翻译毕业论文呼啸山庄

电影翻译中文化意象的重构、修润与转换电影翻译中文化意象重构能及时有效地吸引广大观众。而对文化意象作恰如其分的修润,能使译文在有限的时间内传达于观众。东西方文化的差异导致了某些文化意象的不等值,采用直译手法处之,会使观众难以认同。关键词:电影翻译;文化意象;寓意;重构;修润;转换中国的电影翻译事业已走过了五十多年辉煌的历程。在这半个世纪中,电影翻译工作者给广大观众奉献出了许多优秀的译制片,观众从这些优秀的译制片中不仅领略、了解到了异国的风土人情,同时也感受到了语言给人带来的无穷魅力。许多优秀译制片中的精彩对白已成为中国观众争相传诵的佳句。如“面包会有的,一切都会有的”。(前苏联影片《列宁在一九一八》)曾鼓舞了几代身处逆境中的中国观众。由此可见,电影作为大众传媒,其社会效应是无可估量的。然而,在学术领域内,由于受世俗偏见的影响,电影翻译研究却颇受冷落,翻译研究人员似乎“完全把这一领域给忽略了。”[1](P99)为此,我国著名影视翻译界学者钱绍昌教授撰文指出:“翻译界对影视翻译的重视远不如文学翻译。”而这“与影视翻译的社会作用不相称。这一现象亟应引起翻译界的注意。”[2](P61)鉴于此,本文拟从语言的角度来探讨电影翻译中文化意象的重构、修润与转换。一、语言与文化意象语言(Language)不仅是人类思想感情表达与交流的工具,而且是文化的组成部分,是文化的载体。语言能真切地反映一个国家、一个民族的生态地域、政治经济、物质文化、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等。不同的语言决定了不同民族的不同思维方式,行为方式以及语言表达方式。语言在有声电影中是必不可少的组成部分,因为声画同步的视听艺术手段能最大程度地模拟现实,创造出酷似“真实”的艺术时空。如中国观众非常熟悉的《简爱》、《王子复仇记》、《叶塞尼亚》等优秀译制片中那玲珑别致、清晰明亮、颇具异国风情的语言,逼真、自然、随意,充满了生活气息。因而这些精彩的对白、片段令人百听不厌,久久不能忘怀,它们留给观众余韵不尽的美的享受。文化意象(Culture image)是“一种文化符号,它具有了相对固定的独特的文化含义,有的还带有丰富的意义,深远的联想,人们只要一提到它们,彼此间立刻心领神会,很容易达到思想沟通。”[3](P184)物象(Physical image)与寓意(Connotation)是意象(Image)的两个重要的组成部分。物象是信息意义的载体,是形成意象的客观事实;寓意是物象在一定语言文化环境中的引伸意义。意象的功能即能在不同的语境中,“以具体来表现抽象,以已知或易知来启迪未知或难知。”[4](P137)如宋代大诗人苏轼在其著名的“前赤壁赋”中用蜉蝣这种朝生暮死的小昆虫来比喻人生的短暂,人很渺小:“寄蜉蝣于天地,渺沧海之一粟。”[5](P509)英语谚语It is the last straw that breaks the camel’s back.[6](P1578)意为“骆驼负载过重时,再加上一根稻草也会把它压死。”谚语中意象词语the last straw “最后一根稻草”,生动形象地寓意为“某事或某物使人到了忍无可忍的极点。”二、重构文化意象译制片又称翻译片,顾名思义,一些国外优秀的影片必须通过翻译方能为中国观众所接受。电影翻译与其它文学作品翻译具有共同性,即用形象化的语言来表达形象思维中高超的艺术意境。但电影翻译又有区别于其它翻译的特殊性,即其译文要做到能见之于文,形之于声,达之于观众。著名翻译家Nida指出:“语言是文化的一部分,任何文本的意义都直接或是间接地反映一个相应的文化,词语意义最终也只能在其相应的文化中找到。”“文化的不同几乎很自然地体现在语言上的不相同。”[7](P28)汉语、英语分属两大不同的语系。汉语是象形文字而英语是一种字母文字。要在这两种截然不同的语际间进行成功切换,这对电影翻译工作者来说不是件易事。但研究表明老一代电影翻译工作者不仅给观众留下了许多耐人寻味的优秀译制片,同时也给电影翻译研究留下了不少值得研究的课题。笔者80年代初第一次在电视上看到英国电影Red Shoes播放时被译成“红舞鞋”,觉得也无可厚非。此片主要讲述了英国一名芭蕾舞女演员面对爱情与事业而不能作出正确抉择,最终走向断崖的凄惋的故事。尽管“红舞鞋”正确无误地译出了英文的原意,也紧扣剧情,但直译的平铺直叙,没有更深的寓意。观众如果光看片名,确实难以激起任何联想的波澜。80年代后期,在一次外国优秀影片巡回展的大幅广告上Red Shoes这部英国影片片名被译成了“红菱艳”,细细品味“红菱艳”这一译文,译者把那双纤巧的红舞鞋比作了中国观众妇孺皆知的红菱。它寓意红菱虽生长于浊水污泥,却娇艳迷人,特别是那两只弯弯的红菱角,犹如中国古代女子的三寸金莲,三寸金莲虽然小巧,但凝聚了多少女子的血泪,有的甚至为之付出了生命的代价。因此“红菱艳”这一片名隐含穿着如红菱般舞鞋的舞女艳丽却薄命。译者把这一极具中国文化特色的文化意象“红菱”注入其翻译中,从而成功地重构了一幅为广大中国观众所熟悉、能会意、肯接受的崭新的文化意象。文化意象重构(Reconstruction of Culture Image)这一巧夺天工的翻译手法在电影翻译中随处可见。如美国电影Waterloo Bridge这一片名原意为“滑铁卢桥”。众所周知,1817年英国在泰晤士河上出资建造了滑铁卢桥,以此来纪念威灵顿公爵指挥英国军队打败拿破仑而取得的滑铁卢战役的胜利。如果依据英文直译成“滑铁卢桥”,乍一看,观众定会认为这是部与拿破仑打仗有关的战争片或介绍与该桥建筑有关的纪录片。但看过此片的观众都知道这是一部感人至深的爱情片。影片描绘了第一次世界大战期间,年轻漂亮的女演员玛拉在滑铁卢桥上结识了青年军官罗依,并成了恋人。而后,玛拉获悉罗依战死疆场,痛不欲生,为了生存沦落为妓。当罗依奇迹般地出现时,她无法面对现实,为了爱情和名誉,她再次来到与罗依初恋的地方,丧生在车轮滚滚的滑铁卢大桥上。在中国几千年的文化史中,有着许多与之相仿的神话传说。如牛郎织女的“鹊桥相会”,陕西省蓝田县一年一度的“蓝桥相会”等。而“蓝桥相会”的传说与Waterloo Bridge故事情节有着许多异曲同工之处。所以译者把原名“滑铁卢桥”译成了“魂断蓝桥”,这样做不仅避开了中国观众由于地城文化差异、历史背景知识缺乏而引起的迷域;而且“蓝桥”这一隐含中国文化的意象能使观众一看到片名即刻领悟到这是部关于爱情的电影。电影翻译中文化意象重构的意义在于它能及时有效地达到使译文与观众勾通,使观众心领神会的效果,由此来吸引广大的影迷,创造译制片票房纪录的新高。仔细认真研究电影翻译中文化意象重构这样的翻译手法会不时令人拍案称奇。三、文化意象的修润由于中外观众知识面及文化背景等方面存在着巨大的差异,电影翻译工作者应尽可能地帮助观众去理解那些与一个民族的历史、地域文化、宗教习俗等有着密切相关的语言现象。电影翻译中如果对某些特定文化意象不作任何修润(Modification of Cultural Image)处理,就事论事直译,会造成这一文化意象的缺损,文化涵义支离破碎。英国电影《魂断蓝桥》[8]一开始,有这样一段画外音: Announceer’s Voice: At 11:15 this morning, the Prime Ministeer, speaking to the nation from Numbeer Ten Downing Street,announced that Great Britain is at war with Germany.广播员的声音:今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。 应该指出此例忠实地译出了原文的字面层意义。但对“唐宁街10号”这一隐含文化意象地名不作些补充说明的话,相信绝大多数中国普通观众会茫然不知其所云。其一、观众不知道这个“唐宁街10号”在什么地方?其二、他们更不知道广播员在这里特地提及这个地名有何特别的寓意?为了使电影译文能在有限的时间内达之于广大观众。译者宜对上述译文作恰如其分的增补修润,如:今天上午11点15分,首相在唐宁街10号———英国首相府邸向全国发表了讲话,宣布英国与德国处于交战状态。通过增补“英国首相府邸”,观众这才真正认识到了“唐宁街10号”的“庐山真面目”。至此,“唐宁街10号”所隐含的意象立体地展现在观众的面前,观众才真正懂得具有典型地起域文化地名“唐宁街10号”的全部文化内涵。又如:Peter: Oh, this? Well, I like privacy when I retire. Yes, I’m very delicate in that respect. Prying eyeeees annoy me. Behold the walls of Jerichho! Err, maybe not aaas thick aas the ones that Joshua blew down with his trumpet. I just show you my heart’s in the right place, I’ll give you my best pair of pajamas. Do you mind joining the Israelites?彼得:这个吗?我休息的时候不想被别人干扰,在那方面我很敏感,不想被别人偷看。你看这耶利哥城墙,比不上约书亚用号角吹倒的墙厚,却比它安全多了。你看,我没有号角,为了表示我的公正无私,我把我那套最好的睡衣交给你用吧。你不想做以色列人吗?此例选自英国电影《一夜风流》[9]。这段对白译文非常具有代表性,因为在这段译文中出现了“耶利哥城墙,约书亚,以色列人”这三个与《圣经》历史故事有关的词语。众所周知,东方盛行佛教,尤其是在中国,中国观众对佛教还可略知一二,而对西方文化,特别是西方宗教历史文化就知之甚少了。因而在影片切换的瞬间让中国观众把上述三者的关系联系起来是件难事,他们会搞不懂这“耶利哥城墙”、“约书亚”、“以色列人”之间究竟是什么关系。直译用于上述译文中不仅令中国观众丈二和尚摸不着头脑,同时也失去了电影翻译的真正意义。为使中国观众明白这三个词语间的关系,使原文中所涉及的那些特殊文化意象丰满起来,译者应在电影翻译过程中对这段文字作如下润色:彼得:这个吗?我休息的时候不想被别人干扰,在那方面我很敏感,不想被别人偷看。你看这像《圣经》中的耶利哥城墙,虽比不上《圣经》里以色列人的军长约书亚用号角吹倒的墙厚,却比它安全多了。你看,我没有号角,为了表示我的公正无私,我把我那套最好的睡衣交给你用吧。你不想做以色列人吗?由于对“耶利哥城墙”、“约书亚”、“以色列人”这些出自《圣经》故事的词语增补了必要的文化涵义修润词后,观众不仅了解了这些“典故”的出处,同时在上下语境中也弄明白了最后一个词语“以色列人”的特定意指。修润增强了语言文字在语境中的透明度;增强了文化意象在观众认识理解中的清晰度。四、文化意象的转换语言学家认为世界上各族人看到的同一客观现象,不同的民族语言会给它“刷上不同的颜色”。缘于此,文化意象的错位(Nonequivalence of Culture Image)会具体表现为作为喻体的文化意象上的差异。换言之,在一种文化传统中一个具有正面寓意的美好文化意象在另一种文化里却成了反面寓意的丑陋文化意象。如英国电影《呼啸山庄》[10]中有这样一个片断:Isabella: It’s a brother’s duty,dear Edgaar, to introduce his sisteer to some other type than fops and pale young : Oh, you want a dragon?Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.依莎贝拉:这是一个哥哥的义务,亲爱的埃得加,你总不能把自己的妹妹介绍给那些花花公子或弱不禁风的年轻诗人吧。埃得加:哦,你该不是想嫁一个龙骑兵吧?依莎贝拉:是的,还长着火红的大胡子。在上述翻译中“dragon”是一个关键词。在英语语言中,“dragon”作“魔鬼”解释。每当提及此词,西方人的思想意识中立刻会呈现出一只面目狰狞的魔鬼正张牙舞爪地扑向人间,由此不难看出“dragon”在西方语言文化中隐含贬义。而在中国文化中“龙”字象征着“高贵,至高无上”等意,昔日中国人称皇帝为“真龙天子”。因此与“龙”字相关的词语绝大多数具有崇敬之意。如中国人称自己为“龙的传人”;祈盼着自己的子女将来有出息为“望子成龙”等。“dragon”在东西方语言中,其文化意象的寓意是绝然相反的。简言之,它们的物象虽同,但寓意却完全相异。由此可见用“龙骑兵”来硬译“dragon”一词显然不妥当。因为当中国观众在观赏影片时忽尔听到“龙骑兵”这一词语,他们肯定即刻会联想到“他”可能是个“皇家骑兵”。但依莎贝拉的回答却又使观众对影片的阐释如坠云雾。观众不禁要问:这个堂堂正正的“皇家骑兵”怎么会是“长着火红的大胡子”呢?在中国传统历史文化中,只有那些三头六臂的怪物才有一张可怕的绿眉毛、红胡子嘴脸。如此生搬硬套不仅不能处理好东西方语言文化中意象错位这一棘手问题,同时也不能传神地译出这段对白的真实含义,反而给上下文语义的贯通设置了语言障碍。因此,例中埃得加与依莎贝拉的最后一段对话不妨翻译如下: Edgar: Oh, you want a dragon?哦,你该不是想嫁给一个野蛮人吧?Isabella: Yes, I do. With a fiery mustache.是的,还长着火红的大胡子。由于东西方文化的差异,电影翻译中许多英语词语若直接硬译,会令广大中国观众无法接受与认同。此外,电影翻译文本受电影画面切换时间的限制,不能像翻译文学作品那样,可以在一些晦涩难懂之处作些注释,所以对白译文一定要让观众一听、一看即能明了。译者应立足于本国观众,从观众领略欣赏译制片的艺术角度出发,选用本民族语言中与原片艺术最相似、最贴近的、为本国观众所熟悉的、易于接受的词语和文化意象来进行电影翻译。

The Love and Hate in Wuthering HeightsShi Xueping1. IntroductionWuthering Heights, the great novel by Emily Bronte, though not inordinately long is an amalgamation of childhood fantasies, friendship, romance, and revenge. But this story is not a simple story of revenge, it has more profound implications. As Arnold Kettle, the English critic, said," Wuthering Heights is an expression in the imaginative terms of art of the stresses and tensions and conflicts, personal and spiritual, of nineteenth-century capitalist society.” The characters of Wuthering Heights embody the extreme love and extreme hate of the Introduction of the autherEmily Jane Bronte was the most solitary member of a unique, tightly knit, English provincial family. Born in 1818, she shared the parsonage of the town of Haworth, Yorkshire, with her older sister, Charlotte, her brother Branwell, her younger sister, Anne, and her father, the Reverend, Patrick Bronte. All five were poets and writers; all but Branwell would publish at least one was the Bronte children's one relief from the rigors of religion and the bleakness of life in an improverished region; they invented a series of imaginary kingdoms and constructed a whole library of journals stories, pomes, and plays around their inhabitants. Emily's special province was a kingdom she called Gondal, whose romantic heroes and exiles owed much to the poems of stays at several boarding schools were the sum of her experiences outside Haworth until 1842, when she entered a school in Brussels with her sister Charlotte. After a year of study and teaching there, they felt qualified to announce the opening of a school in their own home, but could not attract a single 1845 Charlotte Bronte came across a manuscript volumn of her sister's poems. She knew at once, she later wrote, that they were "not at all like the poetry women generally write... they had a peculiar music-wild, melancholy, and elevating." At her sister's urging, Emily's poems along with Anne's and Charlotte's, were published pseudonymously in 1846. An almost complete silence greeted this volume, but the three sisters, buoyed by the fact of publication, immediately began to write novels. Emily's effort was WUTHERING HEIGHTS; appearing in 1847, it was treated at first as a lesser work by Charlotte, whose JANE EYRE had already been published to great acclaim. Emily Bronte's name did not emerge from behind her pseudonym of Ellis Bell until the second edition of her novel appeared in the meantime, tragedy had struck the Bronte family. In Septermber of 1848 Branwell had succumbed to a life of dissipation. By December, after a brief illness, Emily too was dead; her sister Anne would die the next year. WUTHERING HEIGHTS, Emily's only novel, was just beginning to be understood as the wild and singular work of the Introduction of the storyThe beginning of the story was Mr. Lockwood’s visiting of Wuthering Heights. His amazement of Heathcliff's surliness and curiosity of beautiful Catherine's rudeness urged him to listen to a very strange and frightening love story from Nelly Dean. In the summer of 1771 Mr. Earnshaw brought home an orphan later called Heathcliff he had found in Liverpool. This waif was persecuted by young Hindley, but deeply loved by his daughter Catherine. So there was contradiction between Hindley and Heathcliff since childhood. After the death of their parents and his own marriage, Hindley treated Heathcliff as a servant, but this was relieved by the pleasant times with one of their expeditions they reached Thrushcross Grange where she stayed as the Linton’s guest for several weeks. When she returned to the Wuthering Heights, she was altered a lot: she had been deeply attracted by the dress, luxury of the Lintons, especially the handsome and gentle Edgar Linton. Although she still loved Heathcliff she could not compare Heathcliff’s snobbishness with the gentility of her new friends. Heathcliff was even more badly treated by Hindley after his wife’s death, which increased Heathcliff’s more anger. After overhearing part of Catherine’s conversation with Nelly that she would marry Edgar, Heathcliff could not bear the indignation and degradation and left Wuthering ’s conversation with Nelly was that if Heathcliff could remain, even though all else perished, she should still continue to be. She and Heathcliff belonged to the same kind. But Heathcliff didn’t hear it. So after Heathcliff’s leaving, Catherine was desperately ill and recovered by the care of Linton couple. Three years later Catherine was married to months later, Heathcliff, a different man, appeared. Catherine was so pleased at the news. But out of her surprise Heathcliff took on his two-fold revenge, first on Hindley who had treated him so badly in the past, secondly he threatened Catherine to marry Edgar’s sister Isabella fell in love with Heathcliff and Heathcliff married her out of love, but for the property of Thrush cross Grange. At the same time Catherine locked herself in the room because Edgar refused Heathcliff. The she became delirious from illness and had brain fever. Eventually she recovered but remained delicate. Edgar worried too much about Catherine’s health and Heathcliff and Catherine met again. There was a terrible scene between them. Both of them showed their anger and love to each other which worsened Catherine’s health. Then two hours after her daughter — Cathy’s birth Catherine died. When Heathcliff got the news he was desperately Catherine’s death Isabella returned to Thrushcross Grange after three months with Heathcliff. Hindley died and Heathcliff took Wuthering years later Isabella died, leaving her son Linton to Heathcliff, a weakling boy. Then Edgar Linton and young Linton died and so Heathcliff, Cathy and Hareton, an ill-assorted trio, were left at the Heights; while Thrush Grange was left to Lowood, to whom Nelly told the story ended with the death of Heathcliff and the marriage of Hareton and Cathy. This was two generations’ love story. The first generation’s love was transcendental and the second generation’s love was Introduction of social backgroundIn Viction's period, the rich are enormously proud of their success and property; the secular sense of hierarchy penetrates into the daily life of common people; money and property is nothing but everything. In literature, the smoky, threatening, miserable factory-towns were often represented in religious terms, and compared to hell. The poet William Blake, writing near the turn of the nineteenth century, speaks of England’s “dark Satanic Mills.” Therefore, under the control of this concept, the spirit of human is vehemently suppressed, and the humanity is cruelly twisted and deformed. At this time, Emily who has great rebelling spirit and strong desire of freedom, wrote WUTHERING HEIGHTS, disclosed the evilness of society. The work depicts how humanity was twisted, broken, band destroyed under the hand of violent devastation. But the great death is the steady faith of and yearns for happy life. In the world reined by Heathcliff, the bud of love, coming from Hareton and Cathy, broke through the hard soil of hatred. The betrayal of love brings the twist of humanity but pure love cures the wound, consoles the injured heart, and saves the degenerated soul. Emily shows her positive attitude to the pure love and their destructibility of Theme of the novelWuthering Heights, the creation of Emily Jane Bronte, depicts not a fantasy realm or the depths of hell. Rather, the novel focuses on two main characters' battle with the restrictions of Victorian Society. Social pressures and restrictive cultural confines exile Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff from the world and then from each other. Hate can't make love disappear, and love is stronger than . LoveWuthering Heights is a love novel. It has praised human’s moral excellence, has attracted the will of the people’s darkness, unfolding the human with the common custom life and pursueing the fine in the novel is manifested in many Earnshaw's love for HeathcliffForty years ago Wuthering Heights was filled with light, warmth and happiness. , a farmer, lives happily with his boisterous children Catherine and Hindley. However, being a kind and generous fellow, he can’t help rescuing a starving wretch off on the streets of Liverpool, a gypsy child named Heathcliff. In time Heathcliff becomes one member of the family, loved by all except Hindley (who nurtures the feeling of being usurped). Thus it can be concluded that Earnshaw's love for Heathcliff stems from Catherine' love for HeathcliffAs a child, her father was too ill to reprimand the free spirited child, ‘who was too mischievous and wayward for a favorite. (P46). Therefore, Catherine grew up among nature and lacked the sophistication of high society. Catherine removed herself from society and, "had ways with her such as I never saw a child take up before; she put all of us past our patience fifty times and oftener in a day; from the hour she came downstairs till the hour she went to bed, we had not a minute’s security that she wouldn’t be in mischief. Her spirits were always at high-water mark, her tongue always going--singing, laughing, and plaguing everyone who would not do the same. A wild, wicked slip she was--"(P51). Catherine further disregarded social standards and remained friends with Heathcliff despite his degradation by Hindley, her brother. ‘Miss Cathy and he [Heathcliff] were now very thick; ’(P46) and she found her sole enjoyment in his companionship. Catherine grew up beside Heathcliff, ‘They both promised to grow up as rude as savages; the young master [Hindley] being entirely negligent how they behaved, ’(P57). During her formative years Catherine’s conduct did not reflect that of a young Lady, ‘but it was one of their chief amusements to run away to the moors in the morning and remain there all day, (P57). Thus, Catherine’s behavior developed and rejected the ideals of an oppressive, over-bearing society, which in turn created isolation from the institutionalized world. Therefore, Catherine's love for Heathcliff is pure, and Heathcliff's love for Catherine is tinged with danger and Isabella's love for HeathcliffThe first time when Isabella sees Heathcliff, attracted by the charming man, she falls in love with him. No matter how Catherine persuades her, she makes her mind to get married with Heathcliff. Her love for Heathcliff is pure. While, Heathcliff just uses Catherine's sister-in-law Isabella Linton as a weapon, caring not for the poor Catherine's love for EdgarWhen Catherine and Heathcliff exist their private island unchecked until Catherine suffers an injury from the Linton's bulldog. Forced to remain at Thrushcross Grange----the Linton's home, which isolates Catherine from Heathcliff and her former world of reckless freedom. Living amongst the elegance of the Lintons transforms Catherine from a coarse youth into a delicate lady. Her transformation alienates Heathcliff, her soul mate and the love of her life. Catherine fits into society like a square peg trying to fit in a round hole. However, she feels pressure to file her rough edges and marry Edgar Linton. All in all, it is the social pressures and restrictive cultural confines that force Catherine to pretend to fall in love with Edgar. However, Edgar loves Catherine with gracious and transquility.

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