发布时间：
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
去PubMed检索，列表后面有fulltext提示，部分新发布的论文免费提供全文。旧刊全文收费不便宜，一篇几美金到20多美金不等。
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
去创新医学网一定能找到的，上面24科室的论文都有，而且全部免费，自己去找找吧！
无论哪个翻译软件翻出来的都是比较生硬的，一眼就能看出来。如果非要用软件翻的话，谷歌在线翻译相对来说好一些，不过还是推荐人工来翻译，北京译顶科技那边都是人工给你翻译的
翻译软件仅供参考，不能过分依赖，想要高质量的翻译还是需要专业的翻译人士和平台，个人还是比较信赖北京译顶科技
CPR："Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation" ，也作"Cardiac Pulmonary Resuscitation "是心肺复苏的英语写法。心肺复苏是抢救心搏、呼吸停止患者生命的急救技术。一般的，狭义上指包括人工呼吸和胸外心脏按压在内的徒手复苏技术。“Artificial Respiration ”是人工呼吸的英语写法，没有规范的缩写，通常就写全称。其中口对口人工呼吸写作“mouth to mouth breathing"。"chest compressions"是胸外心脏按压的英语写法，这个也不用缩写，写全称。最近出现的新名词，Hands-only CPR指的是只做胸外按压，而不做人工呼吸的徒手心肺复苏技术。不是什么词都有缩写的，如果非要用缩写，在前面必须说明缩写指代的原词。但即使是这样，有时候仍然会混淆。
医学论文翻译一般较多的是医学论文的摘要翻译，即把医学论文的摘要翻译成英文，在国外期刊上发表都会要求整篇论文翻译成英文。一、在相关专业医学论文翻译中，要达到表意准确，必须了解相关领域的知识，熟练掌握同一概念的中英文表达法。单纯靠对语言的把握也能传达双方的语言信息，但在运用语言的灵活性和准确性两方而部会受到很大限制。要解决这个问题，译者就要努力熟悉这个领域的相关知识，比如，因此了解相关领域知识，在翻译过程中对翻译人员的语言理解力和医学论文翻译质量都有很大帮助。二、医学论文翻译的翻译标准。医学论文翻译标准是翻译实践的准绳和衡量译文好坏的尺度。关于翻译的标准，历来提法很多。有的主张“信、达、雅”，有的主张“信、顺”等等。但有一点是共同的，即一切译文都应包括原文思想内容和译文语言形式这两方面。>为此，在进行医学论文翻译时应坚持两条标准：>（一）忠实。应忠实于原内容，准确地、完整地、科学地表达原文的内容不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏或任意增删的现象。内容通常指文中所叙述的事实，说明的事理，作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和所流露的感情等。>（二）通顺。医学论文翻译语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范，用词造句应符合本族语的习惯，要用民族的、科学的、大众的语言，以求通顺易懂。不应有文理不通、结构混乱、逐词死译和生硬晦涩等现象。三、过程中要体现语言结构特色（一）词汇上的特点1. 词义演变。医学论文翻译的专业词汇通常都出现在特定领域，它一般分为两类：一类是某一专业特有的词汇，这类词汇一般具有一词对应一义的特点；还有一类由普通词汇演变而来的专业词汇，这类词汇一词多义，必须应用语言学知识和专业知识综合分析，在翻译实践中不断丰富扩大。2. 词缀。比如：从词源学的角度来看，在医学英语词汇中，希腊语、拉丁语的词素占有极高比率。据Oscar 的统计，一万个医学词汇约有46%来自拉丁语；来自希腊语，希腊、拉丁词素是医学英语词汇的重要基础。希腊语、拉丁语拥有极丰富的词缀，且每个词缀都有其固定意义，可与不同的词干组成无数新词。3. 动词多使用规范的书面语。英语词汇从语体的特点来分，可分为普通词汇和正式词汇。普通词汇大部分是英语本族语，常用于英语口语和文学作品中，正式词汇大部分是外来词，常用于科技、经济、政治等较正式的文章中。（二）大量使用名词化结构1. 医学论文中大量使用名词化结构 (Nominalization)是医学论文翻译的特点之一，因为文体要求行文简洁、表达客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实，而非某一行为。2. 大量使用长句和定语从句医学论文翻译中大量使用长句和定语从句，在论证上起到连接信息和强调信息的作用。3. 名词作定语和缩写词使用频繁。医学论文翻译中要求行文简炼、结构紧凑，名词作定语和缩写词的频繁使用，简化了句型，增大了信息密度。4. 广泛使用被动语态。医学论文中侧重叙事推理，强调客观准确，第一、二人称使用过多，会造成主观臆断的印象。因此尽量使用第三人称叙述，采用被动语态。四、医学论义翻译的翻译方法。医学论义翻译要提高翻译量，使译文达到准确、通顺这两个标准，就必须运用医学论文翻译技巧。医学论文翻译技巧指翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法，如词义的引申、增减、词类转换和领域术语的翻译方法等。（一）引申法。医学论文翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语词典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，会使医学论文翻译生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至造成误解。这时则可以在不脱离该英语词义的前提下，灵活选择怡当的汉语词语或词组译出。（二）增词译。由于英汉两种语言在词语用法、句子结构和表达方式上有许多差异，医学论文翻译时往往需要增加一些原文中没有的词，使译文通顺而且更加忠实地表达原文的意思。增词译的情况有两种。一种是根据意义或修辞的需要，如增加表示时态意义的词，增加英语不及物动词隐含的宾语意义的词。另一种是根据句法上的需要，增加原文句子中所省略的词。（三）省略译。省略译是将原文中的宥些词省略不译，以使译文符合语言习惯。（四）词类转换英译汉时，常常需要将英语句子中属于某种词类的词，译成另一种词类的汉语词，以使译文通顺自然，符合汉语的表达习惯。这种翻译处理方法就是转换词性法，简称词类转换。（五）领域专业术语的译法。医学论文翻译中有大量的术语，而且科学性、专业性很强。领域专业术语的译法有意译、音译、象形译和原形译四种。总之，医学论文的翻译需要专业的医学学科知识和大量对学术名词的积累。希望能帮到你，也可以自己去找相关的机构帮你
Objective To evaluate acute and long2term angiographic and clinical outcomes of longstent or multiple overlapped stents (length ≥ 20 mm) implantation for diffuse atherosclerosis lesions inoctogenarians. Methods Long stent or multiple overlapped stents implantation was performed on 111diffuse native coronary lesions ( Group O : 47 lesions in 44 octogenarians ; Group Y: 64 lesions in 58 patientsaged under 60) . Baseline demographic , lesion characteristic , angiographic and procedural details weresimilar in these 2 groups. Six2month clinical and angiographic follow2up was completed in all cases. In2hospital and long2term outcomes were evaluated. Results Procedure success was 100 %for both had in2hospital major adverse cardiac events (MACE) . There was no significant difference inangiographic binary restenosis ( ≥50 % diameter stenosis) rate between the groups at follow2up ( Group Ovs. Group Y, 1218 % vs1 1019 % at 32month , 2918 % vs. 2616 % at 62month , P > 0105) . The rates oftarget lesion revascularization and MACE at follow2up were less in Group Y, but it showed no statisticalsignificance (718 % vs. 1016 % and 816 % vs. 1114 % at 32month , 1516 % vs. 2314 % and 2017 % % at 62month , respectively , P > 0105) . Conclusions Long stent implantation for diffuse lesionsin octogenarians appears safe and feasible , with high procedural success and favorable long2term outcomes.
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。
这种比较专业性的好的免费的论文在网上很难找,就算找的应该也不是完整的,特别是免费的,建议你去学校图书馆阅览室,你不有阅览证吗?那里很多,选择性多呀,含金量也比较高.
s why more and more people are being active in various kinds of sports and exercises.
If people follow these three ways of keeping fit. Some practice shadowboxing and swordplay while others run. Every morning many people get up early and take much exercise.
First, block the flow of blood, and therefore should be given up, walk or dance to music. This strengthens the heart. They advise people to eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat such as beef and pork because meat contains more fat than poultry and fish.
Medical researchers have proved that what people eat affects their health, it is essential to do the following. Some play basketball or volleyball or table tennis? Different people may give different answers to this question. Unfortunately few people follow this advice. Through sports and exercise, people bee healthier and stronger;s health a great deal. Smoking and drinking alcohol injure one'. Fat can build up in the arteries. That'.
Getting rid of bad habits like *** oking and drinking alcohol is also an important way to keep healthy, reduces the chance of heart attack. Research shows that getting plenty of exercise make the heart beat faster and the lungs work harder. In my opinion, it is absolutely necessary to take some exercise every day, and cause a heart attack or stroke. In the afternoon, others go in for gymnastics or track events,there are also many people keen on sports, and helps lower blood pressureHow to Keep Healthy
Nowadays more and more people are concerned about their health. But how to keep healthy, they greatly improve their health, jog
All people in urban and rural areas will enjoy basic medical care and health services by increasing government responsibility and spending, we will also encourage greater participation of private capital from both home and abroad in the reform covers a wide range of subjects including insurance, drug manufacturing, distribution and supervision, and legislation of medical put into place basic medical and health care systems covering both urban and rural residents, and ensure that every resident has access to safe。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits. 令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。
有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。
人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price. 在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。
其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
The disturbing phenomenon has caused wide social concern. There are several underlying causes behind it. Nowadays, people tend to care more about their health and expect a longer life span, thus causing a boom in medical treatment. People are willing to spend more money on health care. Some hospitals take advantage of this and offer patients more unnecessary physical examinations in order to make more profits.
令人不安的现象引起了广泛的社会关注。有几个背后的原因。如今，人们更关心他们的健康，期望寿命更长，从而导致了医疗的繁荣。人们愿意花更多的钱在医疗保健上。一些医院利用这一优势，为患者提供更多不必要的体检，以使更多的利润。
In my view, it's high time that urgent measures should be taken to improve the present situation. First, doctors should live up to patients' expectations and put saving people's lives above anything else. Second, the authorities should shoulder its responsibility to ensure that hospitals provide people with high-quality medical care at a reasonable price.
在我看来，现在应该采取紧急措施来改善目前的形势了。首先，医生应该对病人的期望值，并把人的生命放在其他任何东西上面。其次，当局应承担起它的责任，确保医院为人民提供高质量的医疗服务，以合理的价格。
Campus Life 有关校园生活的英语作文
Early in senior high school, we longed to be enrolled in a university. Now the dream has e true. But how do we college students like our campus life?
Certainly, some relish it, finding it colorful and rewarding. Besides study, they spend considerable amount of time improving themselves in various aspect. Yet others do not think much of their college life, thus do not benefit as much. In their eyes, the university is just a bigger high school. The only difference is that they have more time at their disposal without parents looking over their shoulder.
As to me, college life is ideal if only I have abundant books to read, some bosom friends to keep me pany, a couple of conscientious professors to instruct me, and an easy access to the Inter.
范文二：
My station in university campus inch territory, breathes and feels a here freshness. The university life like this started. The life four years time already the picture got down certainly has run the line, you along this path endless long journey, the university time will say regarding me will be fresh, the biography first time was far away the hometown, trod studies the road. I to the university life am fuzzy, after investigates many times, everybody is o characters ----- is bored to the university life feeling, perhaps has that a reason! Three years high school life is such intense stimulates. Recollected also a little is afraid, facing high school's intense sprint, diligently was admitted to a school dream of the university, everybody is the like this struggle, assaults the dream. At the present, steps into the university campus, studies the life has had the bored feeling.
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF PRODUCTION PLANNING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF SURVEYING AND MAPPING PROJECTKEY WORDS: GIS,Design,Analysis,Application,Management,ProductionABSTRACT:With the development of photogrammetry and spatial information sciences, we have found many new methods to solve the technical problem in surveying and mapping project. But there is a little research on the project management. Traditional management method is plex and time-consuming. Now, we need use new technique to improve the management method for enhancing management level. Taking “National Western Surveying and Mapping Project on 1:50000 Topological Maps Blank Area” as an example, this paper focus on production planning management. The project is remarkable, not only the task and extent is tremendous, but also the staff and stuff are excessive. The Blank Area has atrocious weather and extreme hypsography. All of the conditions increase the project management difficulty. For reasonable planning and logical budget, we designed and realized a production planning management system to give the decision support to the managers. This paper studies the system'e69da5e6ba903233363533362s requirement *** ysis, system structure and function in . INTRODUCTIONNowadays, Geographical Information Systems(GIS) are powerful and useful as means of information, visualization and research tools(Quan Bao,2004). Most GIS sofare is more suited to providing limited types of output than as a tool to support, at anything other than a superficial level, tactical or strategic decision-making processes. To improve the usefulness of GIS as a decision support tool, o needs are apparent. First, decision-makers require methods that allow them to easily select alternatives across a number of relevant criteria. Second, it is necessary to explicitly recognize that most decision-making processes involve multiple participants. Since problem solving id often characterized by multiple and conflicting objectives, methods that contribute toward more a pletely aiding decision system are required.。
[摘要]根据自己在编审医学论文英文摘要工作中的实际经验，总结和归纳在翻译医学论文摘要时应注意的问题及使用的方法、策略，重点论述医学论文英文摘要的写作格式、文章标题的表达方式、语态和时态的使用、长难句翻译等。[关键词]医学论文；英语摘要；写作；翻译为繁荣医学教育，提高医疗水平，传播医学知识，促进同国外的医学交流，推动医学科学的进步，我国目前已出版发行了数百种医学期刊。为了方便论文的检索和查阅，保持同国外医学期刊的一致性，医学论文大多要求书写中、英文摘要。笔者在医学期刊的英文编辑工作中发现，相当一部分摘要的书写不够规范，部分作者在遇到长句及疑难句子时就不知从何下手，有的将检索的外文资料生搬硬抄，同自己的原文完全不对应。笔者特撰写此文，以期对提高广大医务工作者书写英文摘要的水平、提高医学论文的质量有所帮助。1 英文摘要的写作格式医学论文摘要的格式目前主要采用结构式摘要(structured abstract)，它是由加拿大Mc Master大学临床流行病学和生物统计学教授Haynes博士[1]于1990年4月首先提出的。而几乎在同年，美国《内科学纪事》(Annals of Internal Medicine'Ann Intern Med)在国际上率先应用结构式摘要[2]，随之，世界各国的医学期刊都采用了结构式摘要[3]。这些结构式摘要有8段式、7段式、6段式、5段式、4段式及3段式等，内容主要包括研究目的、研究设计、研究单位、研究对象或病人、处理方法、检测方法、结果及结论共8项。而在实际应用中，8段式结构式摘要逐渐简化为4段式。我国大多数医学期刊都采用了4段式结构式摘要，即目的、方法、结果和结论。（1）目的(objective)：简要说明研究的目的，表明研究的范围、内容和重要性，常常涵盖文章的标题内容。（2）方法(methods)：简要说明研究课题的设计思路，使用何种材料和方法，如何对照分组，如何处理数据等。（3）结果(results)：简要介绍研究的主要结果和数据，有何新发现，说明其价值及局限。此外，还要给出结果的置信值，统计学显著性检验的确切值。（4）结论(conclusion)：简要对以上的研究结果进行分析或讨论，并进行总结，给出符合科学规律的结论。为了更好地说明问题，我们来看下例：（1）目的：探讨螺旋CT(SCT)对结、直肠癌术前分期的价值。（2）方法：51例疑诊结、直肠肿瘤的患者行SCT扫描，扫描前清洁肠道，并经直肠注气，扫描范围从膈顶至耻骨联合。51例中，41例经直肠镜或手术病理证实为结、直肠癌，其中31例有手术、SCT等完整资料参与分期研究，将影像诊断与手术病理结果进行对照。（3）结果：SCT总的分期准确率为(18/31)，判断T分期的准确率为(27/32)'N分期的准确率为(19/31)。评价肿瘤浆膜外侵犯的敏感性和特异性分别为和。（4）结论：SCT扫描对结、直肠癌的术前分期有重要价值，有助于判断肿瘤浆膜外侵犯及区域淋巴结和远处转移情况。其对应的英文摘要为：（1）Objective：To evaluate spiral CT (SCT) in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinomas. （2）Methods：Fifty?one patients suspicious of having colorectal carcinoma underwent spiral CT scans performed from the dome of the diaphragm to symphysis pubica after cleansing enema and rectal air insufflation. 41 of the 51 patients were proved to have colorectal carcinoma by colonoscopy and/or pathology. The findings of SCT of 31 patients treated with surgery were compared with the surgical pathological examination for staging.（3）Results：The overall accuracy rate of SCT staging was (18/31). For evaluation of T staging and N staging'the accuracy rates were (27/32) and (19/31). Sensitivity and specificity for serosal infiltration were and .（4）Conclusion：SCT scan'playing a significant role in the preoperative staging of colorectal carcinoma'is useful to detect the serosal infiltration'lymph node and distant metastasis.上述摘要中英文对应准确，叙述简练，基本上概括了全文的主要内容，便于专家和编辑的审稿和校对，也便于医务工作者以及普通读者的查阅和检索。
这个简单啊。你可以到PubMed中下载。输入关键词，然后检索即可。
医学论文英文摘要常用句型 在那个 创新医学网 上看到过的 应该够详细了吧英文摘要限500个实词左右，一般须以第三人称过去式叙述。用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。（2）常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of… 我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present… 本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report… 本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which… 本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described． 本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented． 本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective） of this study was to… 本研究旨在…②The goal（aim） of this investigation was to… 本研究旨在…③This study was designed to… 本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to… 本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to… 本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to… 为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to… 为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied… 为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study… 为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。3)表达方法的常用句型A 方法表达研究类型 Prospective, Retrospective, Cohort，Case-control，in vivo, in vitro①Using…(technique)，we studied… 我们用…(技术)研究了…②Using…，it was found that… (我们)用…发现了…③…was(were)measured using… (我们)用…测定了…④…was(were)analyzed （reviewed） by… (我们)用…分析（回顾）了…⑤…was(were)treated with… (我们)用…治疗了…⑥…measurements were made of… 测定了…常用的动词还有：study，measure，determine， investigate，isolate，demonstrate，examine，identify等。B 分组（主语通常为patients，subjects，animals）⑦…were randomly divided （grouped） into…groups …被随机分成…组⑧…were separated into…groups based on… 根据…，将…分成…组⑨The groups were as follows： 分组如下：C 治疗或检查方法⑩… was performed（used） in (on)…patients 我们对…患者施行（应用）了…(patients) underwent…endoscopy (患者)进行了…内镜检查Surgical procedures, assay(immunohistochemistry, molecular biology…) 手术方法，测试方法…C 统计学方法Statistical methods: Student’s t test, χ2 … was used for4)表达结果的常用句型A 一般句型①The results showed （demonstrated） that…结果表明…②It was found that… (我们)发现…③It was observed that… (我们)观察到…第②和③句也可改为第一人称：We found that…和We observed that…。B 增加或减少④…decreased by(40％)…降低(40％)…⑤…(a 70％) reduction in…was observed …观察到…降低(70％)⑥There was a(15％) elevation in……增高(15％)⑦…resulted in (a marked) increase in… …导致…(明显)增高⑧…was lowered from…to… …从…下降到…表达增加或减少的常用动词还有rise，raise，decline，drop，fall，lower等。可用by表示是净增减的数或倍数，例如“…increase by 40％”，表示“增加40％”；而to表示增加或减少到某个具体数值。C 相关与差别⑨There was a significant linear correlation between…and… …与…有显著的线性相关性⑩…showed no strong correlation between…and… …显示…与…无密切相关性⑩…correlated positively with… …与…呈正相关⑥A negative correlation was found between…and… 发现…与…呈负相关⑩There was （were）（no）significant difference（s）or （No）significant difference（s）was found（observed） between…and… …与…之间…（无）有显著差别P value P值（需写出具体数字）⑩…was closely related to… …与…密切相关表示相互关系的常用词还有relationship(关系)，association(联系)，regression(回归)。D 表示改善或保持⑩…demonstrated a significant improvement in… …方面呈明显改善⑩…values returned to (preoperative)levels …值恢复到(手术前)水平⑩…remained at a mean of… …保持在…平均值水平5)表达结论的常用句型A 常用提示句型①These results suggest that…结果提示…②These findings indicate that… 这些发现表明…③The data （study）show the need for… 数据（研究）表明需要…④The results support the concept that… 结果支持…的概念⑤Our observations confirm that… 我们的观察证实…imply(提示)，demonstrate(证明)和illustrate(说明)B 做出结论或建议⑥We conclude that… 我们的结论是…⑦We suggest that…我们建议…⑧We believe that… 我们认为…⑨We postulate that…我们设想…⑩It is concluded that… 结论是…⑩It is suggested （proposed）that… 结果提示…，建议…（虚拟语气）⑥It is recommended that… 建议…⑩It is estimated that… 估计……is(are)suggested(recommended)…propose …asC 表示一致性⑩These results accord with… 结果与…一致⑩The results are concordant with…结果与…一致⑧The results agree well with…结果与…一致be consistent with，in accordance with(…与…一致)to parallel(与…相平行)D 结果转向结论⑥Thus，therefore，hence …因此，…⑥In conclusion．…最后，…⑩From this study，we conclude that…根据本项研究，我们的结论是…⑧These findings，coupled with the observation that…，suggest that…这些发现连同对…的观察结果一起，提示…⑨In the light of this experience we therefore conclude that… 根据这个经验，我们得出…的结论E 表达今后方向The mechanisms by which…remain to be investigated关于…的机制仍需研究Further studies are necessary to (evaluate)… 有必要进一步研究，以(评价)…注：按MEDLINE要求，PURPOSE，METHODS，RESULTS，CONCLUSIONS全部用大写，后加冒号。英文必须在半角状态下输入，不能全角、半角混用。
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手术室operation room 手术operationoperating room 手术室operation 手术operative mortality 手术死亡率operative therapy 手术疗法operator 操姿员operon 操纵子ophidiophobia 蛇恐怖ophidism 蛇咬中毒ophritis 眉部皮肤炎ophryosis 眉痉挛ophthalmatrophia 眼萎缩ophthalmatrophy 眼萎缩ophthalmectomy 眼球摘除术ophthalmia 眼炎ophthalmiatrics 眼科治疗学ophthalmic artery 眼动脉ophthalmic microsurgery 眼显微外科学ophthalmic migraine 眼性偏头痛ophthalmic remedy 眼药ophthalmic suspension 悬浮性点眼剂ophthalmitis 眼炎ophthalmo blennorrhea 脓性眼炎ophthalmodiaphanoscope 眼透照镜ophthalmodiastimeter 眼距计ophthalmodynamometer 眼测力计ophthalmodynamometry 视网膜血管血压测定法ophthalmoeikonometer 眼影像计ophthalmofundoscope 眼底镜ophthalmograph 眼球运动照相机ophthalmoleukoscope 旋光色觉镜ophthalmolith 泪石ophthalmologist 眼科医生ophthalmology 眼科学ophthalmomalacia 眼球软化ophthalmometer 检眼计ophthalmometroscope 检眼屈光镜ophthalmomicroscope 检眼显微镜ophthalmomyasis 眼蛆病ophthalmomyitis 眼肌炎ophthalmoneuritis 视神经炎ophthalmopathy 眼病ophthalmoplasty 眼成形术ophthalmoplegia 眼肌麻痹ophthalmoplethysmograph 眼体积描记器ophthalmoptosis 眼球突出ophthalmorrhexis 眼球破裂ophthalmoscope 眼膜曲率镜ophthalmoscopy 测眼膜曲率术ophthalmostatometer 眼球突出计ophthalmosurgery 眼外科学ophthalmotonometer 眼压计ophthalmotonus 眼压opiomania 鸦片瘾opiophagism 鸦片瘾opiophagy 鸦片瘾opisthion 颅后点opisthognathism 缩颌opisthorchiasis 后睾吸虫病opisthotonos 角弓反张opisthotonus 角弓反张opium 鸦片oppression 压抑opsiuria 饥尿opsoclonia 斜视眼阵挛opsoclonus 斜视眼阵挛opsonification 淀酌opsonin 淀素opsonization 淀酌opsotherapy 淀素疗法opsychiatry 矫正精神病学optesthesia 视觉optic canal 视神经管optic disk 视神经乳头optic nerve 视神经optic vesicle 眼泡optical axis 视轴optical microscope 光学显微镜opticociliary 视睫状神经的optimum temperature 最适温度optogram 视网膜像optokinetic nystagmus 视运动性眼球震颤optometer 视力计optometrist 验光师optomyometer 眼肌力计optotypes 试视力字体oral 口的oral candidiasis 口腔念珠菌病oral cavity 口腔oral contraceptive 经口避孕药oral facial digital syndrome 口面指综合征oral feeding 经口营养oral surgery 口腔外科oral transable disease 口传播传染病oralogy 口腔学orbicular 环状的orbit 眶orbital cellulitis 眼眶蜂窝织炎orbital decompression 眼眶减压术orbital tumor 眼眶瘤orchialgia 睾丸痛orchic 睾丸的orchidic hormone 睾丸激素orchido epididymectomy 睾丸附睾切除术orchiectomy 睾丸切除术orchiepididymitis 睾丸附睾丸炎orchiocele 睾丸突出orchioncus 睾丸肿瘤orchiopathy 睾丸病orchiopexy 睾丸固定术orchioplasty 睾丸成形术orchioscirrhus 睾丸硬变orchis 睾丸orchitis 睾丸炎organ 瀑organ culture 瀑培养organ specific antigen 瀑特异性抗原organelle 细胞器小瀑organic chemistry 有机化学organic sensation 瀑感觉organism 机体organization 机化organogenesis 瀑发生organogeny 瀑发生organoid tumor 瀑样瘤organoleptic 传入感觉颇organology 瀑学organoscopy 内脏镜检查organotherapy 瀑疗法organotropy 亲瀑性orgasm 性欲高潮oriental boil 东方疖oriental schistosomiasis 日本血吸虫病orientation 定位orifice 孔origin 起点origin of life 生命的起源ornithosis 鸟疫orpiment 雄黄orrhoimmunity 血清免疫orrhology 血清学orrhoreaction 血清反应orrhorrhea 浆液溢orrhotherapy 血清疗法orthobiosis 正常生活orthochromasia 正染色性orthodiagram 正影描记图orthodiagraphy 正影描记术orthodontia 正牙学orthodontics 正牙学orthodontist 正牙学家知道的就这些了
前段时间文章被接收后编辑校对后反馈给我，满屏都是关于the的改动，由于没有请人润色，增加了别人的工作量自感羞愧。现在仍被（医学）文章写作中冠词、单复数的使用所困扰，特此再次学习。本文整理自网络数篇相关文章，感谢原作者（已无法知晓最初来源）。（以下from周豪Stanley） 前几天导师返给我修改稿的时候，说了一句：“你那冠词的问题如果解决了，在学术领域基本上就是一个母语写作者了。”我听了受宠若惊，但同时又很羞愧，因为这个问题已经折磨他三年了：每次给我改文章，返回来的批注里大多是各种a变the、the变an、删the、加the…… 那天我看他的眼神，似乎在说：你去看看语法书吧我真求你了。 作者推荐书籍： 1. Wallwork, A. (2013). English for Research: Usage, Style, and Grammar. , A. J. (1986). A Practical English Grammar (4th ed.) New York, NY: Oxford University Press.用a/an： 1.用于单个可数名词之前，表示第一次提到（无特定指代） 2.用于单个可数名词之前，指代整个类属里的任一（相当于any）不用a/an： 3.复数之前不用 4.不可数名词之前不用用the： 5.用于特殊事物（the sky, the sun, the earth…） 6.用于第二次提到的事物 7.当有短语或从句将某事物特定化的时候（the girl I met） 8.当某事物在语境中被地点限定的时候 9.用于序数词之前 10.用于单个可数名词之前，指代整个类属里的全部（相当于all） 11. 用于某一特定人群里的某一个（the small shopkeeper） 不用the： 12.抽象事物之前（除非该抽象事物被赋予了特定含义） 13.特定词汇加the后意义可能改变，如：nature，自然；the nature，本质。 14.非特定地点的的地点名词之前（at home, at school, at prison）==========复杂的来了========== a/an 与the 用于第一次出现的事物，the用于继续出现的事物 用于类属里某的任一事物（any），the用于类属里的全部事物（all） 17.用the对某一事物做普遍性的陈述 =========更复杂的来了========= 零冠词（即不用冠词）与a/an 18.在概念层面上的事物，即使是单数可数名词，也不用冠词。 零冠词 与the 19.复数名词，且用于泛指，用零冠词 20.不可数名词，且用于泛指，用零冠词 21.抽象名词，无论可数或不可数，都用零冠词 22.论文标题的第一个词，如果是名词，通常省略the 23.图表标题的名词，通常省略the ========以我的句子举例======== 以下这些句子都是我曾经写过然后被导师修改的，这些类型的错误我犯了无数次。 我的：The multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims. 修改：Multiple factors influence children’s evaluation of scientific claims. 反思：这里的multiple factors是上文没有出现过的，且是泛指某些factors（下文才会具体地谈到它们是什么），所以不能用冠词。我的：The news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars. 修改：A news article may contain a chart of CO2 emissions by gasoline-powered cars. 反思：首先，article是单个可数名词，所以不能用零冠词；其次，这个article并没有被短语或从句限定住，所以读者并不知道是“哪个”article，它是指news article这个类属里的任一个，所以要用a。 我的：How can an argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning? 修改：How can argument-oriented instruction play a role in students' reasoning? 反思：此处的argument-oriented instruction是一个概念层面的事物（可以理解为术语），而既不是泛指某类属，也不是instruction类属里的某一个，所以用零冠词。我的：Another data source is the videotaped observation of classroom instruction. 修改：Another data source is videotaped observations of classroom instruction. 反思：此处的observation不需要用the特指，因为之前并没有出现过，用零冠词的复数名词更符合学术写作惯例。（不过我还没完全理解清楚。） --------- 我的：One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture the whole-class interaction. 修改：One camera will be fixed at the front of the classroom to capture whole-class interactions. 反思：同上。 --------- 我的：The analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted. 修改：Analysis of observation protocols and video-based interaction analysis were conducted. 反思：首先，这个analysis之前并未出现过，也不是泛指整个类属，所以不能用the；其次，analysis在此处是一个概念层面的术语，所以比an analysis要更符合学术写作惯例。 反思：或许也可以用analyses of observation protocols and... =============又及============= 晚上跟一个朋友吃饭，她在进博士班之前，在州立大学里当了十多年的TESOL（Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages），现在也是学校的writing center的老师。我满脑子a/an/the，就正好和她讨论。其间说到一个句子： ... because of the financial situation. 我问：为什么要用the呢？ 她说—— 首先，这是一个可数名词，没有用复数形式，而且不是术语，所以必须加冠词（即不能用零冠词）。然后，如果用a financial situation，这个句子严格来说是没有结束的，因为我用a的话，是向你传达一个意思：这个situation是你之前不知道的，我也没有提到过的，现在我要告诉你了，这个situation是这个那个……所以如果不接完，就显得非常奇怪。最后，如果这确实是个新situation，但我并不准备告诉你具体是个什么situation，那怎么说呢？就应该说：...because of a CERTAIN financial situation. 我又问：那用the怎么就行了呢？这又不是在指代整个situation类属里的全部，也不是我们之前提到的某个特定situation呀。 她说—— 因为在我们谈话的这个语境中，其实是有从句被省略了的，我们想表达的完整句子其实是：...because of the financial situation that we've been facing for years. 说话者默认双方都知道这是个特定化的事物（见第7条），只是没有说出来而已，所以仍然要用the。（以下from启德张老师: 雅思写作语法--从冠词和单复数说起）名词，可以分为“可数名词”与“不可数名词”两种。如果是可数名词，可首先考虑使用复数形式。例如：Today many students use computers to do homework.其次，如果语境是想表达一个，并且任何一个都可以，则用不定冠词 a 或 an。例如：Many parents choose to buy a computer as a birthday gift for their children.如果语境是想表达特定的那一个，则用不定冠词 the。例如：You can use the computer in the sitting room to surf the Internet.切记，可数名词一般不能“裸奔”，要有冠词或者用复数形式。例如This policy has positive effect on companies这样的句子就是错误的，因为effect是可数名词，这里出现了“裸奔”的情况。可以改成：This policy has a positive effect on companies. 或This policy has positive effects on companies.需要注意的是，可数名词有时会出现在介词后面，有可能是词组搭配，此时该名词前不需要加冠词。例如：at university/school; by car等等。另外，可数名词复数的前面通常不需要加定冠词，除非是特指。有些小“烤鸭”们喜欢这样做，觉得冠词和复数都用上，就能“万无一失”，实则是很有问题的。例如：Learning can be personalised to help the students.这个句子里的the students就是不恰当的，因为这里所说的学生并非特指哪一些学生。可以改成：Learning can be personalised to help students.或Learning can be personalised to help the students with learning difficulties.改正的第二个句子里的students因为后面有了介词短语做修饰，指那些“有学习障碍的学生”，是特指，因此前面加上定冠词the才比较准确。说完了可数名词的情况，我们再来看看不可数名词是怎样的呢?首先，不可数名词不用复数形式。例如句子Some young people can receive trainings就是错的，因为training是不可数名词，应改为Some young people can receive training.其次，不可数名词不加不定冠词 a 或 an。例如句子It is difficult to find a full-time employment就是不对的，因为employment是不可数名词，应改为It is difficult to find full-time employment或It is difficult to find a full-time job，job是可数名词，前面可以加不定冠词a。最后，不可数名词一般不用定冠词 the。例如句子We can acquire the knowledge by reading books，这句话里的knowledge并不特指是哪些知识，什么知识，所以不用加the来特指，可以改为We can acquire knowledge by reading books. 当然，如果特指是什么knowledge，可以在前面加定冠词the，例如：We can acquire the knowledge about history by reading books.（以下from美伦论文网: 医学论文写作冠词使用解析）在英文论文写作中，冠词的使用特别讲究，我们必须根据英语的习惯加上必要的冠词，例如：新术式对防止术后腰痛有积极的作用（The new surgical procedure plays a positive role in the prevention of postoperative back pain）。本文例举英语医学论文中冠词的一些习惯用法，供医学专业的留学生们参考。1.器官、组织和解剖部位名称 器官、组织和解剖部位名称的单数形式前一般要用定冠词： the mall intestine（小肠），the adrenal gland（肾上腺），the internal thoracic artery（胸廓动脉），the dentate line（齿状线），the diaphragmatic surface of the liver（肝膈面），the urinary system（泌尿系统）。这类名称并列出现时，可以只保留第一个而省略其他的定冠词：the heart, (the) lung and (the) kidney。2.疾病名称 疾病名称前一般不用冠词： biliary fistula，adenoma（瘤），groinhernia（腹股沟疝），intestinal obstruction（肠梗阻）。Syndrome一词与专有名词合用时不用冠词：Cushing's syndrome（柯兴氏综合征），与非专有名词合用时习惯上要用定冠词： the adrenal cortical syndrome（肾上腺皮质综合征）。3.手术名称 手术名称前一般不用冠词： hysterectomy（子宫切除术），laparoscopy（腹腔镜术），liver transplant（肝脏移植），urinary diversion（尿路分流术）.有approach、technique、method等表示技术方法的单词的词组前习惯上要用冠词the或a/an：（1）the transsphenoidal approach（经蝶手术径路），the immunohistochemical technique（免疫组化技术），the sequence-based-typing method（直接测序法）；（2）a modified approach（一种改良径路），a new technique（一种新技术），a relatively simple and convenient method（一种相对简便的方法）。4.药物名称 药物名称前不用冠词： gentamicin（庆大霉素），dicynone（止血敏），cephalosporin（先锋霉素），cyclosporinA （环孢素A）。5.缩略词 缩略词前一般不用冠词：GERD（gastroesophageal reflux disease胃食管返流病），LapUS（laparoscopic ultrosonography腹腔镜超声技术），CHPS（congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis先天性肥厚性幽门狭窄），FNAB（fine needle aspiration biopsy细针抽吸活检）。6.序数词和基数词 含序数词的词组前要用定冠词，而名词加基数词的词组前则不用任何冠词：（1）the first group，the first stage，the first step, the first 2 weeks，the first costae；（2）Group 1，Stage 1，Step 1, Table 1，Figure 1。7.重复出现的名词 研究对象或方法第一次出现在摘要或论文中时，视其单复数形式或是否可数名词等情况采用不定冠词或不用任何冠词，再次或重复出现时要用定冠词修饰： （1）A patient with olfactory groove meningioma received microsurgical treatment. … Follow-up studies showed that the patient recovered well （2）Nineteen patients underwent the modified Madigan prostatectomy. … Of the 19 cases,17 showed no complications. （3）Microsurgery was performed on 12 patients.… After the operation, improvement was observed in .标题中的研究对象 英文中可数名词泛指一般事物有三种方法：加定冠词the，加不定冠词a/an或使用复数。以下论文标题中rat既无冠词又无复数s的用法是错误的：Effect of somatostatin on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat（生长抑素对大鼠部分肝切除后肝再生的影响）。研究对象出现在标题中时，为了达到简洁的目的，最好采用不加冠词的名词复数形式： for cancer patients，in rabbits。9.论文作者单位 论文作者的单位（科室、院系、附属医院、大专院校、研究机构等）名称前的定冠词可以省略，以求简洁，并且同一期刊应采用统一的用法： (the) Department of General Surgery, (the) Fourth Military Medical University, (the) Institute of Cancer Research。以专有名词命名的单位名称前不用冠词： Sun Yet-sen University of Medical Sciences，Bethune International Peace Hospital，Hunan Children's Hospital。对于医学专业的留学生们来说，要掌握好英语冠词的用法，比较可行的办法是在了解英语冠词基本用法的基础上，多阅读英语医学文献。如果实在拿不准，可以将各种情况加引号在google学术中搜索，看哪种情况返回的结果多，在搜索时可以指定特别的期刊，如Nature、BMJ、Lancet等，这样结果更加准确。