自考语言学毕业论文

英语语言学毕业论文哪些题目好写？ 一、英语语言学毕业论文题目：1、中西语言方式对比2、 词汇学3、 近代英语语言的衍变二、英语语言学课程由三个知识模块组成：理论启蒙、基础理论、研究方法。 理论启蒙模块内容涉及英语的词汇知识、语音知识、语法知识、修辞知识、语体知识、英语变体、英语学习策略等。 基础理论模块由英语语言学概论执行，内容涉及语言的各种属性、语言学的学科知识、语音学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、语言与心理、语言与文化、语言习得等。 研究方法模块通过介绍语言学研究的设计与分析方法，帮助学生掌握从事语言研究的本领，并直接与本科毕业论文的写作挂钩。 三、毕业论文，泛指专科毕业论文、本科毕业论文（学士学位毕业论文）、硕士研究生毕业论文（硕士学位论文）、博士研究生毕业论文（博士学位论文）等，即需要在学业完成前写作并提交的论文，是教学或科研活动的重要组成部分之一。 语言学英语专业毕业论文哪个方面比较好写？ 说实话毕业论文弄好的话还是比较烦人的，准备了两个星期也没弄出来，题目全被否决了，老师又不给现成的题目，选题都麻烦的不得了，最后直接找VIP英语论文网的帮我的，值得庆幸的是我还好找VIP英语论文网的老师帮了忙，还辅导我熟悉了论文，还有答辩的问题，老师也没发现有什么问题，还是顺利的通过了，嘿嘿 对于英语专业的学生来说应该如何学习语言学论文答辩,最好300字以 名词化的语篇功能330诺曼时期法语对英语词汇的影响339浅谈英语虚拟语气的语用功能340浅谈英语虚拟语气及其语用功能345浅析二十世纪计算机英语词汇的构成特点346浅析汉英动物谚语中的文化348浅析英汉语言中的性别歧视现象及其根源349浅析英语禁忌语及其发展352浅析英语无标志被动句356浅议译者能力359认知语言学角度下“within” 的空间隐喻意义365商标英语汉译的原则和方法384体育新闻英语文体研究375社会语言学视野中的网络语言418新闻英语中的语法特点研究423颜色词在英汉互译中的不对应性425移就的审美价值和生成基础426以认知为基础的颜色隐喻研究428隐喻认知功能研究的新视角429隐喻与一词多义的关系438英汉被动句对比研究439英汉宾语类型差异的认知原因440英汉动词非谓语用法之比较研究442英汉否定问句的答句对比研究443英汉汉英双关语及其翻译研究444英汉合成词构词对比研究446英汉名词短语修饰模式比较447英汉拟声词异同探讨448英汉人称代词运用对比研究449英汉人名的比较研究450英汉时间的空间隐喻对比研究451英汉习语的文化共性和个性的研究453英汉颜色词的引申义的文化差别454英汉颜色词跨域对比分析？—以RED和红为例458英汉隐喻性词汇对比研究462英汉语中红绿色文化比较468英语道歉方式研究 语言学论文的研究思路怎么写 语言学论文的困惑：选题是否有新意或价值，选题是否可行，选题如何打开思路。 一、选题原则：选题要新颖，选题路径：学科、方向、领域、课题、话题、问题，解决方法、效果评估。 选题方向：学科前沿课题，特别是学科交叉性课题，有扩展空间和创新余地。 二、误区：前辈研究很多的东西，没有多少好研究的，在前人的基础上不容再攀高峰。 这需要看研究目标、看研究问题，看研究框架，润物细无声，于无声处听惊雷，时代在进补，科学在发展，流水不腐户枢不蠹，多元化思考，发散思维，去研究人家没有研究过的东西一定有价值，同时前辈的研究成果也可去粗取精，继承学术也要与时俱进，有创新才有发展。 三、从选题找创新：面向新的语言现象（网络时代、自媒体时代语言的研究）、面向旧的语言现象（旧有语言的发展和继承，交叉发展进化等），面向特定语言理论（补充、修正、完善）、面向学科交叉点（社会心理学与语用学：语码转换、符号代替等。 ）理论研究：寻求共性（语言共性、语用共性、认知共性等）。 应用研究：寻求对策（面向规划政策、实践（教学、口语化应用、翻译、矫正等。 ）。 四、那些选题不会有创新：选题太大，太泛，如语法的认知研究，汉语英语系统的对不分析，认知语法初探等。 太微观没有一般理论性价值。 选题太大，容易重复别人的研究。 结论指向容易归结的常识化和空泛化。 怎样写语言学论文 How to improve your English in full detail (my experience) The Third Edition To be good at English is not particularly easy but not terribly hard you start to learn sentences, or new words, the first and also the most important step is the ＂pronunciation＂. To pronounce perfectly you should buy a tape to assist you to learn and practise. This is the fundamental step to learn English, ignore or pay no attention to this step; you will not learn proper English and you will find the later steps more and more difficult. If you are solid and accurate in pronunciation, you will find the later steps much easier and you will stand firmly on the right mastering the pronunciation perfectly, it is the time to accumulate new words and useful expressions. Of course start from the simplest words like “hello, hi, you, me, he, him, his, her”, etc.... and expressions like “how are you, how old are you, how do you do”, etc.......... It is essential to write the words on a piece of paper so that you remember them well. Actually everyone had done these at his/her primary school.*************Now let me tell you how I learnt English in China. ******************* Speaking:In China, you won"t have enough chances to speak English. What I did was in the morning I got up early and read aloud the texts in the textbooks. The initial aim was to achieve the same speed as the tape, and then being able to read aloud the texts with the same style as the English announcer in the tape. By doing this, it helps you to consolidate your pronunciation and it is much easier to learn English in China because you can watch some TV channels in English. The more channels in English the better because you can choose your preferred programmes and it helps you to learn English with interests of your own, hence ideal for listening and expression/words is also very useful to write diaries. On writing diaries, it is not useful if you just write it without the care of grammar and spelling. When you finish you should always read your diaries again to check for errors and refine your sentences (. remove repetitive words, use better expressions, and sort out the structure of the sentences).Reading:It is also very important to read story books in English, starting from thin ones with not many new words. Read as many thin books as you possibly can. Little by Little you will want to read thicker books, and your reading ability will get even four elements together:I have to emphasise that when you do all these reading, listening, writing and speaking; you should join them together as a whole, apply the new words you learn from watching TV, reading books to your writing and enhancement of learning comes from getting hold of the possible opportunities to speak English (in China or abroad):In China, you should try to go to local English corner to practise your oral English. If you are abroad then you should make a lot of English or international friends so you always have the opportunity to speak Spoken English, attitude is very important. You need to be very keen and you must not be shy. Never be afraid to make mistakes. Always think that a talk in English with some one will help you can think in this way: since my parents have paid so much to support me to study abroad, the money is partly spent on the international environment for learning English; therefore I ought to try my best to take every opportunity to practise my English. My English has risen to a higher level in the last 2 years, because I talk in English most of the time. Having some international friends is particularly useful indeed. Summing up the activities:I have also been watching TV too. The real improvement lies in staying with international friends long enough and watching a lot of TV such as news, football, dramas, documentaries etc.... Writing diaries also helps me to remember good words, good expressions and practise sentence structuring.*****Now, I have finished talking about how to learn and improve General is the time to switch to ＂Your Major in English＂ ******************************* Knowing general English on its own is not going to be sufficient for most people. Skills are as important as mastering another language. General English helps people to communicate with each other in their lives. Technical English helps you to take on challenges to change the world for the highest, to earn money for your living for the people who have a degree in English go abroad to learn something different but heavily based on the language such as Media study, ... 中文系 关于语言学的论文题目 and the relationship between stress, emphasis, accent and prominence is also defined differently;s build a fire. Táá diné "ooljéé". A syllable can be divided into three parts. In English only long vowels and diphthongs can occur in open syllablesOn suprasegmental features 一. Introduction So far we have been talking about phonetic features as they apply to single phonetic segments: phonetic. (Hawaiian) On the other hand. The study of phonological features which applies to groups larger than the single segment, are known as suprasegmental features, such as the syllable or the word. The study of these features is known as prosody.二. Syllable The most obvious prosodic feature in language is the syllable, nucleus, and coda, of which nucleus is a must. A syllable that has no coda is called an open syllable while a syllable with coda is called a closed syllable. It mainly includes syllable, stress, pitch, that is, onset; they must end in a consonant (Navaho): Háá"ishah dididiljah;syllable". In this paper, I will talk about the suprasegmental features in great detail, that is, they always end in a vowel, never a consonant, suprasegmental.) In other languages, syllables are always closed. Let"s briefly discuss the notion of syllables. Like all of our other basic linguistic concepts, although everyone knows what a syllable is, the concept ", tone. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place a consonant, it is put into the onset rather than the coda, every Hawaiian syllable must begin with a consonant. (Aloha spoken as a single word begins in a glottal stop, and production of stress is generally believed to depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables. From the perceptual point of view, all stressed syllables have one characteristic in common, and that is “prominence”. Roach has manifested that at least four different factors are important to make a syllable prominent:i) Loudness: Most people seem to feel that stressed syllables are louder than unstressed ones; in other words, loudness is a component of ) Length: The length of syllables has an important part to play in prominence; the syllables which are made longer than the others will be heard as ) Pitch: Pitch in speech is closely related to the frequency of vibration of the vocal folds and to the musical notion of low-pitched and high-pitched notes; if one syllable is said with a pitch that is noticeably different from that of the others, this will have a strong tendency to produce the effect of ) Quality: a syllable will tend to be prominent if it contains a vowel that is different in quality from neighboring vowels. Languages differ in how they use ) In some languages, each syllable is equally stressed or unstressed,as in Cambodian2) the syllable in each word is more stressed. The place of stress is fixed on a certain syllable:1) initial. Finnish, Hungarian and other Finno-Ugric languages2) penultimate. Polish,3) final. ) Complex set of rules. In Bulgarian nouns and verbs have separate sets of rules for stress placement. Hopi (phonetic: first syllable of a two syllable word: síkwi meat; in words of three or more syllables, accent falls on the first long vowel: máamatsi to recognize; or on the first short vowel before a consonant cluster: péntani to write; otherwise it falls on the next to last syllable: wunúvtu stand up) The place of stress is ) In Russian the stress is completely random: xoroshó， xoró) In English the stress is more predictable but still random. Usually a middle syllable of a longer word receives the stress. In two syllable words stress is rando and often renders differences in meaning: project/to project, produce/produce, and insult/ to insult. Some languages have more than one stress per word: English is such a language. In English, words of four syllables or more have a primary and a secondary stress. Some English compounds have phrasal stress on the first element of the compound. Phrasal stress often distinguishes meaning in adjective/noun combinations. Sentence stress in English According to He Shanfen (1992), English sentence stress has two main functions：⑴ to indicate the important words in the sentence； ⑵ to serve as the basis for the rhythmic structure of the sentence. Consequently, in connected English speech, sentence stress usually falls on content ( or lexical) words, which carry the basic meaning of a sentence, . nouns, adjectives, adverbs etc. Those which are usually unstressed in sentences are form (or structural) words, which show grammatical relationships, such as articles,...

其实，不论是报考的什么专业，只要你报考的是自学考试本科，都是需要写毕业论文的。自然，报考了武汉自考英语本科的同学，也是避免不了自考论文的写作的。那么关于论文写作，大致的流程格式又是如何呢？自考毕业必须要写毕业论文，英语专业则需要室友英文撰写毕业论文，一般为英美文学、语言学、语法、词汇、实际教学应用几个方面来写。自考论文写作报考后主考院校会组织论文写作指导和分配导师，按照论文要求先是自己写，写好后导师会指导你的论文，提出修改意见，你进行修改，修改后再次由导师指导，进行二次修改，由导师确定后，之后就基本完成论文了。自考论文需要与主考院校联系写作和指导事项，可以通过邮箱与老师联系修改，答辩是必须本人参加的，首先要与主考院校老师取得联系看主考院校的安排。自考毕业论文格式一般为：(1)论文标题(2)作者姓名(3)内容摘要(中英文各一次)(4)关键词(5)自考论文正文(绪论、本论、结论)6)参考文献(大致为你的自考毕业论文主要借鉴了哪些文章)也就是说，所有的自学考试本科生要想申请毕业，都是要写自考论文并且参与论文答辩的，武汉自考英语本科生要想申请毕业亦是如此，虽然自考英语专业的论文写作是有一定难度，但是同学们只要按照学校的要求流程，在网上多搜集一些相关素材，再加上本人的理解，想必也是能写出一份不错的毕业论文的。

你的汉语言文学论文准备往什么方向写，选题老师审核通过了没，有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向？老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好？写论文之前，一定要写个大纲，这样老师，好确定了框架，避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况！！学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意，否则很可能发回来重新改，你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我，希望你能够顺利毕业，迈向新的人生。1自考一般是8000-12000具体院校有规定，你可以给负责论文的导师沟通2.论文题目必须是自拟，但是要和导师进行交流，根据老师的意见进行更正修订，题目拟定后最好在百度搜一搜，如果重复了，最好换几个字，意思不变就行3.你不要管别人是不是原创，只要过了拿了毕业证都是相安无事，这个事情谁也没做过调查，无从考究4.你可以在原有学术的基础上进行深化，咱们国家的大学的论文只是一个形式，你的东西过得去，也就过了，写论文有一个评分标准，参照那个东西很容易就过了，不要给自己太多压力5.论文有一定的参考度，就是百分之30是引用都可以过，如果太多就会通不过，试想通篇是别人的观点，凭什么算你写的？6.严格与否跟学院的风气有关系，但是自考的一向都严格，答辩就是向老师表述自己写这个论文的大概构思等。1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。

英汉翻译中的选词技巧摘要:选词正确与否直接决定着翻译作品的好坏。选词,即选取意义择取单词,既关系到原文理解中词义的辨识和确定,也包括翻译表达中的词语的选择。相对而言,原文词语的理解更为重要。关键词:翻译技巧;选词;翻译技巧,即翻译方法,能使具有概括性、指导性、基础性的翻译原理具体化、条理化、实施化,利用各种翻译转换法准确、完整传达话语信息。它着重解决的是具体翻译转换上技术、技艺、艺术上的问题。翻译理论专着或教材中对技巧的处理一般按两条线索分别或结合进行归纳:一是按原语的词类、句型等语法范畴及惯用法系列等,梳理翻译表达的技巧、方法;另一是按对原文信息、形式进行翻译表达的方法,而在分合、增减、反正、顺逆、去留存变、直译形神等辨证关系上,对翻译手法进行分类。翻译是科学又是艺术,对于技巧,理论着作、教材不能囊括翻译实践中的所有情况,具体问题还须具体分析,翻译者不但要灵活运用已有的技巧,而且要善于创造新的技巧,以使译文传意达旨,形神兼备。选词,即选义择词,贯穿于整个翻译的实际操作过程之中。这里的“词”指表达某一实体或整体性概念的单词、词组和短语。“选义”是由人类语言的一词多义现象决定的。任何一种发展完备的人类语言,其中的大部分词汇都是一词多义。例如单词charge: 动词含义有两个,在科技英语的环境下是“充电”,而在日常生活中是“索取(费用)”。名词通常是“电流”的含义。该如何措辞则要看具体语境了。此外,英语中有一些名词,同时有两个形容词,比如名词sun,它的形容词可以是sunny,也可以是solar,这里就有个辨义和确定词义的问题。另外,语言使用中还普遍存在着多词一义的现象,即同一意思对应不同的词语。在英语里,一词多义是非常常见的,这与英语的多源生有关。现代英语中不仅有许多词汇是从古英语演变而来,还有约80%的词汇从外国输入的,经过历史变迁,这些词汇并存和融合,使英语一词多义,一义多词的现象特别普遍。因此译者除了具有辨义这项本领外,还要具备“择词”这方面的技巧。无论是“选义”,还是“择词”,都离不开具体的语境。英国翻译理论家纽马克说,没有词是完全孤立的(No word is an island entire to itself.),词的意义必然受到前后相邻词句的影响。我国学者王佐良先生也说,上下文不只是语言问题,说话是一种社会行为,上下文实际上是提供了一个社会场合或情境,正是它决定了词义。他还指出,一个词不仅有直接的、表面的、字典上的意义,还有内涵的、情感的、牵涉许多联想的意义;一个词的意义有时不是从本身看得很清楚的,而要通过整篇整段--亦即通过这个词在不同情境下的多次再现--才能确定。香港译界有句名言:词无定译,说的就是同一个词在不同的语境中可能有不同的翻译。从词语与语境的关系看,有些词基本不受语境影响(context-free),如意义相对固定单一的专有名词、科技术语、数量词等;有些词则受语境制约(context-bound),如那些含有感情色彩、价值判断且意义极为丰富的普通名词、形容词、动词、副词等。对于这些词语,先利用各种手段确定其意,然后恰当措辞表达。下面介绍几种确定词义的方法。一.根据上下文和汉语习惯搭配来确定词义长句、难句、复杂句,句句难懂,这是大家都非常清楚的一点。如何看懂句子,而又不失精准的把译文写出来成了迫在眉睫的任务。 首先,我们都知道:在动手翻译之前,必须要把英语原文看懂。理解原文是整个翻译过程的第一步。这是最关键、也是最容易出问题的一步。以下我们通过考研英语翻译实例来具体讲解在理解原文的前提下如何根据上下文确定词义:A.意群拆分确定词义:. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.” (1994-72) 本句可以分四个意群来确定词义:第一个意群:in short简言之school学派contend 坚持认为,争辩,讨论第二个意群:the scientific revolution 科学革命(不可译为“科技革命”)as we call it所谓的第三个意群:largely 在很大程度上a series of一系列instruments器具、仪器第四个意群:expand拓展reach影响范围innumerable无数的、数不清的direction方面. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassionate manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.(2003-62)本句可以分三个意群来确定词义。第一个意群:social science社会科学 branch分支intellectual enquiry知识探索第二个意群:seek力图reasoned理性的dispassionate冷静的,客观的in…manner以…方式第三个意群:natural scientist自然科学家在英译汉部分,确定词义可以说是最难的。前面所说的agree,很多人只会翻译成“同意”,而不知道根据上下文翻译成“认为”,这就是一个教训。B.词语搭配构成词组小语境,可以藉此确定相互间的意义:1) express the idea:表达. He cannot express his ideas clearly in ) advocate the idea:鼓吹、维护. This organization advocated Hitler’s Nazi ) borrow the idea:借用、抄袭. This idea was borrowed from the ) spread the idea:传播. Democratic ideas are being spread throughout the ) deepen the impression:(加深). He did that to deepen the impression that he was ) exercise/use the influence:使用. He promised to use his influence to get me a ) have the influence:具有. This movie has an adverse influence on ) exert the influence:施加.…you are expected to exert positive influence on your fellow schoolmates.二、通过语篇语境确定词义翻译过程中,语篇不论是对原文的理解还是对译文的构建都起着非常重要的作用。由于语篇是最基本的翻译单位,译者应该予以足够的重视。合格的译者不仅要具备语篇分析的能力,还必须首先具备语篇意识。所谓语篇意识就是要求译者将语篇看作一个整体,而不局限于词、短语、句子,从语篇整体把握原文、理解原文、再现译文。. The man, who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on what I can no longer do (B. Russell).译文:上了年纪而能这样看待生活的人就不会遭受怕死的痛苦,因为他所关怀的事物将继续下去。同时,如果精力衰竭了,疲乏增加了,休息的思想并非是要不得的。我倒愿意工作不息,死而后已,因为我知道别人会继续我未完成的事业(《新概念英语》第4册)。如果只看到划线的这一句话,译文似乎没什么可挑剔。但是,如果考虑一下上下文,将整个句群看作一个整体,我们会发现译文与前文与后文都不相呼应。因为原文第一句“The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death”与最后一句“I should wish to die while still at work”都表明整篇的主题是死亡问题,“rest”的含义是“长眠”而非“休息”,但划线部分的译文却与“死亡”无关。而且,这里的“rest”是一种委婉的说法,表示死亡的这类委婉语还有很多,如“silence”、“sleep”、“quietus”等,如果原文用的是“silence”,难道应该将其译为“沉默的思想并非是要不得的”?显然,产生这一问题的根本原因就是不顾文章的整体性,孤立地“理解”部分语句,忽略了篇章整体信息的参与。划线部分的合理译文应该是:而且,如果随着精力的衰竭,疲倦之感日渐增加,长眠并非是不受欢迎的念头。 杨绛先生在她的文章《记钱钟书与〈围城〉》中,多处用到了“痴气”及与“痴”相关的词组,来描绘钱种书先生异于常人的脾性,在不同语境下其意多有不同。凌原先生,根据具体情况选用不同的英语词汇来翻译“痴气”及相关词组,请看以下诸例:1) 钟书写完《围城》,“痴气”依然旺盛,但是没有体现为第二部小说。After Chung-shu finished writing Fortress Besieged, his “eccentric” bent was still going strong, but it failed to take form in a second ) 我觉得《围城》里的人物和情节,都凭他那股子痴气,呵成了真人真事。It was those charming mischievous quirks of his that made it possible for him to create the characters and plots for the novel and pass them off as real people and real ) “高兴”也正是钱家所谓“痴气”的表现。“Being funny” was another manifestation of his puckish bent in the eyes of the Ch’) 钟书的“痴气”也怪别致的。Chung-shu’s sweet quirkiness is peculiarly his ) 沦陷在上海的时候,他多余的“痴气”往往发泄在叔父的小儿小女、孙儿孙女和自己的女儿阿圆身上。When he was stranded in Shanghai, he would take out his pent-up eccentric energy on Younger Uncle’s small children, grand children and Ah Yuan, his own daughter…三、通过常识判断确定词义常识(common sense / general knowledge about the world around us)人人有,而且常识愈丰富对翻译理解愈有用。很多老翻译家如吕淑湘、傅雷、杨宪益都强调翻译需要“杂学”。我想,这“杂学”可以看作是比较“高级”的常识吧。请看下面一段关于铜质保温瓶结构的描述:---Another type is a double-walled copper vessel with the corresponding surface scrupulously cleaned to achieve the high intrinsic reflectivity of copper. A body of charcoal absorbent may be affixed to the outer wall of the fluid container, where it is kept cold and helps to condense any gases remaining in the vacuum space after it is evacuated and sealed off.某译文:另一种类型是有双壁的铜容器,其相应表面洁净无疵以获得铜所固有的高反射率。在流体容器的外壁可以粘着一层木炭吸附剂,它保持着低温并在容器抽空和密封后帮助冷凝残留在真空空间的气味。此句的翻译关键在于两个it的意思。根据上面的译文,两个it都指fluid container。这显然不对。从原文看,fluid container明显指铜质保温瓶盛装液体的内胆,而内胆怎么能抽空呢?根据生活常识,保温瓶中要抽空的是内外夹层之间的夹套,即原文中的the vacuum space,因此第二个it应指the vacuum space。再举一个简单一点的例子:She could knit when she was seven.。句中的knit,其基本意思是“编织”,但译文不能只说“织”或“编织”,必须把动词的宾语补上,因为汉语里说“她七岁时就会(编)织”显得不够自然。那么“织”什么呢?根据我们的生活经历,一般是织毛衣,而不是织麻袋什么的,因此原句可译为“她七岁时就会织毛衣”。常识也包括一些很简单的科普知识。如果科技知识为大众所共有,那就是利用科学背景知识来确定词义。四、利用背景知识确定词义理解一个词有时需要从文本以外去寻找相关信息,如上面的常识判断。在科学翻译中,时常需要运用自然科学或社会科学或其他领域的背景知识来确定词义。如: ---Velocity changes if either the speed or direction 和speed都可表示“速度”,前者具专技色彩,一般用于科技文献,后者语域较宽,可用于科技或日常生活领域。如果将velocity 和speed都理解为“速度”,原文表述将失去意义,因此这里velocity 和speed中必有一个词表示其他意义。物理学告诉我们,速率是矢量,有大小又有方向,而速度是标量,有大小而没有方向。据此,velocity是速度,因为原文语境信息暗示它有方向(direction),speed是速率。这样确定词义后原句可译为:”如果(物体运动的)速率和方向有一个发生变化,则物体的运动速度也随之发生变化。”五、利用逻辑判断和推理确定词义在翻译实践中我们还可以利用逻辑学的有关知识,如矛盾律等来确定词义。如:---Automobiles and trucks would be powered by quickly replaceable electric batteries.某译文:汽车和卡车则可以迅速替换的电池组作动力……译文乍一看似乎没有问题,可是从逻辑的角度仔细思考,我们会发现,“汽车”和“卡车”两个概念是蕴涵与被蕴涵的从属关系,即“卡车”包含在“汽车”之中。“汽车”是属概念,“卡车”是种概念。译文犯了种属概念并列的逻辑错误。因此,必有一词的理解出了问题。查词典,Automobiles除了作“汽车”讲外,还可作“轿车”解。“轿车”与“卡车”是对立概念,可以并列。再看一类似的例子:---It caused devastation by burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.它们在地下打洞,吞食掉本来可以维持数百万只牛羊的牧草,从而造成了破坏。原文中的cattle有“牲畜”和“牛”二义,这里因与“羊”(sheep)对置,根据种属概念不能并列的逻辑规则,cattle只能作“牛”解。王宗炎先生说,辨义为翻译之本。只有正确地理解原文的每一个字词,才能保证翻译的准确性。当然,正确的理解只是正确翻译的前提,要做到表达的贴切与自然,还需要较高的译入语水平。参考文献[1]王泉水,1991,科技英语翻译技巧[M],天津科学技术出版社.[2]吴景荣、程镇球,2000,新时代汉英大词典[M],北京:商务印书馆.[3]赵振才,1986(3),科技英语翻译与逻辑[J],中国翻译.[4] Newmark, Peter, 1993, About Translation, Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.