毕业论文外文翻译5000

1.确定自己的毕业课题方向；2.了解自己学校翻译要求，比如说字数、格式、对参考考文献是否要翻译等等；3.找好相关的英文原文，估计一下，比如要翻5000字，则英文原文不加图要4页左右；4.配好专业词汇软件和GOOGLE翻译，这两者会帮上大忙的，前者对一些专业词汇独到，后者可以让你对译文有个初步了解；5.注意语句通顺，还有就是有些要意译，不然就会很别扭；6.对于文中的公式最好用MATHTYPE编辑或者用WORD里的公式编辑器编辑，图片可以不用自己重新画，截过来在画图板里把要改的英文改成中文，其他工具也行，如果有严格要求就要用VISIO画了，对于图表，最好自己重新画；7.因为有些图式粘过来的，所以编辑格式的时候要注意；8.对参考文献的翻译：作者姓名可不用翻译，后面的基本都要翻译。希望对你能有所帮助。

1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

Improved nonlinear plastic hinge analysis of space frame . Richard Liew a,*, H. Chen a, . Shanmugam a, . Chen ba Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Singapore, 10 Kent Ridge Crescent, Singapore 119260, Singaporeb School of Civil Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USAReceived 5 January 1999; received in revised form 17 August 1999; accepted 25 August 1999AbstractThis paper is concerned with second-order plastic hinge analysis of three-dimensional frame structures. The beam–column formulationis based on the use of stability interpolation functions for the transverse displacements, and considers the elastic couplingeffects between axial, flexural and torsional displacements. The developed computer program can be used to predict accurately theelastic flexural buckling load of columns and frames by modelling each physical member as one element. It can also be used topredict the elastic buckling loads associated with axial-torsional and lateral-torsional instabilities, which are essential for predictingthe nonlinear behaviour of space frame structures. The member bowing effect and initial out-of-straightness are also considered sothat the nonlinear spatial behaviour of structures can be captured with fewer elements per member. Material nonlinearity is modelledby using the concentrated plastic hinge approach. Plastic hinge between the member ends is allowed to occur. Numerical examplesincluding both geometric and material nonlinearities are used to demonstrate the robustness, accuracy and efficiency of the proposedanalytical method and computer program. Ó 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights : Advanced analysis; Buckling; Nonlinear analysis; Plastic hinges; Space frames; Instability1. IntroductionTwo-dimensional (2-D) plastic hinge analysis of planeframes composed of members with compact section,fully braced out-of-plane, has been the subject for investigationin recent years. The theory for advanced inelasticanalysis of rigid and semi-rigid 2-D frames has beenwell developed and verified by tests [1,2]. These analysismethods fulfil the requirements for the prediction ofmember strength and stability, with some constraints,satisfying the conventional column and beam–columndesign limit-state checks. Although there have beenmuch work on the plastic hinge analysis of 3-D framestructures, the issues related to different theoretical andnumerical formulations and their accuracy and efficiencyin solving large frameworks are not addressed well. Theresearch presented in this paper is an extension ofadvanced analysis for 2-D frames [2] to 3-D frames [3–5], reflecting the current trend towards the rationalisationof advanced analysis procedures.* Corresponding改进非线性塑性铰空间框架结构的分析摘要：这份研究报告表明三维的框架结构与二维逻辑性塑性铰的关联，梁柱公式化的表述并嵌入横断面移动为基准，并考虑轴力、弯曲和扭力的移位之间的关系。发达的计算机程序作出通过每个物质成分作为一个基本部件做模型的塔器和框架可弯曲的负载量，它也能预报可弯曲负载量与轴向扭力和横向扭力的不稳定性的关联，这对预报非线性空间结构的作用是必不可少的，以便非线性空间结构的性能和部分成分一些原理能被输入计算机。重要的非线性通过使用浓缩的塑性铰方式被制作模型，塑性铰和成分末端是容许存在。数值的例子包括集合学和重要的非线性，两者习惯于证明目的的分析方法和电脑程序的稳定性，精确性。

参考文献本来就是摘要你需要的部分即可。全都都写出来岂不是抄袭