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Topic: note the cultural differences between Chinese and American conflict resolution reflects "the Joy Luck Club" relationship between mother and daughter: no more than重点词汇释义论文paper; thesis; dissertation; treatise; discourse题目title; subject; exercise problems; examination questions; rubric解析analysis; resolution; resolve; analyze关系relationship; relation; nexus; filiation冲突conflict; collision; clash; collide; collide with折射refraction; refracting; refringence; refingency; anacampsis文化差异cultural difference不能cannot; unable; must not; should not; be incapable of超过exceed; outnumber; outstrip; pass; excess希望对你有帮助
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[1] Amy Tan. The Joy Luck Club [M]. New York：Lvy Books, 1990.[2] John Henry Hewman. The Idea of a University [J]. Dublin：Ashfield, 2010.[3] Lewis, M. The state of ELT and the way for ward [M]. London: Language Teaching [4] Shear, Walter. The Joy Luck Club—Generation [M]. Dichotomy of Culture, 1993. [5] Stephen Souris. Only Two kinds of Daughters’:Inter-Monologue Dialogicity in The Joy Luck Club [M]. Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers, 2000.[6] Wang Jin. Cultural Conflicts and Compalibility Between the East and the West in The Joy Luck Club [J]. Wuhan:The Science Education Article Collects, 2007.
我也是英语专业的,刚刚答辩完了.首先老师会让你做三分钟左右的presentation,这个其实就是你论文中的abstract和introduction部分的结合,我们答辩之前学姐学长告诉我们一点要把这两部分背好.然后老师会向你提三到四个问题,一般就是 you choose this topic? 2.就你写的论文而言,你的论文的现实意义 3.你对《喜福会》中的母女关系及其文化内涵的理解 还有,有的老师可能会问你关于参考文献的一些东西.不要紧张,很容易的^^......
电影《喜福会》是根据华裔女作家谭恩美的小说改编而成，小说中四位母亲和她们的四个女儿之间的相互冲突和相互融合的心灵历程，揭示了母女两代人所代表的中国文化和美国精神之间的冲突。表现在以下三个方面：母女之间的矛盾体现的冲突；中国式的谦虚与美国式的直爽之间的冲突；夫妻关系体现的冲突。关键词：喜福会； 母女矛盾；谦虚与直爽；夫妻关系；冲突 Key words : The Joy Luck Club ；conflict between mother and daughter； modesty and frankness ；couple relationships ； conflict小说《喜福会》 是华裔女作家谭恩美的成名作，该书一经发表就在美国掀起了热潮．不仅是因为它向美国人展示了来自神秘东方的传统中国文化，更因为它用四对母女间的感情冲突淋漓尽致地演绎出了中美文化冲突，本文将从母女之间的矛盾体现的冲突；中国式的谦虚与美国式的直爽之间的冲突；中美夫妻关系体现的冲突三个方面分析《喜福会》存在的文化冲突。一 母女之间矛盾体现的冲突首先是Jingmei和她妈妈Suyuan之间的矛盾。Jingmei的妈妈Suyuan早在中国内地时，因为迫于逃命，她不得不抛弃了自己双胞胎的女儿，自己去逃命了。作为移民美国的一位中国母亲，即使是已经生活在美国的土地上，Suyuan依然像其他的中国父母一样，把自己所有的希望都寄托在儿女身上， 她把自己对抛弃了的两个女儿的希望寄托于出生在美国的女儿Jingmei身上。在电影的开始，Jingmei的一段叙述中讲到她妈妈来到美国的旅途中带着一只天鹅，她对天鹅说："在美国，我会有一个像我一样的女儿。但跟我不同的是，在那里，她不会被人看不起。她有一口流利的英语。她会衣食无忧，不必忍辱负重。"从以上Jingmei妈妈Suyuan的渴望中可以看到传统中国母亲对儿女的期望，她希望自己女儿"衣食无忧，不必忍辱负重"；希望儿女说着一口流利的英语，不会被人瞧不起。Suyuan靠替人打扫房间为Jingmei换取钢琴老师和钢琴课，不想，她的行为并没有被在美国长大的女儿Jingmei所认可。在妈妈和Lindo阿姨互相吹嘘自己女儿的时候，Jingmei决定制止妈妈愚蠢的行为。她暗自下决心一定要证明妈妈错了，像别人证明更向妈妈证明，自己不是天才，只是一个普通的小女孩。因此Jingmei在练习钢琴时故意偷懒，结果，在社区表演中，Jingmei的钢琴表演彻底失败了。原以为表演失败了，妈妈就不会让她再继续练钢琴了，可妈妈依然执著地让Jingmei继续练下去，甚至发疯似的把Jingmei从电视机前拽起来，把Jingmei拽到钢琴前。此时，Jingmei和母亲的矛盾开始激化：Jingmei竟然告诉母亲，"这里不是中国，我不是你的奴隶，你不能随意把我变成你想让我变成的样子。"而母亲的回答也很强势："在这个家里，只有两种女儿，一种是对父母百依百顺，另一种是只按自己的意愿行事。"这里充分体现了中美文化的冲突，中国的父母喜欢为儿女制定成长的方案，他们总喜欢让儿女朝着自己希望的方向发展，让孩子去实现自己年轻时未能实现的梦想。而美国的父母却注重孩子个性的培养，更注重培养孩子独立思考的能力，而不是把自己的意愿强加于孩子的头上。 其次是Lingdo和女儿Waverly之间的矛盾。在女儿Waverly还小的时候就非常擅长国际象棋，屡屡在比赛中获奖，因此被称为是"Chinatown's Little Champion．"还作为Life Magazine的封面人物出现在该杂志封面上。Waverly的妈妈感到非常骄傲，她竟然拿着一本封面载有自己女儿照片的杂志，对不经意投来眼光的每一个陌生人问道"你认识吗？这是我的女儿Waverly."听到别人的赞扬，Lingdo更是得意洋洋。可她的做法让女儿很反感，甚至为此感到尴尬、耻辱。她对妈妈说："作为你的女儿，我感到耻辱。既然你那么想炫耀，那你为什么不自己去学象棋呢？"Lindo听到女儿的话，她气极了，简直不敢相信自己的耳朵，在这里观众体会到的是中国与美国文化差异。自古以来，中国父母喜欢把自己儿女的成功作为炫耀的资本，这当然也是因为中国的父母把自己所有的期望都寄托于儿女，所以父母认为儿女的成功是对自己努力的最大的回报。 二 中国式的谦虚与美国式的直爽之间的冲突在Waverly把男友Rich带回家拜见父母的时候，土生土长的美国男友Rich在一个中国家庭中的表现可以说是让人忍俊不禁，虽然Waverly提前给男友恶补了中国文化方面的课。当Waverly的母亲Lingdo把自己的拿手菜端上来时说"This dish is not salty enoughNo flavor too bad to eat ，but please eat ."美国小伙子Rich在非常认真的品尝了一下后说："加点酱油就好了。说着还拿起酱油瓶往盘子里倒酱油，他的行为让全场的中国人目瞪口呆，自己还全然不知他已经冒犯了女友的母亲。按照中国文化的习惯，主人总要对自己所做的菜贬低一番，然后期待客人品尝之后的赞扬，期望听到客人说"谁说这菜难吃，这是我吃过的最好的吃的菜了"美国人向来直率的表达自己的观点，里奇不知道这是中国式的谦虚，所以里奇便道："它所需要的，就是加点酱油。"然后便顺手从调味盆里拣出酱油瓶。 其次在Waverly的父亲端起酒杯说完祝酒词后，大家都是轻轻喝一小口，可美国小伙子Rich却一口喝光了杯中的酒，还毫不客气地自己倒上第二杯自斟自饮。当Rich看到自己喜欢的菜时说"Shrimp，my favorite"说着还拿起盘子往自己碗里拨了不少，他的这种行为在传统中国人眼里是不能接受的。中国的文化中，客人在主人家要客随主便，主人给倒酒才能喝，而不是自己想喝就倒着喝。客人即便是在看到自己喜欢吃的菜时，也不能在别人家里端起盘子往自己碗里拨菜，以此表示客人对主人的尊重三 夫妻关系中体现的中美文化冲突Yingying的女儿Lena与丈夫在婚前和婚后都一直保持"账目均摊"的经济生活方式，他们除了"个人用品"以外所有的花费都均摊, 长此以往，两人之间的矛盾就越来越凸显出来了。L;ena抱怨她订的杂志丈夫有时候也看；她们家的猫是丈夫送给她的生日礼物，可丈夫却要她分担一半给猫除跳蚤的钱。在中国的传统家庭中，大都是女方掌管家里的经济大权，丈夫把每个月的收入都交给妻子，由妻子来支配家里所有的费用。但在美国，很多夫妻经济上是AA制，而深受中国传统影响的Lena其实从内心是不能接受这样的生活方式，但就像许多的中国妻子一样，为了维持婚姻，她对丈夫处处忍让。她以为经济上的忍让可以赢得丈夫的爱，可她这种中国式的忍让并没有得到美国丈夫的认可，也并没有挽救自己的婚姻和爱情。安梅的女儿Rose与出身豪门的美国人Ted相爱，作为华裔的美国妻子，在婚姻问题上，Rose深受中国母亲的影响，她坚持在丈夫背后默默的奉献。她帮助丈夫做了任何小事，丈夫不用张口要求任何事Rose都能为他想到。Rose得到爱达荷大学的奖学金，她却像一个传统的中国妻子一样，为了支持丈夫的事业，选择不去上学。她甚至劝自己，她所做的这些不是因为怯懦而是为爱的奉献。但作为美国人的丈夫却希望自己妻子有思想，有见解，所以Ted对Rose的做法越来越不满，甚至对此感到反感。在Rose询问晚上是出去吃饭还是在家好吃时，Ted 说"you had a hard don't really just want you to be happy." Rose的想法完全是一个中国妻子的想法，她只为忙碌了一天的丈夫考虑，而自己的想法却是无关紧要的，但她的美国丈夫Ted的却最终提出了自己的不满；他希望自己的妻子有自己的观点，可以表达自己的看法。两人之间的矛盾充分体现了中美文化的冲突，深受传统中国思想影响的妻子认为自己默默的奉献是出于对丈夫的爱，可她的牺牲却得不到美国丈夫的理解，甚至因此而产生了对妻子的反感。最后他们决定离婚，丈夫前来协商卖房子事宜, 听见她喊出婚后不曾自我表达的心声却挽回了他们的婚姻。。结 论通过以上的分析不难看出中美文化在思维方式、价值观等方面确实存在差异，但是不管两种文化的冲突多么严重最终还是达到了和解；真正成熟了的女儿们最终能够理解了母亲的良苦用心。两种文化是不断融合、彼此联系的，在全球化脚步不断加快的今天，我们要尽量增进彼此间的了解，尊重彼此的传统和文化，使彼此间的交往更加融洽和谐。
和我毕业论文一样的 你这个范围太广 我最后定稿是教育方面的差异
从电影喜福会浅析中美文化差异论文必须有论点，根据论点来补充论据，一般要有数据说明，图表等等，论文还要有摘要和关键词，如果你连框架都摆好了，为什么不会写呢，照着你自己的思路来啊。方便时把具体的论文要求告诉我，我帮你完成吧。
当看完一本著作后，相信大家都增长了不少见闻，此时需要认真地做好记录，写写读后感了。可是读后感怎么写才合适呢？下面是我整理的《喜福会》英文读后感，欢迎大家分享。
Reading the novel is not the first time of my knowing The Joy Luck Club . When I watched the film , the meaning of the title , the theme of the novel , the reason for the arrangement of stories from four mothers and their daughters and other important things were all unknown to me . But I knew that was my type for it is about feelings between mothers and daughters , and especially chinese speaking Eglish .
Amy Tan , a Chinese American writer , is the author of the book in which she explors the mother-daughter relationships . Originally , the relationships between mother and daughter seem to be quite complex in a family but in Amy Tan"s work , it is perfectly typical for its portrayal of conflicts between the traditional Chinese mothers speaking shabby English and the open wholly Americanized daughters who just wear a Chinese face but speak fluent English . I never think it is richly dramatical , and instead these kinds of conflicts , in fact , truly ecists in many Chinese immigrants" family . The novel is written impressively and deeply especially , I think , in understanding of mothers" love for their daughters for reasons that the previous experience of her with her mother provided the basis for her novel . It is said that the exprience of anthor is similar to that of Jingmei woo . Maybe , the novel implies the deep and complex feelings of auther for her mother and her closest relatives in China .
It gives me a greatly deep impression that the book is begun with Feathers From a Thousand LI Away . It penetrates the mothers" hope and love for their daughters through a swan"s feather . Through the old woman"s words In America I will have a daughter just like me. But over there nobody will say her worth is measured by the loudness of her husband"s belch. Over there nobody will look down on her, because I will make her speak only perfect American English. And over there she will always be too full to swallow any sorrow! She will know my meaning, because I will give her this swana creature that became more than what was hoped for. and the mothers" former tragic sufferings , we will find that all the mothers are in hope of their daughters never suffering from their sufferings . And the mothers waited, year after year, for the day , they could tell their daughters it is their hope through a feather of the swan in perfect American English . At first , it is a little difficult to understand the reason for these words . However , through the whole novel , in fact , you will find the old woman represents the four mothers , the feather of swan embodies the hope of mothers for their daughters . These sentences show implicitly the feelings of author and her understandings for mothers . In fact , in the Joy Luck Club , the feather indeed is gained by Jingmei Woo . And from the beginning to the end ,the feather has been existing .
Only if one high-quality novel , like a perfect verse , needs you spending much time reading once more , you will understand something . I thought that the novel is loosely plotted and is in disorder . But the fact verifies that I am wrong . Through the whole story , the novel begins with the death of Jingmei"s mother and ends in Jingmei visiting China to see the twin-half sisters whom her mother had been forced to abandon when the Japanese attacked China many years ago . What"s more , in detail , the stories of four mothers and four daughters have relative connections in theme about love between them and the mothers" hope for their daughters . And the theme shows the comflicts and harmonization between different cultures .Then I think why the author titled the novel Joy Luck Club . I am puzzled by it and the purpose of writer . The name of club made mention of by Jingmei"s mother . And the author directly titling the novel the name of their meeting implies her feelings for her mother . I can guess that the title originated from a kind of hope or belief . According to mothers" former sufferings , they were not happy . Even at the present , all of them hides the previous tragic experiences . Maybe , the club is a place where they can pretend to be happy or avoid the past memory or worries or even the shock of culture .
Reading the novel is as we are reading our life and then think our past , present and futere . Especially , the conflict between Waverly Jang and her mother impresses me most . Waverly is a woman who is quite independent-mined and intelligent , but her mother"s constant criticism is terribly annoying . She once had a gift for international , when she realized her mother taking advantage of her achievement and talent to show off in public , especially to the strangers , she felt terribly ashamed and annoyed . She shouted to you can not make me . From then on , her mother felt cold at Waverly and were particularabout her favorite things . In fact , I think Waverly felt sacred subconsciously at letting her mother down and something that she did was aimed at flattering her mother . When waverly brought her boyfriend , Rich , to her families , her mother just smiled but she still was particular about Rich"s appearance , having many spots on his face . Description about the conflicts of manners between Chinese tradition and American notions has given me a greatly deep impression and quite interesting . These words of And then he had helped himself to big portions of the shrimp and snow peas , not realizing he should have taken only a polite spoonful, until everybody had had a morsel . vividly express the American character of being casual which counts as discourtesy in China . The part of Rich criticizing her mother"s cooking is quite funny and impressive . Our Chinese habit of making disparaging remarks seems to be extremely common . Being modest and avoiding showing off are parts of Chinese traditional manners . Her mother complaining about This dish not salty enough , no flavor , in fact , was a cue to eat some and proclaim it it the best she had ever made . But the Rich did not understand . From the following description of her mother being horrified , I judged that her mother was bly objective against Rich and even their marriage . Waverly also had such an opinion . But I am wrong and from their conversation I understand something more important . Mother is the only one that understands their daughters or sons in the none of the mothers do not love their children . And the heaty conversattion can make a b bridge between the different generation or even the peonple from the different cultures . I find that if you would not like to tell your hearty words out , others are not able to know what you are and what you think . People each have different opinions about the same things . Waverly had thought that her mother disapproved of her marriage and hated her Rich . However , her mother"s meaningful words surprised Waverly and even me . Just be particular about who I really care for and love. It occured to me that whoever we hurt is always who we really love for reasons that others would not care for our complaint . Yes , who will care for those who you do not love ? The answer is known by us fron the beginning to the end . It is the love for Waverly that her mother has been showing her . Waverly , a wholly Americanized girl , never trully knew her mother and was ignorant of the love for her . Indeed , the language and the culture did make a great difference in the exchange of feelings , which is a terribly high barrier between Waverly and her mother , also between other three mothers and their daughters . But love and understandings , finally will prevail over others .
Personally , through the whole novel , the conflict between mothers and daughters , virtually , is that of the cultures between the East and the West . Mothers represent the classic, traditional Chinese culture but the daughters are the symbol of just , free , open and modern American one , which are two kinds of contradictory elements . However , through the whole novel , it is easier to find that finally they can understand each other and be in harmony . When Jing-Mei saw her twin-half sisters , she was surprised at this kind of familiarity . And now I also see what part of me is Chinese. It is so obvious. It is my family. It is in our blood. After all these years, it can finally be let go. shows that Jing-Mei understood her mother"s stubbornness and love and was struck by mother"s greatness . The resolution of the contradiction shows that the cultures of the East and the West can be in harmony with each other .
The first time I saw the title of the film, the Joy Luck Club, I thought that it would be a film filed with joy, luck and happiness. However, out of my expectation, in the film, I saw many unpleasant thingsconflicts, hardship, disappointment, sorrow, hurt, torture etc. Of course there were some moving parts, and fortunately, it was a happy ending. Anyway, I enjoyed it very much. It made me have a penetrating thinking.
The Joy Luck Club tells about the conflicts between Chinese immigrant mothers and their American-raised daughters and their struggling to understand each other. The film shows us these topics: the misunderstanding of love between the mothers and the daughters, the clash between the generations and cultures, and the struggle for the women to fight for equity. Now I am going to show you my understanding of them, emphasizing on the first topic.
In many cases, we and those we love are easy to hurt each other because of the misunderstanding of love, the conflicts in generations and culture background, or unconsciousness.
Take Jingmei and her mother Suyuan as an example. When Suyuan demands the little Jingmei to play piano, Jingmei shouts to her mother, You can’t make me! Even Jingmei cried that she wish she isn’t Suyuan’s daughter and Suyuan isn’t her mother, and that she wishes she were the dead like the babies Suyuan abandoned in China. The sad expression on Suyuan’s face indicates that she is hurt deeply by her daughter’s innocent words.
This reminds me of my similar experience. Once I hurt my mother as Jingmei did. I didn’t mean to hurt her, but those wounding words just slip out of my mouth unconsciously. Often, we hate that why our parents don’t know my feelings, why they like to make us be something and totally unaware that what their children are. While the parents don’t know why all their sacrifices to the children can’t be paid off, even incite hatred. Actually, this is the generation gap that causes the misunderstanding. We don’t know the hardship our parents underwent before. They can’t understand what we are thinking. So misunderstandings appear.
Maybe as a child, Jingmei cannot comprehend what her remarks mean to Suyuan, and just want to show her grudge. But another main reason is the different backgrounds of Suyuan and Jingmei bare. Chinese parents always like to put all their hopes on the next generation for they are the generation full with hardship and pain. All they do just want the children to be better, but they ignore that whether their children can accept or not, not along a child born in America, influenced by the American’s individual freedom and knowing little about Chinese culture. The generation gap and culture conflict cause the misunderstanding of the mother and the daughter.
The other example is Waverly and her mother Lindo. Waverly tries her best to please Lindo in everything. Whether her mother approves or not becomes the master of all her choice. Even Waverly marries a Chinese man because Lindo likes Chinese, while she doesn’t love. Waverly doesn’t understand why Lindo disapprove or criticize whatever she has done. On the other side, Lindo thinks that her daughter is ashamed of her, which is her continual internal injury after Waverly’s winning that chess contest, when Waverly shouted to Lindo if Lindo wanted to show off, won the chest by herself. Every time, Lindo’s disagreement with or indifference to Waverly directly results from the thought that Waverly feels it shameful to be her daughter. Both of them deeply love each other, but in the meantime, they hostile and hurt one another. This is the way them get along with each other. Fortunately, they clear up their misunderstandings and discover themselves by communicating.
I am deeply moved by this scene:
Waverly Jong says to Lindo, sobbing,You don"t know, you don"t know the power you have over me. One word from you, one look, and I"m four years old again, crying myself to sleep, because nothing I do can ever, ever please you. And after a short period of silence, Lindo smiles to Waverly with tears in her eyes, Now, you make me happy. Then they laugh heartily, teary-eyed with happiness.
Seeing the old Lindo bursts out laughing, like a child, and Waverly laughs joyfully, I sincerely feel delighted for them. Love needs communicating, understanding, and tolerance, which is what I learn from them.
Along with above mentioned, the struggle for the women to fight for equity is also brought to the surface. For instance, Ying-ying encourages her daughter Lena to escape an unhappy marriage, not repeating the same mistakes she made in her first marriage. And An-mei tells her daughter Rose to learn to shout at the unfair fate, and express her own will because Rose has lost herself in her marriage. These two cases reveal that the women begin to release themselves from the restrains of being oppressed by the men and the old-fashioned thoughts as well as some Chinese traditional characters. Eventually, the women find their true value and win their own happiness.
View from the whole film, the title, the Joy Luck Club may just be the old generation’s hope of better life for the next generation. On the whole, this is a movie made specifically for women. It is worth our appreciation.
说实话毕业论文弄好的话还是比较烦人的，准备了两个星期也没弄出来，题目全被否决了，老师又不给现成的题目，选题都麻烦的不得了，最后直接找VIP英语论文的帮我的，值得庆幸的是我还好找VIP英语论文的老师帮了忙，还辅导我熟悉了论文，还有答辩的问题，老师也没发现有什么问题，还是顺利的通过了，嘿嘿dulijnlhai
An Analysis on the Sino-America Cultural Differences Reflected from the Mother-Daughter Conficts in The Joy Luck Club
An Analysis on Sino-America Cultural Differences Reflected from the Confict of Mother-Daughter Relationship in The Joy Luck Club 不超过20字。。。减来减去做到了
[1] Amy Tan. The Joy Luck Club [M]. New York：Lvy Books, 1990.[2] John Henry Hewman. The Idea of a University [J]. Dublin：Ashfield, 2010.[3] Lewis, M. The state of ELT and the way for ward [M]. London: Language Teaching [4] Shear, Walter. The Joy Luck Club—Generation [M]. Dichotomy of Culture, 1993. [5] Stephen Souris. Only Two kinds of Daughters’:Inter-Monologue Dialogicity in The Joy Luck Club [M]. Philadelphia：Chelsea House Publishers, 2000.[6] Wang Jin. Cultural Conflicts and Compalibility Between the East and the West in The Joy Luck Club [J]. Wuhan:The Science Education Article Collects, 2007.
An Analysis on Sino-America Cultural Differences Reflected from the Confict of Mother-Daughter Relationship in The Joy Luck Club 不超过20字。。。减来减去做到了
文化差异是不同文化之间的差别，当他们相遇之时会产生冲击、竞争及失落等反应。 文化差异可能由于宗教界别、种族群体、语言能力、政治立场、社会阶级、性别、民族主义、年龄代沟、文学修养、艺术认知、教育程度等之不同，而产生文化差异。那么，不同国家的文化差异，究竟应该怎样来表示呢？霍夫斯坦特从其调查数据的分析中，得出了以下描述各种文化差异的指标：（一）权力距离(power distance)权力距离即在一个组织当中，权力的集中程度和领导的独裁程度，以及一个社会在多大的程度上可以接受组织当中这种权力分配的不平等，在企业当中可以理解为员工和管理者之间的社会距离。一种文化究竟是大的权力距离还是小的权力距离，必然会从该社会内权力大小不等的成员的价值观中反映出来。因此研究社会成员的价值观，就可以判定一个社会对权力差距的接受程度。例如，美国是权力距离相对较小的国家，美国员工倾向于不接受管理特权的观念，下级通常认为上级是“和我一样的人”。所以在美国，员工与管理者之间更平等，关系也更融洽，员工也更善于学习、进步和超越自我，实现个人价值。中国相对而言，是权力距离较大的国家，在这里地位象征非常重要，上级所拥有的特权被认为是理所应当的，这种特权大大地有助于上级对下属权力的实施。这些特点显然不利于员工与管理者之间和谐关系的创造和员工在企业中不断地学习和进步。因而要在中国的企业当中采纳“构建员工与管理者之间和谐的关系”以及“为员工在工作当中提供学习的机会，使他们不断进步”这两项人本主义政策，管理者有必要在实践当中有意识地减小企业内部权力之间的距离，才会更好地实现管理目标。（二）不确定性避免(uncertainty avoidance index)在任何一个社会中，人们对于不确定的、含糊的、前途未卜的情境，都会感到面对的是一种威胁，从而总是试图加以防止。防止的方法很多，例如提供更大的职业稳定性，订立更多的正规条令，不允许出现越轨的思想和行为，追求绝对真实的东西，努力获得专门的知识等等。不同民族、国家或地区，防止不确定性的迫切程度是不一样的。相对而言，在不确定性避免程度低的社会当中，人们普遍有一种安全感，倾向于放松的生活态度和鼓励冒险的倾向。而在不确定性避免程度高的社会当中，人们则普遍有一种高度的紧迫感和进取心，因而易形成一种努力工作的内心冲动。例如，日本是不确定性避免程度较高的社会，因而在日本，“全面质量管理”这一员工广泛参与的管理形式取得了极大的成功，“终身雇佣制”也得到了很好的推行。与此相反，美国是不确定性避免程度低的社会，同样的人本主义政策在美国企业中则不一定行得通，比如在日本推行良好的“全面质量管理”，在美国却几乎没有成效。中国与日本相似，也属于不确定性避免程度较高的社会，因而在中国推行员工参与管理和增加职业稳定性的人本主义政策，应该是适合的并且是有效的。此外，不确定性避免程度低的社会，人们较容易接受生活中固有的不确定性，能够接受更多的意见，上级对下属的授权被执行得更为彻底，员工倾向于自主管理和独立的工作。而在不确定性避免程度高的社会，上级倾向于对下属进行严格的控制和清晰的指示。（三）个人主义与集体主义(individualism versus collectivism)“个人主义”是指一种结合松散的社会组织结构，其中每个人重视自身的价值与需要，依靠个人的努力来为自己谋取利益。“集体主义”则指一种结合紧密的社会组织，其中的人往往以“在群体之内”和“在群体之外”来区分，他们期望得到“群体之内”的人员的照顾，但同时也以对该群体保持绝对的忠诚作为回报。美国是崇尚个人主义的社会，强调个性自由及个人的成就，因而开展员工之间个人竞争，并对个人表现进行奖励，是有效的人本主义激励政策。中国和日本都是崇尚集体主义的社会，员工对组织有一种感情依赖，应该容易构建员工和管理者之间和谐的关系。（四）男性度与女性度(masculine versus feminality)男性度与女性度即社会上居于统治地位的价值标准。对于男性社会而言，居于统治地位的是男性气概，如自信武断，进取好胜，对于金钱的索取，执着而坦然；而女性社会则完全与之相反。有趣的是，一个社会对“男子气概”的评价越高，其男子与女子之间的价值观差异也就越大。美国是男性度较强的国家，企业当中重大决策通常由高层做出，员工由于频繁地变换工作，对企业缺乏认同感，因而员工通常不会积极地参与管理。中国是一个女性度的社会，注重和谐和道德伦理，崇尚积极入世的精神。正如我们上面的叙述，让员工积极参与管理的人本主义政策是可行的。通过对上述文化四维度调查数据的分析，霍夫斯坦特证实了不同民族的文化之间确实存在着很大的差异性，而且这种差异性是根植在人们的头脑中的，很难轻易被改变。文化差异是由各国的历史传统以及不同的社会发展进程所产生的，表现在社会文化的各个方面。从霍氏的各文化维度指标值中，可得出东西方的文化差异是十分明显的，就是在同为东方文化圈的中国大陆、日本、中国香港、新加坡等也是较明显的。就如中日两国文化都是一种集体主义导向，但两种集体主义却有较大的不同。此外，除了民族、地域文化差异之外，不可否认，还有投资合作伙伴“公司文化”的风格差异。可以说，公司内文化差距越大，产生文化冲突与困惑的可能性与强度就会越来越大。当然，文化差异的指标不会只有四个。但即使只考虑这四个文化差异指标，且认为每个指标也都只有两种情况，按照排列组合来分析，也可能有68种不同的民族文化类型。霍夫斯坦特的研究方法，和企业文化类型的多样性相兼容。（五）长期取向与短期取向（long vs short term orientation）第五个维度从对于世界各地的23个国家的学生的研究中得出。这项研究使用的是由中国学者设计的调查问卷，可以说是注重德行而不是真理。长期取向的价值观注重节约与坚定；短期取向的价值观尊重传统，履行社会责任，并爱‘面子’。这一维度的积极与消极的价值取向都可以在孔子的教义中找到，他是最有影响力的中国哲学家，生活于公元前500年；然而这一维度也适用于没有儒家传统的国家。
Topic: note the cultural differences between Chinese and American conflict resolution reflects "the Joy Luck Club" relationship between mother and daughter: no more than重点词汇释义论文paper; thesis; dissertation; treatise; discourse题目title; subject; exercise problems; examination questions; rubric解析analysis; resolution; resolve; analyze关系relationship; relation; nexus; filiation冲突conflict; collision; clash; collide; collide with折射refraction; refracting; refringence; refingency; anacampsis文化差异cultural difference不能cannot; unable; must not; should not; be incapable of超过exceed; outnumber; outstrip; pass; excess希望对你有帮助
我也是英语专业的,刚刚答辩完了.首先老师会让你做三分钟左右的presentation,这个其实就是你论文中的abstract和introduction部分的结合,我们答辩之前学姐学长告诉我们一点要把这两部分背好.然后老师会向你提三到四个问题,一般就是 you choose this topic? 2.就你写的论文而言,你的论文的现实意义 3.你对《喜福会》中的母女关系及其文化内涵的理解 还有,有的老师可能会问你关于参考文献的一些东西.不要紧张,很容易的^^......
我们交流下吧。你先查找文献。拟好大纲。全程指导
首先你要做5分钟左右的presentation，那部分内容包含1 : why you choose this topic ;2:what is the main content of your thesis: 3:What is the problem still in your paper (也即是你论文中你觉得哪些需要后来的学者继续研究或者也可从你论文不足的地方讲几句）。 其次你开始回答问题，通常是3或4个问题。这部分你准备时，1. 一定要将自己论文中的各个标题记熟。很多老师就针对其问问题。2.你文中所用的术语，其definition要能说出。 3.如果你在上部分presentation未说明你为什么选择这个论题时。老师也可能对此提出问题。4.也有可能询问你撰写的论文对语言学习有什么帮助。 嘿嘿 ，个人看法。你的格式最好要少些瑕疵，有些老师就专挑格式错误，他们认为这能反映你的态度是否端正。还有答辩老师未必有那么多时间看。而这个错误最为明显。 提前将abstract和conclusion背一背。答辩时态度谦逊些。自信些，老师都不大会为难我们。祝你好运。 忘了补充最后一点，很重要，你如果紧张，且无法克制，可以一进门现半开玩笑的对老师说一句，我有点紧张，，绝对会为你加分，但要掌握分寸
从电影喜福会浅析中美文化差异论文必须有论点，根据论点来补充论据，一般要有数据说明，图表等等，论文还要有摘要和关键词，如果你连框架都摆好了，为什么不会写呢，照着你自己的思路来啊。方便时把具体的论文要求告诉我，我帮你完成吧。
我也是英语专业的,刚刚答辩完了.首先老师会让你做三分钟左右的presentation,这个其实就是你论文中的abstract和introduction部分的结合,我们答辩之前学姐学长告诉我们一点要把这两部分背好.然后老师会向你提三到四个问题,一般就是 you choose this topic? 2.就你写的论文而言,你的论文的现实意义 3.你对《喜福会》中的母女关系及其文化内涵的理解 还有,有的老师可能会问你关于参考文献的一些东西.不要紧张,很容易的^^......