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The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine. Turbofan Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being produced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a duct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners. Turboprop Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust produced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft. Turbo shaft Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil. Overall Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two. These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow. A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines. Explanation of the above cycle: * Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure. * As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system). * Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure. * Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases. The Compressor There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal. The Axial Compressor * The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors. * In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage. * On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency. * Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about 1.3:1 (so after the first stage, the pressure would be 1.3 above atmospheric, after the second it would be 1.69, 2.2, etc...). The Centrifugal Compressor * Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser. * Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to produce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical. - Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop. - An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight). - Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more. - Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion. - Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner. - A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust. - Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles. micro turbine - The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing. - A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second. - Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal! - The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this. Communications Technology Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help Right of Access The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to information about you. You can make an access request to any organisation or any individual who has personal information about you. For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with your affairs, or your employer. If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or "rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping the information has no good reason to hold it (i.e. it is irrelevant or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data. In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data i.e. to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for other purposes. If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have the right to have your details removed from that database. This right is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your request. Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to ensure that your rights are upheld. The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights: * with advice and information * by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not been given satisfaction * by taking action against those failing to fulfil their obligations. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY Ergonomics Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards, not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices exist. Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human factors or Human factors engineering in the U.S., and ergonomics is the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and, very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by ergonomists. [IMAGE] With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain. Codec 1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video data streams. The purpose of a codec is to reduce the size of digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio. The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the main CPU does the rest. When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV, analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing. LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure. The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically faster than WANs. The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. WAN WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols including X.25 and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs. Ethernet Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full bandwidth.When using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical transport mechanism. Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to 1.2 miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link) was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.
纵观煤矿行业，发展智能化是大势所趋。在全国工业制造业智能化的浪潮下，煤炭行业作为我国重要的能源行业，其智能化建设直接关系我国国民经济和社会智能化的进程。从实施细则陆续出台，可以看出国家和煤炭、科技行业均对煤矿智能化重视程度很高，推进力度很大。
煤矿市场空间巨大，供给产能难以覆盖需求增长。从智能化煤机制造企业的调研情况来看，当前供给端产能跟不上需求的增长，可以预见的是煤机智能化生产制造将迎来一轮爆发性增长期。
将人工智能、工业物联网、云计算、大数据、机器人、智能装备等与现代煤炭开发深度融合，形成全面感知、实时互联、分析决策、自主学习、动态预测、协同控制的智慧煤矿管理系统。实现煤矿开拓、采掘、运输、通风、洗选、安全、管理等过程的智能化运转。
智慧煤矿管理系统我以我擅长的可视化管理角度给大家看个案例，通过主观视角去充分理解只会煤矿管理的优势和前景。
搭建选煤厂区建筑及生产设备、管线等设施的三维场景，将生产数据采集、安全监测监控与生产时空有机结合，构建了集智能巡检、设备安全监测、预警功能、企业管理于一体的三维可视化管理系统。全方位推动选煤厂精细化管理工作，实现减人增效的目的。
整体场景采用航拍建模方式获取，利用飞机或无人机搭载多台传感器，对选煤厂进行拍摄采集，快速高效获取真实反映厂区情况的数据信息。通过纠正、平差、多视影像匹配等一系列的内业处理操作，最终获得三维模型。航拍建模的成果数据具有地理坐标系信息，可以准确地和 GIS 匹配。
和 GIS 的集成方案中可提供根据经纬度和海拔数据构建漫游线路，让用户以第一人称的视角按照指定线路对厂区进行巡检漫游，Hightopo在制定线路的时候可以参考重点区域或智能化水平较高的区域进行制定，给用户呈现选煤厂重点发展区域以及智能化发展成效。
主厂房设备监控系统通过 3D 效果，1：1 制作 3D 可视化仿真互动模型，并将重介洗煤工艺流程整合融入，将原煤进行洗选加工和综合处理的全过程信息监控。
系统可实时显示重介旋流器、精煤皮带、振动筛、原煤皮带等重要设备的动态数据，当点选不同楼层设备时，自动弹出设备多重信息，创建多参数实时在线监测。
数据信息包括运行设备的振动频率、温度、故障信号、趋势信号等数据，管理人员可通过此功能，进行调用查看设备运行状态、故障属性及导致故障发生的相关联信息历史数据。
通过 2D 和 3D 无缝融合，搭配数据面板以及动画驱动制作了蓄水工艺可视化。场景支持常规的旋转、平移和视角缩放。蓄水工艺包括蓄水、加药搅拌（添加絮凝剂）、放水、泵体放水等操作的演示，营造具有真实沉浸感的体验。
压滤车间负责压滤处理煤泥、回收分离介质水，压滤机负责处理浓缩机底流。传统的压滤生产主要依靠人工操作，需人工查看并判断压榨程度，工作效率低下，产品水分无法得到保证，存在液压系统破损或压滤喷料伤人的安全隐患。
搭建的压滤车间可视化管理系统，通过引擎将压滤车间的压滤机以及楼层分布进行 1:1 还原，可随时查看设备基本信息、运行信息、故障信息等。点击左侧面板压滤机以及楼层展开，即可查看车间楼层分布情况以及压滤机工作状态。
实时监测系统内压滤机状态信息，包括松开、压紧、进料等各进程状态，打破压滤机与压滤机之间、压滤机与智能压滤检测系统相关辅助设备之间的信息孤岛。实现智能压滤检测系统内所有设备及相关信息的统一集中监管，降低岗位巡检工的劳动强度，方便生产监管。
三维仿真的选矿场景，其中包含：选矿漫游（选矿工艺流程）、全场漫游（场景绕场查看）、浓密机和球磨机的启停动画演示、选矿设备的单独查看。当然也支持定制哦~
选矿工艺动画过程，从矿石破碎到筛分再到磨矿、分级等一系列作业的漫游动画，支持拉近视角近距离监控选矿的每一步作业。
搭建 3D 轻量化大型智慧矿山解决方案，根据矿山现场的 CAD 图、鸟瞰图、设备三视图等资料还原外观建模，围绕以数字化开采、高速掘进、智能通风排水供配电、筛煤工艺等内容为主体的三维立体可视化管理系统。
场景初始化后，界面通过自由视角、固定路线对矿山全场景空间进行巡检式漫游，在路径中展示设备及系统信息，漫游线路的制定着重凸显核心区域或智能化发展区域，为用户呈现矿山整体面貌、重点发展区域及智能化发展成效。
实现交互式的 Web 三维场景，可进行缩放、平移、旋转，场景内各设备可以响应交互事件。
针对控制中心页面的建设，运用丰富的可视化图表和动画效果，集成供水、通风、运输、掘锚机运作及井内三维漫游画面，形象的对井下多元应用场景进行详尽的数据解释；可融合智能感知设备数据，实现对矿井的生产环境、工作视角、设备分布、工艺流程、产量走势、巷道划分、设备运行实时状态的真实复现，达到矿井上下透明化管理的目的。
三维立体的巷道监管效果，有利于改善矿山环境及工程实施设计，能将巷道工程变迁情况客观无误的记录和展现。可视化巷道的搭建由点-线-面-单个巷道-多个巷道过渡延伸。点击按键可随意切换工作区视角和井内视角，方便运维人员从不同角度观察到每条巷道的名称、视点位置、设备分布及对应的数据。巷道内部漫游设有前进、倒退等功能，易于实时了解视点位置。此外，增添聚光灯的设计会让巷道整体更加真实，仿佛身临其境。
相较于传统静态模拟图式的通风机房在线监控系统，3D 可视化通风系统能更加生动形象的展现在人眼前，使其内容具有可读性与可控性。两侧 2D 面板数据提供重要运行参数的实时变化和历史趋势查询，提供自定义趋势查看、数据分析、曲线对比等功能，点击场景中的设备可显示设备属性信息。对于超限时状态设备进行及时报警，在短时间内为运维人员提供所需信息要素，提升运维监测效率。
压风自救装备系统在正常生产运作时，可为井下开拓掘进工作的风动工具提供压缩空气动力，满足井下岩石巷道掘进及煤巷支护之需；当发生灾变事故时，工作人员可进入自救装置，打开压气阀进行避灾自救。
将矿井压风系统与 3D 可视化进行有机结合，可对井下用风情况准确掌握。系统将根据设定的井下各指标阈值，自动调整空气压缩机的启动关停、倒机、负荷调控，确保井下恒压供风。健全矿井紧急避险系统的日常维护水平，加强抗灾救灾能力。
为完善瓦斯抽采流程的标准化，可通过可视化系统实现对瓦斯抽采泵、放空管闸阀、管道总闸阀、高低负压闸阀等设备的远程遥控监测。根据井下监测到的抽采泵站工作状态、瓦斯浓度、气体流量、工序能耗等信息通过抽采管路实时上传到监控设备中，提供瓦斯的精准研判，为下一步科学优化抽采设计提供准确分析。
当发现异常测点时，系统将启动自检诊断功能，对危险管段进行迅速定位诊断。在提高瓦斯抽放参数测量的准确性和安全性的同时，还能起到矿井上下全覆盖监测的作用，为矿井“提浓提效、高效抽采、安全生产”奠定基础保障。
通过引擎强大的渲染功能，真实还原采煤机井下运动工况的行进效果，利用可视化图表将采煤机运行的关键数据进行直观呈现。设有记忆割煤、滚筒换向、自动往返及故障诊断的联动控制功能，针对采煤机故障诊断提供切实的数据依据，加速扼杀故障的萌芽。通过地面调度室即可远程遥控操作，由此达成井下少人化作业，加大煤炭资源的开采效率，为采煤机的高效安全生产奠定基础。
针对环境态势、掘采进度、设备运作、工况状态等信息进行高精度实时监测，赋予数据空间属性，使复杂因素可视化。形成一套可被洞察的参考数据，为开采作业监管提供强有力的决策支撑。
随着国家环境保护力度的持续加大及能源消费结构的转型，正倒逼煤炭产业必须走绿色智能的清洁化生产之路，图扑智慧矿山可视化解决方案恰到好处的助力实现低碳循环发展：将各生产线的控制集中于此，各生产环节信息共享、横向协作，辅助运维人员构建自主感知、智能分析、科学决策、集约高效的数字化矿山。
煤炭行业主要上市公司：目前国内煤炭行业的上市公司主要有兖矿能源(600188)、中国神华(601088)、晋控煤业(601001)、陕西煤业(601225)、山西焦煤(000983)、中煤能源(601898)、华阳股份(600348)、山煤国际(600546)等。
本文核心数据：文献数量、智能化采掘工作面数量
我国煤矿智能化政策引导明确
从国家政策规划来看，2020年2月25日，国家发改委、能源局等8部分联合印发《关于加快煤矿智能化发展的指导意见》，针对我国一些煤矿正在开展智能化建设工作中存在的基础理论研发滞后、技术标准与规范不健全、平台支撑作用不够、技术装备保障不足、高端人才匮乏等问题提出相关意见及保障措施。几大核心任务如下：
另外，我国主要省份也提出了煤炭行业智能化发展的目标。内蒙古自治区明确提出到到2025年，117处井工矿实现全部固定岗位机器人作业，38处露天矿实现智能连续运输。其他省市地区如山西、陕西、新疆、贵州等均提出了煤炭行业智能化发展的目标或规划：
煤矿智能化理论基础逐渐加强
我国政策明确大力发展煤矿智能化以来，“智能化”主题成为各大煤业研究所和院校的主要研究方向。2018年，煤矿智能化主题发表论文数量为373篇，占两化融合论文总量的14.6%;2020年，煤矿智能化主题发表论文数量快速增长到1080篇，占两化融合论文总量的比重超过1/3，达到35.7%;两年间，煤矿智能化主题论文发表数量增长了1.9倍，论文占比提升了21.1个百分点。
另外，2020年，行业两化融合领域发表论文排名前20位的关键词中，煤矿智能化相关关键词占5个，分别是：智能(化)开采、智慧矿山、智能化建设、智能矿山、煤矿智能化。其中，智能(化)开采以1669个高居首位。排名前十位的关键词分别是：智能(化)开采、监控系统、大数据、数值模拟、智慧矿山、传感器、PLC、矿压监测、智能化建设、智能矿山。
大型企业积极部署
目前，我国各大型煤炭企业在煤矿智能化部署方面均取得一定成效。中国神华(601088)在2021年上半年已累计完成了智能采煤工作面25个，智能掘进工作面4个，智能选煤厂6个，起到良好的示范作用。
整体来看，国家积极推进煤矿智能化发展，从政策引导规划，落地到企业示范工程，自上而下的智能化路径明确，为煤炭行业的转型升级指引正确方向。
以上数据参考前瞻产业研究院《中国煤炭行业发展前景与投资战略规划分析报告》
下面我们就一起看一下汽车空调不制冷的原因及解决方法。1、制冷剂泄漏.(表现为内外机都工作,压缩机也工作,但就是没效果)；2、压缩机电容损坏或不良,导致压缩机不工作.(现象和上面差不多,但压缩机不转,且过热)；3、室温感温头阻值变值,导致空调外机不工作.(现象和空调达到设定温度后停机一样)；4、遥控器不良或空调接收器不良.(表现为开机空调无反映,或时灵时不灵)；5、四通阀(单冷机无此故障)或压缩机高低压串气,空调工作但无效果.(现象和第一种一样)；6、空调内机或外机控制板故障致使空调不制冷.(表现为开机无反映或空调乱动做)；7、空调电源零火线接反.(少数空调会出现此故障,一般是在装机的时候)；8、内机或外机风扇损坏(电容坏的较多), (外机风扇坏表现为排温过高或高压过高保护.内机风扇坏则表现为,内机结霜,外机一直工作,且内机会结露)。9、其它方面的原因 诸如电源、电压过低使压缩机电离合器吸力下降或电离合器压板与皮带盘间有油污等现象，均会导致出现类似驱动带过松的“打滑”现象。倘若蒸发器表面结霜，吹风电机转速下降等问题，也会造成制冷量不足。当然，倘若压缩机磨损或阀门关闭不严，也会造成空调制冷量不足。 空调制冷系统出现的制冷不足、制冷效果变差等故障，一般是由于制冷密封性出现问题较为多见。因为现在轿车所用的制冷剂渗透性强。所以对系统的密封性要求也相应较高，在制冷工作管道或工作阀稍有泄漏就会造成的制冷不足的故障现象。
沈阳气体压缩机研究所主管主办的双月刊，不属于中央级刊物，根据国内刊号CN21-1176/TH，TH代表机械仪表工业，属于中国机械仪表类核心期刊。刊物还是不错的
全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势 【摘要】 详细介绍了全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势和前景。引用大量的数据证明各种压缩机的发展空间和必然性。从而为各行业使用制冷压缩机提供了可靠的数据和指导说明。 【关键词】 电磁振动式压缩机；电动式压缩机；发展趋势 0引言 发表职称论文，就找ABC论文坊： 制冷压缩机质量的好坏将直接影响着电冰箱、空调器等小型制冷设备的制冷效果、使用寿命、噪音和震动等多种性能。就制冷压缩机的工作原理与结构而言，形式多样，性能各异。现在生产的小型制冷设备采用的全封闭式压缩机，按其结构特性可分为电磁式和电动式两大类。而电动式又可分为往复活塞式、旋转活塞式和涡旋式3种类型。以上几种全封闭制冷压缩机的性能特点。 l 电磁振动式压缩机 电磁振动式压缩机有以下3种：11动圈式电磁振动型；2)动铁芯式电磁振动型；3)悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型。其中，动圈式在全封闭式制冷压缩机中被实际应用，它是利用通以交流电流的线圈产生的交变磁场与永久磁场之间相互作用，直接驱动活塞作往复运动的压缩 机。其特点是结构简单、零部件少、加工精度要求不高、容易制造。因此从20世纪50年代开始就用于容积较小的电冰箱。ABC论文坊但从另一方面，由于电源频率变化引起的制冷量变化大，且50 Hz和60 Hz不能通用，存在着因排气、吸气压力引起行程变化等问题，使活塞行程的长短随负荷的变化而改变，同时机内弹簧作高频谐振，易产生弹性疲劳，因此一般只适用于生产100 W 以下的压缩机。而动铁芯式和悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型由于只在研究阶段还没有实际应用。故此不作介绍。 2 电动式压缩机 2．1 往复活塞式压缩机 按其结构分为滑管式和连杆式压缩机两类。 2．1．1 滑管式压缩机 滑管式压缩机产生于20世纪60年代，它是往复活塞式压缩机的一种类型。其特点是结构简单，工艺性好，成本较低，对零部件的加工精度要求不高，制造和装配都比较容易，所以发展较快。目前这类压缩机在国内外的电冰箱生产中应用比较普遍。缺点是活塞与缸壁间的侧力较大、磨擦功耗大、能效比偏低，因此目前滑管式压缩机正在进入衰退期，将逐渐被连杆式压缩机或旋转式压缩机所取代。 2．1．2 连杆式压缩机 连杆式压缩机也属往复活塞式，是电冰箱采用时间较早的一种。在20世纪5O年代以前生产的电冰箱几乎都是采用连杆式压缩机。其特点是运转比较平稳、噪声低、磨损小、使用寿命长、能效比较高、工作可靠、综合性能优良。但由于零部件形状复杂，加工精度要求较 高，工艺难度较大，因此其发展一度受到限制，在电冰箱及其它小型制冷设备中被滑管式和旋转式压缩机所取代。近几年来随着机械工业的不断发展，对其结构进行了多方面的技术改进。目前连杆式压缩机又成为电 冰箱压缩机的主导产品。总需求是有较大的提升【1_。近年来世界各电冰箱生产大国，尤其是日本、意大利、美国等国对往复式压缩机的制造技术进行了多方面的改造，从而使连杆式压缩机的各项性能都有了很大的提高。因此，有重新成为电冰箱压缩机主导产品的趋势。 2_2 旋转式压缩机 旋转式压缩机的电机无需将转子的旋转运动转换为活塞的往复运动，而是直接带动旋转活塞作旋转运动来完成对制冷剂蒸气的压缩。这种压缩机更适合于小型空调器，特别是在家用空调器上的应用更为广泛。如美国通用电器公司和沃普公司生产的旋转式压缩机都设计了较好的防过热和润滑装置。它采用把冷凝器处的部分制冷液用配管引至压缩室，使之在气缸内喷射的冷却方式，提高了冷却效果。为了防止把大量的制冷液直接吸人气缸内，产生液击，在吸气回路的压缩机前部设有气液分离器，润滑油和制冷液一旦进入器内 则制冷液在气液分离器内蒸发，压缩机吸人的是气体；润滑油从气液分离器下方的小孔中缓缓地连续 少量进入压缩机，用这种方法防止液击[21。油泵给油的方法是在转轴下端装设两个齿轮状的叶轮，它与转轴一同转动。对油施加离心力，从转轴中心孑L把油导向上方。另外，在轴的外表面上开有螺旋状的油槽，实现对轴承部位的给油。作为安全措施。在压缩机顶部装有过 负荷继电器，这种继电器是用感温板感受压缩机内部高压气体的温度，当达到一定的温度后，继电器动作，压缩机停止运转，用这种方法防止电动机烧毁，因此说旋转式压缩机是一种很有发展前景的压缩机。其主要优点是：由于活塞作旋转运动，压缩工作圆滑平稳，平衡性能好，另外旋转式压缩机没有余隙容积，无再膨胀气体的干扰，因此具有压缩效率高、零部件少、体积小、重量轻、平衡性能好、噪音低、防护措施完备和耗电量小等优点。缺点是压缩机对材质、加工精度、热处理、装配工艺及润滑系统要求较高，由于要靠运动间隙中的润滑油进行密封，为从排气中分离出油，机壳内须做成高压，因此，电动机、压缩机容易过热，如果不采取特殊的措施。在大型压缩机和低温用压缩机中是不能使用的。由于它比其它类型的压缩机有较明显的优势，所以它得到广泛了推广应用。如国产上菱BCD一180 W、阿里斯顿BCD-220 W 等电冰箱都采用了旋转式压缩机。尤其在家用空调器上的应用就更为普遍，从发展的趋势看旋转式压缩机今后有可能成为市场的主导产品。 2．3 涡旋式压缩机 涡旋式压缩机是20世纪8O年代发展起来的新型产品。它效率高，噪声低，体积小，重量轻，不需要排气阀组，工作的可靠性及容积效率都较高，允许气体制冷剂中带少量液体，输气效率高，气体泄漏少，可较好地运用于小型热泵系统、小型空调等。综上所述，几种压缩机的性能特点，我们不难看出经多年的技术改造，连杆式压缩机在一定的时期内仍有明显的优势，而旋转式压缩机则是一种新型的产品，特别是在空调器上的应用更为广泛，必将成为制冷产业的主导产品。通过对往复式和旋转式压缩机的性能试验比较可知，往复式和旋转式压缩机，启动后排气、吸气压力的时间变化特性不同，电动机上的负荷转矩由吸、排气压力的大小确定，在往复式的情况下，投入运转几分钟内至十几分钟后，排气压力出现峰值，对于电动机，为了承受这个尖峰负荷，需要比稳定运转时所需转矩大得多f2～4倍)[31。而旋转 式压缩机，由于不存在刚刚启动后的峰值，所以，只要有一般稳定运转时所需的转矩即可，因此可以实现电动机的小型化，这也是它今后发展优势所在。 参考文献 [1]胡鹏程，赵清．电冰箱、空调器的原理和维修【M】．北京：电子工业出版社．1995：1 14—148． [2]吴业正．制冷原理及设备【M】(第2版)．西安：西安交通大学出版社．2006． [3]赵春怡，王志强．活塞式单机双级制冷压缩JJL[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2003．
流量的基本（控制）方程借助隐含控制体积公式进行离散化，对流项可利用一阶逆流数值图解法进行数值上逐次逼近；然而，不稳定项可用二阶和三阶的数值图解作数值得近似。
论文大不可以直接发邮箱。压缩的话可以右击，选择(添加到压缩文件)。不放心的话先复制一份放起来，然后随便搞搞看
进行压缩的话，你可以把你的论文放到一个文件夹里，然后右击文件夹，选择压缩就好了。
把论文打包压缩文件就可以了，rar格式。
沈阳气体压缩机研究所主管主办的双月刊，不属于中央级刊物，根据国内刊号CN21-1176/TH，TH代表机械仪表工业，属于中国机械仪表类核心期刊。刊物还是不错的
全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势 【摘要】 详细介绍了全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势和前景。引用大量的数据证明各种压缩机的发展空间和必然性。从而为各行业使用制冷压缩机提供了可靠的数据和指导说明。 【关键词】 电磁振动式压缩机；电动式压缩机；发展趋势 0引言 发表职称论文，就找ABC论文坊： 制冷压缩机质量的好坏将直接影响着电冰箱、空调器等小型制冷设备的制冷效果、使用寿命、噪音和震动等多种性能。就制冷压缩机的工作原理与结构而言，形式多样，性能各异。现在生产的小型制冷设备采用的全封闭式压缩机，按其结构特性可分为电磁式和电动式两大类。而电动式又可分为往复活塞式、旋转活塞式和涡旋式3种类型。以上几种全封闭制冷压缩机的性能特点。 l 电磁振动式压缩机 电磁振动式压缩机有以下3种：11动圈式电磁振动型；2)动铁芯式电磁振动型；3)悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型。其中，动圈式在全封闭式制冷压缩机中被实际应用，它是利用通以交流电流的线圈产生的交变磁场与永久磁场之间相互作用，直接驱动活塞作往复运动的压缩 机。其特点是结构简单、零部件少、加工精度要求不高、容易制造。因此从20世纪50年代开始就用于容积较小的电冰箱。ABC论文坊但从另一方面，由于电源频率变化引起的制冷量变化大，且50 Hz和60 Hz不能通用，存在着因排气、吸气压力引起行程变化等问题，使活塞行程的长短随负荷的变化而改变，同时机内弹簧作高频谐振，易产生弹性疲劳，因此一般只适用于生产100 W 以下的压缩机。而动铁芯式和悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型由于只在研究阶段还没有实际应用。故此不作介绍。 2 电动式压缩机 2．1 往复活塞式压缩机 按其结构分为滑管式和连杆式压缩机两类。 2．1．1 滑管式压缩机 滑管式压缩机产生于20世纪60年代，它是往复活塞式压缩机的一种类型。其特点是结构简单，工艺性好，成本较低，对零部件的加工精度要求不高，制造和装配都比较容易，所以发展较快。目前这类压缩机在国内外的电冰箱生产中应用比较普遍。缺点是活塞与缸壁间的侧力较大、磨擦功耗大、能效比偏低，因此目前滑管式压缩机正在进入衰退期，将逐渐被连杆式压缩机或旋转式压缩机所取代。 2．1．2 连杆式压缩机 连杆式压缩机也属往复活塞式，是电冰箱采用时间较早的一种。在20世纪5O年代以前生产的电冰箱几乎都是采用连杆式压缩机。其特点是运转比较平稳、噪声低、磨损小、使用寿命长、能效比较高、工作可靠、综合性能优良。但由于零部件形状复杂，加工精度要求较 高，工艺难度较大，因此其发展一度受到限制，在电冰箱及其它小型制冷设备中被滑管式和旋转式压缩机所取代。近几年来随着机械工业的不断发展，对其结构进行了多方面的技术改进。目前连杆式压缩机又成为电 冰箱压缩机的主导产品。总需求是有较大的提升【1_。近年来世界各电冰箱生产大国，尤其是日本、意大利、美国等国对往复式压缩机的制造技术进行了多方面的改造，从而使连杆式压缩机的各项性能都有了很大的提高。因此，有重新成为电冰箱压缩机主导产品的趋势。 2_2 旋转式压缩机 旋转式压缩机的电机无需将转子的旋转运动转换为活塞的往复运动，而是直接带动旋转活塞作旋转运动来完成对制冷剂蒸气的压缩。这种压缩机更适合于小型空调器，特别是在家用空调器上的应用更为广泛。如美国通用电器公司和沃普公司生产的旋转式压缩机都设计了较好的防过热和润滑装置。它采用把冷凝器处的部分制冷液用配管引至压缩室，使之在气缸内喷射的冷却方式，提高了冷却效果。为了防止把大量的制冷液直接吸人气缸内，产生液击，在吸气回路的压缩机前部设有气液分离器，润滑油和制冷液一旦进入器内 则制冷液在气液分离器内蒸发，压缩机吸人的是气体；润滑油从气液分离器下方的小孔中缓缓地连续 少量进入压缩机，用这种方法防止液击[21。油泵给油的方法是在转轴下端装设两个齿轮状的叶轮，它与转轴一同转动。对油施加离心力，从转轴中心孑L把油导向上方。另外，在轴的外表面上开有螺旋状的油槽，实现对轴承部位的给油。作为安全措施。在压缩机顶部装有过 负荷继电器，这种继电器是用感温板感受压缩机内部高压气体的温度，当达到一定的温度后，继电器动作，压缩机停止运转，用这种方法防止电动机烧毁，因此说旋转式压缩机是一种很有发展前景的压缩机。其主要优点是：由于活塞作旋转运动，压缩工作圆滑平稳，平衡性能好，另外旋转式压缩机没有余隙容积，无再膨胀气体的干扰，因此具有压缩效率高、零部件少、体积小、重量轻、平衡性能好、噪音低、防护措施完备和耗电量小等优点。缺点是压缩机对材质、加工精度、热处理、装配工艺及润滑系统要求较高，由于要靠运动间隙中的润滑油进行密封，为从排气中分离出油，机壳内须做成高压，因此，电动机、压缩机容易过热，如果不采取特殊的措施。在大型压缩机和低温用压缩机中是不能使用的。由于它比其它类型的压缩机有较明显的优势，所以它得到广泛了推广应用。如国产上菱BCD一180 W、阿里斯顿BCD-220 W 等电冰箱都采用了旋转式压缩机。尤其在家用空调器上的应用就更为普遍，从发展的趋势看旋转式压缩机今后有可能成为市场的主导产品。 2．3 涡旋式压缩机 涡旋式压缩机是20世纪8O年代发展起来的新型产品。它效率高，噪声低，体积小，重量轻，不需要排气阀组，工作的可靠性及容积效率都较高，允许气体制冷剂中带少量液体，输气效率高，气体泄漏少，可较好地运用于小型热泵系统、小型空调等。综上所述，几种压缩机的性能特点，我们不难看出经多年的技术改造，连杆式压缩机在一定的时期内仍有明显的优势，而旋转式压缩机则是一种新型的产品，特别是在空调器上的应用更为广泛，必将成为制冷产业的主导产品。通过对往复式和旋转式压缩机的性能试验比较可知，往复式和旋转式压缩机，启动后排气、吸气压力的时间变化特性不同，电动机上的负荷转矩由吸、排气压力的大小确定，在往复式的情况下，投入运转几分钟内至十几分钟后，排气压力出现峰值，对于电动机，为了承受这个尖峰负荷，需要比稳定运转时所需转矩大得多f2～4倍)[31。而旋转 式压缩机，由于不存在刚刚启动后的峰值，所以，只要有一般稳定运转时所需的转矩即可，因此可以实现电动机的小型化，这也是它今后发展优势所在。 参考文献 [1]胡鹏程，赵清．电冰箱、空调器的原理和维修【M】．北京：电子工业出版社．1995：1 14—148． [2]吴业正．制冷原理及设备【M】(第2版)．西安：西安交通大学出版社．2006． [3]赵春怡，王志强．活塞式单机双级制冷压缩JJL[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2003．
建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网 这个网站的论文都是以words的形式原封不动的打包上传的，网上搜索不到的，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 论文写作建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。写作资料也很多，下面给你一些范文资料网： 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 百万范文网： 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文网： 引文数据库： 社科类论文： 经济类论文： 论文之家： 范文网： 如果你是校园网，那就恭喜你了，期刊网里面很多资料 中国知网： 龙源数据库： 万方数据库： 优秀论文杂志 论文资料网 法律图书馆 法学论文资料库 中国总经理网论文集 职业经理人论坛 财经学位论文下载中心 公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所 中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心 论文商务中心 ' 法律帝国： 学术论文 论文统计
这样做首先是违法的，是不道德的，我们既然写毕业论文一定要有自己的思想。
可以把别人分毕业论文压缩和修改后自己作为第一作者,把对方作为第二作者发表没有听说过这样写毕业论文的，一般毕业了吗？会有重复性检查的。
别人没有意见就可以但是，这个涉嫌剽窃了除非是别人的论文没有正式的使用过，这才可以
可以把别人分毕业论文压缩和修改后，自己作为第一作者把对方作文。把别人的作文修改当做自己的，这属于偷盗行为是不可以的。