏绝对不可能只发展智力，就像角色游戏也有智力的价值一样。社会生活的方方面面都以一定的方式与幼儿发生作用，渗透在幼儿一日生活的各个环节，渗透在各个领域中。因此，幼儿园课程各个领域在目标、内容和形式上应该有机联系、相互支持，关注幼儿的整体生活，抓住生活、游戏和偶发事件中隐含的教育价值，最大限度地将游戏与教育因素融合在一起，用生活化、游戏化的方法激发幼儿学习的主动性、积极性，是幼儿教育的形式、内容贴近幼儿的生活和兴趣，帮助幼儿建构一个完整的经验体系。
(三)课程使游戏变得更有魅力
离开了幼儿园课程内容的游戏，就好像是没有源头的枯水，缺乏生命力和自身的免疫力。当幼儿缺乏基本的生活经验，幼儿的游戏就会在原有水平上徘徊。很多时候，由于内容和形式的贫瘠导致幼儿在游戏中频繁出现变换主题、改变游戏形式甚至有无所事事的打闹现象，从而难以实现教育目标。
从某种意义来说，幼儿园课程的实施就是设置一个丰富而相互联系的整体环境，将课程中相互渗透的各领域内容和经验迁移到游戏中来，增加游戏主题，丰富游戏情节，这样，不仅用课程滋养了游戏，增加了游戏自身对幼儿的吸引力，而且使幼儿的经验在游戏中得以延续，不断为游戏注入新的内容，帮助幼儿学习和过滤经验，促进幼儿智力和道德的成长，有指导的游戏更能有效地促进幼儿的发展。
游戏与课程有机联系、相互融合，游戏保持自身的基本特征，又发挥出教育价值。将游戏与教育活动相融合已成为一种趋势，比如：一日生活主要围绕主题来开展，游戏与教育活动之间的界限逐渐模糊，作为课程实施重要活动之一的游戏，所有活动都在幼儿主动积极地参与下以游戏或游戏性的方式出现。师幼关系表现出较多的互动性，教师是游戏的参与者而不是旁观者，关怀和激发幼儿的兴趣，在游戏过程中认真努力地研究幼儿，与幼儿一起感受和体验，引导幼儿进一步探索和发现，把活动引向深入。
结 语
幼儿园是实施学前社会教育的专门机构，幼儿园教学是由游戏活动与教学课程共同构成的。在这个特定的教育环境中发生的游戏活动绝不等同于自然游戏活动，在这个环境中的教学活动也绝不是我们通常意义上理解的教学活动。近年来，随着幼儿园教育改革的深化，同时也是为了尊重儿童以及体现儿童自主性的需要，游戏被推崇为幼儿园的基本活动。探讨游戏与课程的关系对开展幼儿园游戏与教学活动有着非常重要的意义。
参考文献：
[1]刘炎，儿童游戏通论[m]北京师范大学出版社
[2]黎安林，走近幼教实践[j]，学前教育研究
文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文,它是科学文献的一种.格式与写法文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同.这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述.因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分：即前言、主题、总结和参考文献.撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工.前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓.主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式.可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述.总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解.参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分.因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索.因此,应认真对待.参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误.关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复.
摘要： 幼儿园可以把绳子作为开展 游戏 教学的基本的 游戏 活动材料，要在 游戏 教学中把绳子变化性强的优势充分地发挥出来。
因此可以开展各式各样的绳类活动，可以满足幼儿不同的、多样化的 游戏 学习的需要，进而可以促使幼儿积极主动的参与到各类 游戏 教学活动中。
绳类活动为幼儿园教师提供了更加富有创造性发展和优化教学行为的平台，从而促使幼儿园教师不断地提升自身的教学水平。
绳类运动具有成本低质量高的优势，能让幼儿在各类绳类活动中充分体会到运动的快乐，能让幼儿在各类绳类活动中锻炼身体的协调性，同时还能有效的刺激幼儿园师生的创造力。
关键词： 幼儿园；绳类活动； 游戏 化
游戏 教学是幼儿园开展教学活动的基本形式，因此幼儿园教师在组织幼儿教学活动的时候，要深入地挖掘和充分地发挥 游戏 教学的优势，以此来达到刺激幼儿参与教学活动的兴趣和积极主动性的目的。
幼儿园教师只有进行有目的、有计划地创新和改进幼儿 游戏 活动的材料、内容和组织形式等，才能达到提高幼儿园教学实效的目的。
绳类 游戏 能很好地满足幼儿 游戏 教学的需求，幼儿在进行绳类 游戏 活动的时候可以自主选择活动的地点。
自己决定绳类 游戏 活动的内容，这样能更加有效地提高幼儿参与 游戏 教学的兴趣，也能促使幼儿小组活动的延伸，最终达到满足幼儿个体发展需求的目的。
一、幼儿园要组织多样化的绳类 游戏 活动
幼儿园组织多样化的绳类活动 游戏 能达到进一步提高幼儿智能开发、进一步提高幼儿身体素质、进一步提高幼儿心理品质的目的。
幼儿园教师要充分尊重幼儿在年龄、身心发展水平等方面存在的差异，不断的创新绳类 游戏 活动以此来满足幼儿不同的 游戏 需求和兴趣爱好[1]。
因此，幼儿园要组织多样化的 游戏 活动，不仅要从幼儿对 游戏 不同需求出发，还要充分考虑到幼儿身心发展的特点，只有这样才能让幼儿在 游戏 教学中得到快乐，才能促进幼儿身心的 健康 、全面的发展。
幼儿园教师在设计绳类 游戏 活动的时候要充分考虑到幼儿的特点，幼儿园中班的幼儿已经具备了一定的动手能力，可以利用绳类设计需要动手的 游戏 活动，可以给幼儿一些毛线，让他们自己动手用绳子做出自己想象的形状和事物。
通过这类的绳类活动 游戏 不仅可以帮助幼儿园中班的幼儿提高动手能力还能有效地促进幼儿想象力的发展。
有些幼儿园中班的幼儿还能使用绳子进行拔河比赛和跳绳 游戏 ，这样不仅能很好地锻炼身体，还能培养和提升幼儿的合作意识。
幼儿园教师要想进一步提升幼儿参与 游戏 教学的积极性和主动性，就需要充分的满足幼儿对 游戏 的不同需求，只有充分的满足了幼儿的 游戏 需求才能促使幼儿身心在 游戏 教学活动中得到全面的提升和发展。
因此幼儿园教师在设计和组织幼儿绳类 游戏 活动的时候，要从幼儿的个体差异出发，合理设计和组织 游戏 教学，合理的组织多样化的绳类活动，让幼儿能在积极参与 游戏 教学中获得全面的发展[2]。
二、幼儿园要创设绳类 游戏 情境
幼儿园可以利用 游戏 教学情境来对幼儿参与绳类活动 游戏 的兴趣进行刺激和激发，可以让幼儿对动画或童话中的角色展开创造性地模仿，这个时候幼儿会对所扮演角色的行为活动进行有意识的模仿，并会对角色所使用的各种物品进行创造性的仿制。
这样不仅能促使角色扮演 游戏 顺利并成功地进行，同时还能有效地培养和提高幼儿的创新能力，进而达到促进幼儿快速 健康 成长的教学目的。
因此幼儿教师在组织绳类活动 游戏 的时候可以使用情境设置、角色扮演的方式，这样能有效的提高 游戏 教学的教学质量和教学水平[3]。
幼儿园教师在创设绳类活动 游戏 情境的时候要把幼儿的身心发展规律和绳类材料的特点结合起来，利用充满趣味性的情节导入来对幼儿的积极主动性进行调动和激发。
与此同时幼儿教师还要不断的、深入地 探索 各种绳类材料的不同玩法，并利用情境教学法对教学内容进行科学合理的设计，这样一方面能培养幼儿的 情感 ，另一方面能对幼儿的智力、想象力进行不断的开发[4]。
例如：幼儿园中班的教师可以组织幼儿参与《踩小蛇》的活动，幼儿教师可以提出有趣的问题对幼儿进行引导：“有没有小朋友想和老师一起去那边捉小蛇呢？”通过这样的提问能激发幼儿参与活动的兴趣，然后利用绳子设计各种难关。
幼儿园教师可以使用长麻绳摆出曲线或直线让幼儿把它假想成小水沟，让幼儿跳跃过去，这样能锻炼幼儿跳的能力；幼儿园教师可以利用绳子搭建高低不同的山洞，让幼儿钻过去，这样能锻炼幼儿钻的能力；幼儿园教师可以在一段时间抖动绳子，让幼儿踩绳子，这样能锻炼幼儿踩的能力。
通过这样的绳类活动 游戏 ，一方面能对幼儿的动作技能进行不断的锻炼，同时还培养和提高了幼儿头脑与手脚的协调能力。
踩绳子是这个绳类活动 游戏 的后续部分，同时也是这个绳类 游戏 情境创设的高潮部分，在踩绳子环节，幼儿达到了最大的兴奋点和最大的运动量。
通过不断的教学实践，幼儿教师会发现如果能科学合理地把 游戏 情境的设置与 游戏 材料结合起来进行 游戏 教学，不仅能让幼儿在愉快的 游戏 教学氛围中不断的锻炼身体机能，同时还能培养和提升幼儿的思维能力、协调能力。
结束语：
幼儿园的幼儿具有生性好动的特点，因此幼儿园教学的基本载体是各类 游戏 。幼儿园教师可以在教学活动中利用绳类 游戏 创设各种富有特色的 游戏 教学情境
绳类 游戏 具有“一绳多用”“一物多玩”的特色，能很好地满足幼儿多样化 游戏 教学需求，能让幼儿乐于参与 游戏 教学活动，能让幼儿在绳类活动 游戏 中不断的提升身体素质，同时也能不断的刺激幼儿智力和思维的发展。
因此幼儿园教师在进行 游戏 教学的时候要充分发挥出绳类材料的优势，不断的利用绳类材料创新 游戏 活动，不断的创设绳类活动 游戏 的教学情境，从而让每一个幼儿都能在绳类活动 游戏 中得到快乐。
进而达到刺激幼儿参与 游戏 教学的兴趣和积极主动性的目的，让幼儿能都在绳类活动 游戏 中不仅提升了身体素质，同时还培养了幼儿的思维能力、协调能力、想象能力等，为幼儿的未来发展奠定坚实的基础。
参考文献：
[1]孟成菊. 浅谈幼儿园 游戏 化活动课的设计[J]. 文理导航, 2020, (11):96-96.
[2]吴海辉. 幼儿园绳类 游戏 的开展 探索 [J]. 基础教育论坛, 2020, (11):66-67.
[3]欧茜. 幼儿园跳绳活动 游戏 化教学初探[J]. 山海经:教育前沿, 2020, (2):1-1.
[4]严琳. 《指南》引领下大班幼儿跳绳活动新思考[J]. 早期教育:教育教学, 2019(9):38-39.
英文文献的参考文献格式如下：
1、Journal（期刊）
期刊（Journal）是最常见的参考文献类型，一般需要依次列出以下信息：作者、文章的题目、期刊名称、发表年份、卷号、页码。提醒：页码也可由DOI、文章编号(ArticleNumber)代替，期刊类型参考文献也可以改成网页类型。
2、Book（书）
参考文献为书（Book），一般需要列出的信息有：作者、书名、出版社、出版社地点（包括城市和国家）、年份、页码。
3、书中的Chapter（章节）
书中的某个章节（Chapter），需要流出的信息有：作者、章节的题目、书名、编辑、出版社、出版社地点（包括城市和国家）、年份、卷号、页码。
4、还未发表的文章（UnpublishedWork）
引用了一篇还未发表的文章，你需要列出以下信息：作者、文章题目、期刊名称、阶段。
5、个人通讯（Personalcommunication）
个人通讯一般需要你列出作者所在机构和通讯时间。
6、论文（Thesis）
在参考文献中，也会出现硕士和博士论文的引用，需要给出的信息有：作者、论文题目、论文级别（硕士还是博士）、大学名称、大学地址（城市和国家）、完成时间。
7、会议（Proceedings）
一个学术会议也可以被引用。一般所需的信息有：作者、会议的名称、会议的地址（城市和国家）会议的时间。
不管毕业论文，还是学术论文，有一项必不可少的就是要在文章的最后加上参考文献，为了不影响文章的整体效果，参考文文献的格式还是要注意下的，特别是英文的参考文献格式。下面就来简单的说一下吧。基本格式大概是：[序号] 作者姓名，文章名称，出版处，时间字体的话：新罗马，五号字体（具体以实际投稿处的要求为准）其中需要注意的一点就是引用文章的作者姓名的书写原则，一般采用“名在前，姓在后”，具体格式是“名字的首字母，姓”，例如：，剩下的作者可以是跟第一作者一样。可以看到很多文献中，第一和其他作者的姓名一样的书写格式。中文名称也是一样的，名字在前，姓在后，如薛青禾即如：[1] ，，，，Carbon 45（2007）1899.[29] H. Fakih,S. Jacques,. Berthet, F. Bosselet,O. Dezellus, growth of Ti3SiC2 coatings onto SiC by reactive chemical vapor deposition using H 2 and TiCl 4[J]. Surface & Coatings .[30] , , , . Analysis of interlayer between WC–Co and CVD diamond film. Key Engineering Material, 2008,375-376:p92-94.
到大学的图书馆，或者通过一些大学在校生，让他们通过学校内图书馆进行下载。很方便的
基于WIN CE的ADSL线路参数研究ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version [2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution has stated that the ‘CE’ is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for ‘Consumer Electronics’ or ‘Compact Edition’; users often disparagingly called it “Wince”.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including “Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.”[5] The first version, known during development under the codename “Pegasus”, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile , Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many industrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then products like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form toolsVisual StudioLate versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, producing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and , but not Managed C++.Platform BuilderThis programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named Visual C++ (eVC)The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhoneOften Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a modular/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these modules provide subsets of other components' features (. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for producing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger Mobile 5 supports USB and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash productsCompetitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi ( km) [William Stallings' book].At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, . it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home usersHow ADSL worksOn the wireCurrently, most ADSL communication is full duplex. Full duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division duplex (FDD), echo canceling duplex (ECD), or time division duplexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.[edit] ModulationADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, and (also called and respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL the ADSL access utilizes the MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the MHz downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.[edit] Installation issuesDue to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procedure is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.