马理论本科毕业论文提纲

一般而言，论文大纲分为简要大纲和具体大纲，其主要撰写步骤为以下内容。1.整理文献资料在确认提纲之前的步骤中就有收集材料，在大纲撰写之前，需要对相关文献建立资料索引，且与后续的研究方向一一对应。2.确认大标题和小标题大标题和小标题基本就决定了论文的框架，研究的深度，以及理论部分的需求，在标题与标题之间可以建立相应的逻辑关系，按照逻辑推导推演出下一个标题，非常有效的提升论文的鲜明程度。

论文提纲就是论文的框架、结构，是作者构思谋篇的具体体现。便于作者有条理地安排材料、展开论证。本科论文的提纲结构：一、中英文摘要二、绪论（前言）1、研究背景2、研究目的和意义3、国内外研究综述4、研究方法三、理论概述与文献概述1、论文用到的相关概念2、相关理论概述四、现状，对研究问题现状进行分析总结（文字描述及数据分析）五、根据现状提出存在的问题及原因分析（列出123）六、对策与建议，针对上面提出的问题提出解决政策，一 一对应进行解决（列出123）。七、结论

具体的范文模板链接：

一、毕业论文(设计)的装订顺序依次为封面、诚信承诺书、目录、中文摘要与中文关键词、英文摘要与英文关键词、正文、注释(可选)、参考文献、致谢。二、毕业论文(设计说明书)编写要求1、封面(采用学校统一印制的封面纸)具体内容包括:题目名称、系别、专业名称、班级、学生姓名、学号、指导教师和论文完成时间等。题目名称应简短、明确、有概括性，必要时可加副标题。字数一般不宜超过20个汉字。(注意封面题目与论文正文的题目要一致)2、诚信承诺书诚信承诺书要单独一页，背面空白。3、目录目录按毕业论文(设计说明书)顺序分三级层次编写，要标明页数，以便阅读。目录中的标题应与正文中的标题一致。4、摘要摘要是毕业论文(设计说明书)内容的简短陈述，应以简要文字介绍研究课题的目的、方法、主要内容及主要结果或结论，字数约为300~500字。摘要前以“[摘要]”作为标识。5、关键词关键词是反映毕业论文(设计说明书)最主要内容的词语或术语。关键词数量一般为3~5个。关键词前以“[关键词]”作为标识，关键词之间用“;”分隔。(中文标题、摘要、关键词与英文标题、摘要、关键词各占一页，详见《论文格式》)6、引言或前言等可选内容，笔者认为有必要可写则写，不写亦可。7、正文正文应充分阐明毕业论文(设计说明书)的观点、原理、方法等。正文应分层深入，逐层剖析，并按层设分层标题并编号。标题序次结构采用下列形式:(1)经济管理类毕业论文用:一、(一)1.(1)①……依此类推(2)理工设计类毕业设计和外语类毕业论文用:……依此类推注释主要对文中某一特定内容作必要的解释或说明，可夹在文内(加圆括号)，也可排在页末或篇末。序号用带圆圈的阿拉伯数字表示。正文中引述他人的观点、统计数据或计算公式应注明出处，并尽量在句末右上角标注参考文献的编号。毕业论文(设计说明书)中的表格应统一编序(如:表4)，也可以逐章单独编序(如:表2-3)。表格编序必须连续，不得重复或跳跃。表格的结构应简洁。各栏都应标注量和相应的单位。表格内数字须上下对齐，相邻栏内的数值相同时，不能用“同上”、“同左”和其它类似用词，应一一重新标注。表的标题和序号置于表格上方中间位置。插图应连续编序(如:图5)，也可以逐章单独编序(如:图3-8)，图的序号必须连续，不得重复或跳跃。图的标题和序号置于图下方中间位置。标点符号应符合GB/T15834-1995《标点符号用法》的规定。量的单位应符合国务院《关于我国统一实行法定计量单位的命令》等文件的规定。毕业论文(设计说明书)中测量、统计的数据一律用阿拉伯数字。公历的年、月、日一律用阿拉伯数字，如:2009年4月5日，农历的年、月、日一律用汉字，如:二〇〇九年四月十七日。经济管理类论文正文字数原则上不少于6000字，外语专业用外文撰写的毕业论文正文字数不少于3000字。8、参考文献参考文献反映了毕业论文(设计说明书)的参考材料来源。引用文献必须在文中引用处体现出来，并按顺序编号。所列参考文献资料来源不得少于6项。常用参考文献的书写格式如下:⑴期刊:[序号]作者.题名[J].期刊名称，出版年份，卷号(期号):起止页码.⑵书籍:[序号]著者.书名[M].版次(第一版应省略).出版地:出版者，出版年份:起止页码.⑶论文集:[序号]著者.题名[C].编者.论文集名.出版地:出版者，出版年份:起止页码.⑷学位论文:[序号]作者.题名[D].保存地.保存单位，年份.⑸专利文献:[序号]专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号，发布日期.⑹国际、国家标准:[序号]标准代号，标准名称[S].出版地:出版者，出版年份.⑺报纸文章:[序号]作者.题名[N].报纸名，出版日期及期号(版次).⑻电子文献:[序号]作者.电子文献题名[EB/OL].电子文献的出版或可获得地址，发表或更新日期/引用日期(任选).9、致谢主要对在完成毕业论文(设计)过程中给予帮助较大的指导老师、领导、同学等表示谢意，字数一般不超过500字。三、毕业论文(设计说明书)的排版格式要求1、排版要求为:页面统一采用A4纸，页边距为左，上、下、右均为2cm。毕业论文在左侧装订。2、“目录”二字用小二号黑体，字间空一个汉字，居中;目录内容采用小四号宋体，倍行距，下空一行为各层次标题及其开始页码，页码放在行末，目录内容和页码之间用虚线或点连接。往下另起一页接“题目”及“摘要”。3、论文题目为二号黑体字，居中。论文题目下空一行打印摘要，“摘要”二字为小四号黑体，居左排列，摘要内容为小四号宋体倍行距。摘要内容下空一行打印关键词，“关键词”为小四号黑体，其后具体关键词采用小四号宋体，各关键词间用“;”分隔，结束不用标点符号。中文的“摘要”、“关键词”内容与英文的“摘要”、“关键词”内容要单独分页打印装订。4、标题:第一层次标题以小二号黑体，居中打印，标题下空一行;第二层次标题，以小四号黑体居左空两个汉字字符排列;第三层次标题，以小四号黑体居左空两个汉字字符排列等。5、正文:采用小四号宋字体、行间距为倍行距，页码设置为页脚1厘米，居中排列。6、图、表的题名为小四号宋字体。7、“注释”小三号黑体，居中排列，字间空一个汉字字符。“注释”各项内容用小四号仿宋字体，倍行距。注释排在正文篇末空两行。8、“参考文献”用小三号黑体，居中排列。参考文献各项内容用小四号仿宋字体，倍行距。“参考文献”要单独一页排版。9、致谢“致谢”小三号黑体，居中排列，字间空一个汉字字符。致谢内容要单独一页排版。四、打印要求所有材料要求单面打印。

大纲特指著作﹑讲稿﹑计划等经系统排列的内容要点，并且具有一定的顺序性、逻辑性。

范例：

作为毕业生，面临毕业论文该如何撰写呢?而文章都有一个提纲，如果按照提纲来写，可以提高速率。现提供大学生毕业论文提纲范文，希望对毕业的你有帮助。

目 录

引言 1

一、我国外贸依存度的现状 2

二、我国名义外贸依存度提升的原因 3

三、我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算和与国际间贸易的比较 5

(一)我国外贸依存度实际水平的估算 5

1、加工贸易在对外贸易结构中的比重较大 5

2、我国GDP总值被低估 5

3、汇率的影响 5

4、外资企业的影响 6

5、产业结构的影响 6

(二)我国外贸依存度的实际水平的国际比较 6

四、外贸依存度增高对我国经济的影响 7

(一)外贸依存度增高对我国经济的不利影响 7

1、对外贸易摩擦加剧 8

2、影响国家经济安全 8

3、影响国内产业发展 8

4、恶化贸易条件 8

(二)外贸依存度增高对我国经济有利影响 9

1、促进了有序竞争 9

2、中国在世界贸易中的分额上升 9

3、通过加工贸易熟悉了国外的技术、管理、市场 9

4、中国贸易的发展创造了大量的就业机会 9

五、合理调控外贸依存度的措施 9

1、继续扩大对外开放 9

2、扩大内需 10

3、促进加工贸易的升级转型 10

4、大力发展服务贸易 10

5、重视我国进出口依存度的结构性指标，推进市场多元化和出口产品结构优化战略 10

6、完善国内经济核算制度 10

7、完善人民币汇率形成机制，保持人民币汇率基本稳定 11

结论与启示 11

参考文献 11

著名教育学家乌申斯基说：“没有任何兴趣，而被迫进行的学习，会扼杀学生掌握知识的意愿。”孔子曰：“知之者，不如好知者，好之者，不如乐之者。”许多心理学家和教育学家都有过这样的感慨。作为英语教师，我对利用英语课堂教学中培养学生的学习兴趣的重要性感触颇深。在此，愿将自己的点滴体会和作法介绍给同行，希望它能引起共鸣。 第一，提高自身综合素质（道德品质、语言知识、文化知识、言语表达能力和艺术、教研教改能力、交际能力和理论水平），努力使自己适应新大纲新教材的要求，适应新时期教育教学的要求。不断丰富教育教学理论、钻研业务；不断更新专业知识,了解专业发展的新动向。只有这样,才能根据学生和教学实际，运用不同的教学手段和技能技巧引导学生熟练地掌握英语，给学生以良好的影响。 第二，明确学生的学习目的、确定学习目标，激发学生的学习兴趣。当今世界正处在信息时代，科学技术迅猛发展，计算机的普及运用、网络的连通，正在使人类社会越来越成为一个相互依存的世界，英语则是这一世界的最有用的交流思想的工具。可以说英语已经成为了进入二十一世纪的通行证。通过给学生们介绍学习英语的重要性，再以日常生活中的运用英语的事例加以说明，使学生明确学习目的，端正学习态度，激发兴趣，增强求知欲。确定学习目标，可以让学生明确一个时期内或一节课的主攻对象，克服学习中的盲目性。这不仅可以增强学生学习的积极性、主动性，提高兴趣，而且是发挥学生主体作用的必要条件。 第三，指导学习方法，使兴趣正常发展。心理学的研究和教学实践表明：采用生动的，适合学生心理发展水平的教学方式，可以成功地培养学生的学习兴趣。如：英语教学（尤其在起始阶段）应该在唱中学，在情景中说，在说中熟，在游戏中运用掌握。在平时的教学中，教师多用英语组织教学，开辟英语语言环境，再配以大量的感性材料和电化教学手段，多给学生提供英语对话、表演、朗读的机会和时间，使学生在语境中学好英语，始终保持浓厚兴趣。因此，在日常的教学过程中，我侧重开展了以下活动： 1.坚持每节一笑或一哭。在每一节课的开始或结束前，请一名同学用英语讲一个让大家笑的笑话，或一个让大家哭的心酸故事。不仅锻炼了学生的英语口语、听力，而且提高了学生的心理素质。在很大程度上，也激发了学生的学习英语的兴趣。 2.结合教材内容中的重点、难点，给学生布置”每人每天五句漂亮英语”的任务。刚开始由教师根据当天所学内容提炼“五个具有一定鼓动性的地道的英语句子”，要求学生熟读，一直达到脱口而出的地步，并且创造机会让他们都炫耀炫耀他们的漂亮英语，地道的英语句子。经过一段时间的引导以后，开始逐渐地由学生自己去发现地道的英语句子。这一任务的经常性，使学生慢慢地形成了作读书笔记的习惯。几乎每个学生都有自己的“句子财富”。有时，他们甚至会因为报刊杂志上的某个精彩句子而兴奋不已；有时，他们甚至会一天找十几句漂亮英语，弄得我经常求他们允许我“盗版”。 3.每人每天准备一句谚语或名人名言，结组交流。各小组每天评一个最佳谚语或名人名言，在课前写在黑板上供大家欣赏。 4.每周阅读欣赏一篇好文章，从中汲取精华为我所用，并把它融会贯通，为写作打下坚实的基础。如：在我们学到第一册 UNIT 13，LESSON 50 Abraham Lincoln时，给学生介绍了著名的 Gettsburg Speech ；在我们学到第二册 UNIT 19，LESSON 74-75 Martin Luther King,Jr. 时，给学生介绍了著名的 I Have a Dream；等等。学生在研读这类文章时，不仅提炼出其中的精华消化吸收，而且渐渐地体会到“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟”的感觉。 5.每周一歌。我充分利用录音机、电脑等电化教育学段，教会学生了许多英文歌曲，如：Yesterday Once More；Say you Say me；Old Black Joe；The Red River Valley；Whatever will be will be；My Heart Will Go On and On等。TITANIC中的一曲My heart will go and on一经班内同学唱出，校内的五名音乐特长生先后找到我，表示要实现英语学科上零的突破。 6.每月读一本英文故事书。要求每个学生根据自己的英语水平选读至少一本英语故事书。很多世界名著的简写本都成了学生的心爱之书，如：A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note;Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare;Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; Oliver Twist等。 在这些做法的操作过程中，注意吃透教材的同时，还必须吃透学生情况，根据学生的认识水平，接受能力，知识基础等方面的因素，确定每一阶段方法方式；结合每天五句漂亮英语、名人名言、名人名篇的内容适时地培养学生的自信心，结合各项活动给学生提供产生“成就感”机会；经常提问，让学生自学、讨论，引导学生不满足于死记硬背，而注重理解，独立思考，多提供机会，使学生把自己的聪明才智用到掌握知识、解决问题上来，使学生感受到知识增长的喜悦，促使学生学习英语的兴趣进一步加深，真正学到知识，提高能力。 第四，全身心地投入教学之中，以爱心感动学生，以自己的行动行为带动学生。培养学生学习兴趣时，教师要尊重学生，爱护学生的自尊心，使学生对教师有亲切感、信任感，增强学生的学习积极性。在课堂教学时，教师做到精神焕发，情绪饱满，创造引人入胜的情景，使学生头脑中兴奋中心向着要进行的教学活动转移、接近，引起学生对即将进行的教学活动的兴趣和求知欲，创造一种对学习起推动作用的活跃气氛，使学生处于一种跃跃欲试的状态。这样学生听课情绪也会为之一振，并会以高度集中的注意力去听讲。长期坚持下去，学生才会“亲其师，信其道”。 通过一段时间的努力，学生都形成了稳定的、强烈的学习兴趣，产生学习英语知识、提高英语听、说、读、写、译能力的内驱力。学习英语再也不是负担，而是一种娱乐，一种休息。 每天课前，都会从教室里传出动听的英文歌声；每天一上课，都会有一名同学落落大方地走上讲台，给大家讲一个令人捧腹的笑话或一个令人难忘悲伤故事；每天一上课，黑板上都会写有班内五个学英语小组选出来的最佳谚语或名人名言供大家欣赏；每个月末，都利用一节课举办一个小型英语歌曲演唱会，名人名篇朗诵会，读书体会交流会；每一学期，组织一、两次英语综合能力大奖赛。每一次活动，无论大小，学生们都跃跃欲试，各显神通，人人有用武之地，个个有机会体验成功！ Educators famous Ukrainian Nina said: "No interest, and was compelled to carry out the study, would stifle students to acquire knowledge and the will." Confucius said: "Those who know, know as well, the good, not the music." Many psychologists and educators have had such emotion . As an English teacher, I used to train in the English classroom teaching students to learn the importance of deep feelings about. Here, their willingness to Experience and practices introduced to the peer and hoped that it would resonate. First, to improve our overall quality (moral character, knowledge of languages and cultural knowledge, verbal expression and the arts, education reform and research capabilities, interpersonal skills and theoretical level), efforts to adapt themselves to new outline new materials to cope with the new era educational requirements. Constantly enriched educational theory, studying business; Constantly updated expertise to understand the new trends in professional development. Only in this way can the students and teaching practice, using different means of teaching skills and techniques to guide the students to master English proficiency, students with good effect. Second, students learn to clearly determine learning goals and inspire students to learn. The world today is in the information age, science and technology are developing rapidly, the universal use of computers, network connectivity, the human society is increasingly becoming an interdependent world, the world of English is the most useful tool for the exchange of ideas. It can be said that English has become the 21st century passes. Through learning to students on the importance of English and then to use English in daily life examples to illustrate, to enable students to learn to clear, correct attitude towards learning, stimulate interest and enhance thirst for knowledge. Set learning goals, it will give students a clear or a period of the main targets, learning to overcome blindness. This will not only enhance the students learning the enthusiasm, initiative and raise interest, but students play the main role in the necessary conditions. Third, guidance learning methods, the normal interest in the development. Psychology research and teaching practice that: lively, suitable for students of the psychological development of teaching methods, students can successfully cultivate interest in learning. Such as: English Teaching (especially in the start-up phase) should be sung in schools, in that scenario, said in cooked, use master in the game. In peacetime teaching, teachers use English Teaching, open up English language environment Coupled with a lot of emotional power of the materials and teaching methods, to provide students with more English dialogue, performances, the opportunity and time to read, so that students in secondary Context good English, always maintained strong interest. Therefore, in the course of day-to-day teaching, I focused in the following activities: 1. Adhere each laugh or a cry. In each class, or the beginning of the end to an English speaking students with a joke for everyone laugh, or you cry to a sad story. Exercise not only students of English speaking, listening, but also improve the psychological quality of the students. To a large extent, also inspired the students interested in learning English. 2. Combining content of the materials focus on key to the students staged "per person per day five beautiful English" task. Teachers from the beginning of the day by refining content "will grow 5 with the authentic English sentence," the students familiar with, the stage has been reached blurted out, and to create opportunities for them to show they are flaunting a beautiful English, authentic English phrases. After a period of time after the guide, start gradually by the students themselves to find authentic English phrases. This task often, students slowly formed to study notes habits. Almost every student has its own "sentence wealth." Sometimes, they will even newspapers and magazines because of a brilliant sentence and excited; Sometimes, they will even say a few nice day for 10 English, I often get them for allowing me to "pirate." 3. Each day for a celebrity or famous proverb, a guitar group exchanges. On a day the teams best celebrity or famous proverb, in the classroom for inspection before writing you to the blackboard. 4. Weekly appreciate a good article to read, to learn the essence for our use, and to digest it, to lay a solid foundation for writing. Example: In our first learned of UNIT 13, 50 LESSON Abraham Lincoln, to the students on the famous Gettsburg Speech; We learned of the second UNIT 19, 74-75 LESSON Martin Luther King, Jr. When introduced to the students the famous I Have a Dream; Etc. . Students studying in these articles, which not only extracted the essence of digestion and absorption, and gradually realize that "familiar with the Tang Dynasty 300, a poem will not shrugged." 5. Every Monday songs. I fully utilize tape recorders, computers, and audio-visual education school, the church many students English songs, such as: Yesterday Once More; Say you Say me; Old Black Joe; The Red River Valley; Whatever will be will be; My Heart Will Go On and On. . TITANIC in a My heart will go on and on with the students singing classes, the school has five music talent and I find that English subjects to achieve zero breakthrough. 6. Monthly Reading an English story books. According to require each student to choose their level of English at an English story books. Many world famous acronyms of the students have become the beloved book, such as: A Tale of Two Cities; One Million-pound Note; Adventures of Robinson Crusoe; Robin Hood; Stories by William Shakespeare; Treasure Island; Tom Sawyer; Jane Eyre; And Oliver Twist. These practices in the operation process, pay attention to the materials thoroughly, students must also understand well, according to the level of understanding, acceptance, and the knowledge base, identify each stage method; With five beautiful English daily, celebrity famous, famous celebrities in the timely capacity to train students self-confidence, with various activities to provide students with a "sense of achievement"; often questions for students learning, discussion and guide the students satisfied with rote, and focus on understanding, independent thinking, provide more opportunity for the students to their talent use knowledge to solve question, to increase knowledge to enable students feel the joy of learning English to students interested in further deepening and truly learn, and enhance our ability. Fourth, threw himself into teaching, the students moved to love, to conduct their own actions led students. Training students interested in learning, teachers must respect students, students love the self-esteem, students teachers friendliness, a sense of trust, enhance student learning initiative. When teaching in the classroom, teachers do refreshed, emotional plump, creating spectacular scenes, in the minds of excited students to the center toward teaching activities transfer, nearly caused students to the teaching activities of the forthcoming interest and thirst for knowledge, creating a starting role in promoting the study of living Yue atmosphere, the temptation to students in a state. Such students will be taught emotional our spirits and will be highly concentrated attention to the lecture. A long time to go, students will be "pro-its divisions, its letter Road." Through the efforts of a period of time, students have formed a stable, strong interest in learning and knowledge have to learn English to improve English language skills of listening, speaking, reading, writing and translation capabilities Drive. Learning English is no longer affordable, but an entertainment, a break. The day before, from the classroom will be warned that the English-sounding voice; A school day, students will have a royal took to the podium, speaking to you is himself a joke or a sad story is unforgettable; One day classes will be written on the blackboard in five English classes elected by the Panel the best celebrity or famous proverb for you to; at the end of each month, using an English class held a small concert songs, recite the famous celebrities, reading of the exchange; each semester, an organization, two English comprehensive ability Grand Prix. Every event, large or small, students have the temptation to channel, they have all, everyone has the opportunity to experience success!

毕业论文大纲怎么写？这个得看你写的什么方面的论文了，理科类的也可以基本阐述一下，文科类的就更好写了。

毕业论文提纲结构及标准格式 本科毕业论文提纲包括(按顺序):封面、内容摘要及关键词、提纲内容等三部分