旅行英语毕业论文范文

英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）

一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。

Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.

With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.

Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.

With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.

Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.

For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.

In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.

Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.

Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.

Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems

Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.

Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.

Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.

Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style

in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!

I will present my efforts to you and welcome any title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of , it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation ! that is all. thank you!

Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and , is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further ! That is all. Thank you!

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

That’s all. Thank you.

1. 旅游的小文章（英语） Last summer vacation,my family and I went to Qingdao by was always sunshine and fresh air,which made us so went to the seaside,the sea was as blue as the sky,and bathing in the sunshine on the beach, was really an enjoyable also picked up a lot of colorful shells with my little we bought many interesting souvenirs,I was planing to send them to my ate many tings there,such as fish,prawn,and so are very we lived in a clean and tidy hotel,and the price was not so like Qingdao very much,and if I got a chance,I hope to e here again,it is such a beautiful and interesting place. 上个暑假，我和我的家人坐火车去了青岛。那里总是阳光明媚，空气也很清新，令人心情舒畅。我们去了海边，海水和天空一样的蓝，在沙滩上沐浴着阳光，是件很享受的事儿。我和妹妹还捡了好多五颜六色的贝壳。我们在这里买了好多有趣的纪念品，我打算送给我的朋友们。我们在这里吃到了很多东西，比如鱼，虾..真的很美味。 我们住在一个干净整洁的旅馆里，而且价格不是很昂贵。 我很喜欢这里，如果有机会我还希望可以再次去青岛，这个美丽有趣的地方。2. 一篇关于旅游英语小短文 好像来晚了呀 不过还是给你参考参考 我自己写的 It was last National Holiday,I went to Shandong Province on my own with a travel really had a unforgotable holiday there. We took a ship there,the weather wasn't so great then,however,when we got to Yantai,it's we had a big was tired that day,and fell asleep fast. The following day,we did some sightseeing in next day,we went to Confucius's home,it was just huge and amazing which I could never with the home of Wang Xizhi,it was great. The third day was really tired for me,cuz we climbed Mount was a rainy day,I put on was really hard for me. My trip to Shandong wasn't bad,I really enjoyed it. 希望楼主满意阿。 3. 关于旅游的英文文章 An orientation tour that begins with a drive around the Civic District past the Padang, Cricket Club, historic Parliament House, Supreme Court and City Hall. Stop at the MERLION PARK for great views of Marina Bay and a picture-taking opportunity with The Merlion, a mythological creature that is part lion and part fish. Visit THIAN HOCK KENG TEMPLE, one of Singapore's oldest Buddhist-Taoist temples, before driving past Chinatown to watch craft *** en at work at a LOCAL HANDICRAFT CENTRE. Proceed to the NATIONAL ORCHID GARDEN, located within Singapore Botanic Gardens, which boasts a sprawling display of 60,000 orchid plants. Our final stop at LITTLE INDIA will entrance you with the scent of joss sticks, ja *** ine and spices。 4. 旅游的好处 英语议论文 旅游的好处（The Advantages of Travel） Whenever a college student is asked, "What are you going to do this summer vacation?" The most probable answer might be "I am going to have a travel. " It sounds that college students are fond of travelling. Why? Because travel has numerous advantages. First of all, travel can widen our knowledge of geography, the knowledge of customs, cultures and lifestyles of different places and countries. Secondly, we can make friends and practise a foreign language through travelling. Finally, travel is the best way of pastime. We can enjoy eating various food and seeing beautiful sceneries. In a word, we can benefit from travel in more than one way. It is worth spending the time. 旅游的好处 不管你什么时候问一个大学生这样一个问题：“今年暑假你要做什么？”他很可能这样回答：“我要去旅游。”听起来大学生们是喜欢旅游的。为什么呢？ 因为旅游有许多好处。 首先，旅游可以扩大我们的地理知识以及扩大我们对不同地区不同国家的风俗、文化和生活方式方面的知识。其次，通过旅游我们可以交朋友、练外语。最后，旅游是消遣的最好方法，我们可以享受各种食品，观看美丽景色。 一句话，旅游的好处不止一个方面，花些时间是值得的。 5. 跪求旅游英语论文 随着旅游业的发展，在有些国家或地区旅游业甚至成为经济收入最大的支柱产业.旅游是经济、社会、文化等现象的综合反映，这一特性决定了旅游的发展必然给旅游地带来经济，环境，社会等一系列积极的影响。 发展旅游业，还能增长当地的就业机会，使更多的人有业可从，解决了社会中就业的一大难题，降低社会制安事件的发生频率.同时， 各地游客的进入， 增长了当地居民和外地人的接触和交往， 促进了相互间的文化交流， 扩大了视野， 提高了文化素养.发展国内旅游业还可以促进其他产业的发展.旅游业的发展能 *** 旅游者的消费，从而可以形成和扩大新的消费市场。 旅游对经济环境的有利影响是最为显著的，旅游业和其他产业相比，是一个投资少，见效快，无污染 的产业，同时，旅游业还能带动其他产业的发展，这就使旅游业对于该地区国民经济收入具有重大的意义. 旅游业对生态环境也有明显的有利影响.随着旅游业的日益发展，不断地开发旅游资源，其中有不少旅游资源原来就存在一些生态问题，，在旅游资源开发中，便可采取旅游生态建设和污染治理的措施，使开发出来的旅游资源比原来的生态环境质量更高，即旅游开发美化了生态环境.旅游业还能保持生态环境.旅游资源开发出来进入利用阶段，若能科学地管理，能使当地生态环境进入良性循环. 发展国内旅游业对于激发人民的爱国主义热情，增进人们的身体健康，提高生活质量具有较大的作用。 旅游者游览祖国锦绣山河和名胜古迹，对其开阔眼界，陶冶情操，扩大信息交流，增强身心健康都有积极的作用。尤其是在青少年中开展爱国主义教育，国内旅游发挥的作用更为明显。 再次，发展内旅游还可以促进思想观念的更新，从而提高人民的素质。国内旅游发展所形成的游客流是信息流、观念流的载体。 这些信息、观念、思维、生活方式的传播，可以起着打破当地封闭保守思想、引发思维观念更新的作用。强化人们之间的思想文化交流，更新思想观念，其意义比因发展旅游所获得的经济效益要深远得多。 国内旅游业无论对于社会主义物质文明还是精神文明建设都有十分重要的促进作用。因此，发展国内旅游业应当引起社会各界特别是旅游界的充分重视。 当然，有好处就会有坏处。在旅游食宿措施的建设过程中，水、电及其他能源供应的絮乱，费水、废气、垃圾的处理不及时等都可能对生态环境形成污染。 在经济利益的驱使下，不少旅游地超负荷接待游客，或乱建滥造旅游措施，而使得一些有珍贵历史文化价值的古迹或独特、协调的自然、人文景观遭受破坏 新手，没分，不好意思。 愿意的帮一下，谢谢 旅游区的旅游气氛环境是由当地的自然环境，以及反映当地历史、地方或民族气息的环境烘托出来的，这其中，当地的环境和文化以及历史起了很大的作用。游客在欣赏大自然美景中，也要注意遵守社会公德。 游客自身也是风景的组成部分，不文明的行为举止不仅会玷污美丽的风景，也会破坏他人游览时的心情。和谐是大家共同的心声，为了让人人都能尽其游兴，每一名游客都不能放纵自己，应多一份谦让，多一份风度，营造一个彼此友善、相互谦让的良好旅游氛围。 With the development of touri *** in some countries or regions or even bee a touri *** ine of the largest pillar industry. Touri *** is the economic, social and cultural phenomena, such as a prehensive reflection of this decision features of the development of touri *** is bound to bring touri *** to the economy , The environment, a series of positive social impact. The development of touri *** , but also increase local employment opportunities so that more people from the industry has to address the social employment in one of the major problems and reduce the social security system, the frequency of incidents. At the same time, all over the tourists to enter, an increase of Local residents and outside contacts and exchanges to promote mutual cultural exchanges and expand the vision to improve the culture. The development of domestic touri *** can promote the development of other industries. Development of the touri *** industry can stimulate the growth of tourist spending, Thus the formation of a new and expanding consumer market. Touri *** on the beneficial effects of the economic environment is the most significant, touri *** and other industries, the investment is a *** all, effective, non-polluting the industry, at the same time, touri *** can promote other industries Development, which makes the region for touri *** revenue of the national economy is of great significance. Eco-touri *** on the environment is a clear positive impact. With the increasing development of the touri *** industry, continuous development of touri *** resources, touri *** resources, many of which are original to the existence of a number of ecological problems in the development of touri *** resources, can take eco-touri *** And the 。 6. 以"旅游报告"为题写一篇英语作文 Travelling is also one of the best means for learning. You may have read or heard about something but you can never get an accurate picture of it until you see it for yourself. Seeing is believing. Furthermore, if you area careful observer, you can learn much during your travel about the geography, biology, and history of the places you visit. No matter how well educated you are, there is always a lot for you to learn through travelling. The knowledge acquired from travel, as you will have found in your life, is no less valuable than that from any influential reference book. 旅行也是最好的学习方法之一。你可能看过或者听说过某些事物的报道，但只有当你亲眼看到这些事物时你才能获得准确的信息。眼见为实。此外，如果你是一个细心的观察者，在你的旅行过程中你会学到许多有关当地的地理、生物和历史方面的知识。不管你接受过多好的教育，通过旅行总是可以让你学到更多。你会发现在旅行中获得的知识在你的生活中并不比来自任何一本有影响力的参考书上的价值小。 7. 求一篇关于旅游的英文文章关于旅游的英文文章,最好中英对照的,中 Wanbao Hill Sightseeing Farm Located by the side of Guankouken inner road of No。 324 national highway in Jimei District, the Wanbao Hill Sightseeing Farm covers an area of 500 mu。 As the field is not very high, tourists can easily get into the orchard to look around。 All year around fruit trees are planted in the garden for picking and tasting by the tourists in any month。 There are lichee, longan, citrus fruits, carambola, persimmon, mango, strawberry, peaches, plums and more。 The farm is also equipped with a fishing pound, barbecue areas, camping areas, farming areas, refreshment rooms and a restaurant for customers' convenience and to meet their special interests。 Further more, a holiday villa within the farm can provide lodging and all kinds of entertainments。 8. 急求英语小作文一篇,200字左右,关于旅游的 last year ,I went to Beijing I love there The summer Places is to beautiful and we went to Wangfujing though there are lots of people in there and the things are too expensive ,most people buy things in bought a pair of beautiful shoes in love Beijing .This too beautiful！ 文章大意：去年，我去了北京，我喜欢那里。 颐和园的景色非常美，我们还去了王府井。虽然那里有很多人，而且东西都很贵，但是许多人还是在那里购物。 我在那里买了一双很漂亮的鞋子。 .我爱北京！那里很美。 9. 关于旅游的英文的毕业论文.知道的朋友告诉我一下,谢谢 二、旅游英语翻译的几种方法 解释是指增加的部分是对字' 词' 句的字面意思的解释% 如花港观鱼） Hua Gang Guan Yu"Viewing Fish at Flower Harbor* "孤山） Gushan"Solitary Hill* "紫来洞） Zilai Cave"Purple Source Cave* %# 西安古称长安$可译成# Xi'an was called Chang'an"or+everlasting peace,in ancient times$"& 天安门$可译成& Tian'anman"the Gate of Heavenly Peace$"这样的译法将名称与其含义联系起来"便于外国游客记忆"加深他们的印象"增加他们的游兴%又如"& 端午节那天"人们都要吃棕子$可以译为& During the Dragon Boat Festival, or the Duanwu Festival (which falls on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month), it is a mon practice to eat zongzi, which is a rice pudding wrapped up with reed leaves$%& 大乘寺坐北朝南"院墙按八卦建造$ 可以译为& The Great Vehicle Temple faces south with its walls shaped after the Eight Diagrams) binations of three whole or broken lines formerly used in divination* $% 八卦是我国古代的一套符号"用于占卜% 一般的中国人都不知道八卦"何况外国游客% 所以此处务必加以解释%在旅游英语翻译中采用类比的手法常常有喜人的效果% 如把杭州历史人物西施比作Chinese Cleopatra"将民间人物月下老人译作Chinese Cupid% 浙江兰溪一个济公纪念馆介绍济公事迹的英译文"也是采用类比的方法%中文为& 济公劫富济贫"深受穷苦人民爱戴$"其英译为& Jigong, Robin Hood in China, robbed the rich and helped the poor, he was loved by the poor people$"由于采用了& 以此比彼$的手法拉近了外国游客与中国文化的距离！使他们产生亲近感！激发他们的游兴"增加与解释不同！是指为了更好地理解某字#词#句而添加的相关知识和背景资料" 中国悠久历史中有许多著名事件！英雄人物！典故传奇等" 旅游资料中经常提到的许多风景名胜往往与他们有关！不增加说明！一般外国游客就无法理解" 如！$ 绍兴是越瓷的产地%的英译文是$ Shaoxing is the home of Yue Porcelains. Yue is a state name used to refer to the Shaoxing region in ancient China%" 在此！译文增加了一个句子来解释$ 越%这个专有名称" 又如！$ 林边有一洞！叫白龙洞" 传说& 白蛇传' 的白娘子曾在此修炼%的英文翻译为$ Near the forest is the White Dragon Cave which is said to be the very place where Lady White, the legendary heroine of the Story of the White Snake, cultivated herself according to Buddhist doctrine%"这句如果没有添加！外国游客虽然也能看懂！但会产生怀疑！白蛇娘娘在这么小的洞里怎样来修炼呢（ 有了这些添加之后！他们方能正确地理解原文！原来修炼一事纯属传说"有时候！在翻译旅游资料中！删减是十分必要的" 因为大多数外国游客阅读这些资料都是为了了解中国的风土人情！增加一些旅游兴趣" 中国人在写事状物时喜欢引经据典！摘录名人名言或古诗加以验证" 中国读者读了会加深印象！从中得到艺术享受与美感！而在外国旅游者看来似乎是画蛇添足"如介绍青岛的旅游资料中有这么一段文字"$） 烟水苍茫月色迷！渔舟晚泊栈桥西" 乘凉每至黄昏后！人依栏杆水拍堤" *这是古人赞美青岛海滨的诗句" 青岛是一座风光秀丽的海滨城市！夏无酷暑！冬无严寒" 西起胶州湾入海处的团岛！东至崂山风景区的下清宫！绵延80 多华里的海滨组成了一幅绚烂多彩的长轴画卷" %其译文为$ Qingdaoisa charmingcoastal city,whosebeautyoftenappears inpoetry. It isnothot insummeror cold inwinter. The 40- km- longscenic line begins fromTuan Island at thewest end toXiaqingTemple ofMount Xaoat the east end%" 译者将古诗全部删除！但不影响译文读者对原文中其他部分的理解！而译文中第一句正是对前面古诗简洁的概括" 再看一段描写桂林地区景区之一兴坪的文字"$ 这些山峰！连同山上绿竹翠柳！岸边的村民农舍！时而化入水中！时而化入天际！真是） 果然佳胜在兴坪*" %其译文为$ These hills and the green bamboo and willows and farmhouse *** erge with their reflections in the river and lead visitors to a dreamy world%" 这段文字最后一句诗句英语译为$ and lead visitors toa dreamyworld%！虽没有正面译出兴坪的美景！它对名游译文却将读者引入梦幻般的奇境！反而烘托出兴坪吸引游客的特点" 再譬如！$ 观光层高达263 米！是岛瞰全市景色的最佳处所！当风和日丽时！举目远望！佘山金山！崇明岛隐隐可见！真有） 登泰山而小天下*之感%" 其译文为$ The observation deck, 263meters high, is the best place toget a bird's- eye- view of the city. On a sunny day, the deck mands an indistinct view of Mount Sheshan, Mount Jishan and the Chongming Island far, far away. Standingon the deck, one gets the feelingthat theworld is belittled%" 以上的这段译文中删除了引自& 论语'中的一句话！$ 登泰山而小天下%" 原文中引用此语无非是形容电视塔之高！如果要将$ 泰山%译出必然要加注！否则外国游客很难将它与电视塔。

一、标题 标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题，样式繁多，但无论是何种形式，总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。 (一)总标题 总标题是文章总体内容的体现。常见的写法有： ①揭示课题的实质。这种形式的标题，高度概括全文内容，往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性，便于读者把握全文内容的核心。诸如此类的标题很多，也很普遍。如《关于经济体制的模式问题》、《经济中心论》、《县级行政机构改革之我见》等。 ②提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式，隐去要回答的内容，实际上作者的观点是十分明确的，只不过语意婉转，需要读者加以思考罢了。这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄，容易激起读者的注意。如《家庭联产承包制就是单干吗?》、《商品经济等同于资本主义经济吗?》等。 ②交代内容范围。这种形式的标题，从其本身的角度看，看不出作者所指的观点，只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。拟定这种标题，一方面是文章的主要论点难以用一句简短的话加以归纳；另一方面，交代文章内容的范围，可引起同仁读者的注意，以求引起共鸣。这种形式的标题也较普遍。如《试论我国农村的双层经营体制》、《正确处理中央和地方、条条与块块的关系》、《战后西方贸易自由化剖析》等。 ④用判断句式。这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定，可伸可缩，具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的，面较小，但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性，面较宽。这种从小处着眼，大处着手的标题，有利于科学思维和科学研究的拓展。如《从乡镇企业的兴起看中国农村的希望之光》、《科技进步与农业经济》、《从“劳动创造了美”看美的本质》等。 ⑤用形象化的语句。如《激励人心的管理体制》、《科技史上的曙光》、《普照之光的理论》等。 标题的样式还有多种，作者可以在实践中大胆创新。 (二)副标题和分标题 为了点明论文的研究对象、研究内容、研究目的，对总标题加以补充、解说，有的论文还可以加副标题。特别是一些商榷性的论文，一般都有一个副标题，如在总标题下方，添上“与××商榷”之类的副标题。 另外，为了强调论文所研究的某个侧重面，也可以加副标题。如《如何看待现阶段劳动报酬的差别——也谈按劳分配中的资产阶级权利》、《开发蛋白质资源，提高蛋白质利用效率——探讨解决吃饭问题的一种发展战略》等。 设置分标题的主要目的是为了清晰地显示文章的层次。有的用文字，一般都把本层次的中心内容昭然其上；也有的用数码，仅标明“一、二、三”等的顺序，起承上启下的作用。需要注意的是：无论采用哪种形式，都要紧扣所属层次的内容，以及上文与下文的联系紧密性。 对于标题的要求，概括起来有三点：一要明确。要能够揭示论题范围或论点，使人看了标题便知晓文章的大体轮廓、所论述的主要内容以及作者的写作意图，而不能似是而非，藏头露尾，与读者捉迷藏。二要简炼。．论文的标题不宜过长，过长了容易使人产生烦琐和累赘的感觉，得不到鲜明的印象，从而影响对文章的总体评价。标题也不能过于抽象、空洞，标题中不能采用非常用的或生造的词汇，以免使读者一见标题就如堕烟海，百思不得其解，待看完全文后才知标题的哗众取宠之意。三要新颖。标题和文章的内容、形式一样，应有自己的独特之处。做到既不标新立异，又不落案臼，使之引人入胜，赏心悦目，从而激起读者的阅读兴趣。 二、目录 一般说来，篇幅较长的毕业论文，都没有分标题。设置分标题的论文，因其内容的层次较多，整个理论体系较庞大、复杂，故通常设目录。 设置目录的目的主要是： 1．使读者能够在阅读该论文之前对全文的内容、结构有一个大致的了解，以便读者决定是读还是不读，是精读还是略读等。 2．为读者选读论文中的某个分论点时提供方便。长篇论文，除中心论点外，还有许多分论点。当读者需要进一步了解某个分论点时，就可以依靠目录而节省时间。 目录一般放置在论文正文的前面，因而是论文的导读图。要使目录真正起到导读图的作用，必须注意： 1．准确。目录必须与全文的纲目相一致。也就是说，本文的标题、分标题与目录存在着一一对应的关系。 2．清楚无误。目录应逐一标注该行目录在正文中的页码。标注页码必须清楚无误。 3．完整。目录既然是论文的导读图，因而必然要求具有完整性。也就是要求文章的各项内容，都应在目录中反映出来，不得遗漏。 目录有两种基本类型： 1．用文字表示的目录。 2．用数码表示的目录。这种目录较少见。但长篇大论，便于读者阅读，也有采用这种方式的。 三、内容提要 内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。 内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。 写作内容提要的目的在于： 1．为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。 2．为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，如果产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。 因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要罗哩罗嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。 内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。 报道性提要，主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等，对文章内容的提示较全面。 指示性提要，只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等)，对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。举例如下： ●市场经济条件下的政府，固然应服从上级规划部署的全局，但主要的着眼点应放在对下负责，对本地的经济发展，对本地的人民生活水平提高负责，这才是发展全局经济的前提，从而也自然在根本上符合对上负责。 ●变部门“齐抓共管”企业为共同服务于企业，应成为部门工作的主要重点。(摘自《政府在市场经济中 如何定位》一文的内容提要) 内容提要的写作要求可以概括为“全、精、简、实、活”。具体说来： 1．内容提要要求具有完整性。即不能把论文中所阐述的主要内容(或观点)遗漏。提要应写成一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用。 2．重点要突出。内容提要须突出论文的研究成果(或中心论点)和结论性意义的内容，其他各项可写得简明扼要。 3．文字要简炼。内容提要的写作必须字斟句酌，用精练、概括的语言表述，每项内容不宜展开论证说明。 4．陈述要客观。内容提要一般只写课题研究的客观情况，对工作过程、工作方法以及研究成果等，不宜作主观评价，也不宜与别人的研究作对比说明。一项研究成果的价值，自有公论，大可不必自我宣扬。因而，实事求是也是写作内容提要的基本原则。 5．语言要生动。提要既要写得简明扼要，又要生动活泼，引人入胜，在词语润色、表达方法和章法结构上要尽可能体现文彩，以求唤起读者阅读正文的欲望。 四、正文 正文包括绪论、本论、结论三部分。这是毕业论文最重要的组成部分，其它章节有专门详细论述，这里不再重复。 五、参考文献 参考文献又叫参考书目，它是指作者在撰写毕业论文过程中所查阅参考过的著作和报刊杂志，它应列在毕业论文的末尾。列出参考文献有三个好处：一是当作者本人发现引文有差错时，便于查找校正。二是可以使毕业论文答辩委员会的教师了解学生阅读资料的广度，作为审查毕业论文的一种参考依据。三是便于研究同类问题的读者查阅相关的观点和材料。 当然，论文所列的参考文献必须是主要的，与本论文密切相关的，对自己写成毕业论文起过重要参考作用的专著、论文及其它资料。不要轻重不分，开列过多。 列出的参考文献一般要写清书名或篇名、作者、出版者和出版年份。 参考资料：