医学论文英文写作

包括有：英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法希望能帮助到你，望采纳！

据学术堂了解，在医学英语论文写作的过程中，主要应该注意论文的题目、摘要及引言三个部分。题目：概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项：英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成，例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准摘要：与结论不重复，体现整个文章的结论和思想，包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项：摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论引言：主要研究进展，有代表性的同行研究工作，自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足，前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献

s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.

If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.

First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.

Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.

Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy

Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog

All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。

有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。

人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。

其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。

The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.

令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。

In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.

在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。

Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文

Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?

Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.

As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.

范文二：

My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。

医学英文论文摘要的写作方法

1. 论文摘要的作用： “The function of the abstract of a scientific paper is to provide an overview of the paper so that the readers know the main story and a few essential details of your work without reading the hole text of the paper. The abstract should make sense both when read alone and when read with the paper.” – URMSMJ 1. 摘要的分类：摘要分为两大类：通报性或指示性摘要（indicative abstract）和报道性或资料性摘要（informative abstract） 1) 指示性摘要：只通报论文主题，不介绍研究的材料、方法和结果，一般用现在时表述。许多专业杂志在其目录页的标题下都有一个指示性摘要，特别是编者认为较重要的一些文章标题后。如：Free transfer of two undamaged fingers from a non-replantable left arm to a mutilated right hand in a 16-month-old boy is reported. （本文报道将一无法再植的左臂上的两个未受损伤的手指移植给一16岁男孩被切断的右手。） 1）资料性摘要：告诉读者研究的总体情况，使他们了解研究的目的、材料、方法、结果、结论以及存在的问题。资料性摘要分为传统型或非结构式（non-structured）和结构式(structured)两大类型。无论何种形式的摘要，都应包含以下几个基本要素： 1）主题（Main topic as in title) 2）目的（Purpose of research） 3）方法（Methodology） 4）材料（Materials） 5）结果（Results) 6）结论（Conclusions）非结构式摘要：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读及计算机处理带来诸多不便。 1）全结构式（full-structured）摘要： 1974年4月，加拿大McMaster 大学医学中心的Dr R Brian Haynes首先提出建立临床研究论文的结构式摘要。在 Dr Edward J Huth创导下，美国《内科学记事》（Annuals of Internal Medicine）在国际上率先采用了全结构式（full-structured）摘要。 Haynes所提出的全结构式摘要包含8个要素： 1．目的（Objective）：说明论文要解决的问题 2．设计（Design）：说明研究的基本设计，包括的'研究性质 3．地点（Setting）：说明进行研究的地点和研究机构的等级 4．对象（Patients' participants or subjects）：说明参加并完成研究的病人或受试者的性质、数量及挑选方法 5．处理（Interventions）：说明确切的治疗或处理方法 6．主要测定项目（Main outcome measures）：说明为评定研究结果而进行的主要测定项目 7．结果（Results）：说明主要客观结果结论（Conclusion）：说明主要结论，包括直接临床应用意义与非结构式摘要相比，全结构式摘要观点更明确（more explicitness），信息量更大（more information），差错更少（fewer errors），同时也更符合计算机数据库的建立和使用要求。但其缺点也是显而易见的，即烦琐、重复、篇幅过长' 而且不是所有研究都能按以上8个要素分类的。于是更多的杂志扬长避短，采用半结构式（semi-structured）摘要。 1）半结构式(semi-structured)摘要：半结构式摘要也称为四要素摘要，包括：目的（objective/purpose/aim）、方法（methods）、结果（results）和结论（conclusion）采用何种摘要形式要根据各杂志的具体要求而定。目前国内许多杂志正从非结构式摘要向半结构式摘要过度。 3．摘要中时态的应用：我们在Unit One 讨论了论文中时态应用的基本原则。这些基本原则同样适用于摘要的写作中。1）目的部分：背景介绍：一般现在时或现在完成时目的说明：一般现在时/现在完成时，或一般过去时2）材料、方法和结果部分：除指示性说明外，一律用一般过去时。过去完成时只用于说明研究前的情况或研究中某一点时间之前发生的情况' 上文半结构式摘要示例中“At the end of pregnancy' the hypothysis had increased in vertical' anteroposterior' and transverse dimensions'…” 便是一例。3）结论部分：凡陈述研究的材料、方法和结果时，一律用过去时；分析结果或发现的原因时，或者提出结论性意见时，如果作者认为具有普遍意义，可用现在时；如果作者认为自己的分析或结论只限于本研究范围或者仅是一种可能性，则用一般过去时为好

英文医学论文写作

包括有：英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法希望能帮助到你，望采纳！

主题是什么，有哪些要求呢？建议你去资讯一下那些专业的机构。

英语医学科研论文的格式和要求

I.格式

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, ICMJE)

(The Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals, 5th Ed., 1997，URMSBJ)(国际——温哥华格式1979年创建, 2006年2月最新版)*, 一篇生物医学科研论文(以下简称"论文")应包括以下12个部分：

7. Acknowledgements

8. References

9. Legends

and Methods 10. Figures

11. Tables

12. Plates and Explanations

II.要求

1.标题

A. 标题的要求

Titles are to be written to be understood by those in your field, telling them exactly what you have done in your work.(告诉你的同行确切研究了什么)

(America)Journal of the National Cancer Institute: within 14 words.

The British Journal of Cancer: within 100 letters

China journals: Chinese within 20 words; English within 10 lexical words

要求：

(1) Short and concise(简明扼要)：Write in one line (not a sentence); not containing an active verb; not exceeding 25 words or 120-140 letters and spaces; no abbreviations or chemical symbols except those that are generally accepted, . DNA, RNA, AIDS, CT, etc.; 中文标题常见的“试论”，“浅谈”，“初探”等词在英文标题中一般不用。我国的国家标准(GB-7713-87)要求将一般英文标题的实词控制在10个词以内。例：Association between Duration of Obesity and Risk of Non-insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus 肥胖期与非依赖胰岛素糖尿病之关系

(2)Informative(信息丰富)：State exactly what you want the reader to know about your paper and your work;

(3)Indexing(便于索引)：Pack as many key words or indexing terms as possible into the title without overloading it; key words not in the title will be in the abstract or can go in the "Key Words" section of the paper; key words are usually in the beginning or ending place of the title. 标题是读者检索文献的重要标识，是著录题录和索引等第二次文献的重要内容。标题中所选每一个实词必须是正确通用的术语，能提供文献检索，尽量包含关键词。要求尽量把关键词(索引词)安排在标题最前面或最后面的位置上

(4)Highlighting the head word. (突出中心词): 每条标题都有中心词，它们是能高度概括论文中心内容和主题的单词，要将其放在最显著突出的位置。中心词的内容一般是研究方法，研究对象，研究目的或效果，一般为名词，名词短语，分词短语或动名词短语。

例：Knowledge-based Technology in the Service of Health 论卫生事业中的知识技术

Cognitive Impairment and Intracranial Calcification in Chronic Hyparathyroidism 鉴别力受损与颅内钙化——甲状旁腺功能逐渐减退

美国医学写作协会(American Medical Writers Association)医学论文写作要领中对于标题的说明是：

1、Introduce the article into the scientific literature

2、Most important part of the article: the part most often read and often the only part read

3、Keep precise and brief( 85-character limit is typical)

4、Must stand alone: no abbreviations

5、Avoid: “declarative” or “headline” titles; “ Our Experience” titles; asking rhetorical questions in titles:

So start with : Effect of[explanatory variable(s) ]on [ response variable] under[conditions]”

6. 不同的医学期刊对标题的书写规则要求不同，一般有两种形式：

1). Post-transfusion hepatitis: A report of 60 cases

2). A Successful Operation on a Pair of Female Twins With Conjoined Liver

标题中冠词的用法:

1). (The) Treatment of gram-negative shock

2). Carcinoma of the anal canal

Running title

B. 标题的结构

标题的结构一般都用名词作主干的名词短语型，这类标题结构中作为主干词的名词一般带有动词意义，有时也用完整句，以陈述句较多，偶尔也用疑问句。例：

Resolution of Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome after Recovery from Fulminant Hepatic Failure 治疗成年人突发性肝衰竭康复后呼吸窘迫综合症

Using a Title Table to Evaluate Syncope 列表诊断晕厥

表示诊断，治疗方式或药物治疗的标题结构

这类标题中的diagnosis, treatment, therapy 等作主干的名词都带有动词意义，后跟for, in, to, with 等引导的介词短语引出病名或接受诊治的部位及所使用的药物。例：

Adjunctive Therapy with Aspirin in Vernal Conjunctivitis 用阿司匹林辅助治疗春季结膜炎

Basic Approach in the Management of Intraocular Foreign Bodies 眼内异物的基本处理方法

(药物)治疗：A治疗B(A=name of the medicine; B= name of the disease)

A in the treatment/management of B;

treatment of B with A;

use of A in the treatment of B;

A therapy/treatment of B;

医学论文写作英文

医学英语论文的基本格式内容：Title-论文题目Author(s)-作者姓名Affiliation(s)and address(es)-联系方式Abstract-摘要Keywords-关键词Body-正文Acknowledgement-致谢References-参考文献Appendix-附录，可空缺Resume-作者简介，视刊物而定Covering letter投稿信其中正文为论文的主体部分，包括以下五部分：Introduction-引言/概述Materials and Methods-材料和方法Results-结果Discussion-讨论Conclusion-结论/总结2

主题是什么，有哪些要求呢？建议你去资讯一下那些专业的机构。

句子结构——短句是准则用清楚的英语书写的文章更容易被发表，这一点需要牢记。据统计，1600年，平均每个英文句子有 40到60个单词；1900年，平均每个英文句子有 21个单词；1970年，平均每个句子有 17个单词；而现在，平均每个英语句子只有 12到 17个单词。由此可见，现代英语的发展趋势是由繁至简的。中文写作惯用长句，而英语，特别是科技英语，通常使用非常精炼的句子。短句是准则，使用简短而表意清楚的句子并不显得幼稚。专业的英语作者使用短句。No. 2可数名词和不可数（物质）名词Posted十二月 10th, 2007 by admin单数可数名词（可以计数的事物）通常用冠词修饰；复数可数名词有时用冠词修饰。不可数名词（难以计数的事物；也称物质名词）没有复数形式；不可数名词有时也用冠词修饰。首先要确定该名词是可数名词还是不可数名词，然后考虑如何对这个名词计数。No. 3逗号的正确使用方法逗号是最难掌握的标点符号类型，逗号使用不当会改变句子的意思。在表示重要的和非重要的信息时，请多留意逗号的用法。推荐用法：The equipment that we used was madeby the XX Company.可行用法：The equipment which we used was made by the XX Company.错误用法：The equipment, which we used, wasmade by the XX Company.正确用法：The equipment, which was made in Shanghai, was very expensive.当你校对标点符号的使用时，要特别注意以下单词：that、which和 who；此时应再次确认，此信息是重要信息还是是可以省略的多余信息。如果此信息是重要的，切勿使用逗号。如果此信息是附加的、不重要的，必须使用逗号。No. 4动词时态一般过去时用于表示你所做过的事：In this study, a number of functional and structuralproperties of sodium were compared to determine the underlying reason for theobserved functional changes.过去时通常用于描述研究的结果：Assessment of size using standarddenaturing gel conditions showed multiple bands whose size was consistent withdiscrete oligomeric forms of A.一般现在时用于陈述事实：Alzheimer's disease is a fatalprogressive dementia.一般现在时用于指代图表内容：The amino acid sequence of the synthetic Vpu (1-40) peptidesused in this study is shown in Figure 1A.现在完成时用于指代持续有效的已经进行过的研究或过去开始的现正正在进行的动作：The current state of GPCR researchhas evolved in large measure from observations made in two et al have shown that …检查文章是否使用了正确的动词时态：介绍性的语言的时态应该主要使用现在时和现在完成时。描述材料和方法的语言的时态应该主要使用一般过去时。对于结果和讨论的描述，结果应该主要使用过去时；而对于其他研究的观察一般使用现在时或现在完成时。No. 5冠词使用规则定冠词“the”指代当前情况：We began the experiment；the ”指代常识：The situation in Iraq isdeteriorating；the”指代之前提到的名词：We tested a new measuring device anda new mixer. The new mixer worked well.不定冠词“A/an”指代在前面没有提到的名词：We planned anew fluidwas separated with a centrifuge.冠词的使用取决于冠词出现的上下文以及冠词之后名词的类型。什么时候使用“a/an”或者“the”（所有例句选自最近的 ACS Chemical Biology）：The emergence of antibioticresistance poses a major threat to human health, prompting interest in theexploration of new antibiotic is the second most abundant “trace”element in the body. This metal ion is vitalfor normal cellular function as acofactor in numerous enzymes, in transcription factors, in the immune system,and in the reproductive data provided solid evidence that theobserved IgG antibody response is T-cell dependenNo. 6词首字母大小写问题关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。大写问题虽然棘手，但是下面的小贴士会对您有所帮助。一般而言定义明确的地区的首写字母要大写，以下是 The Economist Style Guide的建议：“Use upper case for definitegeographical places, regions, areas and countries, and for vague but recognisedpolitical or geographical areas…lower case for east, west, north, south exceptwhen part of a name.”（大写用于明确的地理学位置、地区、区域、国家以及模糊但是被认可的行政或地理区域 east, west, north, south等用小写，但当他们是名称一部分的时候除外。）这条通用法则也适用于地球表面的地带，如 North Temperate Zone, the Equator等。No. 7常见易混单词英语中有许多对单词很容易混淆。此贴士主要讨论拼写相近而意义不同单词，或者充当不同词性的单词。优..助服务

医学论文英语写作

包括有：英语医学科技论文中分词、合成词作定语以及名词连缀的使用英语医学科技论文写作中的常见错误英文医学科技论文中数词的用法及数字的写法外文斜体的使用方法希望能帮助到你，望采纳！

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