隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史,无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧,都起源于民间,并与原始人祭祀神灵,欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史,它发展快,成就高,在世界上的影响很... 类别:毕业论文 大小:95 KB 日期:2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临,中国与外界的交流越来越频繁,特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界,如同一个大家庭,参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因,各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增,同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现,跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道,这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别:毕业论文 大小:96 KB 日期:2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征:儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗,宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰,以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线,在思想上追求人格的完美,以“谦谦君... 类别:毕业论文 大小:90 KB 日期:2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:88 KB 日期:2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来,中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区,礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响,目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别:毕业论文 大小:85 KB 日期:2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年,西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化;西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天,中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别:毕业论文 大小:100 KB 日期:2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天,旅游业风风火火地发展起来了,作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来,且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世,这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机,但世界上酒店发展规模空前,...
论文名称:红色基因对新时代中国特色社会主义建设的独特价值核心观点:红色基因是中国特色社会主义的重要组成部分,具有独特的价值和意义。它既是党的优良传统和文化传承,也是我们国家和民族的底蕴和精神支撑。红色基因的传承和发扬对于实现中华民族伟大复兴具有重要意义。同时,红色基因也是引领社会主义道路发展的重要力量,具有凝聚民心、引领时代的作用。论文思路:一、红色基因的内涵和意义二、红色基因在新时代中国特色社会主义建设中的作用三、红色基因对实现中华民族伟大复兴的重要性四、红色基因的价值与意义五、红色基因在引领社会主义道路发展中的作用六、红色基因的传承与发扬策略七、红色基因的未来发展趋势结论:红色基因是我们民族的重要精神支撑,也是新时代中国特色社会主义建设的重要组成部分。只有在坚定不移地传承和发扬红色基因的基础上,我们才能更好地实现中华民族伟大复兴的目标,实现国家和民族的长治久安。
编写提纲的步骤 编写提纲的步骤可以是这样: (一)确定论文提要,再加进材料,形成全文的概要 论文提要是内容提纲的雏型。一般书、教学参考书都有反映全书内容的提要,以便读者一翻提要就知道书的大概内容。我们写论文也需要先写出论文提要。在执笔前把论文的题目和大标题、小标题列出来,再把选用的材料插进去,就形成了论文内容的提要。 (二)原稿纸页数的分配 写好毕业论文的提要之后,要根据论文的内容考虑篇幅的长短,文章的各个部分,大体上要写多少字。如计划写20页原稿纸(每页300字)的论文,考虑序论用1页,本论用17页,结论用1—2页。本论部分再进行分配,如本论共有四项,可以第一项3—4页,第二项用4—5页,第三项3—4页,第四项6—7页。有这样的分配,便于资料的配备和安排,写作能更有计划。毕业论文的长短一般规定为5000—6000字,因为过短,问题很难讲透,而作为毕业论文也不宜过长,这是一般大专、本科学生的理论基 础、实践经验所决定的。 (三)编写提纲 论文提纲可分为简单提纲和详细提纲两种。简单提纲是高度概括的,只提示论文的要点,如何展开则不涉及。这种提纲虽然简单,但由于它是经过深思熟虑构成的,写作时能顺利进行。没有这种准备,边想边写很难顺利地写下去。以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例,简单提纲可以写成下面这样: 一、序论 二、本论 (一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件 (二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状 (三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策 三、结论 详细提纲,是把论文的主要论点和展开部分较为详细地列出来。如果在写作之前准备了详细提纲,那么,执笔时就能更顺利。下面仍以《关于培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的思考》为例,介绍详细提纲的写法: 一、序论 1.提出中心论题; 2,说明写作意图。 二、本论 (一)培育建筑劳动力市场的前提条件 1.市场经济体制的确立,为建筑劳动力市场的产生创造了宏观环境; 2.建筑产品市场的形成,对建筑劳动力市场的培育提出了现实的要求; 3.城乡体制改革的深化,为建筑劳动力市场的形成提供了可靠的保证; 4.建筑劳动力市场的建立,是建筑行业用工特殊性的内在要求。 (二)目前建筑劳动力市场的基本现状 1.供大于求的买方市场; 2,有市无场的隐形市场; 3.易进难出的畸形市场; 4,交易无序的自发市场。 (三)培育和完善建筑劳动力市场的对策 1.统一思想认识,变自发交易为自觉调控; 2.加快建章立制,变无序交易为规范交易; 3.健全市场网络,变隐形交易为有形交易; 4.调整经营结构,变个别流动为队伍流动; 5,深化用工改革,变单向流动为双向流动。 三、结论 1,概述当前的建筑劳动力市场形势和我们的任务; 2.呼应开头的序言。 上面所说的简单提纲和详细提纲都是论文的骨架和要点,选择哪一种,要根据作者的需要。如果考虑周到,调查详细,用简单提纲问题不是很大;但如果考虑粗疏,调查不周,则必须用详细提纲,否则,很难写出合格的毕业论文。总之,在动手撰写毕业’论文之前拟好提纲,写起来就会方便得多。 三、毕业论文提纲的拟定 如何落笔拟定毕业论文提纲呢?首先要把握拟定毕业论文提纲的原则,为此要掌握如下四个方面: (一)要有全局观念,从整体出发去检查每一部分在论文中所占的地位和作用。看看各部分的比例分配是否恰当,篇幅的长短是否合适,每一部分能否为中心论点服务。比如有一篇论文论述企业深化改革与稳定是辩证统一的,作者以浙江××市某企业为例,说只要干部在改革中以身作则,与职工同甘共苦,可以取得多数职工的理解。从全局观念分折,我们就可以发现这里只讲了企业如何改革才能稳定,没有论述通过深化改革,转换企业经营机制,提高了企业经济效益,职工收入增加,最终达到社会稳定。 (二)从中心论点出发,决定材料的取舍,把与主题无关或关系不大的材料毫不可惜地舍弃,尽管这些材料是煞费苦心费了不少劳动搜集来的。有所失,才能有所得。一块毛料寸寸宝贵,舍不得剪裁去,也就缝制不成合身的衣服。为了成衣,必须剪裁去不需要的部分。所以,我们必须时刻牢记材料只是为形成自己论文的论点服务的,离开了这一点,无论是多麽好的材料都必须舍得抛弃。 (三)要考虑各部分之间的逻辑关系。初学撰写论文的人常犯的毛病,是论点和论据没有必然联系,有的只限于反复阐述论点,而缺乏切实有力的论据;有的材料一大堆,论点不明确;有的各部分之间没有形成有机的逻辑关系,这样的毕业论文都是不合乎要求的,这样的毕业论文是没有说服力的。为了有说服力,必须有虚有实,有论点有例证,理论和实际相结合,论证过程有严密的逻辑性,拟提纲时特别要注意这一点,检查这一点。 下面再简单阐述一下编写毕业论文提纲的方法: 1.先拟标题; 2.写出总论点; 3.考虑全篇总的安排:从几个方面,以什么顺序来论述总论点,这是论文结构的骨架; 4.大的项目安排妥当之后,再逐个考虑每个项目的下位论点,直到段一级,写出段的论点句(即段旨); 5.依次考虑各个段的安排,把准备使用的材料按顺序编码,以便写作时使用; 6.全面检查,作必要的增删。 在编写毕业论文提纲时还要注意: 第一,编写毕业论文提纲有两种方法:一是标题式写法。即用简要的文字写成标题,把这部分的内容概括出来。这种写法简明扼要,一目了然,但只有作者自己明白。毕业论文提纲一般不能采用这种方法编写.二是句子式写法。即以一个能表达完整意思的句子形式把该部分内容概括出来。这种写法具体而明确,别人看了也能明了,但费时费力。毕业论文的提纲编写要交与指导教师阅读,所以,要求采用这种编写方法。 第二,提纲写好后,还有一项很重要的工作不可疏忽,这就是提纲的推敲和修改,这种推敲和修改要把握如下几点。一是推敲题目是否恰当,是否合适;二是推敲提纲的结构。先围绕所要阐述的中心论点或者说明的主要议题,检查划分的部分、层次和段落是否可以充分说明问题,是否合乎道理;各层次、段落之间的联系是否紧密,过渡是否自然。然后再进行客观总体布局的检查,再对每一层次中的论述秩序进行“微调”。 第三,毕业论文写作一般要求提纲拟到以下层次 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 总论点 { { { 1.(称段旨) (一)(称下位论点) 2. 一、(称上位论点) ...... (二) ...... 二、 ...... -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (四)毕业论文的基本结构由序论、本论、结论三大部分组成。序论、结论这两部分在提纲中部应比较简略。本论则是全文的重点,是应集中笔墨写深写透的部分,因此在提纲上也要列得较为详细。本论部分至少要有两层标准,层层深入,层层推理,以便体现总论点和分论点的有机结合,把论点讲深讲透。
苏州古典园林的洞门花窗造型艺术研究 中文摘要: 苏州园林,起始于春秋,发展于唐宋,全盛于明清。它汇集了诸多的元素,在方寸之地塑造了恬静淡雅、浪漫飘逸、精巧玲珑的人间仙境,达到“障锦山屏、列千寻耸翠、虽由人作、宛自天开”1的艺术境界。 ....苏州老城区街景建设中苏州园林视觉元素的应用研究 中文摘要: 本文是对苏州老城区街景建设中所呈现的问题及其解决方案做出探讨。在老城区改造日益深化,规模日益庞大的时期,本课题是规划师和设计师们充满了探索兴趣,同时又不得不面对的。 苏州是一个特....扬州园林的“秀”与“雄” 中文摘要: 这篇文章以扬州园林为主要立足点,辅以苏州园林的比较。文章先对扬州的地理位置、地域文化以及苏州园林的地域文化进行了简单的描述,再对两地园林主人的身份进行了分析,找出了其相似点和不同点,最后....论苏州园林空间的艺术特征 中文摘要: 苏州园林甲天下,集自然美、艺术美、形式美之大成。苏州园林作为一门空间艺术具有独特的魅力,作为文化载体,它积淀了丰厚的文化底蕴。本文主要就其庭院式的空间布局,建筑与自然、室内与室外融为一体....出镜人物: 龙山新新家园项目缔造者北京万通先锋置业股份有限公司常务副总经理/姚鹏(左) 项目景观及建筑营造总负责苏州古吴园林建筑有限公司总经理,周汉良(中) 项目样板间室内设计师北京选择建筑设计咨询有限公司总经理/王晓东(右) 如今,自北四环上京承高速路(13出口怀柔方向)到龙山新新家园不过是20分钟的事,如果说在京承高速开通之前还很少有人会将其定位为第一居所,那么现在这一切已然发生改变。越来越多的“龙山”业主每日往返于市区和项目之间,当走进社区看到一座座别墅将精心装扮的庭院时,你就分明可以真切地感受到这里的人气。 龙山新新家园10年开发的历程,从最早的德式风格别墅,到如今回归中国传统居住形式的苏州园林别墅,更像是北京别墅市场的缩影。作为当前别墅市场高端的中式别墅之一,瀛园对于中式别墅的忠实拥趸们最突出的价值就在于项目花费巨大心思和成本打造的精装庭院,因为它是建筑在原汁原味全成品苏州园林中的生活,由掌握着传统苏式园林专业手法的、有古建园林“香山帮”之称的设计团队专业打造的24套中式别墅庭院样板区,为所有身临现场的人提供了一种千百年来中国人所崇尚的苏式庭院的景观模板。 走出“四合院别墅”的固有思维 我曾去过许多国家,也对国内地产项目比较熟悉,各个时代、风格和建筑流派过目无数。对我们这些开发商来说,固然有自己的喜好,开发项目会打上我们自己的“烙印”,但总的来说,瀛园之所以不同于龙山新新家园以往三期的德式风格,而是以原汁原味苏州园林面貌出现,决定因素还是市场本身。曾经看到过2004年公布的一组别墅指数调查数据:在对别墅的购买倾向上,选择欧式风格从过去的1OO%突然回落到%,而愿意选择中式风格的则上升了25%左右。由此,我们意识到回归传统的居住趋势 越来越多的中国人开始厌倦欧式风格的别墅,而越来越多的人开始回归中国传统居住方式。 该如何解释这样的现象呢?我认为,中国几十年来一直处于向西方文明学习的时期,我们习惯借用别人制定的标准来衡量自身,从生活方式到风格样式,处处都照搬照抄。在这个过程中,难免弃民族传统文化于不顾。庆幸的是,一些人首先在物质审美上觉醒了,他们本能发觉自己向往的居住环境不是异域风情的欧陆风格,转而开始回忆小桥流水、高墙大院的中国传统居住形式和由此而生的安宁、平和以及自得其乐。他们觉醒之时,便开始寻找能贴合中国人文化方式和精神方式的别墅项目。 “创造最具价值的生活空间”是万通地产的经营理念,也是我们走出“在北京开发传统四合院式别墅”的固有思维、首度尝试在北方地区建筑“原汁原味苏州私家园林式别墅”的缘由。四合院中式别墅在2003年有观唐的先河,而苏州私家园林式别墅则是2005年在龙山瀛园首度实现,瀛园为那些青睐中国传统居住形式的人们而创造,它的价值在于:在北京实现纯粹“粉墙黛瓦”的建筑形式和“亭台楼阁、小桥流水”的苏州私人园林,再现中国几千年来耕读传家的生活。 飞檐斗拱、粉墙黛瓦、木雕花窗、鱼池叠石,瀛园以一系列中式符号表达苏州园林的物境,展开主人所崇尚的生活样式:“耕读相兼,士庶之常,岂可偏废”。耕与读并行不悖,稳固而悠远,这两样行为不仅陶冶主人情操,更成为几千年来中国人的传家之德。瀛园的售楼处挂了这样一幅老对联“四壁群书小邹鲁,一家和气古唐虞”。这就是我们的理想,也是期望居住者能切身体会的生活境界:读书闲暇,在园中侍弄花草,赏四季物境,在日常生活中感受中国传统文化的熏陶。 承载修身养性与社交功能的多重需求 北京传统民居以四合院为载体,高墙朱门,方正对称,平稳大气,是“官本位”的住宅形式。即使如今,北京开发商也更乐意移植四合院的建筑形式,虽然传统的中式别墅绝不止于四合院,但受限于工匠营造技艺和地域差异,苏州样式的恬淡悠然、自然情趣的文人园林却难以实现。我们2000年在苏州开发了江枫园,可以说是最早探索“中体西用”的别墅项目,也由此体现了我们在古建园林方面的深厚底蕴。它是由“香山帮”的匠人忠于古法营造,原汁原味再现粉墙黛瓦、小桥流水的苏州园林。而建筑功能并不逊色欧美别墅,深受中国文化情结浓厚的苏州本地文化人以及外籍华人的青睐。因此,万通地产也选择了与我们合作,在北京首度开发了苏州园林式别墅项目,作为有别于四合院的另一派中式建筑典范。 计成在《园冶·兴造论》中开篇就有“三分匠,七分主人,非主人也,能主之人也”的说法,“能主之人”既包含主人,也包含设计造园的主要工匠。定位在“嫡传苏州园林别墅”,特意从苏州请来正宗香山帮的“能主之人”,他们精通绘画,擅长诗文,并巧妙地运用于造园技术。“能主之人”因袭经典造园古法,事前不画图纸,胸中却自有丘壑,即兴堆砌假山、栽树种花、兴建亭台楼阁等,因此瀛园的每一座宅第园林的意境呈现微妙差异。 建筑师张开济先生说:“所谓深宅大院,精彩之处就在于院子,有前院、后院,还有跨院。这个院子是整个家庭的多功能空间,到了夏天搭个凉棚,要结婚了搭个喜棚,院子里发生过很多故事。”实际上,最能契合中国传统文化、精神的正是一座大院,大院是北方的称呼,南方就是园林。与西方开敞式园林大相径庭,中国的文人雅±自古便喜欢将自己围合起来,在私密性园林中生活起居、赏一年季相、会友雅集,虽在闹市,仿佛隐逸于山林中。这其实也是每个现代中国人的生活梦想。 因此,瀛园每一栋别墅都是“粉墙”环绕,在与邻居院落的相连处还高高挑起二叠式马头墙,马头墙原是防火用,在这里犹如空中围墙,每家的庭院都不会被邻居看到,同时也能保证良好的视野。站在阳台上眺望,飞檐黛瓦鳞次栉比,在深蓝苍穹上勾勒出一道天际线。如果要我描绘现代人在苏州园林中的故事,会是这样的景象:闲暇时,在园林中藤椅上休憩,看书品茗,园是静的,山泉涌动增添几分天然音效,背着手沿着曲折的回廊踱步,随着眼前景致变幻,很多回忆会慢慢弥漫上来,靠在飞檐翘角的半山亭中,俯身观望池塘中的锦鲤游动。 当然,苏州园林不仅是主人修身养性之地,也有现代别墅庭院所讲究的社交功能性,比如画家叶放在自己修建的苏州园林中,特意搭建一个戏台,建在池塘的水面上,与厅堂遥相呼应,这里已经举行过多次有名的“雅集堂会”,招朋呼友,先游园品茗,再听曲观戏。实际上,古代苏州园林就是文人墨客用来会客的,如同室外的客厅。而现代人对这类名字有点陌生了,雅集、堂会被PARTY、聚会这种更为西化的词语取代。我们不可能让所有人都回归传统生活方式,不过是以再现传统苏州园林形式,让现代中国人寻找到一处居住空间,能静默养气,安身立命,让生活和精神皆有所依托。 重构中式空间意境 对于任何一位现代中式别墅的室内设计师来说,所需解决的首要问题无非是“中式神韵与现 ||| 出镜人物: 龙山新新家园项目缔造者北京万通先锋置业股份有限公司常务副总经理/姚鹏(左) 项目景观及建筑营造总负责苏州古吴园林建筑有限公司总经理,周汉良(中) 项目样板间室内设计师北京选择建筑设计咨询有限公司总经理/王晓东(右) 如今,自北四环上京承高速路(13出口怀柔方向)到龙山新新家园不过是20分钟的事,如果说在京承高速开通之前还很少有人会将其定位为第一居所,那么现在这一切已然发生改变。越来越多的“龙山”业主每日往返于市区和项目之间,当走进社区看到一座座别墅将精心装扮的庭院时,你就分明可以真切地感受到这里的人气。 龙山新新家园10年开发的历程,从最早的德式风格别墅,到如今回归中国传统居住形式的苏州园林别墅,更像是北京别墅市场的缩影。作为当前别墅市场高端的中式别墅之一,瀛园对于中式别墅的忠实拥趸们最突出的价值就在于项目花费巨大心思和成本打造的精装庭院,因为它是建筑在原汁原味全成品苏州园林中的生活,由掌握着传统苏式园林专业手法的、有古建园林“香山帮”之称的设计团队专业打造的24套中式别墅庭院样板区,为所有身临现场的人提供了一种千百年来中国人所崇尚的苏式庭院的景观模板。 走出“四合院别墅”的固有思维 我曾去过许多国家,也对国内地产项目比较熟悉,各个时代、风格和建筑流派过目无数。对我们这些开发商来说,固然有自己的喜好,开发项目会打上我们自己的“烙印”,但总的来说,瀛园之所以不同于龙山新新家园以往三期的德式风格,而是以原汁原味苏州园林面貌出现,决定因素还是市场本身。曾经看到过2004年公布的一组别墅指数调查数据:在对别墅的购买倾向上,选择欧式风格从过去的1OO%突然回落到%,而愿意选择中式风格的则上升了25%左右。由此,我们意识到回归传统的居住趋势 越来越多的中国人开始厌倦欧式风格的别墅,而越来越多的人开始回归中国传统居住方式。 该如何解释这样的现象呢?我认为,中国几十年来一直处于向西方文明学习的时期,我们习惯借用别人制定的标准来衡量自身,从生活方式到风格样式,处处都照搬照抄。在这个过程中,难免弃民族传统文化于不顾。庆幸的是,一些人首先在物质审美上觉醒了,他们本能发觉自己向往的居住环境不是异域风情的欧陆风格,转而开始回忆小桥流水、高墙大院的中国传统居住形式和由此而生的安宁、平和以及自得其乐。他们觉醒之时,便开始寻找能贴合中国人文化方式和精神方式的别墅项目。 “创造最具价值的生活空间”是万通地产的经营理念,也是我们走出“在北京开发传统四合院式别墅”的固有思维、首度尝试在北方地区建筑“原汁原味苏州私家园林式别墅”的缘由。四合院中式别墅在2003年有观唐的先河,而苏州私家园林式别墅则是2005年在龙山瀛园首度实现,瀛园为那些青睐中国传统居住形式的人们而创造,它的价值在于:在北京实现纯粹“粉墙黛瓦”的建筑形式和“亭台楼阁、小桥流水”的苏州私人园林,再现中国几千年来耕读传家的生活。 飞檐斗拱、粉墙黛瓦、木雕花窗、鱼池叠石,瀛园以一系列中式符号表达苏州园林的物境,展开主人所崇尚的生活样式:“耕读相兼,士庶之常,岂可偏废”。耕与读并行不悖,稳固而悠远,这两样行为不仅陶冶主人情操,更成为几千年来中国人的传家之德。瀛园的售楼处挂了这样一幅老对联“四壁群书小邹鲁,一家和气古唐虞”。这就是我们的理想,也是期望居住者能切身体会的生活境界:读书闲暇,在园中侍弄花草,赏四季物境,在日常生活中感受中国传统文化的熏陶。 承载修身养性与社交功能的多重需求 北京传统民居以四合院为载体,高墙朱门,方正对称,平稳大气,是“官本位”的住宅形式。即使如今,北京开发商也更乐意移植四合院的建筑形式,虽然传统的中式别墅绝不止于四合院,但受限于工匠营造技艺和地域差异,苏州样式的恬淡悠然、自然情趣的文人园林却难以实现。我们2000年在苏州开发了江枫园,可以说是最早探索“中体西用”的别墅项目,也由此体现了我们在古建园林方面的深厚底蕴。它是由“香山帮”的匠人忠于古法营造,原汁原味再现粉墙黛瓦、小桥流水的苏州园林。而建筑功能并不逊色欧美别墅,深受中国文化情结浓厚的苏州本地文化人以及外籍华人的青睐。因此,万通地产也选择了与我们合作,在北京首度开发了苏州园林式别墅项目,作为有别于四合院的另一派中式建筑典范。 计成在《园冶·兴造论》中开篇就有“三分匠,七分主人,非主人也,能主之人也”的说法,“能主之人”既包含主人,也包含设计造园的主要工匠。定位在“嫡传苏州园林别墅”,特意从苏州请来正宗香山帮的“能主之人”,他们精通绘画,擅长诗文,并巧妙地运用于造园技术。“能主之人”因袭经典造园古法,事前不画图纸,胸中却自有丘壑,即兴堆砌假山、栽树种花、兴建亭台楼阁等,因此瀛园的每一座宅第园林的意境呈现微妙差异。 建筑师张开济先生说:“所谓深宅大院,精彩之处就在于院子,有前院、后院,还有跨院。这个院子是整个家庭的多功能空间,到了夏天搭个凉棚,要结婚了搭个喜棚,院子里发生过很多故事。”实际上,最能契合中国传统文化、精神的正是一座大院,大院是北方的称呼,南方就是园林。与西方开敞式园林大相径庭,中国的文人雅±自古便喜欢将自己围合起来,在私密性园林中生活起居、赏一年季相、会友雅集,虽在闹市,仿佛隐逸于山林中。这其实也是每个现代中国人的生活梦想。 因此,瀛园每一栋别墅都是“粉墙”环绕,在与邻居院落的相连处还高高挑起二叠式马头墙,马头墙原是防火用,在这里犹如空中围墙,每家的庭院都不会被邻居看到,同时也能保证良好的视野。站在阳台上眺望,飞檐黛瓦鳞次栉比,在深蓝苍穹上勾勒出一道天际线。如果要我描绘现代人在苏州园林中的故事,会是这样的景象:闲暇时,在园林中藤椅上休憩,看书品茗,园是静的,山泉涌动增添几分天然音效,背着手沿着曲折的回廊踱步,随着眼前景致变幻,很多回忆会慢慢弥漫上来,靠在飞檐翘角的半山亭中,俯身观望池塘中的锦鲤游动。 当然,苏州园林不仅是主人修身养性之地,也有现代别墅庭院所讲究的社交功能性,比如画家叶放在自己修建的苏州园林中,特意搭建一个戏台,建在池塘的水面上,与厅堂遥相呼应,这里已经举行过多次有名的“雅集堂会”,招朋呼友,先游园品茗,再听曲观戏。实际上,古代苏州园林就是文人墨客用来会客的,如同室外的客厅。而现代人对这类名字有点陌生了,雅集、堂会被PARTY、聚会这种更为西化的词语取代。我们不可能让所有人都回归传统生活方式,不过是以再现传统苏州园林形式,让现代中国人寻找到一处居住空间,能静默养气,安身立命,让生活和精神皆有所依托。 重构中式空间意境 对于任何一位现代中式别墅的室内设计师来说,所需解决的首要问题无非是“中式神韵与现 |||代居住舒适度结合”,既要满足现代人的生活方式,实现居住的现代和舒适,又要保留传统中式空间的意境,使居室空间与室外中式庭院、建筑气韵贯通。 目前,市场上大量中式别墅项目的常规作法是“混搭”,将西式沙发和中国条案一并放入室内空间,相信这也是大多数居住者将选取的室内装饰风格。而瀛园样板问的作用意在尊重建筑风格的特性,强调实现中式的空间意境,对于那些青睐中国传统居住方式的客户来说,这个空间符合他们想象的生活情景:井然有序、礼仪感、大家风范。 瀛园的总设计原则是:形神兼备,嫡传苏州园林。落实在室内空间设计上,是否安放上檩木、椽木、铺设青砖、安置传统窗扇,就描绘出了苏州园林宅第的原貌呢’显然一味地为传统居住氛围而回归传统,满眼中式传统符号堆积,就会只顾“形”而缺少动人心的“神”。经过几轮设计方案修改,我们最终确定的方向是,以现代设计手法组织中式传统符号,重构中式空间神韵——讲究礼仪,气度严正。 以对厅堂的塑造为例。客厅并非现代意义的客厅,而是一间传统厅堂。推开虚掩的双扇木门,步入其间,你会强烈感受到与现实生活的反差,完全是江南老宅的雍容作派。但是,以专业眼光审视这个空间,你会发现中式传统元素全部经过现代设计手法的处理,如铺设地面的不是传统的青砖,而是用非抛光的黑色石材替代,同时,用木条做以收口,再搭配专门烧制的具有浓厚中式元素的青花瓷片做节点,在基调上既保持了传统民居的风格,又增加了细腻的装饰表情;相应地,天花的处理与地面效果相得益彰,木材吊顶,节点处嵌以木制雕花,这样形成的天花“藻井”恰好与地面的网格模数相符,从而延续中式建筑空间的神韵。当然,现代手法重构中式传统空间,不仅用于厅堂,门、窗、楼梯、坡屋顶都贯彻了这理念,达到回归传统又不脱离现实的目的。 整栋别墅室内设计的最亮点在地下空间,与传统江南民居的空间氛同截然不同,更强化了现代设计手法,相应弱化中式空间符号。考虑到地下空间采光不足,为了避免结业主带来压抑感,我们将它处理成能供人思考的“密室书斋”,效仿“衣柜抽屉”隔断的方式将三面墙壁网格化,在薄骨架上不规律地做出抽拉屉,以中国红、黑搭配色彩。如果用电影语言来解释:这个空间变得很戏剧化,一反人们对干中式居住空间的认知:但只要细品,笔墨纸砚、条案流苏等细节又处处流露着中式神韵。 龙山新新家园·瀛园:回归苏州园林的中式别墅 明 朗 鲍 爽 张海婕
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