2019压缩机毕业论文

我有，你分太少了。

一、概述 可编程控制器（PLC）是一种新型的通用控制装置，他将传统的继电器控制技术、计算机控制技术和通信技术融为一体，专为工业控制而设计，具有功能强、通用灵活、可靠性强、环境适应性好、编成简单、使用方便、体积小、重量轻、功耗低等一系列优点。近年来，随着可编程控制器的日渐成熟，越来越多设备的控制都采用PLC控制器来代替传统的继电器控制，并取得了很好的经济效益。空气压缩机使矿山生产重要的四大固定设备之一，它生产压缩空气，用以带动凿岩机、风动装岩机等设备及其他风动工具。其能否安全运行直接影响着煤矿生产的产量和效益问题。影响其安全生产的要素主要有空压机的超温、超压、断水、断油等因素。随着煤矿现代化的发展，矿山对矿山设备的要求越来越高,建设本质安全性矿山已成为煤矿生产建设的核心。矿山设备不断更新，不断进步，可靠性、易操作性、可监视性、易维护性等已是最基本的要求了。用继电器搭成的控制电路具有可靠性差、不易维护、不易监视，已不能适应当前的要求。现在迫切需要可靠性高、易维护、易操作、可监视并且价格不高这样的控制器来代替继电器搭成的电路。随着电子技术、软件技术、控制技术飞速发展，可编程控制器（PLC）发展迅猛，性能很高，价格较为合理，与继电器搭的控制电路比具有非常大的优势。许多矿山设备已选用了PLC来代替比较重要的设备控制。传统的保护主要采用分离仪表，其可靠性差、集程度低、费用高，不能有效的满足矿山设备投入的经济性和安全性的要求。本文笔者采用可编程控制器（PLC）作为核心控制器，通过检测仪器为PLC提供控制中所需要的信号参数对空压机进行自动巡回检测控制。进行监控的主要参数有空压机高低压缸温度、润滑油温度、电动机温度、风包温度、出水温度；高低压缸压力、风包压力、润滑油压力；高/低压、中/后冷却水断水检测等参数。二、控制功能和控制原理1. 保护控制功能⑴、 电机电流和电压的检测。⑵、 一二级缸、油压、风包压力检测。⑶、 一二级排气温度、油温、电机温度检测。⑷、 电动机的延时启动。⑸、 电机的无水运转。2. 保护控制原理在启动主机之前先将水源电磁阀和放空电磁阀都打开，在冷却水压和流量达到规定值条件下，可以进行空压机的空载起动，然后延时自动关闭放空电磁阀，空压机进行正常运行。启动时允许低油压启动，设置一定时间后对油压进行监控。在停机时，按复位按钮放空电磁阀打开，经30秒延时后切断主电源。实现空压机的停机，同时关闭水源电磁阀和放空电磁阀。在保户状态时，以上监控参数有一个在设定范围内发生故障，产生报警信号，同时打开放空电磁阀，压缩机减载运行，延时30秒故障不消除自动机停机。 ⑴. 控制分布图1-1压缩机控制分布图⑵. 控制通讯原理现场总线PROFIBUS可以实现数字和模拟输入/输出、智能信号装置和过程调节装置与可编程控制器PLC和PC之间的数据传输，把I/O通道分散到实际需要的现场设备附近。PROFIBUS一方面覆盖了传感器/执行器领域的通信要求，另一方面又具有单元级领域的所有通信网络通信功能。他支持高速的循环数据通信，以满足了实时监控的要求。1-2系统控制通讯图三、信号采集S7-200为每个本机数字量输入提供脉冲捕捉功能。脉冲捕捉功能允许PLC捕捉到持续时间很短的脉冲。而在扫描周期的开始，这些脉冲不是总能被CPU读到。当一个输入设置了脉冲捕捉功能时，输入端的状态变化被锁存并一直保持到下一个扫描循环刷新。这就确保了一个持续时间很短的脉冲被捕捉到并保持到S7-200读取输入点。本设计需对下列参数进行采集： (1)、压力信号分别为1级缸、2级缸及储风缸压力、润滑油压力4点； (2)、温度信号为1级缸排气温度、2级缸进气温度、风包温度、油温、电机温度以及冷却水出口温度共6点； (3)、电量信号为主电机电流1点，电源电压1点，共2个点。(4)、流量检测有高低/压端2点，中/后冷2点共4点。采集参数总计为4+6+2+4=16个。 对上述参数采集后，首先判断有关参数是否异常，然后形成动态数据表格进行实时巡回显示，并存储起来而供以后进行随机查询。四、系统软件设计本系统主要是以保护为主，根据《煤矿安全规程》的要求和空压机的保护原理，其控制的软件设计流如下。五、结束语该系统主要是以S7-200 为核心控制器，PROFIBUS作为通讯桥梁，通过检测元件为控制其提供检测信号，以此达到保护控制的目的。在本文的编写过程中，得到了张集矿机电科多位领导的大力支持，在此致以诚挚的谢意！同时感谢西门子（中国）有限公司自动化驱动集团提供的大量资料。

The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine. Turbofan Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being produced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a duct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners. Turboprop Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust produced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft. Turbo shaft Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil. Overall Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two. These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow. A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines. Explanation of the above cycle: * Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure. * As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system). * Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure. * Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases. The Compressor There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal. The Axial Compressor * The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors. * In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage. * On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency. * Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about (so after the first stage, the pressure would be above atmospheric, after the second it would be , , etc...). The Centrifugal Compressor * Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser. * Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to produce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical. - Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop. - An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight). - Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more. - Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion. - Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner. - A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust. - Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles. micro turbine - The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing. - A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second. - Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal! - The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this. Communications Technology Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help Right of Access The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to information about you. You can make an access request to any organisation or any individual who has personal information about you. For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with your affairs, or your employer. If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or "rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping the information has no good reason to hold it (. it is irrelevant or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data. In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data . to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for other purposes. If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have the right to have your details removed from that database. This right is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your request. Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to ensure that your rights are upheld. The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights: * with advice and information * by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not been given satisfaction * by taking action against those failing to fulfil their obligations. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY Ergonomics Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards, not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices exist. Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human factors or Human factors engineering in the ., and ergonomics is the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and, very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by ergonomists. [IMAGE] With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain. Codec 1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video data streams. The purpose of a codec is to reduce the size of digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio. The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the main CPU does the rest. When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV, analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing. LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure. The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically faster than WANs. The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. WAN WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols including and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs. Ethernet Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical transport mechanism. Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link) was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.

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