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关于这方面研究的最新进展和相关的论文题目可以看下品学论文网的，我的硕士小论文就是求助品学论文的老师搞定的，真的是非常效率加专业，很快就给我了，论文的修改过程也很顺利，投稿到录用来回只用了一个多月，比起同学发表的文章来说真的是超级速度了。
百度撒，谷歌撒，搜狗撒
英语本科毕业论文范文摘要、关键词、目录、正文、参考文献、感谢词都有
老师问了关于你论文的学术贡献，选题的原因等等，我昨天刚答的，很容易,祝你好运哦~~~ 对于注意事项就是，你要沉着，冷静，对老师要微笑。呵呵，怎么说老师都是教过我们的不要怕，他不会难为你的
学术堂整理了十五个英语专业毕业论文选题供大家参考:1.试从家庭视角探析《最蓝的眼睛》中女主人公皮克拉的悲剧 英语2.浅析《雾都孤儿》中的善及其对恶的影响 英语3.悲观与迷茫心理------浅析海明威小说《永别了武器》 英语4.探析<<远大前程>>中郝维香的悲惨命运 英语5.浅析《双城记》中的人道主义思想 英语6.简爱与苔丝性格及命运的对比研究 英语7.试论《飘》中女性主义的悲剧色彩 英语8.浅析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》中艾米丽的悲剧 英语9.《威尼斯商人》中安东尼奥的人物特点分析 英语10.从《哈克贝利o费恩历险记》看马克o吐温的写作特色 英语11.麦琪悲剧的成因--《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》 英语12.《蝇王》的主题分析 英语13.迷失的灵魂--论奥尼尔晚期剧作《长日人夜行》 英语14.青少年的烦恼--对《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的心理分析 英语15.勃朗特姐妹的爱情观解析 英语
中国知网 里边有很多博士论文 你可以去看看
Study on the Child Image of the Catcher in the Rye From Linguistic Perspective 从语言的角度分析《麦田里的守望者》中的儿童形象 A CHILD OF NATURE: ON EMILY DICKINSON'S NATURE COMPLEX 璞玉无暇，浑然天成：论艾米莉.狄金森的自然情结 A POLYPHONIC ANALYSIS OF THE SOUNF AND FURY “对位法”分析《喧哗与骚动》 The Use of Zero Article Before Class Nouns 类名词前的零冠词用法解析 An Analysis of Factors of Martin Eden's Suicide 导致马丁.伊登自杀因素的分析 Factors Affecting Marriage in Pride and Prejudice <<傲慢与偏见〉〉中影响婚姻的因素 A Probe into Anti-slavery of Mark Twain--From the Perspective of Jim in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn 探讨马克吐温的反奴隶制--对《哈克贝利芬历险记》中吉姆的分析 The Use OF Body Language In English Teaching 肢体语言在英语教学中的应用 Task-based Language Teaching and Its Application in China 任务教学法及其在中国的应用 Various Circumstances That the Inversion Is Used Under and Comparison with Chinese 运用到状的多种情形及与汉语的比较 Individual Factos Contributing to Gatsby's Tragedy 导致盖茨比悲剧产生的个人因素 The Direct Method and Its Application in Juvenile English Teaching 直接教学法及其在少儿英语教学中的应用 On Social Factora to the Failure of the Americam Dream——A Contrast between Gatsby and Willy Loman 论美国梦破灭的社会因素——盖茨比和威力洛曼的比较 On the Psychological Development of Tom in The Grapes of Wrath论《愤怒的葡萄》中汤姆的心理变化 Study on the Teaching of Culture 浅析文化教学 Culture Conmflicts in English Teaching 英语教学中的文化冲突 Cultural Differences of Chinese and English Color Words 中英颜色词的文化差异 A Research of Rhetoric in Jane Eyre 关于《简爱》中修辞的研究 On the Causes of Tess's Tragedy 论苔丝悲剧的原因 On Symbolism and Portraiture in The Great Gatsby 论《了不起的盖茨比》中的象征主义和人物描写 Multianalysis of "the Lost Generation" in The Sun Also Rises 透视《太阳照样升起》中的“迷惘的一代” On Robinson Crusoe's Character 鲁滨逊人物分析 The Use of Symbolism in Scarlet Letter 论《红字》中象征手法的运用 On the Writing Features Of The Cal l of the Wild 论《野性的呼唤》的写作手法 Character Analysis of Santiago in The Old Man and The Sea 《老人与海》主人公——桑提亚哥形象分析 Communicative Approach of English Teaching 英语教学之交际法 On the Theme of For Whom the Bell Tolls 论《丧钟为谁而鸣》的主题思想 How to Be a Good Guide in English Teaching in Middle School 怎样在中学教学中做好引导者
我才写完毕业论文，简直是折磨！我把我们系的题目给你，参考看看吧。我写的是文化类的。其实文学和文化类要比翻译和教育类好写得多，网上可以找到的参考资料也多。英美人文和历史研究：1，从跨文化的角度谈汉英思维及表达方式的差异2，论美国垮掉的一代3，美国牛仔的成功之路4，文艺复兴在英国文学史中的作用5，跨文化交际中英汉礼貌与面子6，中西方饮食文化的对比研究7，西方节日的变迁及文化内涵8，电影《喜福会》所表现的中西方文化差异（我就是这个题目）9，中美教育制度及教育理念的对比研究10，英汉称谓的差异及其文化内涵11，希腊神话对英美文化的影响12，英汉商标对英美文化的影响13，英语习语与西方文化14，浅谈英美姓氏的起源及文化内涵15，中美高等教育大众化路径的比较16，《阿甘正传》承载的美国青年文化17，《阿甘正传》美国传统价值观的呼唤与回归18，浅谈美国文化中的实用主义19，论美国宗教与政治20，《圣经》的文学性及其对中西文学的影响评述选题注意事项：1，选你自己感兴趣的题目，毕业论文是个浩大的工程，要是不能写自己想写的，相信我，在这漫长的写作时间里，你会相当痛苦的。2，题目不能太大，也不能太小，否则不好驾驭。最好是那种“从小角度看大问题”的题目。例如，我写喜福会这部电影，电影体现了中美文化差异，分别有婚姻观，家庭教育观等。但是我以一部电影为出发点，这个角度就比较小。话说中西方文化的差异实在太多了，但是我只从喜福会这部电影出发，所以范围就缩小了。再者，没什么人写这个电影，所以也不容易和别人雷同，不是被写滥了的题目。3，这个题目是好找资料的，毕竟是本科论文，不是研究生或是博士的论文，写作水平有限，平时最多写写几百字的作文忽然要写几千字，想必是非常困难的。所以内容不可能完完全全出自“自己”，于是就要大量的从网上，参考书上，图书馆搬来。所以最好就是找参考资料比较多的题目，切忌是参考，不是照搬，可以PARAPHRASE里面的内容到自己的论文。差不多就这些了，我觉得这几点是最重要的，如果你有几个拿不定主意的题目，可以找论文指导老师问问看，当时我开笔写论文前，都找老师问了，老师比较有经验，他应该可以给你很多建议。
当认真看完一本名著后，相信你心中会有不少感想，现在就让我们写一篇走心的读后感吧。那么读后感到底应该怎么写呢？以下是我整理的德伯家的苔丝英文优秀读后感，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
This is a book of grievous mood. A beautiful young girl’s life was destroyed gradually and really---not by her energy, but by the people who said love to her. What kind of this love is? What make the love destroy its lover? Tess could be a happy girl though her family was very poor. But “noble, status, and money” were strongly in her father’s mind, just because of the discovery that a parson said to him.
Without their horse’s carrying load, life became rather difficult. Tess blamed herself completely, and she wondered what she could help her parents. Then Tess obeyed her mother’s idea, to work at the d’Urberville’s home, and met her cousin, Alec d’Urbervilles. This then was the beginning. Tess had to meet the wrong man, and one who was so strongly attracted to her. Yet to the right man, she was only a half-forgotten impression from an evening’s dancing party in a country field. This mistake was to ha一ve tragic results. Alec used his clever brain to help Tess’s parents, and this made Tess feel grateful to him. Because of her slackening vigilance, Alec’s intention came true ---Tess would be maiden no more. As the people of her village said, “It was to be.”
And from now on, Tess’s life was to be completely different. Tess left Alec’s home, returned her village. But all had changed, Tess wouldn’t be happy, people in village wouldn’t see her as before. After her baby’s death, she had to lea一ve her home, went to a far place. Perhaps at that time we should thank Alec, thank baby’s death, or Tess wouldn’t lea一ve her home and met Angel Clare, her right man in the dairy. Tess was a so lovely girl that Angel was soon crazy for her. At last, they conquered many difficulties and got married. But Tess’s experience was still her mortal wound, Angel couldn’t accept the truth and left her. The story came to its turning point again. When Angel realized his mistake and went back to look for Tess, all was too late, the poor girl again dropped into Alec’s trap.
With the intertwine of love and hatred, Tess had to end herself with a tragic results. God played with Tess so much. When her right man appeared, God yet didn’t give her happiness. Tess’s parents loved her, but it was just an instinctive love; Alec said love to her, but it was a evil love; Angel said love to her as well, but it was a immature and selfish love. He wanted Tess to forgive him, but he couldn’t forgive Tess. Tess didn’t make any mistakes, but at last, she born all punishments and sufferings. At first, God had let the two persons miss each other. A tragedy was doomed. But perhaps no love, no hatred, no dignity, death was the best way for Tess to extricate herself. We ha一ve nothing to do but watching world changing, destroying Tess, then continuing changing. The tragedy recurs every day in fact. I can’t help asking, ha一ve we missed our happiness?
Chinese NBA player Sun Yue has little problem speaking English. But he still has to prove himself on the court. He has spent a lot of his time with the Lakers on the bench.
“As a newcomer I’ve met with some difficulties,but I’m prepared,”said the guard.“I will try my best to win more time on court and prove myself.”
The Lakers drafted Sun,23,into the NBA in 2007. He signed with the team last became a teammate of Kobe Bryant. This year,he hopes that the Lakers will win the championship.
“I’ve learnt a lot from Kobe’s strong desire to win,and see the extra work he puts into training,”he said.
He thinks teamwork is the most important is why he likes to share his ideas with his teammates and coaches.
“After matches,I enjoy chatting and eating with them,”he said, “We’ve already developed a friendship.
“Being able to communicate helps you fit in quickly,”he told Teens.
About Thomas Hardy
Thomas Hardy (1840—1928), who is an English novelist. His father is a stoneworker, who is fond of music. His parents thought much of the education of their son. He grown up in the Dorset shire, so the environment of there became the main backdrop of his writings. His writings often reflecting the change after capitalism intrude the countries in England and the people’s hard life.
At first, Hardy wrote some novels, and in his old age, he worked on poets. The novel was published in the year 1891. Thomas Hardy facing the terror of the war and propagating the love-kindness, he is one of the greatest English writers.
The summary of the book
As is known to all, is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy. Tess comes from a farmer’s family, the Durbeyfields. One day her father, John Durbeyfied learns that they are descended from the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family. Her mother urges Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman. Unwillingly, the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, D’Urbervilles. There she meets Alec D’Urbervilles. Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stays in the D’Urbervilles. Before long the rich but guileful Alec manages to seduce the girl and make her pregnant. Being humiliated and resolute, Tess returns home， and gives birth to the child, who is called Sorrow but dies soon . Without financial support, Tess has to leave home and goes to work at a distant farm, where she meets Angel Claire. After Angel persistent pursuit of Tess, the two fall in love. In the wedding night, Tess admits about Alec D’Urbervilles and the child. She begs for forgiveness, but Angel leaves her in disgust. Tess again returns home alone, only find that her family remains impoverished and she even has no place to stay. In the meantime, Alec D’Urbervilles appears again. He promises to support her family, only as a means to make Tess dependent. At the end of hope, the girl jumps into the trap of the shameless man. However, Angel Claire, who is remorseful for his mercilessness comes back, which makes Tess even more desperate. After Angel leaves, she kills Alec. Then she follows Angel and escape with him. They manage to hide for a while in a wood before she is arrested. She is hanged later.
In this story, the dramatis persona Tess is a beautiful, virtuous country girl. Angel Claire loves Tess, but his love is selfish, he can’t forgive her wife’s mistake, he forsakes her .Alec D’Urbervilles is an evil person, he makes Tess’s life being a tragedy.
The comment
This is a dolorous book.
This is a story of love.
Tess, the poor girl as innocent as the sleeping birds in the trees, or the small field animals in the hedges, her life destroyed by her relatives, lover and some other people. They say they love her, but they like themselves most. Her parents want her married Alec only because they want her doing some good for the family. Alec wants to possess her, because she is the most beautiful girl in the village. He makes her pregnant but can’t give her his love. Angle is tess’s true love, but his love also not consummate, he can’t forgive tess’s mistake, although he had did wrong with a women.
Why only the women had to pay? I thought of this problem for a long time. In the 19th England, women had not status, they live very hard because people’s prejudice. Tess is the victim under the not fair environment, she lives with force, and even the law thinks the insults are allowable! At the end of the book, Fortune’s wheel bereaves the last thing she had—her life.
How to vindicate the women’s right? Expect change the people’s prejudice women must learn to be adamancy and independent. We must know how to take care of ourselves. We must have the ability to feed ourselves, so that we can win the independent of personality and life. And so that we can have a pure au pair love.
The word “woman” doesn’t means “puny”!
是哈代的代表作，是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。
老师问了关于你论文的学术贡献，选题的原因等等，我昨天刚答的，很容易,祝你好运哦~~~ 对于注意事项就是，你要沉着，冷静，对老师要微笑。呵呵，怎么说老师都是教过我们的不要怕，他不会难为你的
Tess of the D'Urbervilles is the most famous novel of Thomas Hardy. Focusing on the tragic experience of its heroine Tess, the plot of story begins. Tess comes from a farmer’s family, the Durbeyfields. She has lived a poor but peaceful life. However, God, “The President of the Immoral” begins to play a cruel joke on this innocent girl. One day her father, John Durbeyfied learns that they are descended from the D’Urbervilles, an ancient family once renowned in England. Tes s’s parents are in an ecstasy of delight over the news. Her mother urges Tess to claim kinship with the remaining D’Urbervilles, so that Tess could marry a gentleman. Unwillingly, the girl comes in contact with the Stoke, D’Urbervilles. There she meets Alec D’Urbervilles, who shows off the estate and always seduces her. Having received a job of tending to chickens, Tess stays in the D’Urbervilles. Her tragic life has just begun. Before long the rich and guileful Alec manages to seduce the girl and make her pregnant.《德伯家的苔丝》，是哈代的代表作，是“威塞克斯系列”中的一部。它描写了一位农村姑娘的悲惨命运。哈代在小说的副标题中称女主人公为“一个纯洁的女人”，公开地向维多利亚时代虚伪的社会道德挑战。女主人公苔丝生于一个贫苦小贩家庭，被少爷亚历克诱奸，后与牧师的儿子克莱尔恋爱并订婚，在新婚之夜她把昔日的不幸向丈夫坦白，却没得到原谅，几年后，苔丝再次与亚历克相遇，后者纠缠她，因家境窘迫与仇人同居，不久克莱尔从国外回来，悔恨自己以往的冷酷无情，苔丝愤怒地将亚历克杀死。最后她被捕并被处以绞刑。
不知道下面这个能否合你要求。呵呵 (因字数有限制，我可发给你）英语本科毕业论文The Spirit of Revolt of Tess --Study in Tess of the D'UrbervillesThesis statement:Everyone knows that Tess’s life is a great tragedy, but she is still a courageous woman who dares to fight by all means. In order to defeat the unfortunate fate she always resists the decadent society, the traditional concept, and the hypocrisy Ⅰ.Brief Introduction to Tess of the d'UrbervillesA. Women’s role in industrial movements during 19th century in EnglandB. A brief commentary of the novel1. the writer --Thomas hardy2. general introduction of the novelⅡ.Tess’s spirit of revolt all through her lifeA. Tess’s fight to the moribund society1. the moribund society2. Tess’s fight to the moribund societyB. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept1. the traditional moral concept2. Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral conceptC. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical hypocritical religion in that time2. Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religionD. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate ’s unfortunate marriage2. Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriageⅢ.Conclusion: In a word, Tess has shown a powerful woman's image to common people with her unyielding spirit of revolt. She, to the moribund society, traditional old morals, hypocritical religion, capitalist marriage system, has carried on the strongest revealing and criticism. Her kindhearted enlightenment, noble emotion, strong personality, and her resistance in imbuing all rooted in the hearts of the people forever, worth paper mainly focuses on the spirit of revolt of Tess. First of all, this paper begins with a brief introduction to the novel. Then, this paper makes a brief commentary of the novel. Moreover, it concentrates on :(1) Tess’s fight to the moribund society. (2) Tess’s resistance to the traditional moral concept. (3) Tess’s resistance to the hypocritical religion. (4) Tess’s resistance to the unfortunate marriage. And at last the paper reveals that Tess is actually a character with the spirit of revolt all through her words:tragedy,Spirit of revolt,industrial movement,unfortunate fate内容提要本文研究的是小说主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”。首先，本文对小说的背景做了介绍。然后，对文本进行简要评论。再次，本文主要从以下四个方面对文本主人公“苔丝”的“反抗精神”进行集中讨论：(1) 苔丝对腐朽社会的抗争；(2) 苔丝对传统的道德观念的反抗；(3) 苔丝对伪善的宗教的反抗；(4) 苔丝对不幸婚姻的反抗。最后，揭示出苔丝整个人生经历中的反抗精神。关键词：悲剧,反抗精神,工业运动,不幸命运
读完一本书以后，相信大家都有很多值得分享的`东西，是时候静下心来好好写写读后感了。现在你是否对读后感一筹莫展呢？以下是我为大家整理的《苔丝》英文读后感范文，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
She was seduced by a so-called gentleman—Alec, and from then on her life totally changed from this loss of innocence. People looked down on her and respected her no more. Actually she did nothing wrong because before she was seduced she knew nothing of men. She was just a girl when she first met that terrible man.
She was forced by the gossips and the church to blame herself for this accident, so she thought she deserved nothing good. In order to get rid of the past she decided to go to a distant dairy farm but was still saying to herself that she was wrong. Maybe God didn’t agree with that, because the Lord gave her someone she loved with her whole heart and life—Angel Chare. Angel popped the question to her but she refused him without saying why. She said she loved him deeply and perhaps no one in the world could love him more than she did but she could not marry him for some unspoken reason. Angel wasn’t satisfied with this vague answer and did his best to win Tess. Somehow she agreed and they soon fixed the wedding day. Soon after their wedding Angel confessed the crime he committed to a woman long time ago and asked for Tess’s forgiveness. Tess was not at all angry and forgave Angel at once; in fact she was rather happy and excited for she also had things to confess.
She sat and told everything to Angel, hoping he would forgive her as he was forgiven but she was wrong. She was not forgiven, not as she thought she was. The woman pays.
Without Angel’s love, nothing meant anything to her. The result wasn’t important now. Tess was arrested for her murder of that so-called gentleman. Why? She still loved Angel and when he finally went back to her and asked for HER forgiveness, after he regretted what he had done unfair to Tess, she was desperate. That was too late—Alec had always told Tess that Angel would never come back so he won Tess’s trust. Unluckily Angel did come back and found Tess.! Everything was too late!
Tess was deceived and she lost Angel for the second time! The strengh of her love was so strong that she had forgotten the difference between right and wrong. Before that she had done nothing wrong but when she killed Alec, everything really changed! She became a criminal! How could it be? She was as pure and innocent as the good wife in the Bible. Her whole character was honest and faithful. Angel figured out at last that a person should be judged not only on what he has done but also on what he wanted to do!
Tess didn’t want to be seduced by man and she had no power to defend herself so she lost her innocence and that’s all! Angel also did the wrong thing and it was even more serious than Tess’s crime but HE was not blamed for it. Why it is always the woman who pays? Why they are always hurt? Why was Tess’s girlish purity lost? Why does the wrong man take the wrong woman? Why do the bad often ruin the good? Why is beauty damaged by ugliness? Women are too weak! Thousands of years of history have shown us that women have always been treated unfairly!
Why was Tess’s girlish purity lost? Why did such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin? Why does the wrong man take the wrong woman? Why it is always the woman who pays? Why they are always hurt? Why is beauty damaged by ugliness? Why the tragedy is happened more than one hundred years ago repeated in modern times? Is everything too late?
Recently I’ve read the British famous writer Thomas Hardy’s masterpiece-Tess of the D’urbervilles. It describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess. In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, till to be ruined. With the development of the plot we find that her tragedy is inevitable. We can not but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear.
The cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? Who killed her? I can’t do very well in analysis the novel. I don’t know clearly how the time she lived in affect her life. I do have an understanding of the novel by myself. Alec and Angel who are the two people very closely related to Tess’s fate. I think fierce Alec played a very important role in killing Tess, but in fact, it was hypocritical Angel who killed Tess indirectly but more cruelly.
I wanted to cry, Tess, do not follow him when I read that plot. I hope she met her true love before she was seduced, but everything was too late. She was seduced by a so called gentleman-Alec, and from then on her life totally changed from this loss of innocence. People looked down on her and respect her no more. Actually she did nothing wrong because before she was seduced she knew nothing of man. Women were too weak. Tess was poor, weak and helpless and met the wrong person at the wrong time.
I strongly believed that it was Angel who killed Tess cruelly and without mercy. Angel was a liberal bourgeoisie. He made himself lived in the countryside rather than serving the god. Angel was a man who questioned the church’s teaching. He thought the church’s views were too strict and did not allow free thinking. Angel extricated him from religion and his family, but he couldn’t break with traditional moral principles. He wanted a wife who was the daughter of nature, honest, sensitive, intelligent, graceful, pure as snow and extremely beautiful. In the first part I thought Angel loved tess very much. In the following part I found that he loved an image he imagined. After their wedding Angel confessed the crime he committed to a woman long time ago and asked Tess’s forgiveness. Tess was not at all angry and forgave angel at once. She innocently thought that the thing she was going to confess would be forgiven. Poor Tess! She sat and told everything to angel, hoping he would forgive her as he was forgiven, but she was wrong. The woman pays.
Angel claimed that you were one person, now you are another when tess asked why. The woman Angel had loved was not tess, was another woman in tess’s shape. Angel loved the person he imagined. He considered tess the daughter of nature. Compared to tess’s words, “ I thought angel, that you loved me-me my very self! If you do love me, how can you treat me like this? It frightened me! Having begun to love you, I will love you forever, in all changes, in all troubles, because you are yourself. I ask no more.” we know how deep tess loved angel. She would have laid down life for angel. She not only loved the merits but also accept the demerits. We know from the book that when angel came back from Brazil, he could hardly be recognized by his mother because the cruel climate and hard work had aged him by twenty years, but tess accepted angel immediately, because he was the man she fell in love with.
I don’t know why angel couldn’t forgive tess since he himself had done the similar thing.
]《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名现实主义作家托马斯·哈代的力作，也是命运悲剧小说的经典之作。他塑造了一位为追求自由，平等而愤然反抗的女性形象——苔丝。在男权文化和意识形态的禁锢下，女性的身份地位只能尴尬地处于失去主权的附属地位。处于维多利亚时期的苔丝，她的女性身份地位亦无法挣脱父权制和社会礼法的束缚。男权意识里，女性的美貌既是“祸水”，又成为男人推卸自己罪恶的借口；男性要求女性的忠诚与身体的贞洁，却无视自己的放纵。而在男权的压制下，女性的思维模式也被这种强势所控制甚至固在化了。本文将结合女性主义从苔丝的女性身份地位的角度进行分析，揭示出在男权传统势力的压迫下，反映的女性生存状况。苔丝的悲剧必然性也正根源于此。 [关键词] 苔丝 父权制 夫权制 女性身份地位
[1] 托马斯•哈代. 苔丝. . . [2] 张中载. 托马斯•哈代——思想和创作. 北京： 外语教学与研究出版社. 1987 [3] 苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所编. 英国文学史1870-1955. 北京：人民文学出版社. 1983. [4] 欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义. 中国社会科学出版社. 1980年. [5] 秦玲. 苔丝悲剧的形成原因. 南阳师范学院. 2005 [6] 王梅兰 [7] 姚佩芝，董俊峰.《德伯家的苔丝》——哈代综合悲剧观的完美体现. 湖南师范大学社会科学学报. 2003 [8] (古希腊)亚理斯多德.《诗学》.人民文学出版社. 1982年
分析苔丝悲剧摘要：在托马斯•哈代的“性格和环境”小说《德伯家的苔丝》中，悲剧形成的原因主要是苔丝个人的性格与命运、环境、社会的冲突，从而造成了个性的毁灭。关键词：命运悲剧；社会悲剧；性格悲剧托马斯•哈代是19世纪现实主义小说家，对资本主义文明的发展采取了坚决批判的立场，因此获得了“悲观主义者”的绰号。作为一位人道主义作家，他认为人民的生活是悲惨的，民间人物的命运也是悲剧，而主人公的命运是人类命运的缩影。他在作品中广泛使用的表现手法是对比描写法，这种方法具有种种不同的具体形式。他的对比是多种层次和范围的：人和社会环境、人和大自然，人的粗暴的感情因素和理智因素，人的外貌和他的内心世界等。特别是突出地反映了人物性格与自然环境的冲突以及人物与命运抗争的无奈和弱小，因此，他把自己的作品称为“性格与环境小说”，他认为性格和环境的冲突造成个性的毁灭。这一特点集中体现在《德伯家的苔丝》（下称《苔丝》）中，它作为哈代悲剧小说中的典范，奠定了哈代悲剧作家的地位，为哈代赢得了杰出小说家的声誉。《苔丝》中的悲剧原因主要有命运悲剧、社会悲剧和性格悲剧三个方面，三者融为一体，呈现出强大的立体感和层次感。一、 命运悲剧苔丝的悲剧首先是命运的悲剧。苔丝是在一个贫穷的农民家庭出生，并且是在一个没落的贵族家庭里，家庭拮据的经济状况和不负责任的父母注定了她的悲剧命运；同时，作为一个美丽但是身份低下的女性，在维多利亚时代，性别与出身给这个纯洁而勇敢地追求幸福的姑娘带来的只能是厄运。而作者似乎要为了突出这种命运的不可违抗性，在他的作品中总是穿插了大量的偶然性因素。在《苔丝》中，哈代作为一个农家孩子，她是朴质、善良、能干的小姑娘，从小就帮助家里干活并且干得比别家的孩子都不赖。同时她也是一个负责任的人，作为家中的长女，她打小就挑起了家中的重担，并且觉得自己有责任去承担这一切。这样的一个女孩的生活本应是幸福而美满的，但是命运却和她开了很大的玩笑。故事从她的善良、负责任的天性开始，她在深夜主动提出为酗酒的父亲赶车送蜂蜜，却在困倦中不小心与一辆邮车相撞，把家中唯一的一匹生计工具——“王子”撞死了，这让她有一种负疚感。而在此之前，他的父亲回家的路上获知了：苔丝家原是名门望族德伯氏的后裔。牧师劝告他：德伯家已经没落，不要再做任何无谓的工作。但是却在犹豫中没有清楚地告诉他：亚历克•德伯家是假冒的德伯世家。于是虚荣的德伯执意要女儿去亚历克家认亲，从此攀上一户好人家，全家人也跟着享福。高洁的苔丝本不愿意却认亲，却因心有愧疚，只好硬着头皮去认亲。结果在德伯家惨遭不幸，从此开始了她悲壮的人生道路。遭遇了此厄运，她本来是要远走高飞的，却在落难后才遇见了心仪的对象安吉尔。两人一见钟情，苔丝也尝试过拒绝，但是都没有成功，两人终于到了水深火热的程度，谈婚论嫁的地步。苔丝无奈之余，婚前怀着负罪感给安吉尔写了一封忏悔信，希望能得到安吉尔的原谅，但是无独有偶，信被塞到了地毯下面，安吉尔没有看到，这又开始了她的另一个大灾难：安吉尔远走他乡。苔丝从此贫困交加，再加上父亲的死，家庭的重担全都落在了她这个长女身上，在混乱和无奈中，她又重回到了亚力克身边。当了她的情妇。但是恰恰在这个时候，安吉尔又回来了，并且是带了忏悔的心情回来的，他希望能得到苔丝的谅解，却得知妻子已作了他人的情妇。而苔丝此时悔恨交加，认为一切的恶果都是亚历克所为，在愤恨中把他杀死，但是自己也没有免遭到法律的制裁，被送上了绞刑架。在苔丝的身上，我们明显地感觉到了命运对人物的嘲笑，苔丝是天命或宿命的牺牲品；同时，作者也稍微夸大了偶然性在人们生活里的作用，例如老马的死；苔丝跟亚历克的相遇成为她生活中的转折点；苔丝在与安吉尔结婚前夕写给他的信产生了悲剧的误会；安吉尔最后的悔改返回等等。但是这种命运的描写却也是真实的，在当时的社会不乏这样的例子，正如劳伦斯所说：“哈代的感情、他的直觉、他对美感的掌握……是非常伟大和深刻的。”○1二、 社会悲剧照哈代所说 ，人类悲剧的基础在于个人跟相敌对的、不正当的生活环境之间的冲突，更广泛一些说，就是人类跟残酷无情的大自然之间的冲突，这种冲突令人可悲地无法解决。哈代小说中的爱情故事由于同传统的伦理观或道德观相抵触，总是以悲剧结束。虽然小说中的人物的爱情在他们自身的范围内或许是成熟的、道德的，但对于他们所处的社会环境而言，却又是不成熟的、不道德的。在《苔丝》出版后，曾被攻击为“不忠，不贞，诲淫”，因为在维多利亚的时代，男人与女人在婚姻爱情上的地位是永远无法平等的；而三角恋爱关系以及离婚、外遇、婚外关系之类，也都被认为是不道德的行为。苔丝正是这种不公平的伦理观和道德观下的牺牲品，她的整个一生都是在强迫和暴力下生存，社会和法律都认为那些侮辱和迫害苔丝的是正当的，因为她不能自卫。在作品中，哈代试图把苔丝和安吉尔平等：他们同样在青年时代都“陷入了罪恶”。但是，这个有着光明理想、先进的文明思想的人，口口声声说深爱着苔丝的人，到了紧要关头，却也暴露出自私自利的、目光狭小的小市民特征。因为资产阶级道德的不成文法，男人干了这种事并不认为有罪，只有女人——小市民宗法社会制度下的奴隶吃亏。而最后，当苔丝有生以来第一次进行自卫时，从那个同样的“刑律”观点看来，“一个纯洁的女人”就变成罪犯了。因为苔丝不属于有产阶级，从她出生之日起，她所处的社会环境就剥夺了她过象人的生活的权利，现在又剥夺了她所残余的唯一的东西——她的生命，命运对她的“戏弄”算完结了。三、 性格悲剧哈代曾说：“悲剧。简单地讲，可以这样说：悲剧表现个人生活中的一种事物的状态，他的本能或欲望最终不可避免地导致悲惨的结局。○2苔丝是哈代在人物塑造方面的高峰。她集人类美貌、善良、聪慧、勤劳、坦诚、坚贞于一身，是个纯情高洁的乡村田园姑娘。哈代正是怀着这样的激烈的感情来描绘苔丝的，她被奉为是“一个纯洁的女人”，并在序言中说：“这是一个心地坦白的人对于主人公的品格的评价。”可见苔丝在哈代心中的高洁形象。但是，这样一个优秀、突显的女性，她的不幸正是那种表现了她的性格力量的事件造成她的不可避免的堕落——她的纯洁致使了她的轻信与单纯：她因为责任心而挑起了夜里送蜜的重任，却不小心撞死了“王子”从而迫于无奈而去相亲，虽然她一开始就意识到亚历克的不轨图谋，但是她却过于天真大意。对于亚历克对她的帮助：教她吹口哨等都还心存感激。在事发那晚，只因想避开别人的“语战”，竟大意地跳上亚历克的马车，还挨着他睡着了；当她发现亚历克使诈却没有决意离开；同时对亚历克送给父亲和弟妹礼物而产生负债感，这一切都是她的纯洁所致，给了亚历克以可乘之机，让自己步入厄运之中。一位这样轻信的姑娘，她势必会既丧失名誉，又失去自己的爱人，这也是她不理解的，她的爱人安吉尔怎么能够不象她爱他那样，同样无私地爱着她。但是，倘若她不是这样纯朴，这样无用心地天真，她不会这样爱着安吉尔，她能够猜到她的爱情是怎样的结局，她也不会深有负罪感受，更不会说出自己的秘密，悲剧也决然不会发生。但是，她也不为之苔丝了，也决然不会引发我们的恐怖和怜悯之情。苔丝还有一个突出的性格特点她的反抗性，这是她身上的另一个杰出的闪光点，被公认为维多利亚时期的三个叛逆女性之一，但是她这种反抗性却不够彻底，一直囿于她所生活的社会环境中。她一生追求幸福，对亚历克敢恨，对安吉尔敢爱，在一定程度上敢于反抗旧礼教。她蔑视和否定宗教，但当宗教约束与自然天性发生矛盾时，她毫不犹豫地对它发出了质问，她凭借着自己的一份微薄之力，“以卵击石”。但是尽管她做出最大的努力去抗争命运，仍然逃脱不了当时普遍女性的下场。她不自觉地从宗教观出发考虑问题，她无法摆脱世俗观念的阴影，封建礼教压迫着她。她恪守那个时代的准则，在她内心深处有一种不可饶恕的罪恶感。当她的孩子死时，虽然她不屑于宗教，但是她又担心她的孩子会因为没有洗礼而被打下地狱最低层，自己偷偷地给他洗礼；当她获知安吉尔也曾犯过错误时，她仿佛看到了希望，但是安吉尔的反应又让她跌回了不变的道德轨道中，她那原始的感情被安吉尔的文明轧得粉碎；她勇于追求爱情，对亚历克的不合理要求敢于反抗、拒绝，而没有从此甘于认命，但是考虑到孝道和迫于生活，她又重回到他身边；她认为自己对于安吉尔的爱是有欠缺的，她没有为安吉尔守身如玉，在临死前，她请求安吉尔娶她的妹妹为妻，因为“凡是我的长处，她一样地不短，可是我的坏处，她却一点没有……”她一直在旧有的道德圈边缘徘徊，在她这种不断地抗争、妥协、堕落到最终的坚决反抗中，我们看到了美好的东西被不可抗拒的强大力量撕裂的凄美。四、总结综上所述，我们可以知道：哈代的悲剧性小说《德伯家的苔丝》之所以显得十分出色，一个重要的原因是，它塑造了一个动人的悲剧性人物——苔丝，由于主观或客观的原因，她犯了这样或那样的错误而造成了悲剧性的结果。她是好人但不是完人；她的有着令人同情甚至钦佩的品质和性格，同时也有着凡人不可避免的弱点和缺陷；她的生活方式、思想感情和悲惨结局更能反映时代的现实，获得了我们的共鸣。哈代为我们展示了一位维多利亚时期少女的真实感情和多舛的命运，她是在同命运、环境、社会的斗争中失败后倒下来的。这样的悲剧不是偶然的，也不只发生在一个苔丝身上，从这个悲剧本身，我们对那个时代都应有更深的思索。参考文献：[1] 托马斯•哈代. 苔丝. . .[2] 张中载. 托马斯•哈代——思想和创作. 北京： 外语教学与研究出版社. 1987[3] 苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所编. 英国文学史1870-1955. 北京：人民文学出版社. 1983.[4] 欧美古典作家论现实主义和浪漫主义. 中国社会科学出版社. 1980年.[5] 秦玲. 苔丝悲剧的形成原因. 南阳师范学院. 2005[6] 王梅兰[7] 姚佩芝，董俊峰.《德伯家的苔丝》——哈代综合悲剧观的完美体现. 湖南师范大学社会科学学报. 2003[8] (古希腊)亚理斯多德.《诗学》.人民文学出版社. 1982年注释：○1 苏联科学院高尔基世界文学研究所编. 英国文学史1870-1955. 北京：人民文学出版社. 1983○2《早年的哈代》第230页仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源论文
在平平淡淡的日常中，大家总少不了接触论文吧，论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成。写论文的注意事项有许多，你确定会写吗？以下是我收集整理的浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝悲剧命运的根源论文，仅供参考，希望能够帮助到大家。
一、引言
19世纪末出现妇女解放运动第一次高潮。而“哈代的作品中反映了与时代相吻合的女性解放的思想，而且在作品中，女性对传统道德观念和社会的反抗是非常激烈的”。托马斯·哈代大胆地将创作的目光投向农村，深入的关注普通农家的悲剧命运。他十分擅长刻画女性人物悲剧命运，旨在揭露男权社会给女性造成的伤害，批判男性中心主义。
二、托马斯哈代及苔丝简介
托马斯哈代是横跨19世纪和20世纪的著名小说家和诗人，英国批判现实主义文学的代表人物，被沃尔夫誉为“英国小说家中最伟大的悲剧大师”。其作品即承接英国维多利亚时代的文学精髓又体现二十世纪的文学创新，气势磅礴。以辽阔深远的背景与渺小的人物形象之间的巨大反差和动人的对比描写，给读者以深刻的印象和心灵的震撼。
《德伯家的苔丝》刻画了一个善良、坚强、自尊、宽容而美丽的女性形象——苔丝。由于天真无知而受到富家浪子的侮辱，身心饱受摧残。但“她并没有自暴自弃，怨天尤人，而是勇敢地面对挫折;为减轻家里的负担，应付虚荣的父母，她勇于承受重担，奔走于不同农场，养家糊口;对待爱情，她自尊又执着”。她被“认为是唯一的一位逃脱了决定主义的人”，颠覆了传统的伦理道德。哈代极力要摧毁的正是这种道德观念，让女性摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制。他对“堕落女性”的处境给予了极大的关注，对苔丝给予了深切的同情和宽容，带给读者对妇女生存状态的反思。
三、从女性主义角度分析苔丝悲剧命运的根源
苔丝从一位天使般的少女到绞刑架上的杀人犯，是何种邪恶力量在逼迫、摧残、毁灭着这“有自我意志，完整个性的女性?”，把这一优雅迷人的高尚女性一步步推向死亡深渊?苔丝悲剧的根源何在?以下从女性主义的角度审视《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝被压迫的血泪史，剥下男权中心主义这张丑陋的外皮。
(一)教育
英国女权主义思想家朱丽叶米切尔在《妇女：最漫长的革命》中指出“歧视存在的基础是教育，而不是经济。在英国要求同工，首先要求接受同等教育，因为这一原因致使妇女从事社会地位较低的工作”。从这一理论出发，剖析苔丝走向悲剧的一个主要因素：教育的贫乏。
“她最早的职业梦想是成为一名教师，但天不遂人愿”。由于家庭贫穷，苔丝很早就步入社会，她做过很多体力活，而且是同工不同酬。因所受教育贫乏，她无法获取较高社会地位与收入的工作，个人与娘家均陷入极度贫困，最终不得不接受亚雷克庇护。“接受庇护”是当克莱尔归来，苔丝杀死亚雷克，走向毁灭的直接导火线。另一方面教育对于女性的重要影响，表现在提高女性心智与觉悟上。苔丝失身带着委屈，饱含心酸地控诉“名门小姐们都了解该防备什么，怎样去防备，因为她们都读小说，小说中会谈到这些男人们的诡计，可我从没机会读小说，哪能知道呢”。中国有句古话“女子无才便是德”，同样说明男权控制下的整个社会对女性受教育的排斥。压迫女性的邪恶力量让女性心智处于不开化状态，使女性沦为其奴隶。在这传统观念笼罩下，苔丝的梦想只能是幻想。教育问题不解决，苔丝式的妇女悲剧将不可逆转，女性终为男权社会的牺牲品。正如西蒙波伏娃所说：“女人在父兄所支配的家庭中，处于奴隶或仆人的地位，她始终是由男性做主而嫁给另外的男性。”
(二)苔丝自身的因素
1.性格的妥协性
苔丝敢于大胆地反抗传统道德，追求幸福，是一个毫不妥协的反抗者。然而苔丝不能彻底摆脱传统道德对自身的羁绊，在她的性格中也包含着保守落后的伦理观念。苔丝是暴力的受害者，是无辜的。她明白这一点，但在受到乡里人非议时，她也认为自己是“有罪”的，必然造成她内心的自我折磨和谴责。
苔丝性格的妥协性还表现在她和克莱尔的关系上。恋人之间本是平等的，而苔丝却一味贬低自己，抬高克莱尔。这是多么浓烈﹑炽热却又卑躬屈膝的爱。她悲惨的过去，得不到克莱尔的宽容。面对克莱尔无情的抛弃，苔丝没有做丝毫反抗。克莱尔离去了，苔丝对他的爱却从未削减。一封封热情洋溢的信，却唤不回克莱尔冰冷的心。在爱情面前，苔丝失去了自我，失去了尊严。正是这种盲目的﹑不平等的爱，使苔丝放弃了一个妻子争取幸福的`权利，深化了苔丝的悲剧。
2.自卑心理
苔丝失身后的痛苦是巨大的，压力是多方面的，但必须指出，苔丝的自卑心理加剧了她的痛苦。
对于苔丝来说，她的许多痛苦都是心理上的。她往往从传统习俗﹑社会舆论上对自己的所谓“过去”作出道德上的判断，从而扭曲了自己的正常心理状态，并对自己的行为予以错误评价。苔丝无法卸掉身上背负的沉重十字架，她在忍受世俗舆论的同时，又受制于它的道德准则，毫不留情地审视自己、谴责自己，她在大胆反抗传统的同时，又囿于它的观念，而成为其维护者。“苔丝这种心理上的自卑，是世俗谬见在她身上发挥作用的体现，说明了苔丝自身在当时社会道德理境中培养起来的非正常心态。”苔丝正是这样给自己结成一张无形的道德罗网，把自己束缚起来。她的自我束缚的意识有其深刻的历史基础，是整个社会意识的具体表现。因此，苔丝的结局只能是悲惨的。
3.自我意识缺乏
自我意识缺乏突出表现在苔丝对爱情的态度上。
苔丝第一次遇见克莱尔，就被他与众不同的神情所吸引。在哈代笔下，苔丝被描绘为一个完美的个体，代表了作者理想中的完整女性。但苔丝的性格中也包含了一些弱点，她总是处于爱情的纠葛之中，徘徊于两个男人之间。她经常考虑到别人的需要，却忽略自己的需求。在男权的社会里，始终把自己置于依附和没有主体性的地位，处于社会的边缘。“哈代塑造的苔丝形象饱含着自己对当时社会地位低下的女性的深深同情，对世俗所谓文明的愤怒鞭挞，对传统男权社会的控诉。”同时也显示出19世纪时，以男性意愿为主导的社会所肯定的女性形象，即：“富有牺牲精神、宽容顺从、坚韧质朴”。就是说女性要永远把自己放在“后面”。男权社会予以褒奖的正是这样缺乏自我的女性。整个社会引导着妇女去牺牲小我，顾全家庭顾全丈夫。苔丝只是万千受到伤害、没有自我意志、被当作玩物的女人中的一个。也正是在这样复杂的社会洗礼中先是失去了贞节，进而走向痛苦的深渊，最终酿成了一生的悲剧。
四、结语
苔丝坎坷的一生最终以悲剧收场，她的悲剧不止是命运的悲剧，更是女性的悲剧。她“既是命运的牺牲品，也是对男人和性无知的牺牲品”。苔丝在那个男权的社会里，始终把自己置于依附和没有主体性的地位。女性只有摆脱僵化的传统习俗的控制，找到自己在社会中的位置，要拥有自我的价值，才能获得女性真正的幸福。
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