发布时间：
[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.
[23] Alchain, A. and H. Demsetz. "The Property Rights Paradigm". Journal of Economic ,(33): 16-27[24] Barzel, Y. "Economic Analysis of Property Rights". Cambridge, Mass.:Cambridge University [25] Coase, R. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics. 1960,(3):1-44
The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is.
Van Creveld, Martin. The Risk and Decline of the State. Cambridge University COSO Principles to Improve Performance, Bizmanualz. International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI): Guidelines for internal control standards (1992)
1. Weili Ge , Sarah McVay . The Disclosure of Material Weaknesses in Internal Control after the Sarbanes�\Oxley Act, 2005
2. Jeffrey T. Doyle, Weili Ge. Accruals Quality and Internal Control over Financial Reporting,2007.
Van Creveld, Martin. The Risk and Decline of the State. Cambridge University COSO Principles to Improve Performance, Bizmanualz. International Organization of Supreme Audit Institutions (INTOSAI): Guidelines for internal control standards (1992)
[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.
[23] Alchain, A. and H. Demsetz. "The Property Rights Paradigm". Journal of Economic ,(33): 16-27[24] Barzel, Y. "Economic Analysis of Property Rights". Cambridge, Mass.:Cambridge University [25] Coase, R. "The Problem of Social Cost". Journal of Law and Economics. 1960,(3):1-44
内部控制制度是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物，是现代企业管理的重要手段。在资讯产业已经发达的当今社会，不断完善企业内部控制制度，对于防范舞弊，减少损失，提高资本的再生能力具有积极的意义。一、何为内部控制制度内部控制制度最先以一种"内部牵制制度"的形式于20世纪40年代在美国的企业出现。它是将一项由一人实施容易出现差错的经济业务，同时交给两位或两位以上的人员实施，客观上造成实施人之间的一种相互牵制关系，从而预防所实施的经济业务可以发生的差错。按照美国审计准则委员会提出的理论，内部控制定义为：内部控制是由企业董事会、管理阶层和其它员工实施的，为经营的效率效果、财务报告的可靠性、相关法令的遵循性等目标的达成而提供合理保证的过程。其构成要素来源于管理层经营的方式，并与管理的过程相结合。其整体架构主要由控制环境、风险评估、控制活动、资讯交流、监督等五项要素构成。我国企业内部控制制度理论起源于20世纪80年代，但到目前为止，尚未正式提出权威性的内部控制标准体系，对内部控制的完整性、合理性及有效性缺乏一个公认的标准体系。在我国，内部控制是指在特定的组织内部为执行国家方针政策及本组织经营决策，实施既定目标，维护资产完整，保证财务收支合法性、合规性和会计资讯真实性、正确性以及保障经济运作的效益性而进行的驾驭和支配。内部控制制度是指为了保护具有组织结构的经济主体的资产完整，保证会计资料和其它有关资料的真实性和正确性，提高经营效率，促进经营方针的贯彻实施，在经济主体的内部建立或采用的一系列相互联系、相互制约的方法、程序和行为准则。二、我国企业内部控制制度的现状目前，绝大多数企业还未意识到内部控制制度的重要性，对内部控制制度也存在很多误解，甚至有些企业对内部控制的概念非常模糊，再加上公司治理结构上的先天不足以及组织结构和人员素质低等方面的原因，致使我国企业内部控制制度普遍薄弱。我国企业内部控制制度的现状基本上可用几句话来概括：国有大中型企业的内部控制制度要比国有小企业完善，但执行有效性相对较差；外商投资企业的内部控制制度比较完善，执行也比较好；民营企业的内部控制制度大部分不是很完整，从完整性上说要比国有企业差，但已有制度执行情况却比国有企业要好。由于我国管理国有企业已经有了几十年的发展历程，积累了一定的内部管理经验，一般说都有一定程度、一定范围的内部控制制度，或者说基本业务内部管理都有章可循。但由于存在着有章不循、违章不究的现象，循与不循、究与不究，一切以法人代表的意志为转移，内部控制制度执行有效性就相对较差，有点几乎形同虚设。民营企业是改革开放的产物，处于发展阶段，在内部控制制度建设上虽然一般没有国有企业搞得那么完整，但对已有的制度，企业主大多能自觉地去实施，因此，内部控制制度执行情况相对较好。国有企业内部控制制度最薄弱的环节在哪里？一是货币资金，二是采购业务。资金使用的随意性，采购业务中弄虚作假，吃"回扣"等现象较为严重。此外，由于国有小企业经济业务简单，运转环节少，因此，在内部控制制度建设上，普遍存在这样或者那样的问题：一是记账人员、保管人员、经济业务决策人员及经办人员没有很好的分离制约，存在出纳兼复核、采购兼保管等现象；二是重大事项决策和执行，没有很好的分离制约，存在"重大"无标准，"决策"无民主的现象；三是财产清查没有形成制度，清查期限、清查程序不明确；四是内部审计没有形成制度化，该设内审机构的不设，该配备专职或兼职内审人员的不配置，有的虽然也设了这样的部门，但往往形同虚设，独立性不强。由于存在以上四种情况，加剧了有章不循、违章不究，循与不循、究与不究，全凭企业法人代表的意志为转移的情况。产生上述现状的原因是什么呢？我认为有以下三点：（一）受益主体不明确为什么国有企业没有非国有企业的内部控制制度执行得好呢？从根本上讲是产权不明晰所致。国有企业产权主体缺位、权责不清，加强内部控制的受益主体不明确。而非国有企业，特别是民营企业产权明确、权责清楚，加强内部控制的受益主体也很明确。因此，这些企业才会想方设法去加强内部控制制度的建设。公司法人治理结构是公司制的核心，而规范的公司法人治理结构，关键要看董事会能否充分发挥作用。但在我国现阶级，公司的法人治理结构"形备而实不至"，尢其体现在董事会这一重要机构没有发挥应有的职能。不少企业在改革过程中，一味地"放权让利".致使原厂长负责制的领导班子在既是经理层又进入董事会，董事会成员和经理成员高度重迭。公司董事会在很大程度上掌握在内部人手中，而作为所有者代表的董事会，既不能充当所有者的"守护神"，又不能代表所有者对经营者进行监督。这种责权不分的公司治理结构，导致内部控制如"空中楼阁"，形同虚设。（二）法律执行环境不好由于我国资本市场运行机制以及相应的法律、法规不是很健全，非法谋取暴利是一种普遍现象，没有真正形成有法可依、执法必严、违法必究的大环境，因此，在一个企业也就很难形成有章必循、违章必究的局面。（三）管理人员素质偏低控制制度是企业最重要的管理工具，但任何控制制度最终都要靠人来执行。由于存在着一些私心重、想"捞一把"的法人代表，存在着一些法制观念淡薄的企业负责人，加强内部控制制度自然只能是奢谈了。同时，一些企业负责人业务素质低，不懂内部控制制度为何物，自然也就谈不上加强内部控制制度建设了。三、如何完善现代企业内部控制制度（1）完善企业的控制环境任何企业的控制活动都存在于一定的控制环境之中。所谓控制环境，是指对建立、加强或削弱特定政策、程序及其效率产生影响的各种因素，主要是指重大影响因素。控制环境的好坏直接影响到企业内部控制的贯彻和执行以及企业经营目标及整体战略目标的实现，加强和完善企业内部控制，首先应注意企业内部控制环境的建设。完善企业内部控制环境的建设，首先要加强企业负责人的自觉控制意识。企业内部控制成败取决于企业员工的控制意识和行为，而企业负责人内部控制的自觉意识和行为又是关键。从理论上讲，内部控制本身也有局限性，其中主要是企业最高领导人控制的随意性或相互串通，搞内部人控制。因此，提高企业负责人自觉执行内部控制的意识显得尤为重要。从我国一些企业的现状分析，这些企业不是没有内部控制，而是没有很好地执行。其中，往往是企业负责人带头不执行，破坏既定的内部控制程序，导致内部控制形同虚设或只对下不对上。目前成立的国务院国有资产管理委员会是解决这一问题的一个很好的措施，但从长远看，还是要积极推行现代企业制度改革，真正做到所有权（责、权）和经营权分离。只有这样，才能从根本上解决内控制度执行中所存在的问题，使企业由上而下共同执行内部控制制度，从而推动我国企业内部控制环境的建设。（2）进行全面的风险评估面临企业内外环境的日益复杂化，以及企业间竞争的日益激烈，企业经营风险不断提高，如何辨别、分析防范和控制经营风险，已成为企业内部控制制度的重要内容之一。一般来说，企业的风险管理就是按公司既定的经营战略，利用各种风险分析技术，找出业务风险点，并采取恰当的方法降低风险。企业的风险管理要以预防为主，即通过增加、补充或规范各内部控制环节来减轻可能面临的风险；其次，要建立内部监督机构对企业高风险区域经常进行检查，及时发现已存在的或潜在的风险；最后，要善于转嫁风险，如购买保险等。总之，企业的风险管理必须贯穿并渗透于企业内部控制的全过程。（3）设立良好的控制活动控制活动是确保管理阶层的指令得以实现的政策和程序。控制活动出现在整个企业内的各个阶层与各种职能部门，涉及的控制对象包括人、财、物、产、供、销等各方面。控制活动是针对关键控制点而制定的，因此，企业在制定控制活动时关键就是要寻找关键控制点。严谨的内部控制，不仅要对企业经营管理的各个方面实行全方位的有效控制，把企业的各项经济活动全面置于经济监控之中，而且要对企业经营管理的重要方面、重要环节实行重点控制。面的控制与点的控制要有机结合，内部控制才能发挥良好的效益。在实施企业内部控制时如何找到控制点，通过点的控制起到牵一发而动全身的作用是需要认真对待的问题。企业内部控制的点应该设在三个位置上：一是资金。对企业资金的筹集、调度、使用、分配等实行严格控制，防止资金体外回圈。二是成本费用。对企业的各项成本费用支出实施严格的监管，防止出现舞弊行为。三是权力使用。对企业各经营环节、经济活动操作者的权力实施有效监控，防止权力乱用，造成经济损失。（4）建立统一的管理资讯系统管理资讯系统，就是向企业内各级主管部门（人员）、其它相关人员，以及企业外的有关部门（人员）提供资讯的系统。通过管理资讯系统，企业内部的员工能够清楚地了解企业的内部控制制度，知道其所承担的责任，并及时取得和交换他们在执行、管理和控制企业经营过程中所需的资讯。一个良好的资讯系统应有助于提高内部控制的效率和效果，具体讲，应有助于控制标准的建立和修正、控制活动成效的评定、控制报告的拟定和以及改进建议的及时传达。企业应按控制系统的需要识别使用者的资讯需要，在此基础上收集、加工和处理资讯，并将这些资讯及时、准确和经济地传递（包括向下的、向上的和横向的沟通传递）给企业内的相关人员，使他们能够顺利履行其职责。（5）加强企业的内部监督要确保内部控制制度被切实地执行且执行的效果良好，内部控制过程就必须被施以恰当的监督。监督是一种随着时间的推移而评估制度执行质量的过程。内部审计既是企业内部控制的一个部分，也是监督内部控制其它环节的主要力量。在内部控制的监督过程中，内部审计发挥着越来越重要的作用，内部审计通过监督控制环境和控制程序的有效性，监督企业的内部控制是否被执行并及时反馈有关执行结果的资讯，帮助企业更有效地实现预期控制目标。同时，在监控过程中，内部审计可以促进控制环境的建立、为改进控制制度提供建设性建议，为组织成功的达到所需要的内部控制水平服务。当前，我们迫切需要呼唤企业的内部控制意识，需要理直气壮地在微观经济中加强管理和控制。必须下大决心，花大力气，整章建制，有效地建立起各项考核制度、激励制度，明确职责，严肃纪律，把内部控制的水平提起来，让内部控制制度成为企业化解风险，创造效益的武器。
Internal control is one of the most important part of management system for modern cooperation. It needs to be built systematicly and comprehensively to make sure the steady and permanent operation of the the current market-oriented economy, medium and small enterprises compete fiercely. Only to make the internal control operating more effectively, the cooperation can be last stand. As for manufacture, thorough internal control system,which can make all departements of the cooperation connected, is essential for medium and small size garment enterprises. And it can be prevent and control all kinds of mistakes, so that to reach the goal of management. At present, most of large enterprises are realising the importance of internal control system, while the medium and small enterprises are reforming gradually. Although the management weakness have been exposed, most of small enterprise's have little knowledge of internal control. So we should call on the recognize of internal control to small enterprise. To improve the internal control system of small enterprises is extremely and small enterprises;garment;internal control system亲，我可是自己翻译，一字一字打上去的。希望可以对你有帮助。谢谢！
The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
[1] 财政部注册会计师委员会办公室.审计[Z].,2001..[2] 朱荣恩.内部控制的方式[J].中国审计,2002,(7):.[3] 李国盛.内控制度的现状、成因及对策建议[J].四川会计,:.[4] 张俊民.企业内部会计控制目标构造及其分层设计[J].重庆财会,:.[5] 王纬.COSO模型在会计控制中的应用[J].江苏财会,2002,(2):.
现代 企业管理 的一个突出特点是加强内部管理,内部控制的实施与应用就是企业加强内部管理的重要举措之一。下面是我为大家整理的企业内部控制研究论文，供大家参考。
论文关键词:内部控制“安然事件”《萨班斯法案》内邵环境 企业 文化 权责分离财务监督会计监努激励与约束
论文摘要:加强和规范企业内部控制，对提高企业经营管理水平和风险防范能力、促进企业可持续发展、维护社会主义市场经济秋序和社会,y众利益具有重大意义。
最初的内部控制定义是内部牵制，它基本是以查错防弊为目的，以职务分离和账目核对为手法，以钱、账、物等会计事项为主要控制对象。内部拉制作为一个专用名词和完整概念，直到20世纪30年代才被人们提出、认识和接受，但核心是内部会计控制。2002年发生“安然”、“世通”等公司的破产揭露出一系列的财务欺诈丑闻，暴露出美国公司治理结构不平衡和外部监督缺失。其结果导致美国的资本市场损失了7万多亿美元的市值，对投资者造成了重大损害。为了提高民众对美国金融市场及对政府经济政策的信心，美国国会于2002年7月25日出台了《2002年公众公司会计改革和投资者保护法案》(简称“萨班斯法案”或“SOX法案”)。美国萨班斯法案的出台，极大地影响和促进一了中国内部控制制度体系的建立、健全和发展，从国际上一些比较成功的企业管理 经验 看，完善并运转良好的企业内部控制是这些企业能够在激烈的市场竞争中屹立不倒的重要基础。当前，我国正处于社会主义市场经济建设过程中，现代企业制度建设还需进一步推进，国有企业的内部控制还处于起步阶段，为此，在这个时期必须从国有企业的“内功”人手，在现有有关企业内部控制的法律法规基础上，进一步推进我国国有企业内部控制机制的建立健全，以进一步提高我国国有企业的国际竞争能力和持续快速发展能力，这是现阶段国有企业建设中的一项非常紧迫和必要的任务。内部控制是一个既古老又充满活力的话题。对我}}i来讲全面认识内部控制还刚刚开始，企业会计一信息失真、经营失败及不守法经营等在很大程度上都归结为企业内部控制的失效或不具备可操作性。以下从内部控制的现状分析，探讨问题的成因，研宠内部控制的对策。
1企业内部控制的现状
内部控制从形式上表现为一整套相互监督、相互制约、彼此连接的控制 方法 、 措施 和程序。通过发放内部控制调查表、实地走访我们看到被调查单位普遍认识到内部控制的重要性，但大都侧重于企业外部环境的梳理，而忽视了内部各环节、各岗位的牵制;侧重于经营环节的程序控制，而忽视了企业整体的协调;侧重于内部控制的制度学习，而忽视了执行制度的人的素质提高;侧重于对货币、实物的控制，而忽视了企业文化环境的建设等等。调查发现的问题可概括为以下两个方面:
内部环境
内部环境是企业实施内部控制的基础，一般包括治理结构、机构设置及权责分配、内部审计、人力资源政策、企业文化等。从调查情况看，不少企业仍然沿袭着计划经济体制下的机构设置，企业普遍存在机构臃肿、管理层次多、工作效率低下的问题。企业制度不健全，一是企业缺乏相应的激励与约束机制;二是人事政策和实务不完善;三是企业制度不全面，顾此失彼现象严重;四是企业文化建设没有引起足够的重视。
企业内控部门的责任与权力、控制与监督
企业应当结合业务特点和内部控制要求设置内部机构，明确职责权限，将权利与责任落实到各责任单位。从调查中发现，作为承担内部控制主要部门的财会、审计部门存在严重的责权不对称现象。国内大多企业的内部审计只是服务于企业负责人，这就造成内部审计既不能监督上司，也不能监督同级。财务监督的服务对象是企业的所有者，而会计监督的服务对象是企业内、外部利害关系人，其提供的公开化会计信息必须体现“真实、公允”的原则。由财会部门的主管人员既管理财务收支又进行会计一信息处理，极易导致基于财务收支需要而捏造会计信息; 财务管理 的对象是资本营运系统，而会计的对象是信息系统，财务与会计合并一处也不符合实物管理与会计记录分离原则。
2内部控制存在问题的成因分析
企业内部控制存在问题的成因是多方面的，也决不是“一日之寒”，既有人的素质原因，也有制度原因。主要成因有: 双重控制主体矛盾导致内部控制不力。
现代企业所有权与经营权的分离，客观上产生了两个控制主体，即所有者控制经营者、经营者控制主体，两者之间是“控制与被控制”的关系。所有权与经营权制约失衡使内部控制权责不清。内部控制是控制主体意志的体现，控制者都希望成为控制主体以实现其控制目标，他们期望获得真实的企业信息，并据此客观评价企业的经营成果、正确估计其财务状况以便进行未来投资决策;另外，他们还希望能够控制会计政策使其向维护所有者利益方面倾斜，比如贯彻谨慎性原则，足额并加速补偿固定资产成本等，确保自己投人资本的保值与增值。而对于经营者来说，则可能因其不会过多地关心企业长远发展而采取与所有者相反的会计政策，因为在多数情况下他们会更看重短期经营效益给自己带来的利益，这种短期利益驱动体现在会计上则为张扬或夸大经营成果，掩盖决策失误和经营损失，侵占或者损害所有者利益，如提前确认收人，不足额提取费用，在职时的过度消费等。
计划经济下企业经营管理的陋习仍在延续，导致内部控制得不到重视。
政府包办企业一切事务和企业经营大锅饭思想是计划经济体制下的两个鲜明特点。经济体制改革后，理论上要求政企分开，但在实践中执行并不彻底，一方面，以各种形式改头换面但仍然存在的主管部门，基于权利和利益的双重考虑，仍把持着对企业的行政干预，客观上企业并无真正的理财自主权。另一方面，在计划经济体制下，被国家“呵护长大”的企业，主观上还保留着吃“大锅饭”的意念。而政府对经营不善企业的盲目保护机制，又助长了这种意念，企业干好干坏一个样，致使加强内部控制的动力不足。
各种监督机制弱化使内部控制的刚性被扭曲。
事实上，企业在经营管理活动中会受到来自企业以外的各种监督机制的约束，为其“保驾护航”。但由于这些监督机制隶属于不同职能部门没有形成一个综合整治的合力，使得监督机制弱化。财政、税务、银行、审计等各社会监督机构，工作中各行其是，未能形成综合监督的合力，对企业的威慑力不够。对审计的独立监督、公正职能未予以充分重视，审计未形成规范化、法制化和经常化。对查出问题的处罚，往往就人不就事，重人情而轻规定，执法的刚性被扭曲。
企业文化落后、内部控制执行者素质不高，使得与内部控制要求不协调。
企业文化与企业管理的素质是密切相关的。只有管理者有高尚的道德、健康的人格和完善的价值观念，才能影响和激励企业文化的建设。而企业形成独立的文化氛围的基础在于员工素质的提高，所以，必须重视和加强对员工的培训 教育 。
3企业内部控制的对策
内部控制制度作为现代管理的一个重要内容，是保证企业正常经营所采取的一系列必要的管理措施，是一个系统工程，涉及企业的方方而面，作为一项制度建设，其客观的成份越多，科学性就越强。在今天，内部控制已不再是简单的差错防弊机制，而是涉及企业的各个层面、各种资源、各个方而，直接关系到企业的整体效率、关系到企业的生存和发展。
规范法人治理结构，形成有法必依、执法必严、违法必究的法治机制。
实施内部控制，首先需要规范法人治理结构。从所有者的立场出发，不但要把企业经营管理者行使权力的过程纳人内部控制的监控范围，而且要将其作为内部控制的重点监控对象，明确股东会、董事会、监事会和经理层的职责，使决策系统一、管理系统和监督系统各司其职、各负其责、协调运转、有效制衡。
“约束+激励”作为引导、规范经营者行为的主要方法。
在存在双重控制主体的现代企业中，最为突出的矛盾是双方“利益不一致”和“信息不对称”，企业所有者希望通过经营获利使资产增值，实现企业价值最大化。因此决定了在双重控制主体构架下的企业内部控制首要的也是基本的目标应该是协调双方的利益和矛盾，只有通过切实有效的协调，找到所有者和经营者共处的均衡点和平衡点，才能实现现代企业内部控制的以上两个基本目的。
摘要：企业内部控制制度建设对企业管理来说是非常关键的，企业内部控制未能有效地执行，很可能造成企业的资产的流失、腐败的滋生、责任的推诿等一系问题，导致经营效益日益下降，企业将难以为继。 文章 针对目前小企业在内部控制制度方面存在的没有内部控制、对内部控制认识的片面性、缺乏有效监督机制等相关问题，提出了内部控制的控制目标、内容、设计原则及强化管理者的内控意识，树立以人为本的新观念、加强内部控制等相关对策。
关键词：小企业;内部控制;问题;对策
内部控制的根本目的在于加强企业管理，提高经济效益;其基础是企业内部分工;其核心是一系列具有控制职能的方式、措施及程序。它是现代企事业单位在对经济活动进行管理时所普遍采用的一种控制机制。小企业是国民的重要组成部分，对经济和稳定起着举足轻重的促进作用。建立和完善小企业的内部控制制度具有与大中型企业同等重要的意义。然而，许多小企业的内部控制问题非常突出，进而影响了小企业的经济效益，阻碍了小企业的发展。
一、小企业内部控制存在的问题
(一)对内部控制重视不够，认识不足，内部控制成为摆设
很大一部分小企业家都是依靠机遇和冒险精神开始逐步完成原始积累的，而国有小企业的领导很大部分都是由行政部门调过来的，他们往往不太重视内部控制，对内部控制缺乏了解，内控意识不强，认为内部控制的建设和管理会制约企业的发展。虽然也有企业建立了内部控制制度，但没有认识到其是一个动态的系统，随着外部环境的变化，企业业务的拓展，原先完善的内控已不再适应企业的发展，当其出现问题时没有及时加以纠正。甚至有的企业在不了解其自身情况的前提下，照搬其他企业的内部会计控制制度，把建立内部会计控制的目标定位在应付上级部门检查上，不能很好地落实执行，形同虚设。
(二)不相容职位没有分离，岗位设置缺乏牵制
在小企业中，由于企业规模小，企业出于成本等方面的考虑，尽可能少用人，用能人，经常出现一个人来承担多项工作，这其中就出现很多不相容职务于一身的情况。开票、收钱、填凭证、审核、记账都由一个人来完成，从表象上看似乎步骤减少了，时间节省了，成本下降了，殊不知，这种违规操作既不能真正提高企业效率，还可能导致企业资金流失，滋生贪污舞弊行为，给企业的资产安全带来很大的隐患。
(三)内部审计弱化，外部监督不足
小企业内部通常没有建立相应的内部审计机构，有的企业虽然建立了内部审计机构，企业的负责人“家长式”、“一言谈”的工作作风，认为该机构的职责就是找“茬”，因此受到很多方面的制约，很难公平、公正的开展工作，无法真正发挥监督的职能。而小企业的外部信息使用者主要集中在政府、金融机构和税务等部门，由于其信息使用者较少，因此外部监督的力度和次数都明显不足。这就造成了企业内部管理混乱，私设“小金库”现象普遍，坐支现金，账证、账实、账表不符，违规违纪，弄虚作假现象严重。
(四)风险控制非常薄弱
我国许多小企业对于来自外部的风险机会没有控制，对于2008年的人民币对美元的升值，很少有企业采取规避汇率风险的措施，导致出口外贸的企业由于人民币对美元汇率的变动出现很大的亏损。2008年下半年由于全球的金融危机，许多的中小企业由于资金链的断裂，加上财政政策银根紧缩，融资困难，许多的中小企业都倒闭了。
二、完善小企业内部控制制度的对策
(一)职责分工控制
职责分工控制一般指不相容职务分离控制。所谓不相容职务，是指那些如果由一个人担任既可能发生错误和舞弊行为，又可能掩盖其错误和舞弊行为的职务。不相容职务主要包括授权批准与业务经办、业务经办与会计记录、会计记录与财产保管、业务经办与稽核检查、授权批准与监督检查等。对于不相容的职务如果不实行相互分离的措施，就容易发生舞弊等行为。不相容职务分离的核心是内部牵制，因此，小企业在设计、建立内部控制制度时应明确职责划分，做到既不留死角又使各个岗位和人员之间不交叉、冲突，应让每个员工了解自己的工作和要求，应当明确授权部门和人员的权限，禁止越权，并制定有明确的奖惩办法，对违反企业管理制度的员工按规定进行处罚，在不能做到职责划分的情况下，应当加强事后的检查监督。
(二)授权批准控制
授权批准是指企业在办理各项经济业务时，应该经过规定程序的授权批准。批准形式通常有常规性授权和临时性授权之分。常规性授权是指企业在日常经营管理活动中按照既定的职责和程序进行的授权，用以规范经济业务的权力、条件和有关责任者，其时效性一般较长。临时性授权是指对办理例外的、非常规性交易事件的权力、条件和责任的应急性授权。小企业应该建立授权批准体系，明确授权批准的范围、层次、程序及责任。
(三)会计系统控制
会计系统控制主要是通过对会计主体所发生的各项能用货币计量的经济业务进行记录、归集、分类、编报等而进行的控制。其内容主要包括建立会计工作的岗位责任制，对会计人员进行科学合理的分工，使之相互监督和制约;按照规定取得和填制原始凭证;设计良好的凭证格式;对凭证进行连续编号;规定合理的凭证传递程序;明确凭证的装订和保管手续责任;合理设置账户，登记会计账簿，进行复式记账;按照《会计法》和国家统一的会计制度的要求编制、报送、保管财务会计 报告 。对于小企业首先按照《会计法》要求设置会计账簿，不做假账，其次记账、出纳、保管等不相容业务，应尽量由不同人员担任，如人员有限，也应保证管账的不管钱，管钱的不管账，同时应建立复核制度。
(四)预算控制
预算控制的内容涵盖了企业经营活动的全过程。企业通过预算的编制和检查预算的执行情况，可以比较、分析内部各企业未完成预算的原因，并对未完成预算的不良后果采取改进措施，确保各项预算的严格执行。在实际工作中，预算编制不论采用自上而下或自下而上的方法，其决策权都应落实在内部管理的最高层，由这一权威层次进行决策、指挥和协调。小企业应当建立预算控制，确立预算目标，并组织实施，辅之以对等的权、责、利关系，由内部审计部门等负责监督预算的执行，对预算执行的好坏进行奖惩。
(五)财产保全控制
小企业应严格限制未经授权的人员对资产的直接接触，只有经过授权批准的人员才能接触该资产，一般情况下，对货币资金、有价证券、存货等变现能力强的资产必须限制无关人员的直接接触。定期对实物资产进行盘点，并将盘点结果与会计记录进行比较，盘点结果与会计记录如下一致，可能说明资产管理上出现错误、浪费、损失或其他不正常现象，应当分析原因、查明责任、完善管理制度。妥善保管涉及资产的各种文件资料，避免记录受损、被盗、被毁，对重要的文件资料，应当留有备份，以便在遭受意外损失或毁坏时重新恢复，这在计算机处理条件下尤为重要。有条件的小企业应对资产投保(如火灾险、责任险等险种)增加资产受损后的补偿机会，从而保证资产的安全。
(六)内部报告控制
内部报告控制是为了提高企业内部管理的时效性和针对性而实施的控制。小企业应当建立内部报告控制制度，要有反映部门、人员经管责任，且形式、内容简明扼要信息反馈迅捷高效的内部报告。常见的报告方式有例行报告、实时报告、专题报告、综合报告等。常见报告类型有资金分析报告，包括资金日报、借款还款进度表、贷款担保抵押表、银行账户及印鉴管理表、资金调度表等;经营分析报告;费用分析报告;投资分析报告;资产分析报告;财务分析报告;特定内容专报等。内部报告可以是日报、周报、月报、季报、年报等。小企业一旦建立了内部报告控制，企业领导能很快地了解企业的经营状况，就能对所面临的问题快速做出反映，并做出决策，提高企业在市场中的竞争力。
(七)信息技术控制
小企业在信息时代中要生存，特别是进入WTO后，信息技术尤为重要。小企业应实现内部控制手段的信息化，尽可能地减少和消除人为操纵的因素，变人工管理、人工控制为计算机、网络管理和控制，要加强对企业自身系统开发及维护人员的控制，还要加强对数据和文字输入、输出、保存等有关人员的控制，保障电子信息系统及网络的安全。
(八)人员素质控制
人是观念创新的根本和灵魂，企业制定经营目标，设置核算机制，都必须依靠人的创造性工作。要树立以人为本的新观念，要求企业内部控制要充分发挥人的作用，依靠提高人的综合素质、道德水准和法规意识，充分发挥控制者和被控制者的主动性、积极性和创造性，从而达到内部控制的最佳效果。内部控制的成败取决于企业员工的控制意识和行为，企业领导者注重内部控制，注重对企业员工的研究，尊重员工的心理需求，强调沟通和管理交流，便能减少管理者与被管理者之间的隔阂，形成强大的企业合力，促进整个企业健康、持续、快速发展。
三、结论
在我国加入WTO后，人民币对美元升值及世界金融危机的大背景下，机会与挑战并存的情况下，小企业应根据自身的特点和发展的目标相结合，找出需要解决的关键问题，只要各小企业重视内部会计控制制度建设，按照有效的内部控制制度标准不断对其进行效益评价和修改，分析原因， 总结 经验，结合自身特点来开展工作，各小企业将会建立与健全适合自身发展的内部控制制度，推进企业的发展，完善企业公司治理结构，增强企业的竞争实力，提高企业的经济效益，小企业在激烈竞争的市场经济中也会有一席之地。
参考文献：
1、财政部.小企业会计制度[M].经济科学出版社,2005.
2、陈汉文.腐败与内部控制[J].财会月刊,2006(2).
关于企业内部控制制度的研究作者： 刘大勇 李翠霞 文章来源： 《商业研究》 2008年第05期摘要:现代企业管理制度的核心是完善公司治理结构,良好的公司治理结构是提高企业经营管理效率的基本要素。而科学、有效的内部控制制度,则是现代企业实现其经营管理目标的有力保证。内部控制作为由管理当局为履行管理目标而建立的一系列规则、政策和程序,与公司治理及公司管理密不可分。关键词:现代企业;内部控制;制度研究中图分类号: 文献标识码:AEnterprises Inside Controlling of Humantities and social,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China; of Economics and Management,Northeast Agricultural University,Harbin 150030,China)Abstract:The core of the modern enterprise management system is to perfect the frame of company management, as an excellent company management frame is the essence to improve the efficiency of the enterprise management. A scientific and efficient inside controlling system is a forceful assurance for the modern enterprise to implement its management object. The inside controlling system involves a series of regulations, polices and procedures made by the management authorities to carry out their management aims, which are closely connected with the company controlling and management.内部控制制度是社会经济发展到一定阶段的产物,是现代企业管理的重要手段。笔者就有关企业内部控制制度演进和我国的内部控制制度进行必要的研究。一、内部控制制度概念的演进过程第一阶段:产生阶段。内部控制的最初形式是内部牵制,即为维护企业财产物资的安全性、完整性,保证会计资料及其他有关资料的正确性,确保各项财务收支的合理性、合法性而建立起来的业务分管责任制。随着社会经济的发展和现代科学管理方法的产生和运用,内部牵制范围得到扩大,逐步发展到经营决策目标的建立和贯彻,经济效益的实现和评价等诸多领域。第二阶段:20世纪50年代至20世纪80年代发展阶段。1949年,美国审计程序委员会发表了《内部控制一调整组织的各种要素及其对管理当局和独立审立的重要性》的研究报告,第一次正式提出了内部控制的定义,即“内部控制包括企业内部采用的机构计划和所有有关的调整方法和措施,旨在保护企业资产,检查会计数据的准确性和可靠性,提高经济效益促使有关人员遵循既定的管理方针。”这里对内部控制的定义就已不限于会计与财会部门的有关功能。第三阶段:20世纪80年代至今,完善阶段。1988年,美国审计准则委员会发布了第55号准则《财务报表审计中的内部控制结构的考虑》,改变了用内部控制目标来定义内部控制的方法,采取按照内部控制组成成分的方法来进行。这个公告不再区别会计控制与管理控制,也不再是站在企业的角度来定义,而是站在审计人员财务报表审计的立场来定义内部控制,提出了内部控制结构的概念,即为现实企业既定目标提供合理保证而建立的各种政策和程序,它包括控制环境、会计制度、控制政策与程序三个组成要素。这是内部控制概念的一次重大发展,既适应了当时企业经营管理的要求,也促进了审计的进步。1993年,美国审计准则委员会提出并通过的COSO报告中将内部控制分成为五个部分,即:控制环境;管理当局的风险评价;会计信息与交流系统;控制活动和监督。这是在1988年定义上的沿袭和发展,这也是现代内部控制概念。1996年,美国第78号审计准则也采用了这一定义,即“内部控制是受本单位董事会、高级管理阶层、政府管理 门和其他有关人员影响,旨在为取得经营效果和效率、财务报告的可靠性、遵循适当的法规等目标而提供合理保证的一种过程。”这是迄今为止对内部控制概念最完善的定义。综上所述,内部控制制度是指企业行政领导和各个管理部门的有关人员,在处理生产经营业务活动时相互联系,相互制约的一种管理体系,包括为保证企业正常经营所采取的一系列必要的管理措施,内部控制制度的重点是严格会计管理,设计合理的、有效的组织机构和职务分工,实施岗位责任分明的标准化业务处理程序。按其作用范围大体可以分为以下两个方面:(1)内部会计控制。其范围直接涉及会计事项各方面的业务,主要是指财会部门为了防止侵吞财物和其他违法行为的发生,以及保护企业财产的安全所制定的各种会计处理程序和控制措施。(2)内部管理控制。范围涉及企业生产、技术、经营、管理的各部门、各层次、各环节。其目的是为了提高企业管理水平,确保企业经营目标和有关方针、政策的贯彻执行。二、我国内部控制制度现状自20世纪90年代起,我国政府开始加大对企业内部控制的规范力度,制定和颁发了一系列有关法律法规、规范,具体见表1。然而,对我国来讲全面认识内部控制还刚刚开始,会计信息失真、经营失败及不守法经营等在很大程度上都归结为企业内部控制的失灵。总体来将,我国企业普遍认识到内部控制的重要性,但对内部控制认识不够;侧重于企业外部环境的梳理,而忽视了内部各环节、各岗位的牵制;侧重于经营环节的程序控制,而忽视了企业整体的协调;侧重于内部控制制度的学习,而忽视了执行制度的人的素质提高;侧重于对货币、实物的控制,而忽视了企业文化环境的建设等。主要问题可以概括为两个方面:(一)控制环境基础薄弱控制环境是内部控制的基础,直接关系到企业内部控制的执行和贯彻。它涵盖对建立、加强或削弱特定政策程序及其效率产生影响的各种因素,包括企业管理人员的品行、操守、价值观、素质和能力,管理人员的管理哲学、经营观念,企业各种规章制度、信息沟通体系、业绩评价机制等。我国企业在这方面的问题非常严重,主要表现在:1.企业管理层内部控制意识薄弱。大多企业未制订完善的、成文的内控制度,这一事实反映出至少有相当一部分企业尚未认识到内部控制的意义。即使已经制订出相应内控制度的企业大多也只是停留在“写在纸上、贴在墙上-给人看”的表面文章上,制度的落实方面问题很多。2.组织机构设置不合理。不少企业仍然沿袭着计划经济体制下的机构设置,企业普遍存在机构臃肿、管理层次多、工作效率低下的问题。另外,企业在组织机构设置中,比较重视纵向间的权利与义务关系,而对横向间的协调缺乏足够的重视,导致同级各部门间缺乏必要的交流,信息沟通不灵敏,协调性差。3.企业制度不健全。 一是企业缺乏相应的激励与约束机制。例如厂长(经理)缴纳的风险数额只是象征性的,对他们无法构成压力。多数企业领导人还不能负起自主经营、自负盈亏的责任来,一旦出了问题仍由国家来承担损失。企业经营者可能基于利己动机而利用职权侵吞资产或大肆挥霍。为满足这种欲望,有些经营者不会重视内控的建设,甚至有意忽略或阻挠,反过来又加重了企业制度的不健全,形成恶性循环。二是人事政策和实务不完善。雇佣人员没有经过严格的考核,有许多是凭关系挤入企业;对职工未形成一套关于训练、待遇、业绩考评及晋升的制度;未根据不同情况对职工进行适当的道德教育。企业职工的胜任能力和正直性值得环疑,即使有良好的内控也会因执行者的能力不强或道德败坏而达不到应有的效果。 三是企业制度不全面,没有针对企业经营的各个环节、各个部门制订出相应的规章制度,顾此失彼现象严重。4.管理者素质较低。许多企业的管理者素质较低,普遍未受过正规的专业教育,企业亦未对这些管理者进行管理培训。这样低素质的管理者即使有全心全意为企业服务的素质,也因他们的能力所限而无法真正地管理好企业。5.企业文化建设没有引起足够的重视。企业文化是企业的经营理念、经营制度依存于企业而存在的共同价值观念的组合。企业内部控制制度的贯彻执行有赖于企业文化建设的支持和维护。因为企业文化是培养诚信,忠于职守、乐于助人、刻苦钻研、勤勉尽责的一种制度约束。企业文化是将员工的思想观念、思维方式、行为方式进行统一和融合,使员工自身价值的体现和企业发展目标的实现达到有机的结合,企业文化是一个企业的中枢神经,它所支配的是人们的思维方式、行为方式。在良好的企业文化基础上所建立的内部控制制度,必然会成为人们行为规范,从而才能很好地解决因制度失灵而产生的种种问题。(二)企业内控部门责权不对称,内部控制和监督不力企业内部控制包括内部管理控制和内部会计控制,而我国的内部控制主要是指内部会计控制。作为承担内部控制主要部门的财会、审计部门存在严重的责权不对称现象。1.内审部门形同虚设。内部审计作为内部控制的重要组成部分,是企业改善经营管理、提高经济效益的自我需要。但是,在我国,企业的内部审计并没能真正履行其应有的职能,其存在问题主要有:(1)组建的非自愿性。众所周知,我国现行的内部审计主要是在行政干预的基础上发展起来的,带有很浓厚的行政命令色彩,而这种过多依靠行政干预建立起来的内部审计机构很难受到企业重视。被调查企业的内部审计人员大多是从财会部门转来的或由财会部门兼任或是从其他部门调来,有的未经过专门培训,缺乏审计专业知识,内审部门成为企业安置干部的一个部门,这种情况下组建起来的内部审计很难发挥其应有作用。(2)独立性不够。内部审计作为内部控制的再控制,本身就应从第三者的立场上客观公正地对企业的经济监督进行再监督,它的地位应当是超然独立的。而目前对内审部门是界定在“在本单位主要负责人直接领导下,独立行使内部审计监督权,对本单位领导负责并报告工作”。这说明我国内部审计只是服务于企业负责人。这就造成内部审计既不能监督上司,也不能监督同级,因为企业内部各职能部门都是在企业负责人的直接领导下开展工作的,其各项经营行为尤其是重大行为大多是在厂长经理的授权下进行的,是厂长经理意志的直接体现。在这种情况下内部审计又如何开展工作呢?基于以上两点,内部审计无法在地位上实现超然独立,其工作范围大大受限,也很难赢得威信。(3)重审计监督,轻服务建设。内部审计是适应企业的内在需要设立的,其生存和发展的关键在于它能为企业加强内部管理,提高经济效益服务。而实际中内部审计却忽视了防错防弊这一职能,过分强调查错纠弊,在各种正式的文件规定中,强调“监督”的多,提倡“服务”的少;强调“事后监督”的多,提倡“事前、事中监督”的少。这种过分强调事后监督的指导思想是我国审计认识上的一大误区,也是阻碍内部审计发挥作用的重要思想因素。(4)对内部审计工作的性质和作用不甚理解。企业管理人员经常将“内审监督”,与“会计监督”混淆不清,使人们产生“企业内部审计没什么意义”的想法。由于指导思想上的误区,多数审计人员未能摆正自己的位置。有些人将自己等同于厂长经理的行为工具,处处依厂长经理的旨意行事,有些则由于工作不好开展而心灰意冷或充当好人,使内部审计形同虚设。2.责权不对等。权利、义务与责任对等是内部控制的基本原则之一。而目前有关法规中明确内部控制机构既代表国家执行行政监督职责,又要为企业领导加强经营管理、提高经济效益提供服务。这种理论上的双向服务机制将内部控制机构经济责任和义务确定得大于其实际的功能和拥有的权力,只能把内部控制机构置于一个两难的境地。三、强化我国内部控制制度的思考企业内部控制是一个系统工程,涉及企业的方方面面,作为一项制度建设,其客观的成份越多,科学性就越强。内部控制建设也应当坚持理论与实际紧密结合的原则,制定出能针对企业自身特点的内控制度来,而不可能千篇一律。(一)规范法人治理结构,形成有法必依、执法必严、违法必究的法治机制实施内部控制,首先需要规范法人治理结构。从所有者的立场出发,不但要把企业经营管理者行使权力的过程纳入内部控制的监控范围,而且要将其作为内部控制的重点监控对象,明确股东会、董事会、监事会和经理层的职责,使决策系统、管理系统和监督系统各司其职、各负其责、协调运转、有效制衡。1.实行财务总监委派制是完善内部控制的重要手段。财务总监首先通过对单位会计部门和会计人员的领导和控制,掌握会计系统的运行,对于单位重大的交易、资产变动等拥有审批权;其次通过主持定期及非定期的单位内部审计,及时发现企业经营和会计方面已经发生的或潜在的问题并采取相应措施。尽管实际工作中因个别经理素质差异和财务总监素质不一,不乏有受经理个人意志指使者,但只要明确控制责任,且有相制衡的代表不同利益集团的控制主体存在,是会收到很好成效的。2.构筑严密的企业内控体系。企业内部控制体系,具体应包括三个相对独立的控制层次:第一个层次是在企业一线“供、产、销”,全过程中融入相互牵制、相互制约的制度,建立以防为主的监控防线。有关人员在从事业务时,必须明确业务处理权限和应承担的责任,对一般业务或直接接触客户的业务,均要经过复核,重要业务最好实行双签制,禁止一个人独立处理业务的全过程。第二个层次是设立事后监督,即在会计部门常规性的会计核算的基础上,对其各个岗位、各项业务进行日常性和周期性的核查,建立以“堵”为主的监控防线。事后监督可以在会计部门内设立一个具有相应职务的专业岗位,配备责任心强、工作能力全面的人担任此职,并纳入程序化、规范化管理,将监督的过程和结果定期直接反馈给财务部门的负责人。第三个层次是以现有的稽核、审计、纪律检查部门为基础,成立一个直接归董事会管理并独立于被审计部门的审计委员会。审计委员会通过内部常规稽核、离任审计、落实举报、监督审查企业的会计报表等手段,对会计部门实施内部控制,建立有效的以“查”为主的监督防线。以上三个层次构筑的内部控制体系对企业发生的经济业务和会计部门进行“防、堵、查”递进式的监督控制,对于及时发现问题,防范和化解企业经营风险和会计风险,将具有重要的作用。3.加强对内部控制行为主体“人”的控制,把内部控制工作落到实处。企业内部控制失效,经营风险、会计风险产生,行为主体全是“人”。只有上下一致,及时沟通,随时把握相关人员的思想、动机和行为,才能把内部控制工作做好。具体讲,除领导本身应以身作则起表率作用外,还应做好以下几点工作:第一,要及时掌握企业内部控制人员思想行为状况。内部业务人员、会计人员违法违纪,必然有其动机,因此企业领导及部门负责人要定期对重点岗位人员的思想和行为进行分析,着重了解他们是否有赌博、炒股、经商、与社会劣迹人员往来和追求超常消费等情况,掌握可能使有关人员犯罪的外因,以便采取措施加以防范和控制。第二,对内部控制人员进行职业道德教育和业务培训。职业道德教育要从正反两方面加强对内部控制行为主体“人”的法纪政纪、反腐倡廉等方面的教育,增强自我约束能力,自觉执行各项法律法规,遵守财经纪律,做到奉公守法、廉洁自律;加强继续教育,要特别重视对那些业务能力差的人员的基础业务知识的培训,以提高其工作能力,减少业务处理的技术错误。(二)以“协调”作为双元控制主体下企业内部控制的基本目标,以“约束+激励”作为引导经营者行为的主要方法1.在存在双元控制主体的现代企业中,最为突出的矛盾是双方“利益不一致”和“信息不对称”。企业所有者希望通过经营获利使资产增值,实现企业价值最大化,却不能直接进行管理和经营,只能通过会计信息“间接”控制;经营者“直接”控制企业经营的过程和会计信息的生成和报告方式。因此,决定了在双元控制主体构架下的企业内部控制首要的也是基本的目标应该是协调双方的利益和矛盾,只有通过切实有效的协调,找到所有者和经营者共处的均衡点,才能实现现代企业内部控制的以上两个基本目的2.“约束+激励”是引导经营者行为的主要方法,是实现现代企业双元控制主体“协调”的内部控制目标的有效办法。财政、税务、银行、审计等社会监督机构,在工作中各行其是,未能形成综合监督的合力,对企业的威慑力不够。3.对审计的独立监督、公正职能未予以充分重视,审计未形成规范化、法制化和经常化。对查出问题的处罚,往往就事不就人,重人情而轻规定,执法的刚性被扭曲。
关于内部控制管理论文参考文献
在学习、工作中，大家都经常看到论文的身影吧，论文是我们对某个问题进行深入研究的文章。那么你有了解过论文吗？以下是我精心整理的内部控制管理论文参考文献，供大家参考借鉴，希望可以帮助到有需要的朋友。
参考文献
1.王利彦、张继东 《企业内部控制》 机械工业出版社 XX年年8月出版；
2.示嫣红 《企业内部控制》 浙江大学出版社 2010年1月出版；
3.颜梦玉 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《企业家天地》XX年年第11期；
4.李连华 《企业治理结构与内部控制的链接与互动》 《会计研究》 XX年第2期；
5.张岳麓 《企业内部控制的创新》 《企业改革与管理》 XX年10月；
6.邹歆贤 《浅谈企业内部控制》 《大众科学》 XX年年第16期。
【拓展内容】
crm论文参考文献
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烟草论文参考文献
[1]柯晨丹《试析新时期我国烟草行业的现状及对策》
[2]《烟草控制框架公约》
[3]李景武《烟草行业实现可持续发展的思路及其对策》
[4]田蔚《自主创新：烟草行业可持续发展的前提》
[5]《烟草控制框架公约》
[6]钟陆文《论企业可持续发展的理论内涵》
[7]唐铭坚、谭礼萍《吸烟对健康的危害及控烟策略》
农业论文参考文献
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The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, disorderly. The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior accountant. Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control is. What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete system. According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management control. Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of control. Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to control. The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of reliability. Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and integrity. In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control goals. Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent limitations. This limitation must also be clear and prevention. Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non-existing. Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal control. Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control environment. Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and action. Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business relations. (2) accounting system. Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business activities. Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately classified. 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary value. 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting period. 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related matters. (3) control procedures. Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain procedure. Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, etc. Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit control. (a) to organize the control. According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of frauds. The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and records. Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal control. Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of separation. If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to separate. Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation etc. Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two people. If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control function. [NextPage] 2, the organization's control. A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control requirements. Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved quickly. (2) authorized control. The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access control. Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no approval. Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and abuse. Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to handle. Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working quality. Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should reform. Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which easily. (3) budget control. Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management activities. The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear responsibility. Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more practical. Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget implementation. (4) physical assets control. Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control measures. There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of assets. Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and treatment. In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process control. (5) cost control. Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" two. Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost control. These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost control. 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control method. First, the raw materials procurement cost control. For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct purchasing. Second, the use of materials cost control. Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control costs. Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce costs. Third, product sales, cost control. Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's trust. Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching principle. [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost control. And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost control. There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, etc. Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost control. Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit achievements. (6) risk control. Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is uncertain. Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough estimate. For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or failure. But don't know these two consequences of possibility appeared. Business decisions are generally in uncertain circumstances. In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not risk. The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse outcome. According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management risk. Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the uncertainty. Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing risk. Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to prevent. 2, financial risk. Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for uncertainty. Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or bankruptcy. When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability improve. However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the danger. The risk for financing risk. The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also decrease. For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising risk. (7) auditing control. Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to supervise. Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special form. Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives achieved. Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management audit. Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and complete. According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit work. In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation control. Performance control and worker quality control, etc. The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control system. Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, etc. In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; etc. Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, etc. At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, enough. This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance structure. To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in essence.
财务论文的英文参考文献大全
财务是非常有前途的一个职业,也是一个很容易规划自己发展路径的职业。下面是我为大家整理的财务论文英文参考文献，欢迎阅读。
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