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老人与海论文英文文献

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老人与海论文英文文献

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老人与海》是海明威于1951年在古巴写的一篇中篇小说,于1952年出版。是海明威最著名的作品之一。它围绕一位老年古巴渔夫,与一条巨大的马林鱼在离岸很远的湾流中搏斗而展开故事的讲述。它奠定了海明威在世界文学中的突出地位,这篇小说相继获得了1953年美国普利策奖和1954年诺贝尔文学奖。 《老人与海》写的是老渔夫桑地亚哥在海上的捕鱼经历,描写老人制服大鱼后,在返航途中又同鲨鱼进行惊险的搏斗,然而作品中的形象却具有很强的象征意蕴。他用大马哈鱼象征人生的理想和人类作为生命本身所不可避免的所具有的欲望,用鲨鱼象征无法摆脱的悲剧命运,用大海象征变化无常的人类社会,而狮子则为勇武健壮,仇视邪恶,能创造奇迹的象征,桑地亚哥则是人类中的勇于与强大势力搏斗的“硬汉子”代表,他那捕鱼的不幸遭遇象征人类总是与厄运不断抗争却无论如何都无法试图去改变命运。

1936年4月,海明威在《乡绅》杂志上发表了一篇名为“碧水之上:海湾来信”的散文,其中一段记叙了一位老人独自驾着小船出海捕鱼,捉到一条巨大的大马林鱼,但鱼的大部分被鲨鱼吃掉的故事。早在1939年,海明威搬到古巴时,他就开始计划以此为素材,写一篇情节完整的故事放到他的某个小说系类中。(实际上,他去世后,这个系类里其他篇目作为《海流中的岛屿》的一部分发表出来) 《老人与海》,美国作家欧内斯特•海明威著。《老人与海》是海明威的代表作,也是一部象征性的小说。主人公桑地亚哥是一位老渔夫,他经过重重艰险,捕获了“一条不止一千五百磅重的大马林鱼”,可是在返航的途中,这条大马林鱼却被鲨鱼吃光了,桑地亚哥只拖回了一副鱼的骨架。小说对大海的凄凉景象,对老人的复杂心情与回忆,对老人与鲨鱼搏斗的情景以及他与一个孩子的友情,都作了极具特色的描写,可谓淋漓尽致、引人入胜。 欧内斯特•海明威(1899--1961年),美国小说家,1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,获奖之作就是《老人与海》。这部小说是根据一位古巴渔夫的真实经历创作的,以摄像机般的写实手法记录了桑地亚哥老人捕鱼的全过程,塑造了一个在重压下仍然保持优雅风度、在精神上永远不可战胜的老人形象。这部小说创下了人类出版史上空前绝后的一个纪录:48小时售出500万册,50小时售出530万册! 当他被宣布为当年的普利策文学奖得主时,评论界一致称好。"人可以被毁灭,却不可以被打败。"海明威在《老人与海》里所说的话,不仅打动了读者,也征服了评论者。 1954年,因为海明威"精通于叙事艺术,突出地表现在他的近著《老人与海》之中;同时也因为他在当代风格中所发挥的影响",海明威又获诺贝尔文学奖。"每一句话和每一段落,都要尽量写得简洁。"这是海明威写作的信条之一,这使得他的作品改编成电影的数量比任何其他一位获奖者都多. 小说以写实手法展现了捕鱼老人桑地亚哥在重压下仍保持的优雅风度,这种精神上永远不可战胜者成为文学史上最著名的"硬汉"形象之一。对于《老人与海》这本被译成几十种文字的作品, 海明威自己认为 "是这一辈子所能写的最好的一部作品"。 这本书讲了古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫,独自一个人出海打鱼,在一无所获的84天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的,比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼的劲非常大,拖着小船漂流了整整两天两夜,老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验,终于把大鱼刺死,拴在船头。然而在返航时不幸遇上了鲨鱼,老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗,最终,大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃光了,老人历经一番艰辛,最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架和一身的伤,可还是得到了人们的赞赏。

"A man is not made for defeat. A man can be destroyed, is he." - the old man and the seaPersonal attention-seeking means everyone is longing for his ability to get others to his attention, the 1899 was born in America, his life character, brave, strong combative have a strong tendency of personal heroism. In Europe, gun battle. In the African jungle to catch ferocious beast, in the ring to master the challenge. Also in his fiction is full of war, fighting, love sport, and tourism. The author of the character of his works is the old man and the sea ", in this work embodies a confident, daring to challenge the fate of courage, show the fighting spirit. This work was huge, even as the church , Hemingway's works in many so-called "heroics" composition, more is the bursting of the emotion, Hemingway other piece like "the sun also rises," "A farewell to arms", "short fiction works", the "garden of Eden", "A Movable Feast" etc, can say "and" personal attention-seeking "almost touch on can then consider the topic. If the old man and the sea ", the following reference analysisOutstanding performance:One is to human life. Look! The roar of the shark, aggressive resembles, but not a ChuiMu into the old man! Old man with despair, hunger in battle, heart always in silently thoughtfully: people were not born to overthrow. It is one of life's tenacity and strong embody!2 is the ultimate meaning of life works. Consider, old man with hunger, cold, dark, don't say to work by a fishbone empty? Man is completely cut off line is easy, but he has no! He is in trouble with the strong competition in battle,! YuSiWangPo rather too obstinate. Old man and the sea and in the volatile, completed the people's life force. Here is the success in said: "life is born, the brilliance of itself, not in a dead results - - - - - - - - the heel in cardiac alive!Three QuanZhu work is the concept of "success". The win on the material can be secular sense of success, but not necessarily successful life. If the life as a business to succeed, then, the life first should be perfect personality. Xiang is a loser, but he is recognized as the hero, Liu, but still seized by one as "surabaya rogue". If the solemn, farewell to the significance of human works embodies the spirit of America's western values and. Adventure and heroics usually for the beauty of the old man, San Diego small fishing boat to upload the mayflower "in" the same spirit, namely: can I failed, but you destroy me, I always strive for a breakthrough. Reason: the nationality of works for the works of a is the work presents a new dialogue between man and nature. "The old man and the sea" dialogue ", is weak and strong, loneliness and noise, winning and losing dialogue, it is different from the dialogue with the island, Crusoe is some life. Shark, the sea is spoiled, and the spirit of land for long. People in turbulent waves, and in living in the region, is absolutely called?6 is the product of work is personified. This course should brush, chicheng frankly. As is known to all, Hemingway's life in nature, good adventure. Challenge vitality He thought, no power of life. He hates to human desires, lust, and love, he often bypass the crowd around, magical place hunting, war, piao sentiment. Because of this, he mentally alone in the sea as fighting with the old man of sharks. However, he was born, until picked a secular evil theory with empty, only to double fishbone tube rifle issued a warning to the is a novel, but also can take it as a fable. Hemingway sing out here to humans fighting spirit stubborn. The novel is optimistic note and the end. Through the boy will once again with a new man, to fight and a new , of course, we should also realize that as a bourgeois individual Hemingway's limitations. He neither see, see the way society, the strength of the masses, he is in a weak foothold to personal struggle spirit came. Consequently, he failed to hero is only the hero. The old man and the sea "optimism is wide dark a glimmer of the air, and throughout the is a melancholy throughout the old man is a real image, or if the employee is but a critics say a laborer appearance of Hemingway's intellectuals? We think that is a - the true image of laborer, though, may be slightly. The writer is a true to his characters will simply as his mouthpiece. If Santiago only cosmetic of Hemingway, this novel won't have such power of moving. Santiago's thoughts and feelings and not beyond him such a laborer of thoughts and feelings. He in the boundless sea battle with fish, fish that will both as the enemy and as a brother's mood, should be understood and experience. In Hemingway's this old man is not a profound social content, but are faithful and the old man Santiago is a writer Ernest Hemingway's shadow. His son Gregory Hemingway wrote in a memoir, "Hemingway's hero is Hemingway himself, or his best." This is right. We work in some of the many characters are seen writers of his own shadow. But, in the novel "the old man and the sea", we felt in the thoughts and feelings with Hemingway, Santiago is more closely together, he loves him, sing praises to him, he entered the ", "the old man in the sea, feeling and sentiment is he to experience. In a sense, and from a certain Angle, the old man is Hemingway incarnation. But this is not to say ahead of us is a real art image that YiJiuErLiuNian, Hemingway published "the sun also rises," in this novel, he expressed in the first world war, the part of the American young intellectuals deep despair of reality. He therefore "lost generation" of the identity of the representative by notice, and some people will this novel as a "lost generation" declaration. Since then, he has been in his life and society. He attended the struggle against Spain franco. His works have exposed in the dark, capitalism had antifascist enthusiasm. His sympathy for China's Anti-Japanese War. He is a serious, right-minded writer. But, he always can not out of the circle, and individualism, never get rid of pessimism. Although "lost generation" as a literary genre in in the 1930s has collapsed, after the age from thought, said Hemingway is still a "lost". From the surface, Hemingway is a made great achievements, Fraser shatter his reputation, status, money. He is bold and unconstrained, open-minded, generous. But another Hemingway that he didn't see the real human way. And, as in war, it had a few times impaired his health. And he is old, writing more and more difficult. His heart is depressed, YiYu, doleful. In the boundless hugecrowd struggle, ups. The old man and the sea "is his soul essence of certain things. He not only in the old Santiago's body to his life on the feeling, also be the heroic man to motivate yourself as the to his son, Hemingway later in writing up has less easily. "The past is a water Wells, and now have the water pump.... he is no longer poet..., he became a workman, blame your destiny, sigh he's going into * entangles! � times first-come-first-served basis of dam Lei if ⊙ based Ge He lie � * his genius and back, which gives birth to a masterpiece (refers to the old man and the sea"), although not quite, but the scale, insight, and full of love and truth." Anyway, we can agree on the subject, because love, because of the ground with object close together, is the novel can obtain some achievements and can move one of the important reasons. -- but generally he is getting on in writing. So he had to say such words: "I wrote the book. I can't finish line." "I've been in this damned desk before... but I can't write out. It's not written. You know, I can't." His son say: "he always tries to win. He was lost, the". He's an old friend Malcolm, says: "if he can't write, he didn't want to live." In 1961, with a rifle bullets ended his life. I'm afraid I can't just explain for disease, it should also praised his old Santiago heroism another expression. However, we can also be considered that in the boundless huge crowd to struggle, the individual heroes who toil in a bell, their personal power loss after all, just to see more hope.

英语毕业论文老人与海

一艘船越过世界的尽头,驶向未知的大海,船头上悬挂着一面虽然饱经风雨剥蚀却依旧艳丽无比的旗帜,旗帜上,舞动着云龙一般的四个字闪闪发光——超越极限!”作者海明威是这样评价他的作品《老人与海》的. 作品是没有局限的,作家却有局限的,作家的精神是没有局限的,作家的人却是有局限的,海明威留下思考的同时,他也留下了耐人寻味的话:我试图塑造一位真正的老人、一个真正的孩子、一片真正的海、一条真正的鱼和真正的鲨鱼。如果我能将他们塑造得十分出色和真实,他们将意味许多东西。正是所谓“文贵形似,窥情风景之上,钻貌草木之中。吟咏所发,志唯深远,体物为妙,功在密附。顾巧言切状,如印之印泥,不假雕削,而曲写毫芥。故能瞻言而见貌,即字而知时也。”“庄老告退,而山水方滋。情必极貌以写物,辞必穷力而追新,此近世之所竞也。”仿佛绘画,写实。这是最简单的,也是天生就会的,然而我最近才突然回想起来。我忘记的太久了。人总是熟视无睹。 读过的古今中外作品中,老是在想的就是这海明威的《老人与海》。即便是有一天,我把它的情节忘了,内容也忘了,形式也忘了,甚至把海明威也忘了;但我忘不了那老人与海,忘不了那一种抗争的场景,忘不了那绝不屈服的人的尊严和勇气。因为我时刻感觉到,生活就是那海,我要做的就是那老人,应该用海明威所赋予的那一种精神去生活。 桑提亚哥(Santiago)是个可怜的老头——看上去似乎是的。海明威(Hemingway)以自己精炼的语言塑造了这个形象,可以说,海明威并没有给予老人成功,却赋予老人在压力下优雅而坚韧的形象。 老渔夫在海上一无所获地漂流了84天后钓到了一条巨大无比的马林鱼(marlin),这是一条比他的渔船还长2英尺的鱼,是在拖着渔船整整两天两夜之后才被刺死的。老人的命运似乎并不成功,他又遭遇了鲨鱼,经过殊死的搏斗,马林鱼只剩下一副骨架。 骨骼是精神的支柱,海明威看似没有让老人桑提亚哥成功,却以光秃秃的骨骼奏出了老人生命的硬度。人很容易随遇而安的,深陷在沙发里的身子,是舍不得挪一挪的,沙发越软,陷得越深,越是懒得动。可生活如海啊,是不容让人懈怠的,平静的水面下暗藏的是急流,平静过去,又将是风景,而人往往也是在风浪的颠簸中才意识到危险感到恐惧,才想起自己的疏忽,才本能地需要抗拒。可是,想要征服海的人啊,你需要时刻警惕时刻谨慎,不要在危难的时候才显示出你是个好汉,要时刻撑好船,看好方向。 生活就是海,你就要做那位老人。 永不言败, 这就是《老人与海》告诉我们的。 一个人把生命都压了上去,与敌人做殊死的博斗,能不算英勇吗?我想鲨鱼正是宇宙间一切破坏性力量的化身,而老人正是正义的使者。 在人的一生中随时随地都存在这股破坏力量,人生是不停地循环着的,喜剧的落幕,不就是悲剧的上演;悲剧的落幕,也就意味着喜剧的再度登场。 人性是强悍的,人类本身有自己的限度,但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次又一次地向限度挑战,超越它们,这个限度才一次次扩大,一次次把更大的挑战摆在了人类面前。在这个意义上,老渔夫桑地亚哥这样的英雄,不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败,都是值得我们永远敬重的。 因为,他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信! 回想起文中老人的话“人不是为失败而生的,一个人可以被毁灭,但不能给打败”不正道出了本文的主题吗?人真的是很奇怪的动物,为何有勇气面对死亡,却没有勇气面对失败呢?难道失败真的如此可怕吗?冷冷的海风里夹杂着一股血腥,也许人真正害怕的可能是这些吧! 自信,这就是《老人与海》告诉我们的。 人活着,唯一能确定的必然,就是走向死亡。除此之外,没有任何必然的东西可以依靠。既然人是靠偶然活着的,那么 支撑人生存勇气的,就只有自信了。如果丧失了自信,在持续那么多天的背运之后,桑提亚哥还有勇气和毅力出海捕鱼吗?因此人活着就必须自信,不自信是人消费不起的奢侈品。正因为桑提亚哥有着绝对自信,他对小孩被叫走,表示了完全的宽容和理解。在这里,海明威展现了自信与宽容之间的联系。 人生本来就是一种无止境的追求。它的道路漫长、艰难,而且充满坎坷,但只要自己勇敢顽强地以一颗自信的心去迎接挑战,他将永远是一个真正的胜利者! “我和你奉陪到死”——这个硬汉面对挑战如是说。暗喻他自身的英雄主义所在,还有他趋向坚韧的力量。故事的头尾,都出现了名叫明诺林(Manolin)的男孩——他希望继承老人的事业。何止捕鱼的事业要被传承,这副铮铮铁骨又何尝不为我们所崇敬、所供奉、所学习呢。在老人的故事里为什么有这个孩子的出现?年轻,象征着力量和希望,即便是老人,他的内心同样是年轻的。文中多次描写到狮子,阿非利加海滩上,狮子在笑闹嬉戏,它们浮现在老人的梦中,一直在老人的心中,同样揭示了老人永远不会老的意志。 海明威的这部小说荣获了诺贝尔文学奖和普利策奖。这个骨头里留有几百块弹片的硬汉作家,恰当地写出了生命的强度,告诉我们怎么去面对生、老、病、死,告诉我们心该有多宽,如海一般。老人是孤独的,他是在理想的道路上前行的旅人,但他又是不孤独的,因为他的意志是那样的坚强。 不妨将鲨鱼看作打击,吃掉你的成功和幸福。但正如那孩子说的:“它没有打败你,它没有,一个真正的强者,只能被摧毁而不能被击败。

《老人与海》桑地亚哥性格分析 : 桑地亚哥,这个孤独的、失败的,但又有着胜利者冲动和坚强意志的老人进入了大海。毫无疑问,这将是两个世界的相遇与搏斗。一个孤独、破败,而又有着自己独特的性格与精神世界的苍老的生命,在与地球上最为狂暴的自然展开着惊心动魄的较量。日月星辰和浩瀚无边的大海,构成了这场较量壮阔辉煌的空间背景。桑地亚哥热爱着大海。因此,他总将大海视为女人。在他的心目中,“海洋是仁慈并十分美丽的”,但在另一方面,他又深知大海的“残暴”。所以我以为,他将大海视为女人,还有着另外的更深层次的原因,那就是他对大海男性一般的征服欲望。他与大海、与大马林鱼以及鲨鱼的殊死搏斗,正是这种征服的具体体现。 海上的桑地亚哥又一次突显出他的孤独、失败但又决不服输的性格与命运。仿佛他的一生,都在这次捕猎中得到了最为集中的体现。他在大海中自言自语,体验着深切的无助与孤独。他在与大鱼的搏斗中鲜血崩流、伤痕累累,还要与自己的饥饿、困乏,以及受伤与抽筋的肢体进行着自我搏斗。但正如他所说的:“一个人并不是生来就要给打败的。你尽可以毁灭他,可就是打不败他”,做一个渔夫,正是他“生来该干的行当”。他将一切都理解为自己必然承担的宿命。因此他靠自己的意志,最终杀死了大鱼,取得了胜利。 但他还是失败了。他在最后,只剩下了大鱼的残骸。而在精神的层面上,他却仍是胜利者。他和那条大马林鱼一样,即使遭到彻底的“毁灭”,只剩下尸骨,可仍然没有被“打败”。就是这样,海明威把现实人生的失败与苦厄转换与升华成精神的凯旋,并且给予了圣徒般的赞美。 桑地亚哥确实像圣徒。他在窝棚中悬挂的耶稣圣心图和科夫莱圣母图。他在搏斗中的祈祷。他和耶稣的门徒圣彼得所共有的渔夫身份。特别是他自始至终忍受痛楚的坚韧,他在上岸以后扛着桅杆的屡仆屡起,以及他在作品的最后“拉起毯子,盖住两肩,然后裹住了背部和双腿,两臂伸得笔直,手掌向上”这样的耶稣受难般的庄严形象,都显示出作家所刻意塑造的圣者气质。所以有学者指出“圣人般的桑地亚哥”的“头上几乎围绕着圣洁的光圈”,作品也因此具有了“宗教的或神秘的涵义”,〔3〕“是一首宗教诗”。〔4〕 可是毕竟,桑地亚哥并不是圣徒。他甚至“并不笃信宗教”。他的鲜明强烈的圣徒气质也许只是暗合,只是作家所刻意赋予的。〔5〕在他的世界中,有着那么多凡俗而又美好的事物。或者说,桑地亚哥的世界虽然孤独,但却并不自闭。他与人们,与他周围小小的渔村世界,甚至与广阔辽远的现代世界,均都息息相关。他与渔民、与那个名叫马诺林的孩子和睦相处并且深受他的爱戴。他在海上念念不忘的就是孩子。而他对报纸和收音机这样的现代事物,同样充满了喜爱与好奇。这是因为通过它们,他能够关注棒球比赛的信息。对桑地亚哥而言,关注孩子意味着关注未来,而关注棒球比赛,不仅寄托和呼应着他打败对手、渴望胜利的内在冲动,而且还喻示着他与更加广阔和更加现代的外部世界的精神联系。 就是这样,海明威不仅刻画了桑地亚哥的精神与性格世界,还很充分地展现了这样的世界与大自然的世界(海洋、海鸟、大马林鱼、鲨鱼,以及日月星辰)、作为小型社会的渔村世界(渔民、孩子)、更加广阔的现代世界(棒球比赛)和充满希望的未来世界(孩子),以及超越凡俗的神圣世界(他的祈祷和他的受难般的圣者形象)的精神联系,而这样的联系,无疑又进一步丰富和深化了他的精神与性格世界。桑地亚哥的世界,原来是这样的广阔、辉煌、博大与深邃!我想,这正是《老人与海》这部篇幅不长、情节简单的小说具有永远的艺术魅力的基本原因。 当然,《老人与海》的叙事艺术无疑是相当杰出的。一方面,它是海明威“冰山理论”的又一次极为成功的体现。他在谈到《老人与海》的创作时曾经说过:“《老人与海》本来可以写成一千多页那么长”,但他“总是根据冰山的原理去写它。关于显现出来的每一部分,八分之七是在水面的。你可以略去你所知道的任何东西,这只会使你的冰山深厚起来。这是并不显现出来的部分”。〔6〕在它简单的故事情节背后,深藏着我们前面所阐述的那样丰富而又博大的世界;另一方面,它像诗篇,像是一曲交织着沉郁、苦难、昂扬与庄严,甚至也不无明丽与柔情的气魄宏伟的交响曲。它从桑地亚哥的孤独与失败开始写起,依次书写他在出海之前与小男孩的交往、他的扬帆出海、他与大马林鱼及鲨鱼的搏斗、他的失败的返航,最后复归于他庄严的梦境。叙事从容不迫,有着“瀑布般倾泻的豪华、庄严的抒情段落,而节奏正表现在它的抑扬顿挫里”。〔7〕它的语言丰富多彩,不仅雅致冷峻、简洁有力,而且色彩鲜明,具有庄严伟岸的艺术风格。 (翻译) The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.

The old man and the sea "SangDeYa brother character analysis:SangDeYa elder brother, this lonely, failure, but also a strong will and the winner of the old impulses into the sea. Without doubt, this will be the world met with two fight. A lonely and dilapidated, and have their own unique character and spirit of the old world, in the life on earth and the most violent natural unfolding a thrilling fight. Stars and the vast expanse of the sea, constitute a game of space magnificent brilliant background. SangDeYa brother love the sea. Therefore, he will always sea as a woman. In his mind, "ocean's kindness and very beautiful, but on the other hand, he knew the sea" brutal ". So I thought, he will be the woman, there are also regarded as the deeper reason, it is usually to the sea of his desire to conquer men. He and the sea, and the big marlin and shark's bloody battle, this is the concrete embodiment of sea SangDeYa Jericho underlines once again he alone, but never failed to defeat the character and destiny. Like all his life, in the most concentrated in hunting. He in the ocean soliloquize, experiencing the deepest helpless and loneliness. In his battle with the blood flow, scars, collapse with his hunger, weary and injured and cramps body on self fights. But as he said: "a man is not made for defeat to destroy him. You can, but is he", a fisherman, he was born the dry up ". He will all be understanding to undertake the fate. So he himself will eventually kill fish, he failed. In the end, he left the wreckage of fish. But in the spirit, but he still is the winner. He and the big marlin, even by completely, leaving only "destruction" bones, but still has not been "beat". This is the reality of life, Hemingway's failure to convert and sublimate into bitter spirit of triumph, and give praise of the brother indeed like saints. He hung in the shack in the sacred and barzillai starkovs Jesus virgin. He fought in the prayer. His disciples of Jesus and the fishermen in st. Especially in his first endure pain, he landed on the toughness of the mast after carrying up, and his works in the final "pull up blanket cover two shoulder, back, and then wrapped up in arms and legs, stretched straight, palms up the crucifixion of Jesus" image shows a solemn, the writer intentionally shaping the holy temperament. So the researchers SangDeYa saint "of" head almost surrounded the aperture of the holy, so has the works or mystical religions, "meaning", 3) "is a religious poetry". [4]But after all, SangDeYa elder brother and not saints. He even "is not religious". His distinctive temperament of the saints, but maybe just agree with that writer painstakingly. [5] in his world, with so many ordinary but again good things. The world SangDeYa or lonely, but not although autistic. He and the people around him, and the world, even small village and javan, to the modern world wide and be closely bound up. He and the name, and the children get along and manolin deeply loved him. He is in the sea. But his newspaper and radio such modern things, also full of love and curiosity. This is because, with them, he can focus the baseball game. For SangDeYa elder brother, pay attention to children means focus on the future, and focus on the baseball game, not only he beat his opponent, the echo of the inner urge to victory, but also used his and broader and more modern spirit of the outside only that, Hemingway portrays the spirit and character SangDeYa world, also very fully show the world with the nature of the world (the big marlin, Marine, seabirds, shark, and stars as small society), the village children), (fishermen, broader modern world (baseball games) and hopeful future world (children), and beyond ordinary divine world (his prayer and his passion of the spirit of the holy image), and such contact, and further enriched and deepen his spirit and personality. The world SangDeYa is so vast, brilliant, broad and profound! I think this is the old man and the sea "this not long, the novel is always the artistic charm of the basic course, the old man and the sea "narrative art undoubtedly is quite outstanding. On the one hand, it is "iceberg theory" Hemingway once again extremely successful. He spoke in the old man and the sea "creation once said:" the old man and the sea "could have written more than a thousand pages long, but he always according to the principle of the iceberg" to write about it. Every part, appeared in the seven eighths. You can avoid you know anything, it will only make your tip. This is not deep, part of the "appeared. [6] in its simple storyline, hidden behind our front of so rich and broad world, On the other hand, it is like a poem, a song sullen, suffering, the enthusiasm and solemn, even not bright and gentleness vision magnificent symphony. It SangDeYa from the loneliness and failure in writing, began to write in the sea with his little boy before the contacts, and his setting sail, he and the big marlin and shark's struggle, he failed to return to his final solemn dreams. Narrative is a waterfall, luxury, pour a solemn lyric passages and rhythm is in its intonation. [7] its colorful language, not only elegant, simple and unadorned and bright colours, powerful, with solemn underfoot art style.

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海明威与老人与海研究论文

海明威的《老人与海》讲述了一个极为简单的故事,这是一篇让看过它的人都感动其中、感悟其中的故事:主角人物是一位圣地亚哥的老渔夫,配角是一个叫马诺林的小孩。这位风烛残年的渔夫一连八十四天都没有钓到一条鱼,几乎都快饿死了;但他仍然不肯认输,而充满着奋斗的精神,终于在第八十五天钓到一条身长十八呎,体重一千五百磅的大马林鱼。大鱼拖着船往大海走,但老人依然死拉着不放,即使没有水,没有食物,没有武器,没有助手,而且左手又抽筋,他也丝毫不灰心。经过两天两夜之后,他终于杀死大鱼,把它拴在船边。但许多小鲨立刻前来抢夺他的战利品;他一一地杀死它们,到最后只剩下一支折断的舵柄做为武器。结果,大鱼仍难逃被吃光的命运,最终,老人筋疲力竭地拖回一副鱼骨头。他回到家躺在床上,只好从梦中去寻回那往日美好的岁月,以忘却残酷的现实的老人和拼死也要活口的鱼类的时候看《老人与海》这本节的时候,我会经常性的感觉到老人仿佛是海中一条久经沙场的大鱼,也许这样的形容不准确,或者说老人就是海,可却是历尽沧桑的海。老人的眼睛如文中所提一样,时间在变老,可那双眼睛却像海水一样蓝,是愉快的,毫不沮丧的。风吹向空寂的海面,一个孤独的老人拖着疲惫不堪的身子漂泊在茫茫的海面上活像个大战后的勇士。为了治服那条庞大的马林鱼,他已经费下了自己近乎所有的力气。而今,他带着自己捕获的大鱼航行回家,他希望运气的眷顾,可那些不断袭来的鲨鱼却让这个老人在疲累中一次又一次的奋力作战。他什么也顾不得了,他只是想保住他的鱼,哪怕剩下的再少。海明威让这个老人具有了一种不可征服的精神力量。他一次又一次地用他那双伤痕累累的手将粗陋的武器刺进鲨鱼的头颅。即使最终的结果仍是只剩下那十八英尺的鱼骨架。从老人的身上,我们不难看出海明威想要传达给我们的那种灵魂的尊严在茫茫黑夜的巨浪中,弱小的人类与强大的自然在奋勇抗争,如同面对命运莫测的人生

一篇旧帖(第三部分) 这部作品的背景是一片辽阔的大海。一般说来,用海作为一种显示人和宇宙深切关系的东西是有其现实意义的,因为它蕴含着大量的生命、变化、运动和可能性。在一系列幻灭之后,海明威把桑地亚哥送进了这个背景之中。桑地亚哥经过八十多天的失败,来到了远海;他突破了尼克和亨利探索的界限,突破了传统的人性界限,驶进了能了解和体验不可知的现实奥秘的领域,它的浩大足以使桑地亚哥生存在永恒之中,使他在那里发现了从未见到的大鱼——这实际上象征着一种探索,换句话说,象征着对某种超越生存的价值的发现。接下去,桑地亚哥就试图与马林鱼结合在一起;他渴望着,甚至不惜一死: “老头儿想:鱼啊,你要把我给弄死啦。话又说回来,你是有这个权利的。兄弟,我从来没见过一件东西比你更好看,更沉着,更崇高了。来,把我弄死吧。管他谁弄死谁。”桑地亚哥对马林鱼的赞美,充分显示了他的发现具有的价值,这价值是超过他的生命的。而且,如果桑地亚哥没有经历八十多天的失败,没有最终离开湾流驶进远海,他是不可能发现这条马林鱼的。他爱着这条鱼,但仍决心要杀死它: “鱼啊,我爱你,而且十分尊敬你。可是,我要趁这一天还没过去的时候把你弄死啊。”桑地亚哥违抗了自己的感情,怀着爱,狠狠地投出了鱼叉——这是海明威一个深刻的发现,至少在他以往的作品里这样的描述是不多见的。在那里,爱常常被表现为一种单纯的结合,一种平静的和谐;但现在,爱的结合却成了一种本身就隐含着对立并只有通过对立才能得以实现的东西。海明威不无见地的看到:即便是爱情这样美好的东西,也是依赖于冲突的;换句话说,正是种种对抗的力量,构成了海明威笔下的世界。 桑地亚哥杀死了马林鱼,把它和船拴在一起: “看它闭着嘴,尾巴一上一下的伸的挺直,我俩真像亲兄弟一样,在大海里漂着。这时,他的脑子又有点糊涂了,他想:是它在带着我走呢,还是我在带着它走?……可是老头儿跟它是并排拴在一道,飘在海上的。” 这或许是海明威最有启发性的描述,至少他在肯定了冲突的必然性后,又告诉人们,基于这些局部的激烈冲突之上的普遍和谐并非是一种假设。事实上,无论是桑地亚哥还是马林鱼,都在执拗地与对方抗争着,内心和肉体都经受了极大的磨难,但最终他们还是并排拴在一道,飘在海上,寓于大海的和谐之中。正如桑地亚哥由衷的爱着马林鱼,但又不断地意识到自己是个打鱼的,要把鱼杀死一样,从一定意义上讲,他正是在实现与大海的和谐,海明威肯定了这种和谐的可能,并通过桑地亚哥似乎与行动分裂的意识不断地暗示这种和谐的对立性质和意义。如:桑地亚哥对罪过的意识,对马林鱼爱的意识,对死亡的意识——这一切最终都不可抗拒的服从了行动,消融在和谐里。同时,正是通过桑地亚哥的种种意识使海明威的人性观得以进一步展现:在桑地亚哥身上,爱与恨、生与死、善与恶的分野已不存在,即使存在,也是一种没有意义的东西,而真正被当成人的本质肯定的,则是对普通和谐的渴望和在冲突中实现和谐的抗争力。虽然,这种和谐似乎只是一种理想的,存在于超验领域的东西,但海明威相信,在经验的现实领域里它将有着极大的意义。桑地亚哥开始返航,返回有限的人性领域;这时,鲨群扑了过来,桑地亚哥与之展开了拼搏——这是一场在有限领域里为维护远海收获而进行的拼搏,也是一个考验。桑地亚哥明明知道不可能取胜,但还是热切的呼唤着: “来,黑鲨,来吧,黑鲨。” 在远海,桑地亚哥曾因为爱马林鱼,渴望与它结合而呼唤过死亡,那时,它似乎仅仅是一种激情观念,一种超越生命的生存,远非是一个事实。但现在,面临着打不尽的鲨群,面临着无望的拼搏,死亡已具有了很大的现实性。然而,同样明显的是,现在主宰桑地亚哥的并不是对死亡的恐惧,而是对自身,对宇宙法则的关注。他希望能撑下去,就像他失败后仍去梦见狮子一样,他要求自己能够保持那种紧张的内心节奏和不屑的拼搏力。关键不在于取胜,而在于没有终点的持续最大的拼搏力。在桑地亚哥的时间意识里,既没有过去,也没有将来,仅仅有现在,连续的永恒的现在: “他想:我现在还有什么事可想呢?没有。什么也别去想它,只能等着以后的鲨鱼来吧。” 每一瞬间都是起点——显然,这种极度紧张的抗衡是严酷的,每一个起点都预示着突然的崩溃。桑地亚哥累乏了,里里外外都累乏了;他的身体又痛又僵,他的伤口和身上一切用力过度的部分都疼得厉害。他意识到死亡: “人尽可被消灭,但就是打不败。”桑地亚哥不肯妥协,他的执拗加速了自己的毁灭——在这里,人的信念作用和铁一样的意志力被推到了顶端,甚至具有了某种自我毁灭性质。但是,这种毁灭毕竟是有目的的:桑地亚哥的牺牲是对最终和谐的献祭。实际上,海明威在赤裸裸的描写一个对死亡的冲刺,这冲刺,至少在过去一直使他绝望和痛苦,但现在,他却具有着全新的,甚至是相反的性质。死亡是必然的,但对它的肯定并不意味着对生存的否定,他们的对立是通过对人生价值这个最终目的达到统一的——这也许是海明威最重要的发现,正是这一发现使桑地亚哥敢于并且能够对死亡挑战。 马林鱼被鲨群吞噬着,老人只带回一副白条条的骨架。这是一个很有含义的结局,进一步揭示了桑地亚哥收获的本质:他既不是一种物质形态,又不是行动的外部结果,仅仅是桑地亚哥的内心体验,是他通过行动新获得的深刻体验。桑地亚哥的失败就其本质来说是一个胜利,因为他的目的既不是把马林鱼带回港湾,也不是要大量的杀死鲨鱼,这些都不相干;他的目的恰巧就是行动本身。正因为他挺下去了(还会挺下去的,他梦见狮子就是一个暗示),尽到了一个宇宙存在物的职责,为最终秩序做了贡献,他才得以与宇宙相融,使自己的生存具有了意义。值得重复的是,桑地亚哥的生存意义既不依赖于外部形式,又不依赖于行动结果,他与尼克和亨利不同,他仅仅是通过自身来获得这种意义的。 海明威终于以桑地亚哥的最终觉醒结束了他漫长的探索,尽管其结果是用深奥的寓言方式表现出来的,但仍具有鲜明的意义。它绝不仅仅是一部描写人与自然界战斗的小说,而是一部探索人生价值的最终记录。此时的桑地亚哥,已不是早年的亨利或尼克了,他的行动超出了他们的界限,它没有像他们那样从杂乱的毫无意义的生存里逃脱,而是接受了这个充满冲突的世界,走向暴烈的人生。保尔?萨特说:生活,并不具有先验意义;生活在你未出生之前,是一无所有。这时,给予生活一种意义,乃是你的责任。所谓价值,就是你所挑选的意义。尼克没有意识到这一点,亨利也没有,他们只是把自己的生存依附于那个世界,依附于他人或外部,他们的悲剧是必然的。而桑地亚哥意识到了,他的觉醒不仅仅在于把生存的责任赋予自我,还在于他敢于把生存与冲突联系在一起。意义的观念是与冲突并存的。 实际上,海明威已开现代美学之先河,把美与和谐看成一种对立性运动,看成一个过程。正是基于这种美学观念,使他超越了对传统善恶的一般探讨,而去追求一种具有抗争意义的人生观。这种追求有着重大的现实价值:在那个充满了动荡和毁灭的时代里,仅靠着对那种柔弱的美和善的沉醉是不够的,它往往会使人在重压下流于绝望和虚无。而海明威讴歌的则是:崩溃中的探索,重压下的坚持——这才是美的真实含意;只有这样,人生才成为可能。 的确,海明威不愧为一个典范,因为无论在怎样严酷的环境下,他都没有放弃对真理和美的热情渴望,没有放弃对人类价值的信念。他用他的行动告诉人们:主宰人生的并不是毁灭和对种种毁灭的恐惧,在这之上,还有一种更加强有力的东西,人类对真理的信念和为之奋斗的勇气;关键是,要敢于接受暴烈的人生,在拼搏中获得生存意义。尤金?奥尼尔曾说过这样的意思:或许,人生并无意义可言,但正因为人类有着的执着的追求,才赋于了人生以和意义。尽管海明威或许还有着他的局限性,尽管他的最终和谐只是一种超验理念,但他的追求本身就使他的生存有着无比的尊严和价值。海明威照自己说的做了:战斗,为人类高尚的生存权利而战斗。 ——节选自新浪博客一个博主的文章。

老人与海论文2021年参考文献

坚毅顽强的个体,与命运的抗争,融入自然,同时又以强大的精神去驾驭自然,却不能摆脱人做作为一个渺小个体的宿命,同时也是人类的宿命。有战斗,有胜利,有悲愤,最终一切都将归于平淡。

老人与海开题报告:不能被失败所打倒---读后感 “一艘船越过世界的尽头,驶向未知的大海,船头上悬挂着一面虽然饱经风雨剥蚀却依旧艳丽无比的旗帜,旗帜上,舞动着云龙一般的四个字闪闪发光——超越极限!”《老人与海》塑造了一个经典的硬汉形象。古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫,独自一个人出海打鱼,在一无所获的48天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼大劲也大,拖着小船漂流了整整两天两夜,老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验,终于把大鱼刺死,拴在船头。然而这时却遇上了鲨鱼,老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗,结果大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃光了,老人最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架。 用小说中老人的话来说:“一个人并不是生来就要被打败的”,“人尽可以被毁灭,但却不能被打败。”这就是《老人与海》想揭示的哲理。当一个人承认了这个缺陷并努力去战胜它而不是去屈从它的时候,无论最后是捕到一条完整的马林鱼还是一副空骨架,这都已经无所谓了,因为一个人的生命价值已在那追捕马林鱼的过程中充分地体现了。曾经为自己的理想努力追求过、奋斗过,难道他不是一个胜利者吗?老渔夫就是敢于挑战自身缺陷及自己勇气和信心的胜利者。从世俗胜利观的角度看,老渔夫不是最后的胜利者,因为尽管开始他战胜了大马林鱼,但是最终大马林鱼还是让鲨鱼吃了,他只是带着大马林鱼的白骨架子回到了岸上,也就是说,鲨鱼才是胜利者。可是,在理想主义者眼里,老渔夫就是胜利者,因为他始终没有向大海没有向大马林鱼更没有向鲨鱼妥协和投降。就如音乐大师贝多芬所说“我可以被摧毁,但我不能被征服”。 人性是强悍的,人类本身有自己的限度,但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次又一次地向限度挑战,超越它们,这个限度才一次次扩大,一次次把更大的挑战摆在了人类面前。在这个意义上,老渔夫桑地亚哥这样的英雄,不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败,都是值得我们永远敬重的。 因为,他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信! 人生本来就是一种无止境的追求。它的道路漫长、艰难,而且充满坎坷,但只要自己勇敢顽强地以一颗自信的心去迎接挑战,他将永远是一个真正的胜利者! 每一本书,都有它自己的“灵魂”,当你阅读一本书时,自己也就在不知不觉当中,陷入了那个书中所构想的世界。

摘 要:海明威在 《老人与海》 中运用其 “冰山理论”的创作原则,处理人与 自然斗争的这一重大题材 , 赋予这一题材以丰富的象征意义,使小说表现出的主题远远超 出题材本身的内涵,表现 了更广大的思想空 间。小说以其独特的语言风格、精湛的写作技巧、生动的描写,把无限的意蕴寓于有限的表象形式中,使 作品充满着对有限的超越 ,对无限的神往。主要分析并探讨这部小说及象征意义及语言特色。 关键词:《老人与海》;文体;象征;语言特色 Abstract:In”The Old Man and the Sea”by Hemingway,we can see how he deals with the tremendous subject of the struggle between man and nature,using unique language style,beautiful writing skills,vivid descriptions an d the writing principle of”Iceberg”.Hemingway symbolizes the subject,and thus the theme gives beyond the connotation of the story itself,and provides much room for thinking.Th is essay analyses and discusses mainly the symbolic meanings of the novel and its linguistic features. Key words:”The Old Man and the Sea”;stylistic feature;sym bolization;linguistic features “每一种文体都有超乎寻常的语言特点;每一个作家都在创作过程中使自己的语言显示出超乎寻常的风格。超乎寻常才能引人注目,超乎寻常才能体现风格”。[ 《老人与海》 是海明威一生思想和艺 术探索的 总结 ,是他赖以获得 1954年诺贝尔文学奖的主要代表作。他运用象征手法、巧妙的细节描写、简练含蓄的语言、生动形象的比喻 编织 出一个感人的 故事 ,一个新颖独特的具有双重审美层面的审美 体 ,小说的“冰山顶部”峻拔易透,而“水面以下”的大千世界则深藏若虚,让读者去揣摩、联想、体会。 一、 象征意义 象征的基本含义是用某种知觉或想象的图象标示来暗示某种不可见的意蕴,它可以通过意象来诱 发欣赏者的 经验 和情感的表现,使文学作品产生强盛的生命力和永久的艺术魅力。作为现实主义作家,海明威深知此道,运用象征手法将抽象的思想变成具体的物象 ,再让读者从具体的物象激发经验想象和情感的表现,去挖掘其中的意蕴。 海明威在《老人与海》中通过局部修辞手段的象征手法来赋予这部小说的象征性。 (一)故事的主人公圣地亚哥是“生命英雄”的象征。他敢于向人生的种种磨难宣战,向人的生命的极限挑战并超越它,以生命换荣誉、换尊严,从前所未有的角度震撼人心地展示了人的生命价值。在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中,他以自信、勇敢、强悍的英雄形象奏响了一曲深沉低 回的大提琴协奏 曲。渔民以 捕鱼 为生,在茫茫大海上,孤独的老人划着小船连续八十四天没有钓到一条鱼,这真是“倒 了血霉”,然而,老人并没有失去信心: Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the san'le color as the sea and were cheerfur and undefeated.[2](P.2) 眼睛是心灵的窗户,这“海水一样蓝的眼睛”跟那象征着厄运的破帆相对照,揭示出了老人圣地亚哥绝不向命运屈服的性格特征 ,透着老人乐观开朗,一如继往,不达目的决不罢休的精神。他决心在第八十五天“驶向远方”去钓大鱼,这是老人对理想的挚着追求,是人类要征服 自身懦弱的表现。在同大马林鱼的较量中,明知对方力量比自己强,却表现出: Mine does not matter,I carl contro1.But his pain could drive him mad.[2](P.84) You did not kill the fish only to keep alive an d to sell for food,he thought.You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman .[2](P.1O1) 语言铿锵有力,落地有声,气吞山河。同马林鱼的较量不仅是体力对抗 ,更重要的是对 自我精神力量的确信,这种精神力量是“生命英雄”为捍卫人的尊严,实现生命价值的具体表现。而随着故事情节的发展,海明威又将老人一次次地推向绝境。 面对“为所欲为”的鲨鱼,人是无法抗拒的,但老人用鱼叉、刀子、船浆、舵把、木棍等一切个人手段与之苦战,饿了就撕下一块生鱼吃。海明威这样描述道: He hit it with his blood mushed hands driving a goo d harpoon with all his strength.He hit it without hope but with resolution an d conplete malignancy.[2](P 98) He jerked the tiller from the rudder and beat and chopped with it,holding it in both hands and driving it down again and again.[2](P.115) He lean ed over the side and pulled loose fl piece of the meat of the fish where the shark had cut him.He chewed it and noted its quality and its good taste.[2](P 102) 圣地亚哥不断承受着不幸命运的挑战,而正是他的勇敢和强悍战胜了一次次的厄运。面对着不断被鲨鱼撕咬的大马林鱼残骸,老人说,“一个人并不是生来给打败的,你尽可能把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他”。透过老人与鲨鱼的搏斗,我们再次领悟到“生命英雄”在精神上是不可摧毁的,是人类取得美好未来的保证。 (二)大海象征人生的搏斗场,是人类社会的剪影。海明威并没有只是对大海作客观的描写,许多地方是通过老人圣地亚哥带有倾向性的默想、回忆、自言 自语等形式叙述出来的。那有毒的水母是海里最欺诈成性的生物 ,但却是海龟的美食: The turtles saw them,approached them from the front,then shut their eyes SO they were completely carflpaced and ate them filaments and al1.[2](P.29) 可是,那可恶的鲨鱼对海龟却残酷无情: It was these sharks that would cut the turtles leg and flippers off when the turtles were asleep on the stirface,? [2](P.104) 这海龟吃水母 ,鲨鱼吃海龟,还有那“在阳光下闪出银白色光的金枪鱼跳得很远地捕食小鱼”,小鸟被老鹰追捕时发出“微弱而凄惨的叫声”,于是我们便看到一幅从海底到天空的巨型画卷。在这幅画卷上到处是强者的追逐,弱者的逃奔,无处不隐伏着杀机,它所展现的是自然界中真真切切、自亘古又永恒的弱肉强食生存斗争的景象。这象征当时的美国社会,人们靠实力确定自己的地位,等级分明,没有平等、公正可言;有势力者高高在上,为所欲为,而芸芸众生则在社会底层受愚弄,遭鱼肉。大海暗示出只要出现本性同鲨鱼的统治者,哪里有他们,哪里就蒙受灾难。 (三)鲨鱼主要代表一切破坏性的力量,是掠夺成性 ,制造灾难 ,阻止人们达到理想境界的各种破坏性恶势力的象征。对鲨鱼的强壮、凶悍、残忍,作者这样描写道 : (9)He came like a pig to the trough if a pig had a mouth SO wide that you could put your head in it.【2]( 108) (1O)In the night sharks hit the carcasses as someone might pick up crumbs from the table.[2]( 116) 然而,面对鲨鱼不断残暴地摧残死去的大马林鱼,老人圣地亚哥“感到就像 自己挨到袭击一样”,他想:“跟它们斗,我要跟它们斗到死。”这生动地展示了人与自然界的殊死搏斗,更加反衬出人的伟大,同时也凸现了作者以斗争为乐的独特的“硬汉”性格。 (四) 作者通过多处象征性描写,有意识地把老人比作基督的化身。在故事的全过程中,老人经历了两次被钉十字架的过程。如,当老人圣地亚哥看到星鲨 (galanos)时,不禁“Ay”[2](P.103)了一声。作者描述道:“这个词儿是没法翻译的,也许不过是一声叫喊,就像一个人感到钉子穿过他的双手,钉进木头时不由自主地发出的那种喊叫声”。作者在这里暗示的“这一个人”就是“被钉十字架的耶稣”。最生动的一点是老人拖着那巨大的鱼骨架回来后,“肩扛着桅杆开始往堤岸上爬去”时,曾回头望那绑在船边的马林鱼的残骸。这一静止的镜头显示出老人作为一个基督正在开始另一次苦难的历程,而鱼作为另一个基督正被绑在十字架上。这些象征性的描写是在暗示在美国耶稣重又被钉上了十字架,基督精神死亡了。通过这种隐晦的描写表达了作者对美国现实的极度悲观。 (五)小说中一个极其重要的象征物,是圣地亚哥魂系梦萦的“那群狮子”,它代表旺盛的生命力和青春,象征着老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往,每次梦见“那群狮子”后都给老人增添了无穷的精神力量。群狮象征着同情弱者,仇视邪恶,既能创造人问奇迹,又能战胜各种邪恶势力的团结友爱的群体。 群狮的个体模式表现在老人圣地亚哥同鲨鱼搏斗到手无寸铁的风度,是海明威笔下硬汉形象的高度概括和升华,标志着后期海明威在思想上的发展与进步,寄托着他的理想及对人类的希望。小说的结尾“The old man was dreaming about the lions”,[2](P_124)这是一个富有寓意的回声 ,体现了海明威的人生哲学与道德理想,即不向命运低头,永不服输的斗士精神和积极向上的乐观人生态度。虽然他拖回的只是一副鱼骨架,但他在精神上却始终是个胜利者。 (六) 在故事的结尾处,当孩子看到那苍白的鱼骨架和老人那伤痕累累的双手时,“he started to cry?and all the way down the road he was crying”.[2]( 119)孩子心痛的不仅是老人那双流过血的手,更心痛的是老人历尽艰险才得到的战利品竟然被鲨鱼咬噬得一千二净,更心痛的是老人在历经长达八十四天的凄惶失意极度紧张艰苦的考验后所换来的却只是更大的失望。孩子的“放声大哭”使读者产生强烈的听觉感,深深地撞击着读者的心弦,甚至掩卷之后仍依稀可闻。这哭声包含着孩子对老人的无限崇敬和深深的同情。这哭声显然是孩子在老人的英雄气概感召下性格走向成熟的起点,象征孩子的回归。这一象征手法的处理昭示出“他是在通过一条相当新的路子返回到他的起点”,l-3 表达了作品的乐观主义倾 向。 二、语言特色 (一)简洁的语言风格 无论是叙述事实,铺陈景物,对话,还是揭示人物的心理活动,海明威在《老人与海》中的语言是简洁的,而所表达的思想又十分深刻,引人深思;不仅揭示了文体的结构关系,也表现了现代艺术的走向和美情趣——“越少,也就越多”(Less is more);语言的表述方式简练客观而节奏迅速。如: He no longer dreamed of storms,nor of women,nor of great occurrences,nor of great fish,nor fights,norcontests of strength.nor of his wife.(¨He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach.( )Theyplayed like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy.‘ ’He never dreamed about theboy.(¨He simple woke 1ooked out the open doo r at the moon and unrolled his trousers an d put them on.‘ )H.urinated ou~ide the shack an d then went up the road to wake the bo y.(‘)He WaS shivering with the mornincold.(’)But he knew he would shiver himselfw锄 an d that soon he would be rowi ng.(。)[2](只18) 从语音来看,其中单音节和双音节词竟有 115个,而三个音节以上的词仅有四个。(事实上整部小说也多是单音节和双音节词。)大量使用单音节和双音节词使得这段文字读起来清新活泼、简洁有力。 从词法来看,1、一词多义,如 ,wake(vi.醒来,、rt.叫醒),shiver(vi.哆嗦,、rt.使哆嗦)。这种情况在书中俯拾皆是,如,ship(n.船,、rt,把??放进船内),sail(n.帆 、ri.浮游)。2、词的构成 ,常用前缀 un来表示做相反的动作,使读者能很容易理解其含义。除本段文字中 unroll一词外 ,本书中 其它 地方 ,如:The old nlan unhooked the fish? [2](P.67)/Surely it wi ll uncap to help my right hand.[2](P.58)/He had anleashed his effort and forced the hand of the negro down? [2]( 64) 书中除了用前缀 un外 ,还常用后缀 less来表示相反的意义,如:a fishless desert/needless temptation his wing Smotionless. 从 句子 结构来看 ,多用简单句(句(1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(7)),句(3)和句(8)分别是并列复合句和复合句。可见这段文字结构并不复杂,文笔是简练的,直截了当的。句(1)和句(2)文字铿锵有力,干脆利落,作者七次重复“不再梦见”有力地烘托出老人对“那群狮子”的热烈追求 ,寄托着他的理想。由于梦狮所产生的精神力量 ,老人从梦中醒来,接着作者用了三个简单句(句(5)(6)(7))描写了老人一连串的动作,这些动作动词使读者产生了强烈的视觉感,仿佛看见老人怀着激切的心情去迎接新的战斗。 此外 ,《老人与海》简洁的语言风格还表现在以下几个方面: 1、常用小词。如 :good,great,so,then和 and等,特别是 good一词的妙用 ,以引起读者 的联想。例如: (1)He S good for the night and SO锄 I.[2]( 6s) (2)It Was very good against all colds and grippes and it Was good for the eyes.[2]( 30—31) 2、常用省略结构。从语法上分析,这种省略句结构不算完整,但从上下文看意义是清楚的,它使语言更生动活泼,更接近现实生活,表意更突出,能收到言简意赅的强烈效果。例如: (3)I remember everything from when we first went togelher.[2](Po5)(在 when前省略 the time) (4)I better put a small line out with a spoon on it?[2]( 93)(在 better前省略 had,小说中有 3次省略 ,见 P.79,93,113) 读完下面的句子,细细咀嚼,更使我们对海明威简洁的写作技巧称口叫绝: (5)I Can do nothing with him and he Can do nothing with me,he thought.Not as long as he keeps them up.[2]( 41) (6)“I shouldn t have gone out SO far,fish,”he said.“Neither for you nor for me.I m sorry,fish”.[2(P.106) 句 (5)中的“Not”不仅指前面的并列句,而且以“Not”一词开头,明白地告诉读者老人同大马林鱼的较量是谁也奈何不得,充分表达了老人此刻的内心活动,加强了语言表达效果。就句(6)而言,从语法上分析,在“Neither”和“nor”后省略了good一词,这前后的省略表明了老人对这次“远海”钓到大马林鱼后的复杂心理活动。 3、含蓄也是这部小说简洁文体的一个特点。它对所提出的事实不加评论、解释,让读者从简洁平谈的叙述中去慢慢品味,猜想。且看老人是如何在清晨喊醒小男孩的: He took hold of one foo t gently an d held it until the bo y woke? [2](P.18) 这无声的语言意蕴着无限的温情,然而它丝毫无损于老人的“硬汉”形象,相反 ,它更充分地表现了老人“重压下的优雅风度”——刚柔共济,相得益彰。(--)比喻手法比喻手法的运用是这部小说的一大语言特色。海明威在描写人物、景物和鱼类时都大量运用这一手法,充分展示了他细腻、精湛、巧妙的语言修辞艺术和独特的写作技巧。通过比喻,折射出许多丰富生动的形象和深层的意蕴 ,增强了语言在小说中的表意功能,突出了主题。如海明威对老人圣地亚哥左手的比喻模写: (1)His left hand was still as tight as the gripped claws of an eagle.[2]( 58) (2)But his left hand had always been a traitor and would not do what he called on it to do and he did not trust it.[2](65) 句 (1)的比喻结构是 as+adj.+as+名词(喻体),明喻。鹰是人们熟悉的凶猛的飞禽,“像紧抓着的鹰爪”比喻具体、形象,使人们产生种种可怕的联想。句(2)是用一个名词“traitor”作隐喻,比喻他的左手总是不听他的吩咐,总是背叛他。这两句对左手背叛比喻的描写有更深层的含意。海明威创作《老人与海》的年月正值麦卡锡主义在美国猖獗横行,民主与进步力量遭到疯狂的迫害,某些一度左倾的作家“在拼命地向麦卡锡道歉”,告密者成为名利双收的“爱国者”和“民族英雄”。海明威用含蓄象征的比喻手法表示了对这“叛徒似的左手”极大的鄙视。 海明威在小说中常用比喻手法的描写以景抒情 ,以景喻情 ,充满丰富的象征寓意。例如: (3)He could not see the green ofthe shore now but only the tops of the blue hills that showed white as though they were snow—capped and the clouds that looked like high snow mountains above them-[2](P.33) (4)He looked at the sky and saw the white cumulus built like friendly piles ofice crealn and high above were the thin feathers of the cirrus against the high Semptember sky-[2]( 55) 句(3)的比喻结构分别由as though +从句和like+名词(喻体)构成。那青山的顶峰仿佛积着白雪顶峰上空的云块又像是高耸的雪山,这顶峰积着的白雪和高耸的雪山与深蓝色的海水相映衬,显示出大海无比的壮美。这白雪象征着小说中那不可缺少的小男孩,老人像山,有了雪,山才显得更加深沉与伟岸。句(4)的比喻结构分别由like+名词(喻体)和名词(喻体)+0f+名词(主体)构成。像一堆堆冰淇淋似的积云,像一缕缕羽毛般的卷云又一次展现了大海上空一幅美丽的景象 ,让人赏心悦 目,意蕴着老人对大海的热爱。老人圣地亚哥同大马林鱼的搏斗是这部小说的主要情节。海明威作意对大马林鱼身体形象细腻的比喻描写则意味着更多的东西。例如: (5)His sword was as long as a baseball hat and tapered like a rapiered?[2](P.57) (6)The wire must have slipped on the great hill of his back-[2]( 46) (7)He could picture the fish swimming in the water with his purple pectoral fins set wide as wings?His eye is huge an d a horse,with less eye,can see in the dark-[2](P.61—62) (8)The old man was afraid he would cut the line with his tail which Was sharp as a scythe and almost othat size and shape.[2]( 43) 句 (7)、(8)的比喻结构都是由as+名词(喻体)构成,同时在句(7)中,作者把大马林鱼的眼睛同马的眼睛形象地联系起来作了大小的比较。通过以上四句的比喻描写,一条凶猛的大马林鱼形象地展现在读者面前:它的嘴像 棒球 棒一样长,然后逐渐细如轻剑,脊背像小山一样高高隆起 ,紫色的胸鳍宽如翅膀,眼像似马眼却比马眼还大,尾巴像大镰刀般锋利而大小和形状都和大镰刀差不多。这些形象精湛的比喻喻体都是具体名词,能使读者唤起对客观具体事物的联想,增强了语言的表现力,而轻剑、大镰刀更容易使人产生可怕的联想。由此可见,这鱼不仅强大凶猛,而且美丽、高贵,这暗示着老人要战胜它是非常艰难的,是一次意志与力量的较量,是一场生死的搏斗。这些精湛的比喻也表明,凭着这鱼庞大的身躯、姿态、威力及美丽的色泽,谁也不配吃它,同时也使人联想到它象征人们渴望创造奇迹 ,要达到的宏伟 目标,甚至是要实现的远大理想。 (三 )重复手法 海明威在《老人与海》中重复和略有变化的重复使用同一个词、 短语 或句子 ,一方面使得语句连贯文笔流畅,充满神秘的韵味,另一方面加强了语气和感情,突出了表达效果。例如:He let the line down down ,down ,unrolling off the first ofthe two reserve coils.[23(36)随着“down ”一词的不断重复,读者产生强烈的听觉感和视觉感 ,仿佛看见老人向海里放钓索时发出有节奏的音乐声,同时引起读者在猜想那咬着钓勾的大马林鱼不知正躲在大海深处的某个地方,让人感到鱼的狡猾 ,预示着同鱼的较量的艰难。伴随这“down ”一词的重复所带来的节奏感,读者的心仿佛也跟着下沉,抛向那吉凶未 卜、茫茫大海的深渊。 再如:If the boy was here,he would wet the coils of line,he thought.Yes.If the boy were here.If the bo were here.这是老人同马林鱼搏斗碰到困难时常发出的内心呼唤,语气是虚拟的,这给读者以很大的想象空间。孩子是老人的精神支柱,每次呼唤后都给他增添了极大的勇气和无穷的力量 ,正如“他爱那群狮如同爱这孩子一样”。因此 ,在同马林鱼较量的过程中,“1 wish I had the boy.”或“1 wish the boy Washere.”在不同情节中先后重复了五次[2]( 38,41,44,45,50),由此可见,海明威运用重复手法的良苦用心。 (四)自由直接引语 根据英文体学家利奇(G.Leech)和肖特(M.short)的理论,人的内心思想活动可用五种方式表达“直接思想”(例如:He wondered“Does she still love me?”)、“间接思想”(He wondered if she still lovhiram)、“自由直接思想”(Does she still love me?)、“自由间接思想”(Did she still love him?)、“思想行为的叙述体”(He wondered about her love for him)等对应名称来描述表达思想的几种引语形式。【4 现代小说正是通过展示第三人称人物的心理活动来达到逼真的再现生活的目的。在意识流等现代小说中,作者要表现思想的随意性或潜意识性时,多采用“自由直接思想” 或“自由间接思想”。在<老人与海》这部小说中,“自由直接思想”出现约一百五十次,成为这部名著的一大语言特点。例如: (1)I can do nothing tll him and he Can do nothing tll me,he thought.Not as long as he keeps thiup.[2】( 41) (2)Remember,no matter how little you want to,that you must eat him in the morning.Rememb er,hsaid to himself.[2]( 41,42) 这种比直接引语还要“直接的”引语可叫做“自由直接引语”(Free Direct Speech)。它是现代小说描写人物心理活动的主要手段之一,能使读者直接了解人物的心理活动,缩短了人物与读者之间的距离。 三、结 语 <老人与海》运用深刻的象征涵盖了整部作品丰富的思想主题,赋予老人圣地亚哥、大海、马林鱼鲨鱼、群狮、小男孩、老人那抽筋的左手等以丰富的象征和寓意。简练的语言风格使人于平淡处感到新奇,从一粒沙中看一个世界,从有限的文字中看到丰富的思想内容,所谓“言犹尽而意无穷”,让读者透过纸面表象去努力追求、解释、咀嚼。因此,简洁而深蕴的表达和象征手法的运用是海明威“冰山”风格的完整体现,他给人们奉献了一个具有自己独特风格的永恒的艺术世界,构成《老人与海》这样一座完整而宏伟壮观的艺术大厦。小说中许多对比、对照、排比、反衬、交错配列句型、词序的变异等优美的语句为这部小说增添了一道又一道亮丽的光环。掩卷沉思,海明威独特的创作风格所塑造出的鲜明生动的艺术形象,使读者在阅读过程中提高了艺术欣赏的能力,欣赏由动情到移性,在不知不觉中,性格情操得到陶冶 ,思想感情得到净化。 参考文献: [1]秦秀白.文体学概论[M].长沙:湖南 教育 出版社 ,1986. [2]Ernest Hemingway[美国].南京:译林出版社,2001. [3]董衡巽编选 .海明威研究[c].北京 :中国社会科学出版社 ,1980. [4]Geoffrey N.Leech,Michael H.Short.Styte in Fiction.London:Longnmn.1981.P_336—346 这是海明威描写老人出海前的一段文字,共 119个词。现从语音、词法和句法来分析以上这段文字的简洁之处 。

在《老人与海》这部小说中,海明威极好地运用了象征主义手法。在波澜壮阔的大海上,展开了一系列跌宕起伏、惊心动魄的故事情节,使抽象的事物具体化和形象化,并代表了不同的意向和表征。对人物内心世界进行更好的诠释,作者通过深度挖掘文本中所隐含的意蕴,寄寓了深刻的主题和象征意义。(一)大海——人生竞技场的象征一直以来,大海在西方文学中,都被赋予了丰富多彩的表象意境,或者代表少女的形象,清纯可人、明媚灿烂;或者象征恶魔,凶神恶煞、深不可测。在《老人与海》中,大海被描写成一位女性形象、细腻深沉,在老人捕鱼的过程中,大海呈现出安详、宁静、祥和、波澜不惊的状态;[3]在老人和鲨鱼搏斗时,大海仍旧是那种自信、缓缓流动的状态。作品中的大海尽管表面看是温柔的,但内心却蕴含着无穷无尽的力量。这才是真正意义上的海,既有着硕大无比的大马林鱼,又有着凶残贪婪的大鲨鱼。在小说中,大海象征着真正意义上的强者,既有着非凡的毅力和顽强的精神,同时又具有无比深厚的内涵。(二)老人——人类顽强意志力的化身这部小说中的主人公,是一位真正的硬汉,他能勇敢地接受命运一次又一次的挑战,敢于在艰难困苦的环境中,不屈不挠、顽强抗争。怀抱坚定的信念,即便在连续84天没有捕到鱼的情况下依然能够坚守。通过和大马林鱼、大鲨鱼等一次又一次殊死的搏斗,取得了最终的胜利,尽管象征他胜利的标志仅仅是一堆鱼的残骸。[4]圣地亚哥用自己的实际行动向世人宣告:被摧毁的只能是人的肉体,人的精神是屹立不倒、永远都打不垮的。在小说中,圣地亚哥象征着不屈不挠、顽强乐观的人类精神。(三)小孩——人类生存状态的象征曼诺林是小说中的另一个小主人公,他一直以来都和孤苦伶仃的老人相依为命。在老人的生活中,他的爱和关心处处能体现出来,老人没有捕到鱼时,他会和老人一起难过悲伤,然后会更加悉心地照顾老人的生活和起居,为老人准备好饭菜,是老人生活中最好的帮手。可以说小孩是老人的另一种生存状态的象征。[5]在孩子眼中,老渔翁不管捕没捕到鱼,都是他心中最好的渔人。无论捕鱼的技巧,还是捕鱼的品质都是一流的,无人能够匹敌的。捕鱼的结果并不能说明什么,仅仅是对人的能力的一种肯定而已。而这种观点,和老渔翁对自己的看法,恰恰是两种对立的观点,所以从某种程度上说,老渔翁和小孩象征着人的正反两个方面,预示着在理想和现实之间,人的犹豫和徘徊、难以抉择,小孩曼诺林的离开,也正是这种思想不断斗争的最终结果。(四)大马林鱼——美好理想的象征在小说中,大马林鱼是光荣的象征。从现实出发,一个年老体衰的渔夫能捕获到如此硕大无比的大马林鱼,本身就是一件令人荣光的事情。但老渔夫对鱼确是无比的喜爱和崇尚,不但没有丝毫的敌意,反而将对手当成朋友和兄弟看待。[6]所以在整个与大马林鱼搏斗的过程中,他至始至终都深怀喜爱和敬佩之情,甚至在最终战胜对手时,他也不免为对手扼腕叹息。因此,在整部小说中,大马林鱼是无上光荣的象征。纵观整部小说,大马林鱼的作用非常重要,没有大马林鱼的穿针引线,小说的象征意义将不完整。在经历漫长的84天等待之后,大马林鱼终于出现了,既满足了老人的愿望,同时也是给老人漫长等待的一个回报。老人凭借坚强的毅力,终于战胜了年轻气盛的大马林鱼。在小说的寓意和老人的心中,大马林鱼一直象征着一种理想的事物,一种美好的目标和追求。预示着在人类漫长的旅途中,会经历种种的磨难和痛苦,但只要人们怀有坚定的信念,依靠顽强的毅力和不懈的追求,最终一定会战胜艰难困苦,创造生活的奇迹。(五)鲨鱼——邪恶力量的象征鲨鱼在小说中,是各种邪恶势力的化身,代表着一种破坏性的力量。它是对人们实现各种理想和目标的阻挠。《老人与海》这部小说,具有极高的审美价值和艺术价值,并产生了划时代的深远意义。这部小说的创作时代,正是古巴民族运动风起云涌之时。[8]海明威笔下的圣地亚哥,虽然仅仅是一个渔人的身份,但他却代表了那种在社会最底层苦苦挣扎的穷苦百姓的形象。而鲨鱼则是殖民主义者的化身,通过正反两个形象鲜明的对比和塑造,预示了古巴人民为了争取自由和解放,同邪恶势力所做的不屈不挠的斗争,这样也更进一步凸显了真正硬汉的个性。

老人与海论文外国参考文献

1936年4月,海明威在《乡绅》杂志上发表了一篇名为“碧水之上:海湾来信”的散文,其中一段记叙了一位老人独自驾着小船出海捕鱼,捉到一条巨大的大马林鱼,但鱼的大部分被鲨鱼吃掉的故事。早在1939年,海明威搬到古巴时,他就开始计划以此为素材,写一篇情节完整的故事放到他的某个小说系类中。(实际上,他去世后,这个系类里其他篇目作为《海流中的岛屿》的一部分发表出来) 《老人与海》,美国作家欧内斯特•海明威著。《老人与海》是海明威的代表作,也是一部象征性的小说。主人公桑地亚哥是一位老渔夫,他经过重重艰险,捕获了“一条不止一千五百磅重的大马林鱼”,可是在返航的途中,这条大马林鱼却被鲨鱼吃光了,桑地亚哥只拖回了一副鱼的骨架。小说对大海的凄凉景象,对老人的复杂心情与回忆,对老人与鲨鱼搏斗的情景以及他与一个孩子的友情,都作了极具特色的描写,可谓淋漓尽致、引人入胜。 欧内斯特•海明威(1899--1961年),美国小说家,1954年诺贝尔文学奖获得者,获奖之作就是《老人与海》。这部小说是根据一位古巴渔夫的真实经历创作的,以摄像机般的写实手法记录了桑地亚哥老人捕鱼的全过程,塑造了一个在重压下仍然保持优雅风度、在精神上永远不可战胜的老人形象。这部小说创下了人类出版史上空前绝后的一个纪录:48小时售出500万册,50小时售出530万册! 当他被宣布为当年的普利策文学奖得主时,评论界一致称好。"人可以被毁灭,却不可以被打败。"海明威在《老人与海》里所说的话,不仅打动了读者,也征服了评论者。 1954年,因为海明威"精通于叙事艺术,突出地表现在他的近著《老人与海》之中;同时也因为他在当代风格中所发挥的影响",海明威又获诺贝尔文学奖。"每一句话和每一段落,都要尽量写得简洁。"这是海明威写作的信条之一,这使得他的作品改编成电影的数量比任何其他一位获奖者都多. 小说以写实手法展现了捕鱼老人桑地亚哥在重压下仍保持的优雅风度,这种精神上永远不可战胜者成为文学史上最著名的"硬汉"形象之一。对于《老人与海》这本被译成几十种文字的作品, 海明威自己认为 "是这一辈子所能写的最好的一部作品"。 这本书讲了古巴的一个名叫桑地亚哥的老渔夫,独自一个人出海打鱼,在一无所获的84天之后钓到了一条无比巨大的马林鱼。这是老人从来没见过也没听说过的,比他的船还长两英尺的一条大鱼。鱼的劲非常大,拖着小船漂流了整整两天两夜,老人在这两天两夜中经历了从未经受的艰难考验,终于把大鱼刺死,拴在船头。然而在返航时不幸遇上了鲨鱼,老人与鲨鱼进行了殊死搏斗,最终,大马林鱼还是被鲨鱼吃光了,老人历经一番艰辛,最后拖回家的只剩下一副光秃秃的鱼骨架和一身的伤,可还是得到了人们的赞赏。

摘 要:海明威在 《老人与海》 中运用其 “冰山理论”的创作原则,处理人与 自然斗争的这一重大题材 , 赋予这一题材以丰富的象征意义,使小说表现出的主题远远超 出题材本身的内涵,表现 了更广大的思想空 间。小说以其独特的语言风格、精湛的写作技巧、生动的描写,把无限的意蕴寓于有限的表象形式中,使 作品充满着对有限的超越 ,对无限的神往。主要分析并探讨这部小说及象征意义及语言特色。 关键词:《老人与海》;文体;象征;语言特色 Abstract:In”The Old Man and the Sea”by Hemingway,we can see how he deals with the tremendous subject of the struggle between man and nature,using unique language style,beautiful writing skills,vivid descriptions an d the writing principle of”Iceberg”.Hemingway symbolizes the subject,and thus the theme gives beyond the connotation of the story itself,and provides much room for thinking.Th is essay analyses and discusses mainly the symbolic meanings of the novel and its linguistic features. Key words:”The Old Man and the Sea”;stylistic feature;sym bolization;linguistic features “每一种文体都有超乎寻常的语言特点;每一个作家都在创作过程中使自己的语言显示出超乎寻常的风格。超乎寻常才能引人注目,超乎寻常才能体现风格”。[ 《老人与海》 是海明威一生思想和艺 术探索的 总结 ,是他赖以获得 1954年诺贝尔文学奖的主要代表作。他运用象征手法、巧妙的细节描写、简练含蓄的语言、生动形象的比喻 编织 出一个感人的 故事 ,一个新颖独特的具有双重审美层面的审美 体 ,小说的“冰山顶部”峻拔易透,而“水面以下”的大千世界则深藏若虚,让读者去揣摩、联想、体会。 一、 象征意义 象征的基本含义是用某种知觉或想象的图象标示来暗示某种不可见的意蕴,它可以通过意象来诱 发欣赏者的 经验 和情感的表现,使文学作品产生强盛的生命力和永久的艺术魅力。作为现实主义作家,海明威深知此道,运用象征手法将抽象的思想变成具体的物象 ,再让读者从具体的物象激发经验想象和情感的表现,去挖掘其中的意蕴。 海明威在《老人与海》中通过局部修辞手段的象征手法来赋予这部小说的象征性。 (一)故事的主人公圣地亚哥是“生命英雄”的象征。他敢于向人生的种种磨难宣战,向人的生命的极限挑战并超越它,以生命换荣誉、换尊严,从前所未有的角度震撼人心地展示了人的生命价值。在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中,他以自信、勇敢、强悍的英雄形象奏响了一曲深沉低 回的大提琴协奏 曲。渔民以 捕鱼 为生,在茫茫大海上,孤独的老人划着小船连续八十四天没有钓到一条鱼,这真是“倒 了血霉”,然而,老人并没有失去信心: Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the san'le color as the sea and were cheerfur and undefeated.[2](P.2) 眼睛是心灵的窗户,这“海水一样蓝的眼睛”跟那象征着厄运的破帆相对照,揭示出了老人圣地亚哥绝不向命运屈服的性格特征 ,透着老人乐观开朗,一如继往,不达目的决不罢休的精神。他决心在第八十五天“驶向远方”去钓大鱼,这是老人对理想的挚着追求,是人类要征服 自身懦弱的表现。在同大马林鱼的较量中,明知对方力量比自己强,却表现出: Mine does not matter,I carl contro1.But his pain could drive him mad.[2](P.84) You did not kill the fish only to keep alive an d to sell for food,he thought.You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman .[2](P.1O1) 语言铿锵有力,落地有声,气吞山河。同马林鱼的较量不仅是体力对抗 ,更重要的是对 自我精神力量的确信,这种精神力量是“生命英雄”为捍卫人的尊严,实现生命价值的具体表现。而随着故事情节的发展,海明威又将老人一次次地推向绝境。 面对“为所欲为”的鲨鱼,人是无法抗拒的,但老人用鱼叉、刀子、船浆、舵把、木棍等一切个人手段与之苦战,饿了就撕下一块生鱼吃。海明威这样描述道: He hit it with his blood mushed hands driving a goo d harpoon with all his strength.He hit it without hope but with resolution an d conplete malignancy.[2](P 98) He jerked the tiller from the rudder and beat and chopped with it,holding it in both hands and driving it down again and again.[2](P.115) He lean ed over the side and pulled loose fl piece of the meat of the fish where the shark had cut him.He chewed it and noted its quality and its good taste.[2](P 102) 圣地亚哥不断承受着不幸命运的挑战,而正是他的勇敢和强悍战胜了一次次的厄运。面对着不断被鲨鱼撕咬的大马林鱼残骸,老人说,“一个人并不是生来给打败的,你尽可能把他消灭掉,可就是打不败他”。透过老人与鲨鱼的搏斗,我们再次领悟到“生命英雄”在精神上是不可摧毁的,是人类取得美好未来的保证。 (二)大海象征人生的搏斗场,是人类社会的剪影。海明威并没有只是对大海作客观的描写,许多地方是通过老人圣地亚哥带有倾向性的默想、回忆、自言 自语等形式叙述出来的。那有毒的水母是海里最欺诈成性的生物 ,但却是海龟的美食: The turtles saw them,approached them from the front,then shut their eyes SO they were completely carflpaced and ate them filaments and al1.[2](P.29) 可是,那可恶的鲨鱼对海龟却残酷无情: It was these sharks that would cut the turtles leg and flippers off when the turtles were asleep on the stirface,? [2](P.104) 这海龟吃水母 ,鲨鱼吃海龟,还有那“在阳光下闪出银白色光的金枪鱼跳得很远地捕食小鱼”,小鸟被老鹰追捕时发出“微弱而凄惨的叫声”,于是我们便看到一幅从海底到天空的巨型画卷。在这幅画卷上到处是强者的追逐,弱者的逃奔,无处不隐伏着杀机,它所展现的是自然界中真真切切、自亘古又永恒的弱肉强食生存斗争的景象。这象征当时的美国社会,人们靠实力确定自己的地位,等级分明,没有平等、公正可言;有势力者高高在上,为所欲为,而芸芸众生则在社会底层受愚弄,遭鱼肉。大海暗示出只要出现本性同鲨鱼的统治者,哪里有他们,哪里就蒙受灾难。 (三)鲨鱼主要代表一切破坏性的力量,是掠夺成性 ,制造灾难 ,阻止人们达到理想境界的各种破坏性恶势力的象征。对鲨鱼的强壮、凶悍、残忍,作者这样描写道 : (9)He came like a pig to the trough if a pig had a mouth SO wide that you could put your head in it.【2]( 108) (1O)In the night sharks hit the carcasses as someone might pick up crumbs from the table.[2]( 116) 然而,面对鲨鱼不断残暴地摧残死去的大马林鱼,老人圣地亚哥“感到就像 自己挨到袭击一样”,他想:“跟它们斗,我要跟它们斗到死。”这生动地展示了人与自然界的殊死搏斗,更加反衬出人的伟大,同时也凸现了作者以斗争为乐的独特的“硬汉”性格。 (四) 作者通过多处象征性描写,有意识地把老人比作基督的化身。在故事的全过程中,老人经历了两次被钉十字架的过程。如,当老人圣地亚哥看到星鲨 (galanos)时,不禁“Ay”[2](P.103)了一声。作者描述道:“这个词儿是没法翻译的,也许不过是一声叫喊,就像一个人感到钉子穿过他的双手,钉进木头时不由自主地发出的那种喊叫声”。作者在这里暗示的“这一个人”就是“被钉十字架的耶稣”。最生动的一点是老人拖着那巨大的鱼骨架回来后,“肩扛着桅杆开始往堤岸上爬去”时,曾回头望那绑在船边的马林鱼的残骸。这一静止的镜头显示出老人作为一个基督正在开始另一次苦难的历程,而鱼作为另一个基督正被绑在十字架上。这些象征性的描写是在暗示在美国耶稣重又被钉上了十字架,基督精神死亡了。通过这种隐晦的描写表达了作者对美国现实的极度悲观。 (五)小说中一个极其重要的象征物,是圣地亚哥魂系梦萦的“那群狮子”,它代表旺盛的生命力和青春,象征着老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往,每次梦见“那群狮子”后都给老人增添了无穷的精神力量。群狮象征着同情弱者,仇视邪恶,既能创造人问奇迹,又能战胜各种邪恶势力的团结友爱的群体。 群狮的个体模式表现在老人圣地亚哥同鲨鱼搏斗到手无寸铁的风度,是海明威笔下硬汉形象的高度概括和升华,标志着后期海明威在思想上的发展与进步,寄托着他的理想及对人类的希望。小说的结尾“The old man was dreaming about the lions”,[2](P_124)这是一个富有寓意的回声 ,体现了海明威的人生哲学与道德理想,即不向命运低头,永不服输的斗士精神和积极向上的乐观人生态度。虽然他拖回的只是一副鱼骨架,但他在精神上却始终是个胜利者。 (六) 在故事的结尾处,当孩子看到那苍白的鱼骨架和老人那伤痕累累的双手时,“he started to cry?and all the way down the road he was crying”.[2]( 119)孩子心痛的不仅是老人那双流过血的手,更心痛的是老人历尽艰险才得到的战利品竟然被鲨鱼咬噬得一千二净,更心痛的是老人在历经长达八十四天的凄惶失意极度紧张艰苦的考验后所换来的却只是更大的失望。孩子的“放声大哭”使读者产生强烈的听觉感,深深地撞击着读者的心弦,甚至掩卷之后仍依稀可闻。这哭声包含着孩子对老人的无限崇敬和深深的同情。这哭声显然是孩子在老人的英雄气概感召下性格走向成熟的起点,象征孩子的回归。这一象征手法的处理昭示出“他是在通过一条相当新的路子返回到他的起点”,l-3 表达了作品的乐观主义倾 向。 二、语言特色 (一)简洁的语言风格 无论是叙述事实,铺陈景物,对话,还是揭示人物的心理活动,海明威在《老人与海》中的语言是简洁的,而所表达的思想又十分深刻,引人深思;不仅揭示了文体的结构关系,也表现了现代艺术的走向和美情趣——“越少,也就越多”(Less is more);语言的表述方式简练客观而节奏迅速。如: He no longer dreamed of storms,nor of women,nor of great occurrences,nor of great fish,nor fights,norcontests of strength.nor of his wife.(¨He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach.( )Theyplayed like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy.‘ ’He never dreamed about theboy.(¨He simple woke 1ooked out the open doo r at the moon and unrolled his trousers an d put them on.‘ )H.urinated ou~ide the shack an d then went up the road to wake the bo y.(‘)He WaS shivering with the mornincold.(’)But he knew he would shiver himselfw锄 an d that soon he would be rowi ng.(。)[2](只18) 从语音来看,其中单音节和双音节词竟有 115个,而三个音节以上的词仅有四个。(事实上整部小说也多是单音节和双音节词。)大量使用单音节和双音节词使得这段文字读起来清新活泼、简洁有力。 从词法来看,1、一词多义,如 ,wake(vi.醒来,、rt.叫醒),shiver(vi.哆嗦,、rt.使哆嗦)。这种情况在书中俯拾皆是,如,ship(n.船,、rt,把??放进船内),sail(n.帆 、ri.浮游)。2、词的构成 ,常用前缀 un来表示做相反的动作,使读者能很容易理解其含义。除本段文字中 unroll一词外 ,本书中 其它 地方 ,如:The old nlan unhooked the fish? [2](P.67)/Surely it wi ll uncap to help my right hand.[2](P.58)/He had anleashed his effort and forced the hand of the negro down? [2]( 64) 书中除了用前缀 un外 ,还常用后缀 less来表示相反的意义,如:a fishless desert/needless temptation his wing Smotionless. 从 句子 结构来看 ,多用简单句(句(1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(7)),句(3)和句(8)分别是并列复合句和复合句。可见这段文字结构并不复杂,文笔是简练的,直截了当的。句(1)和句(2)文字铿锵有力,干脆利落,作者七次重复“不再梦见”有力地烘托出老人对“那群狮子”的热烈追求 ,寄托着他的理想。由于梦狮所产生的精神力量 ,老人从梦中醒来,接着作者用了三个简单句(句(5)(6)(7))描写了老人一连串的动作,这些动作动词使读者产生了强烈的视觉感,仿佛看见老人怀着激切的心情去迎接新的战斗。 此外 ,《老人与海》简洁的语言风格还表现在以下几个方面: 1、常用小词。如 :good,great,so,then和 and等,特别是 good一词的妙用 ,以引起读者 的联想。例如: (1)He S good for the night and SO锄 I.[2]( 6s) (2)It Was very good against all colds and grippes and it Was good for the eyes.[2]( 30—31) 2、常用省略结构。从语法上分析,这种省略句结构不算完整,但从上下文看意义是清楚的,它使语言更生动活泼,更接近现实生活,表意更突出,能收到言简意赅的强烈效果。例如: (3)I remember everything from when we first went togelher.[2](Po5)(在 when前省略 the time) (4)I better put a small line out with a spoon on it?[2]( 93)(在 better前省略 had,小说中有 3次省略 ,见 P.79,93,113) 读完下面的句子,细细咀嚼,更使我们对海明威简洁的写作技巧称口叫绝: (5)I Can do nothing with him and he Can do nothing with me,he thought.Not as long as he keeps them up.[2]( 41) (6)“I shouldn t have gone out SO far,fish,”he said.“Neither for you nor for me.I m sorry,fish”.[2(P.106) 句 (5)中的“Not”不仅指前面的并列句,而且以“Not”一词开头,明白地告诉读者老人同大马林鱼的较量是谁也奈何不得,充分表达了老人此刻的内心活动,加强了语言表达效果。就句(6)而言,从语法上分析,在“Neither”和“nor”后省略了good一词,这前后的省略表明了老人对这次“远海”钓到大马林鱼后的复杂心理活动。 3、含蓄也是这部小说简洁文体的一个特点。它对所提出的事实不加评论、解释,让读者从简洁平谈的叙述中去慢慢品味,猜想。且看老人是如何在清晨喊醒小男孩的: He took hold of one foo t gently an d held it until the bo y woke? [2](P.18) 这无声的语言意蕴着无限的温情,然而它丝毫无损于老人的“硬汉”形象,相反 ,它更充分地表现了老人“重压下的优雅风度”——刚柔共济,相得益彰。(--)比喻手法比喻手法的运用是这部小说的一大语言特色。海明威在描写人物、景物和鱼类时都大量运用这一手法,充分展示了他细腻、精湛、巧妙的语言修辞艺术和独特的写作技巧。通过比喻,折射出许多丰富生动的形象和深层的意蕴 ,增强了语言在小说中的表意功能,突出了主题。如海明威对老人圣地亚哥左手的比喻模写: (1)His left hand was still as tight as the gripped claws of an eagle.[2]( 58) (2)But his left hand had always been a traitor and would not do what he called on it to do and he did not trust it.[2](65) 句 (1)的比喻结构是 as+adj.+as+名词(喻体),明喻。鹰是人们熟悉的凶猛的飞禽,“像紧抓着的鹰爪”比喻具体、形象,使人们产生种种可怕的联想。句(2)是用一个名词“traitor”作隐喻,比喻他的左手总是不听他的吩咐,总是背叛他。这两句对左手背叛比喻的描写有更深层的含意。海明威创作《老人与海》的年月正值麦卡锡主义在美国猖獗横行,民主与进步力量遭到疯狂的迫害,某些一度左倾的作家“在拼命地向麦卡锡道歉”,告密者成为名利双收的“爱国者”和“民族英雄”。海明威用含蓄象征的比喻手法表示了对这“叛徒似的左手”极大的鄙视。 海明威在小说中常用比喻手法的描写以景抒情 ,以景喻情 ,充满丰富的象征寓意。例如: (3)He could not see the green ofthe shore now but only the tops of the blue hills that showed white as though they were snow—capped and the clouds that looked like high snow mountains above them-[2](P.33) (4)He looked at the sky and saw the white cumulus built like friendly piles ofice crealn and high above were the thin feathers of the cirrus against the high Semptember sky-[2]( 55) 句(3)的比喻结构分别由as though +从句和like+名词(喻体)构成。那青山的顶峰仿佛积着白雪顶峰上空的云块又像是高耸的雪山,这顶峰积着的白雪和高耸的雪山与深蓝色的海水相映衬,显示出大海无比的壮美。这白雪象征着小说中那不可缺少的小男孩,老人像山,有了雪,山才显得更加深沉与伟岸。句(4)的比喻结构分别由like+名词(喻体)和名词(喻体)+0f+名词(主体)构成。像一堆堆冰淇淋似的积云,像一缕缕羽毛般的卷云又一次展现了大海上空一幅美丽的景象 ,让人赏心悦 目,意蕴着老人对大海的热爱。老人圣地亚哥同大马林鱼的搏斗是这部小说的主要情节。海明威作意对大马林鱼身体形象细腻的比喻描写则意味着更多的东西。例如: (5)His sword was as long as a baseball hat and tapered like a rapiered?[2](P.57) (6)The wire must have slipped on the great hill of his back-[2]( 46) (7)He could picture the fish swimming in the water with his purple pectoral fins set wide as wings?His eye is huge an d a horse,with less eye,can see in the dark-[2](P.61—62) (8)The old man was afraid he would cut the line with his tail which Was sharp as a scythe and almost othat size and shape.[2]( 43) 句 (7)、(8)的比喻结构都是由as+名词(喻体)构成,同时在句(7)中,作者把大马林鱼的眼睛同马的眼睛形象地联系起来作了大小的比较。通过以上四句的比喻描写,一条凶猛的大马林鱼形象地展现在读者面前:它的嘴像 棒球 棒一样长,然后逐渐细如轻剑,脊背像小山一样高高隆起 ,紫色的胸鳍宽如翅膀,眼像似马眼却比马眼还大,尾巴像大镰刀般锋利而大小和形状都和大镰刀差不多。这些形象精湛的比喻喻体都是具体名词,能使读者唤起对客观具体事物的联想,增强了语言的表现力,而轻剑、大镰刀更容易使人产生可怕的联想。由此可见,这鱼不仅强大凶猛,而且美丽、高贵,这暗示着老人要战胜它是非常艰难的,是一次意志与力量的较量,是一场生死的搏斗。这些精湛的比喻也表明,凭着这鱼庞大的身躯、姿态、威力及美丽的色泽,谁也不配吃它,同时也使人联想到它象征人们渴望创造奇迹 ,要达到的宏伟 目标,甚至是要实现的远大理想。 (三 )重复手法 海明威在《老人与海》中重复和略有变化的重复使用同一个词、 短语 或句子 ,一方面使得语句连贯文笔流畅,充满神秘的韵味,另一方面加强了语气和感情,突出了表达效果。例如:He let the line down down ,down ,unrolling off the first ofthe two reserve coils.[23(36)随着“down ”一词的不断重复,读者产生强烈的听觉感和视觉感 ,仿佛看见老人向海里放钓索时发出有节奏的音乐声,同时引起读者在猜想那咬着钓勾的大马林鱼不知正躲在大海深处的某个地方,让人感到鱼的狡猾 ,预示着同鱼的较量的艰难。伴随这“down ”一词的重复所带来的节奏感,读者的心仿佛也跟着下沉,抛向那吉凶未 卜、茫茫大海的深渊。 再如:If the boy was here,he would wet the coils of line,he thought.Yes.If the boy were here.If the bo were here.这是老人同马林鱼搏斗碰到困难时常发出的内心呼唤,语气是虚拟的,这给读者以很大的想象空间。孩子是老人的精神支柱,每次呼唤后都给他增添了极大的勇气和无穷的力量 ,正如“他爱那群狮如同爱这孩子一样”。因此 ,在同马林鱼较量的过程中,“1 wish I had the boy.”或“1 wish the boy Washere.”在不同情节中先后重复了五次[2]( 38,41,44,45,50),由此可见,海明威运用重复手法的良苦用心。 (四)自由直接引语 根据英文体学家利奇(G.Leech)和肖特(M.short)的理论,人的内心思想活动可用五种方式表达“直接思想”(例如:He wondered“Does she still love me?”)、“间接思想”(He wondered if she still lovhiram)、“自由直接思想”(Does she still love me?)、“自由间接思想”(Did she still love him?)、“思想行为的叙述体”(He wondered about her love for him)等对应名称来描述表达思想的几种引语形式。【4 现代小说正是通过展示第三人称人物的心理活动来达到逼真的再现生活的目的。在意识流等现代小说中,作者要表现思想的随意性或潜意识性时,多采用“自由直接思想” 或“自由间接思想”。在<老人与海》这部小说中,“自由直接思想”出现约一百五十次,成为这部名著的一大语言特点。例如: (1)I can do nothing tll him and he Can do nothing tll me,he thought.Not as long as he keeps thiup.[2】( 41) (2)Remember,no matter how little you want to,that you must eat him in the morning.Rememb er,hsaid to himself.[2]( 41,42) 这种比直接引语还要“直接的”引语可叫做“自由直接引语”(Free Direct Speech)。它是现代小说描写人物心理活动的主要手段之一,能使读者直接了解人物的心理活动,缩短了人物与读者之间的距离。 三、结 语 <老人与海》运用深刻的象征涵盖了整部作品丰富的思想主题,赋予老人圣地亚哥、大海、马林鱼鲨鱼、群狮、小男孩、老人那抽筋的左手等以丰富的象征和寓意。简练的语言风格使人于平淡处感到新奇,从一粒沙中看一个世界,从有限的文字中看到丰富的思想内容,所谓“言犹尽而意无穷”,让读者透过纸面表象去努力追求、解释、咀嚼。因此,简洁而深蕴的表达和象征手法的运用是海明威“冰山”风格的完整体现,他给人们奉献了一个具有自己独特风格的永恒的艺术世界,构成《老人与海》这样一座完整而宏伟壮观的艺术大厦。小说中许多对比、对照、排比、反衬、交错配列句型、词序的变异等优美的语句为这部小说增添了一道又一道亮丽的光环。掩卷沉思,海明威独特的创作风格所塑造出的鲜明生动的艺术形象,使读者在阅读过程中提高了艺术欣赏的能力,欣赏由动情到移性,在不知不觉中,性格情操得到陶冶 ,思想感情得到净化。 参考文献: [1]秦秀白.文体学概论[M].长沙:湖南 教育 出版社 ,1986. [2]Ernest Hemingway[美国].南京:译林出版社,2001. [3]董衡巽编选 .海明威研究[c].北京 :中国社会科学出版社 ,1980. [4]Geoffrey N.Leech,Michael H.Short.Styte in Fiction.London:Longnmn.1981.P_336—346 这是海明威描写老人出海前的一段文字,共 119个词。现从语音、词法和句法来分析以上这段文字的简洁之处 。

参考 是什么意思?原文还是评论文?原文在这里有:《老人与海》 永别了武器也可以直接在里面搜。

参考文献,直接点击下载Tragic Form in A Farewell to ArmsR Merrill - American Literature, 1974 The Old Man and the Sea: Hemingway's Tragic Vision of ManCS Burhans Jr - American Literature, 1960 in the Dark: Hemingway, Strater and The Old Man and the SeaM Culver - Hemingway Review, 1992

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