有关隧道的毕业论文外文

隧道勘测：为确定隧道位置、施工方法和支护、衬砌类型等技术方案，对隧道地处范围内的地形、地质状况，以及对地下水的分布和水量等水文情况要进行勘测。在隧道勘测和开挖过程中，须了解围岩的类别。围岩是隧道开挖后对隧道稳定性有影响的周边岩体。围岩分类是依次表明周围岩石的综合强度。中国在1975年制定的铁路隧道工程技术规范中将围岩分为 6类。关于岩石分类70年代以前常用泰沙基及普氏等岩石分类方法。70年代以后在国际上应用较广并为国际岩石力学学会推荐的为巴顿等各种分级系统。此外，还有日本以弹性波速为主的分类法。围岩的类别的确定，为隧道工程设计合理和施工顺利提供了依据。 隧道设计：包括隧道选线、纵断面设计、横断面设计、辅助坑道设计等。 选线：根据线路标准、地形、地质等条件选定隧道位置和长度。选线应作多种方案的比较。长隧道要考虑辅助坑道和运营通风的设置。洞口位置的选择要依据地质情况。考虑边坡和仰坡的稳定，避免塌方。 纵断面设计：沿隧道中线的纵向坡度要服从线路设计的限制坡度。因隧道内湿度大，轮轨间粘着系数减小，列车空气阻力增大，因此在较长隧道内纵向坡度应加以折减。纵坡形状以单坡和人字坡居多，单坡有利于争取高程，人字坡便于施工排水和出碴。为利于排水，最小纵坡一般为2‰～3‰。 横断面设计：隧道横断面即衬砌内轮廓，是根据不侵入隧道建筑限界而制定的。中国隧道建筑限界分为蒸汽及内燃机车牵引区段、电力机车牵引区段两种，这两种又各分为单线断面和双线断面。衬砌内轮廓一般由单心圆或三心圆形成的拱部和直边墙或曲边墙所组成。在地质松软地带另加仰拱。单线隧道轨面以上内轮廓面积约为27～32平方米，双线约为58～67平方米。在曲线地段由于外轨超高车辆倾斜等因素，断面须适当加大。电气化铁路隧道因悬挂接触网等应提高内轮廓高度。中、美、苏三国所用轮廓尺寸为：单线隧道高度约为 ～米、宽度约为～米；双线隧道高度约为～米，宽度约为～米。在双线铁路修建两座单线隧道时,其中线间距离须考虑地层压力分布的影响,石质隧道约为20～25米，土质隧道应适当加宽。 辅助坑道设计：辅助坑道有斜井、竖井、平行导坑及横洞四种。斜井是在中线附近的山上有利地点开凿的斜向正洞的坑道。斜井倾角一般在18°～27°之间，采用卷扬机提升。斜井断面一般为长方形,面积约为8～14平方米。竖井是由山顶中线附近垂直开挖的坑道，通向正洞。其平面位置可在铁路中线上或在中线的一侧（距中线约20米）。竖井断面多为圆形，内径约为～米。平行导坑是距隧道中线17～25米开挖的平行小坑道，以斜向通道与隧道连接，亦可作将来扩建为第二线的导洞。中国自1957年修建川黔铁路凉风垭铁路隧道采用平行导坑以来,在58座长3公里以上的隧道中约有80%修建了平行导坑。横洞是在傍山隧道靠河谷一侧地形有利之处开辟的小断面坑道。此外，隧道设计还包括洞门设计，以及开挖方法和衬砌类型的选择等。 隧道贯通控制测量：隧道测量是为了保证测量的中线和高程在隧道贯通面处的偏差不超出规定的限值。 中线平面控制：长隧道以往多用三角网，短隧道多用导线法，借以控制中线的偏差。自50年代以来，中国在 1公里以上长度的隧道测量中采用导线法也能控制隧道的贯通误差。光电测距仪的出现和发展，解决了量距的困难。山岭隧道洞外及洞内都采用主副闭合导线法，即在主导线上测角并用光电测距仪量距，在副导线上只测角不量距。由主副导线所组成的多边形，只平差其角度，不平差其长度。这样主副导线法比三角网法简单实用，比单一导线法可靠。中国大瑶山双线隧道即采用主副闭合导线法作为中线平面控制在隧道进行中线测量以前，就要考虑将来隧道打通后的偏差数值。根据隧道的长度和平面形状，在地形图上先行布置测点的位置和预计的贯通点，并在平面图上量出必要的尺寸，再根据规范规定的极限误差试算出测角和量距的必要精度，然后进行测量。这个过程叫做测量设计或叫做隧道贯通误差的预计4公里以下的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±100毫米;4～8公里的隧道中线贯通极限误差为±150毫米。 高程控制：短隧道应用普通水平仪，长隧道应用精密水平仪即能保证需要达到的精度。高程贯通极限误差为±50毫米。 隧道开挖开挖方法分为明挖法和暗挖法。明挖法多用于浅埋隧道或城市铁路隧道，而山岭铁路隧道多用暗挖法。按开挖断面大小、位置分，有分部开挖法和全断面开挖法。在石质岩层中采用钻爆法最为广泛，采用掘进机直接开挖也逐渐推广。在松软地质中采用盾构法开挖较多。 Tunnel survey: to determine location, construction methods and tunnel lining type support, and technical solution to the tunnel, which is located in the range of terrain, geological condition, and the distribution of the underground water and hydrological conditions such as water to survey. In the tunnel survey and excavation process, must understand the categories of the surrounding rock. Surrounding rock tunnel excavation is to have influence on the stability of the tunnel surrounding rock mass. Classification of surrounding rocks is that in turn around the comprehensive strength of rock. In 1975, China railway tunnel project for technical specification of surrounding rock is divided into 6 will. About rock classification before the 70 s commonly used the field commander and the classification method such as pullman's rock. Since the 70 s are widely used in the world and for international rock mechanics society recommendation of various classification system for patton. In addition, and Japan with elastic wave velocity as the classification. The category of the surrounding rock of tunnel engineering, the determination of reasonable design and construction smoothly to provide the basis. Tunnel design: including tunnel line longitudinal, design, the cross-sectional design, auxiliary tunnel design, etc. Route: according to the standard, line topography and geology condition such as position and the length of the selected tunnel. Route shall be the comparison of the DuoZhong scheme. Long tunnel to consider auxiliary tunnel and operation ventilation Settings. The mouth of the cave location choice must be based on the geological conditions. Consider the slope and the scope of slope stability, prevent landslide. Longitudinal design: along the tunnel to the centerline of the vertical slope line design limit slope. Because humidity is big, the wheel/rail tunnel between adhesion coefficient decreases, and train the air resistance increases, so in a long tunnel vertical slope should be reduction. ZongPo shape to ChanPo and person word majority, to fight for slope ChanPo elevation, person word for construction drainage and slope of ballastless out. In order to facilitate drainage, ZongPo minimum general for 2 ‰ ~ 3 ‰. Cross-sectional design: tunnel lining in outline, namely cross into the tunnel construction is on the gauge and work. China tunnel structure gauge is divided into steam and diesel locomotives traction sections, electric locomotives traction sections two kinds, the two and every single divided into sections and double section. In general, the outline lining single round or three heart heart of the formation of the round arch department and straight or curved sidewall of the side-wall composed. In the geological soft zone plus Yang arch. Singleline tunnel rail surface outline area within the above about 27 ~ 32 square meters, dual for 58 to 67 square metre about. Because the area in the curve track vehicles factors such as high tilt, shall be appropriately enlarging section. Electrified railway tunnel for suspension overhead contact system should be improved and in high profile. And the United States, Susan countries size is used outline: singleline tunnel height about ~ m, width is about ~ meters; Two-lane tunnel height about ~ meters, width is about ~ m. The two-lane railway building two seat singleline tunnel, including the distance between the line must be considered formation pressure on the distribution of the rock tunnel, about 20 to 25 m, soil tunnel should appropriate widened. Auxiliary tunnel design: auxiliary tunnel have, well, DaoKeng parallel shafts and horizontal hole four. Tilt in the mountains of Central Line is near the site of the favorable oblique are dug the hole in the tunnel. Tilt Angle in the 18 ° ~ 27 general °, the hoisting between ascension. Inclined section is rectangle commonly, an area of about eight to 14 square meters. By the top of the hill near the midline of the shaft is perpendicular to the tunnels of the excavation, is hole. Its plane position on the central railway line or the side of about 20 meters) from the center line. Shaft section for more rounded, inner diameter is about ~ m. Parallel DaoKeng is apart from 17 to 25 m midline tunnel excavation of the parallel tunnel, with little inclined to channel tunnel, can also be connected with future expansion for the second line of drift. China since 1957-built railway cool wind railway tunnel adopts parallel DaoKeng stelae since a long 3, in all 58 km above the tunnel around 80% of the parallel DaoKeng built. The hole is the waterfront in mountain tunnel river valley side on the benefits of open terrain small cross-section tunnel. In addition, the tunnel also includes DongMen design, design and excavation method and lining type of selection. Tunnel breakthrough control measurement: the tunnel is to ensure that the measurement and elevation measurement line in tunnel breakthrough face the deviation of the place not beyond the prescribed limits. Central Line plane control: long tunnel before the triangulation short tunnel, multi-purpose multi-purpose the wire act to control the midline deviation. Since the s, China has in the 1 km above the length measurement of the wire act for the tunnel can also control the tunnel breakthrough error. Photoelectric ranger's appearance and development, to solve the difficulties of distance. Mountain tunnel hole hole and all the main and auxiliary closed to the wire act, that in leading online measuring Angle and photoelectric rangefinder quantity in the distance, vice wires Angle measuring only not measure distance. By the vice wire of polygons, only the Angle adjustment of the length of the poor, uneven. So the Lord vice wire method is better than the triangle nets method is simple, practical, and the wire act than single reliable. China is the principal tunnel data to double the wire act as deputy closed midline plane control tunnel in the midline measurement, be about to consider the future before tunnel through the deviation of the numerical. After According to the length of the tunnel face shape in peace, topographic map decorate the measuring point position and advance the breakthrough point, and is expected to in the quantity on the floor plan of the necessary size, again according to the provisions of the code limit error try calculate measuring Angle and quantity of precision, and then from the necessary measure. This process is called measure design or called tunnel breakthrough error of 4 km of the tunnel is expected to line breakthrough limit error for + 100 mm; 4 to 8 kilometers of tunnels through Central Line limit error for + 150 mm. Elevation control: short tunnel application ordinary level, long tunnel precision level that can ensure application needs to achieve the precision. Elevation breakthrough limit error for + 50 mm. Tunnel excavation excavation method into the Ming WaFa and type of method. Ming WaFa more for shallow buried tunnel or city railway tunnel, and mountains railway tunnel multi-purpose type of method. According to section size and location excavation points, excavation method and the whole section division excavation method. In stone in the rock drill blasting method, the most widely used roadheader direct excavation also gradually promotion. In the loose in the geological shield excavation method is more.

Hangzhou Bay Bridge杭州湾跨海大桥Hangzhou Bay is an immense estuary delta that divided the Chinese municipality of Jiaxing from neighbouring Ningbo. The idea for the bridge was touted for many years before construction even reached the drawing board, but the bridge was eventually completed in 2007. It was not opened to the public until 2008, after a period of rigorous and stringent testing. The area where the bridge lies is prone to not only typhoons, but also some of the highest tidal forces in the world and, as if that was not enough to be going on with, earthquakes! To account for all these adverse forces, the builders used steel piles, rather than the more usual concrete ones, and employed the cable-stayed bridge formation that is recognised as one of the strongest and most stable methods of bridge-building. Stretching some 22 miles across the bay, the bridge leapt into the top ten of trans-oceanic bridges on its completion and immediately cut travel times between the two regions from around 250 miles to a mere 50.杭州湾是一个巨大的河口三角洲，将中国的直辖市嘉兴和它的邻居宁波分隔开来。在正式建设之前，大桥的想法已经构思酝酿多年，甚至已经到了图纸设计阶段，但到2007年大桥最终建成。经过一段时间的严格测试之后，直到2008年大桥才对外开放。大桥所处区域不仅仅易受台风影响，同时也受世界上最高强度潮汐力的影响，似乎这些并不够，还有地震的存在!考虑到所有这些不利因素的影响，建造者使用了钢管桩而不是更常用的混凝土桩，并且所采用的斜拉桥的形式被公认为是最坚固和最稳定的桥梁建设方法之一。横跨海湾总长将近22英里(公里)，杭州湾跨海大桥建成后即跻身十大跨海大桥之列，直接将两区域之间的行程时间由大约250英里(402公里)缩短到只有50英里(80公里)。

呵呵，都快交论文了，你才整翻译啊，不知道隧道开挖的可以不，我毕业论文中的翻译。

隧道通信施工技术论文篇二 一种深井隧道通信系统 【摘要】 本文介绍一种借助井下隧道铺设的泄漏感应传输线进行无线电通信的收发系统,它可以广泛应用于井下联络和急救，具有很好的社会价值和市场前景。 井下作业常受到塌方、瓦斯爆炸以及迷失方向等威胁，井下通信对提高工效、保证安全是非常重要的。然而，井下通讯是封闭在地下局部环境中，地形复杂，因而电波传播极其困难。主要原因是：矿井巷道的狭窄空间完全破坏了无线电波在地面自由空间的传播规律，且巷道断面多变、表面粗糙，巷道内存在各种电缆线、金属管路和各种金属体机械设备等，进一步改变了无线电波的传播规律，致使无线电波在井巷中自由传播的距离极为有限。以往的系统在使用中都存在不同程度的缺点和不足，主要表现为通信距离有限、噪音大、系统传输参数不稳定等。采用无线电泄漏方式进行通信的系统可以大大改善通信状况。使用时持机人通过感应电线通话，对讲机与感应线之间属于无线通讯，感应线感应到的已调频载波信号在感应线中进行有线传输，可以使通信距离达到3km以上。 系统原理与设计 实现井下通信的关键是解决电波传播问题。理论分析和试验表明：在中短波频段，矿井隧道对电波的衰减最大，通信距离最近。在超短波频段，通信距离随着频率升高而增加，电波传播衰减逐渐减小，这是因为在该频段隧道可认为是其波导型通道。而低频段，由于频率低，电缆的传输损耗小(2～4dB/km)，因而通信距离大。如果加接中继器，通信距离可继续扩大，因此，低频导引通信系统简单实用、造价最低。综合各种因素，我们把工作频率设定在455kHz。电波借助敷设在井下的泄漏通信电缆在矿井中非自由空间进行传播。也就是说，利用这种泄漏电磁场的存在，通过沿巷道敷设的泄漏电缆使无线电收发信机实现信息交换。因而泄漏电缆为矿井巷道等非自由空间的无线电传播提供了一种类似长天线作用的专用媒介，构成高传输质量的矿井无线电传输通道，是矿井无线电泄漏通信系统的关键组成部分，也是我们设计的井下通信系统的主要特点。系统采用单频半双工体制，收发天线共用。由于调频比调幅具有抗干扰性能好、传送信息保真度高、机器设备简单等优点，因而在我们的系统设计中采用调频工作方式。该系统的另一个特点是：455kHz中频载波发生器和调频调制器并不是由通常单一的振荡器、调制器组成，而是利用MC2833单片FM(调频)发射机子系统中的压控振荡器与晶体及相应电感、电容组成的外围电路产生的话音已调信号，送到MC3359射频输入端，而MC3359内置振荡器与外围晶体及相应电容组成的电路产生的信号，于是这两个信号在MC3359内置混频器作用下产生以中频(455kHz)为载波的已调信号。考虑到系统中其它部分电路的功能与一般半双工工作方式的电路基本类似，故不赘述。整个系统的功能框图如图1所示。 系统实现 系统设计上的主要技术考虑：工作频率选定455kHz;通信体制为调频半双工方式;信号传输方式为无线(手持机与井下泄漏电缆间)与有线(井下泄漏电缆传输)混合工作;发射机输出功率不小于2W;手持机相互间能随意通话;接收效果尽量减少噪声;采用～、12V电源供电;对讲机通过井下铺设的泄漏电缆作为感应传输线，使通讯距离能够达到3km。 由于集成元件与分立器件比较起来具有性能稳定、可靠性高、体积小、重量轻，而且价格比较便宜，因此在系统的实现方法上我们首先选用集成元件。所选用的集成元件主要有：MC2833、MC3359、MC34119、455kHz陶瓷滤波器、晶体、晶体;选用的分立元件主要有：低噪声晶体放大管3DG30G、晶体驱动放大管3DK9H、晶体末级功放管C4382A、TTF-2-1中周、电位器、电阻电容，以及拾音器、扬声器等电声转换器。 MC2833是单片FM(调频)发射机子系统，它包含一个话筒放大器、一个压控振荡器和两个辅助晶体管。在其典型应用电路中，我们将其进行改造，使之产生的话音调制信号输送给MC3359的混频输入端;MC3359是低功率的FM(调频)/IF(中频)接收机芯片，它包含振荡器、混频器、限幅放大器、AFC(自动频率控制)、正交鉴频器、运算放大器、静噪电路、搜索控制和沉默开关。同样，我们对其外围电路进行改造，使它产生经过初步放大的话音已调信号(载波455kHz)，然后送给下一级功放电路进行放大。此外，系统设计中采用了收发共用MC3359，不仅节省成本和减小体积，而且试验效果也不错;MC34119是主要用于电话(例如扬声器话机)上的低功率音频放大器集成电路，具有可以在低电源电压的条件(最低为)以最大的输出摆动差动扬声器输出，以及并不需要和扬声器相联的耦合电容等一系列优点。 考虑到末级功放输出的功率可达2W以上，两个末级功放管C4382A产生的热量较多，所以需要对两个管子散热。为了有效散热，我们特意制作了一个大铝板，将两个C4382A功放管安装在这个大铝板上，对其进行散热。同时，这个铝板还起到了将两个收发部分隔开的目的。整个系统的电路原理图如图2所示。 试验结果 试验表明，该系统输出功率达，效率达50%以上。接收机灵敏度可达(-100dBm)，而且在无信号输入时，扬声器输出的电流噪声很小。在地面自由空间的通信距离可达100m，井下借助沿隧道铺设的泄漏感应电缆进行通信，距离可达3km。 结束语 455kHz对讲机系统不仅性能稳定，工作可靠，而且生产成本低，容易实现。该项产品的问世，不仅改善了井下通讯条件，而且有利于加强井下安全生产的管理，保证井下工人的人身安全。所以，这项技术具有很好的应用价值和市场前景。 看了“隧道通信施工技术论文”的人还看： 1. 关于隧道施工技术论文 2. 关于隧道施工技术论文(2) 3. 道路桥梁施工技术论文 4. 地铁施工技术论文 5. 盾构施工技术论文