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议论文是作者对某个问题或某件事进行分析、评论，表明自己的观点、立场、态度、看法和主张的一种文体。议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。
英语议论文的结构一般较为固定，通常包括以下三部分：
1. 在导语部分提出需要议论的议题；
2. 在正文部分对所提出的问题进行议论；
3. 在结论部分对以上的讨论进行总结和归纳。
写议论文要考虑论点，考虑用什么作论据来证明，怎样来论证 ，然后得出结论。它可以是先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论；或者先引述一个故事，一段对话，或描写一个场面，再一层一层地从事实中分析出道理，归纳引申出一个新的结论；也可以在文章开头先提出一个人们关心的问题，然后一一作答，逐层深入；还可以把两个不同事物以对立的方式提出来加以比较、对照，然后得出结论。
在具体写作中要注意下列几点：
1. 议题的提出要开门见山，不要拖泥带水。
2. 议论时可以采用不同的方法。如：可以摆出正反两方面观点，进行对比；也可引经据典论证作者自己观点的正确性，从而使读者接受自己的观点；亦可提出一种错误的观点然后论证其错误，最终提出正确的观点。正文部分是写作的重点，论证方法可用归纳法、推理法、比较法等。
3. 在结论部分必须表明作者的观点，对讨论的问题做出总结。
4. 注意连接词和过渡词等词语的使用，以增强文章的条理性和逻辑性。常用的过渡词和连接词包括：first, second, third, finally, in addition, furthermore, besides, what was worse, more importantly, in contrast, because, since, now that, therefore，consequently，in that case, as a result/consequence, in conclusion, to sum up等 等。
请看下面的范文：
Shall we send children to study abroad?
With more and more people becoming rich in recent years, it is a new tendency for them to send their children to study abroad. But I don’t think it is a good idea. First of all, children are too young to look after themselves. Second, the language barrier is a serious problem. Many children are not proficient in the foreign language before going abroad. As a result, they have difficulty in understanding what the native speakers are talking about. Third, they may get into trouble when dealing with various situations for lack of knowledge of the customs in the strange land. Furthermore, the cost of living is much higher than that in our country, which might cause a heavy burden to the family.
In conclusion, there are more disadvantages in sending children to study abroad. So, we’d better not do it.
英文论文选题：英语专业本科生毕业论文选题可以在三个大的方向中进行，即英语文学，语言学和翻译学。英语文学：选择英语文学的毕业论文选题可以从三个方向进行：国别文学研究、文学批评理论研究和比较文学研究。 在进行国别文学研究选题时，一般选取英国文学或美国文学中的某一经典作家（如海明威），某一经典作品（如《双城记》），某一写作手法（如象征手法的运用）或某一文学思潮（如浪漫主义运动）作深入研究。但在选择作家或作品时最好选择在文学史上作为经典的作家或作品。有个别流行作家或作品极富盛名，容易引起学生的兴趣，如《飘》或《荆棘鸟》，学生有强烈愿望选择它们作为研究对象。在不可避免上述情况时，应该尽可能地挖掘作品内在的深刻含义，不能流于肤浅的分析。 文学批评理论的选题一般不太适合英语专业本科生，因为该理论知识的学习在英语专业研究生阶段，本科生一般不具备文学批评理论的知识结构。这个方向的选题可以有关某一文学批评理论,一文学批评术语的阐释或某两种或以上的文学批评理论的比较。 比较文学研究就是将两个以上的作家或作品进行比较。这两个作品或作家可以是同一国别的（如“雪莱与拜伦的诗歌比较”），也可以是不同国别的（如《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》）语言学：选择语言学的毕业论文选题可以在两个大的方向进行：普通语言学和应用语言学。 普通语言学的研究就是对于英语语言的任何一个方面的研究，如对一种词性、或一种时态、或拼写、语调等等方面的研究（如“一般现在时及其交际功能”）。 应用语言学包括教学法的研究和其它一些新兴的应用语言学分支的研究。师范专业或本身从事教师职业的学生选择教学法方向的较多。在这个方向选题，也要避免过大范围的选题，而应对一个具体问题进行研究，最重要的是要结合教学实践或实验。这个方向的好的选题有：“个性与英语教学”，“方言对英语学习的影响”等。 翻译学：翻译学的选题一般可以在两个方向上进行：翻译理论以及翻译活动。对翻译理论的研究就是探讨某一种翻译理论等等。相比之下，对翻译活动的研究更多一些，这些选题可以是对一种语言现象的翻译、或一种修辞格的翻译的研究（如“汉语成语的英译”）。应该注意的是，在对翻译活动作研究时，往往需要某种翻译理论支撑，总结规律，并对这一活动作出评价，要避免仅仅时例子的罗列。英语专业毕业论文格式要求：学位论文包括前置、主体、附录等三个部分。前置1．英文封面：由论文英文题目、解释、作者、指导老师姓名和职称、时间组成。 2．目录：由论文的中、英文摘要、篇、章、条、款以及参考书目、附录等序号、题名和页码组成，排在英文封面之后另页。 3．中、英文内容摘要：摘要是论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，宜以最简洁的语言介绍论文的概要、作者的突出论点、新见解或创造性成果以及实验方法、数据或结论，是一篇完整的短文，可以独立使用，中文摘要一般在200字左右 4关键词：关键词是用以表示全文主题内容信息的单词或术语。为便于文献检索，学位论文应注明三至五个具有代表意义中、外文“关键词”，这些关键词就是论文的中心词，以显著的字符另起一行，分别排在中、外文摘要的左下方。各关键词之间用“分号”隔开。外文关键词应与中文关键词相对应。主体部分 主题部分包括引言（Introduction）、正文(Body)、结论(Conclusion)、参考文献(Bibliography)。主体部分必须由另页右页开始。 1．引言：主要说明研究工作的目的、涉及范围、相关领域的前人研究成果和知识空白、研究设想、研究方法等方面的概述、理论意义和实用价值等。 2．正文：论文的正文是核心部分，占主要篇幅。一般论文选题需要从几个方面来论述或论证。要求论据充分，论点明确。行文必须实事求是，客观真切，准确完备，合乎逻辑，层次分明，简练可读。正文部分要有分级标题，章、条、款、项的序号编码方法，采用阿拉伯数分级系列编号法，论文中的章、条、款、项依次排列，依次从1开始，连续编号，中间用“．”相隔，最末级编号之后不加点。3．结论：学位论文的结论是最终的、总体的结论，它是对正文部分的论述的概述，也可以在结论或讨论中提出建议、研究设想、尚待解决的问题等。4．参考文献：写作学位论文过程中，阅读或运用过某些文献所列出的书目清单，置于正文之后，另页开始。5．文内所引文献：要求附夹注，应在引文后加括号注明作者姓名（英文只注姓），出版年和引文页码。若为转引文献，则加quoted in 字样。6.文献中列出的文献应该与正文中标注的文献一一对应。正文中没有出现的，不应出现在参考文献中。
如何提高中学生英语写作能力英语写作是一项综合能力，没有真功夫是不容易写出好的文章的。写作即是应用已掌握的语言知识表达自己思想的过程，也就是语言输出的过程。只有有了一定量的知识积累，才能有效地进行语言知识输出，才能步入写作的较高层次。英语写作过程既是应用已掌握的语言知识表达自己思想的过程，也就是语言输出的过程。英语是一门语言，和学习其他语言一样，积累是很重要的因素。同样对于写作来说，积累也是英语写作的基础。万丈高楼平地起，只有有了根基，上层建筑才能稳固。 那么中学生应该如何提高写作能力呢，大体可以从以下几个方面着手： 一、词汇积累 词汇是一篇文章最基本的组成要素。头脑中如果没有一定数量的、且处于鲜活状态的词汇，就无法写出好文章。要写出好的文章，就必须善于从众多的词语中选择和运用最恰当的词语。因此，加强词汇教学、扩大和丰富学生的词汇量是提高学生写作能力的基础工作。克拉申的“语言输入假说模式”认为：正确和恰当的语言输入将会使语言学习的效果更佳。最佳语言输入的两个必要条件：1）密切相关的，2）大量的。因此，将密切相关的常用词汇、习惯搭配适当集中教学，反复归纳、不断循环和强化是较好的词汇输入方法，同时也保证了常用词汇在头脑中的鲜活状态，为写作输出提供可靠保障。 二、广泛阅读 阅读是人们学习语言一种十分重要的手段，也可以是说是语言学习的目的之一。在大量的阅读过程中，学生能够开拓视野，拓展知识，增加语感，积攒必要的语言材料。写作和阅读是互相促进、相辅相成的。二者决不能割裂。很多时候，学生看到词汇和句型，只是似曾相识，却不能准确把握其含义，而通过广泛的阅读能促使学生把这些东西运用得更熟练，表达得更准确。同时这也会有效地提高学生的阅读理解能力。 三、加强基础写作训练，做到活学活用 在学生写作过程中，我们常常会发现许多学生的词汇量与运用能力不成正比的现象，写作中经常出现词汇贫乏和用词不当等问题。这种问题的出现实际上是学生获得的知识没有有效的活化。学生们一定要经常以所学词汇为关键词拟定一些与时事或生活相关的话题，做翻译练习，一段时间之后，再用这些词、句进行写作，多写多练以达到活化知识的目的。 概括来说，广大的中学生朋友们，如果想要写出好的英语作文，一定要注重词汇的积累和广泛的阅读，多学多练方为成功之道。
If you put a buzzard in a pen six to eight feet square and entirely open at the top， the bird， in spite of its ability to fly， will be an absolute prisoner．
The reason is that a buzzard always begins a flight from the ground with a run of ten to twelve feet．
Without space to run， as is its habit， it will not even attempt to fly， but remain a prisoner for life in a small jail with no top．
The ordinary bat that flies around at night， who is a remarkable nimble creature in the air， cannot take off from a level place．
If it is placed on the floor or flat ground， all it can do is to shuffle about helplessly and， no doubt， painfully， until it reaches some slight elevation from which it can throw itself into the air． Then， at once， it takes off like a flash．
A bumblebee if dropped into an open tumbler will be there until it dies， unless it is taken out．
It never sees the means of escape at the top， but persists in trying to find some way out through the sides near the bottom． It will seek a way where none exists， until it completely destroys itself．
In many ways， there are lots of people like the buzzard， the bat and the bumblebee． They are struggling about with all their problems and frustrations1， not realizing that the answer is right there above them．
如果把一只秃鹫放在一个6～8平方英尺的无顶围栏里，这只大鸟尽管 会飞，也绝对会成为这栏中之囚。原因是秃鹫从地面起飞前总要先助跑10～12 英尺的距离。这是它的习惯，如果没有了足够的助跑空间，它甚至不会尝试去飞， 只会终身困囿于一个无顶的小囚笼中。
晚上飞来飞去的普通的蝙蝠，本是一种在空中极其敏捷的动物，但却 无法在平地上起飞。如果被放在地板或平坦的地面上，它就只会无助地挪动，毫 无疑问这样很痛苦。除非它到了稍高的位置，有了落差，才可以立刻闪电般地起 飞。
一只大黄蜂如果掉进了一个敞口平底玻璃杯里，除非有人把它拿出来， 否则它就会一直呆在里边直到死去。它永远不知道可以从杯口逃出，只坚持试图 从杯底的四壁寻找出路。它会在根本不存在出口的地方寻找出路，直到彻底毁了 自己。
其实在很多方面，很多人也像秃鹫、蝙蝠和大黄蜂一样，使尽浑身解 数试图解决问题、克服挫折，却没有意识到解决之道就在正上方。
扩展资料
写作技巧
1、准确
要使你的英语写作文章语义表达准确，首先要尽量不要在学术文章中出现＂大概、也许＂之类模棱两可地词语，避免出现容易让人困惑和误解地词语和表达法；其次，要尽量避免使用那些有多种含义地词语和表达法。
例如：Singaporeisafinecountry这句话中地fine一词有多种含义，如＂好地、细小地、罚款＂等。日常生活中这样使用没有问题，但在写作时一定要避免使用这种容易产生歧义地多义词。
2、简洁。
直截了当、切中要点是保证文章简洁地最好写作形式。与中文写作相比，英语写作非常强调直奔主题、简单明快地写作风格。
例如，在写作一个段落时，常常将概括段落主要内容地主题句（topicsentence）作为段落地首句，以便让读者迅速明确本段要讲述地内容。另外，写作时尽量将每个句子写得简短一些，少用或不用冗长地复合句。切记：短小精练地句子表达地意思才强而有力。
急急急家。救济金管理员吗，我现在有点了吧！！！！！！！！！！！！！嗯哪？我感觉到时候我也不知道答案是爱消除…好是
作为学生，在每次上课前，都要对要学的课文提前预习。
首先在音标的帮助下试着拼读单词，也可以借助配套磁带反复听，对比一下，把握不准的要标出来，注意上课老师的发音，还要记一下单词的汉语意思和词性。借助课文的注释或辅导材料，预习一遍课文，找出不明白的地方，做到心中有数，在教师讲课时注意听这些地方。
总之，预习的目的是熟悉要学的内容，找出不明白的地方，带着问题听课，做到有的放矢。 认真听课，积极配合 课堂是老师与学生一起学习、掌握、运用知识的主要场所。
作为起主导作用的老师一方引导学生搞好课堂教学是很必要的，但也需要学习者的积极配合。上课要专心听讲、作好笔记、认真操练、积极思考。
预习时出现的问题在课堂上教师没有讲到的，要向老师提出，把问题搞清楚，老师讲授的问题，先注意听，下课后整理一下笔记，反复思考一下这些问题，抓住老师所讲的重点，难点和考点。总之，上课时要做到耳听、眼观、嘴动、脑想，调动起多个感官来。
完成作业，找出问题 学完每一课，要认真完成课后作业。做作业时一定不要看参考书上题的答案，做完后再对答案，对于作业中所出现的不明白的问题，应该记下来，等下次上课时提出来。
做作业是英语学习的很重要的环节，它是消化知识和巩固知识的过程，一定要认真完成规定的作业，笔头作业要动一动笔，口头作业要动一动嘴，提高听力要练一练耳，课文在听和读的基础上，最好背诵某些精彩段落。总之，要做大量的练习，英语是练出来的， 一定不要偷懒。
及时复习，巩固知识 学会了的东西随着时间的流逝会逐渐遗忘，但学语言有遗忘现象是正常的。更不必因为有遗忘现象而影响自己学好英语的信心与决心。
问题在于怎样来减轻遗忘的程度。善于类比，总结知识，把新学的知识同过去学的有关的知识进行横向和纵向比较和联系。
建立错误档案记录，加深印象，以避免再反同样错误。我们大部分知识和技能是靠重复获得的，及时复习对于记忆非常必要，学英语就是要坚持天天不断的练，不断地重复基本句型，常用词汇和基本语法等。
学习英语的过程也是同遗忘做斗争的过程。 总而言之，只要你能做到下定决心学，注意学习方法，把课前预习，认真听课，完成作业，及时复习这些环节作好了，你一定能够学好英语。
外国语学院英语论文格式规范（附样例） A Contrastive Study beeen English and Chinese Idioms（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，其他单词首字母都要大写；另外：除了题目外，论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”）外国语学院 2001级英语教育1030120011XX XXX 指导老师：XXX（学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名（小四号宋体字，加粗），依次排印在论文题目下，上空二行，居中）【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……（英文摘要：上空二行；题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号；采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗；单倍行距.）【Key Words】 idiom; parison; English; Chinese （英文关键词：题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号【】内，顶格放置；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用任何其他标点符号，采用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后空一格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距.）1. Introduction （顶格，除了第一个单词及专有名词外，其他单词首字母都不要大写；标题最后不用任何标点符号，上空两行） In both English and Chinese， …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences beeen Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). （段落第一行缩进4个英文字符；夹注的标注法：出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系；注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号，时间、页码等的标注法；另外，汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现，不能出现汉语姓氏；夹注出现在标点符号之前）2. The similarities beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms In English， …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don't know.我不知道. （2） I am not a poet. 我不是诗人. （正文中的例子以（1）,(2)…为序号排列，直至最后一个例子；而①， ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号）…3. The differences beeen English idioms and Chinese idioms3.1 The characteristics of English idioms（正文章节序号编制：章的编号：1. ,2., 3.，…；节的编号：1.1,1.2…，2.1,2.2…；小节的编号为：1.1.1, 1.1.2….小节以下层次，采用希腊数字加括号为序，如（i）,(ii)…；之后再采用字母加括号，如（a）, (b)，…；每章题目左顶格，小四号字，加粗；每节（及小节以下）题目左顶格，小四号字，不加粗但要斜体；所有章节的题目都单独一行，最后不加任何标点符号） …. In conclusion， ….3.2 The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples （注意此句中夹注的另一种写法）： （9） We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. ….3.2.1 The *** ysis of the differences beeen English and Chinese idioms …（i） …. ….（ii） …. …. 4. Conclusion ….Bibliography (References) （小四号，加粗，后面不加任何标点符号）Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮，“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] .《外国语文》，1993,4:44.冯树健，“否定之否定新说”[J] .《英语辅导》，1998,6:11.李光陵，“不完全否定浅析” [J] .《大学英语》，2000,30:30.（论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序：尾注：按照编号顺序.夹注：英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献，各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序，不用单独加序号或编号；每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符；1.5倍行距；另外，与文中的夹注一一对应；不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容）（以下内容单独一页）汉英习语的对比研究（题目：二号，黑体，加粗，居中）【摘 要】 汉英的习语问题是个既简单有复杂…… …… ……（中文摘要：上空二行；题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符，方括号中的“摘要”两个字之间空一格；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距； 第二行起要顶格；字数约400字，约8-10行；）【关键词】 习语；对比；英语；汉语（中文关键词：题目采用黑体五号字，加粗，置于粗体方括号【】内，缩进2个汉字字符；随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格，不用其他任何标点符号，采用楷体五号字，不加粗，单倍行距；各单词之间用分号“；”隔开，分号之后不空格；最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号；单倍行距）一、\x09基本格式：论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上，不得打印在。
英文论文的详细格式： 一、标题 一篇较长的英语论文（如英语毕业论文）一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下：第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行（通常为by，居中）的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期（均居中）。
如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名（如：Dr./Prof.C.Prager）及本门课程的编号或名称（如：English 734或British Novel）。打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为0.6cm（论文其他部分行距同此）。
二、提纲 英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下：先在第一行（与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右）的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。 主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。
各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。 需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即：有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ，有A应有B，以此类推。
如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii（第一页无需标页码）。 三、摘要 1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言，提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。
（内容基本与中文摘要相同，但不用完全逐句对应）。 2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页（1页即可），放在中文摘要页之后。
3、英文字体与行间距： 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,1.5倍行间距。 4、英文题目： 使用三号字加粗。
5、英文摘要： “Absract”顶格，使用四号字，并加粗。 英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。
6、英文关键词： “Key Words”顶格，使用四号字并加粗。 四、正文 有标题页和提纲页的英语论文，其正文第一页的规范格式为：论文标题居中，其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm，距正文第一行约1.5cm。
段首字母须缩进五格，即从第六格打起。 正文第一页不必标页码（但应计算其页数），自第二页起，必须在每页的右上角（即空出第一行，在其后部）打上论文作者的姓，空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字（或其最后一位）应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式，即：句末号（句号、问号及感叹号）后应空两格，其他标点符号后则空一格。 五、文中引述 正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一，即其逻辑性，又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点，可以直接引用，也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式，论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。
美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。 六、文献目录 论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况，即文献目录页。
美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited， 其格式须注意下列几点： 目录页应与正文分开，另页打印，置于正文之后。 目录页应视为英语论文的一页，按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码；如果条目较多，不止一页，则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码（但必须计算页数），其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。
标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为2.5cm，与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为0.6cm；各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为0.6cm，不必留出更多空白。 各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等；各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列，但不要给各条目编码，也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。
各条目第一行需顶格打印，回行时均需缩进五格，以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。 英语论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。 摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。
在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词，并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。
扩展资料： 发表论文作用： 论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。
不同的人发表论文的作用也不同： 1、评职称（晋升职称）：研究生 毕业需要；教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时，发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。 2、申报基金、课题 ：教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时，发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。
3、世界性基础领域的研究，比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生。
学术堂告诉你，一般第一次写英文论文时会比较麻烦，但只要熟悉英文论文的写作流程后，后面就比较快了。
第一步，大量阅读英文学术论文质变引起量变。当时，一个博士师兄给了我一篇Nature论文。
我十分感兴趣，读完这篇之后一口气顺藤摸瓜读了很多相关文章。一个月内，我每天打印两到三篇文章带在身上以便去自习时仔细研读，并做好笔记。
一个月下来，几十页的笔记积淀下来。于是，当我产生想法把这写成一篇论文的时候，原材料就有了。
第二步，大概框架搭建（金字塔原理）先把论文的骨架搭建起来，而不是想到哪儿写到哪儿。当时我有了几十页的笔记，虽然都是有用的信息，但是杂乱无章。
于是我尝试运用金字塔原理（金字塔原理 （豆瓣）。金字塔原理是由明托大师发明的一种思维写作方式。
其中心思想如下：每一层次的思想观点必须是低一层次思想的概括每一组的思想观点必须在逻辑上属于同一范畴每一组思想观点必须符合逻辑顺序遵照这一思想，我先确定我论文的主题。然后寻找几个支持主题的论点，636f7079e79fa5e9819331333433616163再在论点下提供分论点。
后来PhD的Academic Writing课程上称之为Bullet Points。第三步，填充数据文献，资料将各种资料填充入分论点部分。
很多时候我会从别人的文章直接copy段落，以后再做修改以避免抄袭嫌疑（此时记下文献来源）。这步之后，你的文章毛坯子已经有了。
第四步，理顺段落关系，语句修改也就是承上启下的句子。大致就是些口水话。
推荐的方法就是从别人的文章里摘抄漂亮实用的句式和词语。这部分需要长期的文献阅读和留心积累。
本科时，老师经常给我讲我们学校某院士年轻时经常把别人论文里的句式抄成小字条，随身带着，不时翻看，等到他写文章时，先用中文写好，翻译成英文时，直接套进那些记下的固定句式里。PS： 为了避免抄袭，paraphrase之后请记得写好reference。
举一些语句方面的例子吧。1. 少用主动语态，多用被动语态。
2. 同一段落时态注意一致，多为过去时。3. 一个句子不要以阿拉伯数字开头。
4. 不管你是几个人，最好用we， 而不是I.5. 句子与句子之间，多用连接词承前启后（however, therefore, additionally, moreover, furthermore, ）6. 用一些高级词汇。important太不大气了，significant稍微好点，高手都用essential,pivotal。
能用due to，就别用because之类的。widely used 就不如ubiquitously used帅气。
About/around跟approximately比起来也相形见绌。当然词汇不是越高级越好，注意上下文的语境，合适最重要。
恩，英语论文格式及写作规范语言和内容是评判一篇英语论文质量高低的重要依据；但是，写作格式规范与否亦是一个不可忽略的衡量标准。
因此，规范英语论文的格式，使之与国际学术惯例接轨，对我们从事英语教学，英语论文写作，促进国际学术交流都具有重要意义。由于英语论文写作规范随学科不同而各有所异，本文拟就人文类学科英语论文的主要组成部分，概述美国教育界、学术界通行的人文类英语论文写作规范，以供读者参考、仿效。
一、英语论文的标题一篇较长的英语论文（如英语毕业论文）一般都需要标题页，其书写格式如下：第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一，与下行（通常为by，居中）的距离则为5cm，第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期（均居中）。如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写，则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名（如：Dr./Prof.C.Prager）及本门课程的编号或名称（如：English 734或British Novel）。
打印时，如无特殊要求，每一行均需double space，即隔行打印，行距约为0.6cm（论文其他部分行距同此）。就学生而言，如果英语论文篇幅较短，亦可不做标题页（及提纲页），而将标题页的内容打在正文第一页的左上方。
第一行为作者姓名，与打印纸顶端距离约为2.5cm，以下各行依次为教师学衔和姓、课程编号（或名称）及日期；各行左边上下对齐，并留出2.5cm左右的页边空白（下同）。接下来便是论文标题及正文（日期与标题之间及标题与正文第一行之间只需隔行打印，不必留出更多空白）。
二、英语论文提纲英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身，其规范格式如下：先在第一行（与打印纸顶端的距离仍为2.5cm左右）的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号，空一格后再打论题句，回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出，次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。
各数字或字母后均为一句点，空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母；处于同一等级的纲目，其上下行左边必须对齐。需要注意的是，同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上，即：有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ，有A应有B，以此类推。
如果英文论文提纲较长，需两页纸，则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码，即ii（第一页无需标页码）。三、英语论文正文有标题页和提纲页的英语论文，其正文第一页的规范格式为：论文标题居中，其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm，距正文第一行约1.5cm。
段首字母须缩进五格，即从第六格打起。正文第一页不必标页码（但应计算其页数），自第二页起，必须在每页的右上角（即空出第一行，在其后部）打上论文作者的姓，空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码；阿拉伯数字（或其最后一位）应为该行的最后一个空格。
在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式，即：句末号（句号、问号及感叹号）后应空两格，其他标点符号后则空一格。四、英语论文的文中引述正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节；既要注意引述与论文的有机统一，即其逻辑性，又要注意引述格式 （即英语论文参考文献）的规范性。
引述别人的观点，可以直接引用，也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式，论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。
目前美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。现针对文中引述的不同情况，将部分规范格式分述如下。
1.若引文不足三行，则可将引文有机地融合在论文中。如：The divorce of Arnold's personal desire from his inheritance results in “the familiar picture of Victorian man alone in an alien universe”(Roper9). 这里，圆括弧中的Roper为引文作者的姓（不必注出全名）；阿拉伯数字为引文出处的页码（不要写成p.9）；作者姓与页码之间需空一格，但不需任何标点符号；句号应置于第二个圆括弧后。
2.被引述的文字如果超过三行，则应将引文与论文文字分开，如下例所示：Whitman has proved himself an eminent democratic representative and precursor, and his “Democratic Vistas” is an admirable and characteristic diatribe. And if one is sorry that in it Whitman is unable to conceive theextreme crises of society, one is certain that no society would be tolerable whoses citizens could not find refreshment in its buoyant democratic ideali *** .(Chase 165) 这里的格式有两点要加以注意。一是引文各行距英语论文的左边第一个字母十个空格，即应从第十一格打起；二是引文不需加引号，末尾的句号应标在最后一个词后。
3.如需在引文中插注，对某些词语加以解释，则要使用方括号（不可用圆括弧）。如：Dr.Beaman points out that“he [Charles Darw in] has been an important factor in the debate beeen evolutionary theory and biblical creationi *** ”(9).值得注意的是，本例中引文作者的姓已出现在引导句中，故圆括弧中只需注明引文出处的页码即可。
4.如果拟引用的文字中有与论文无关的词语需要删除，则需用省略号。如果省略号出现在引文中则用三个点，如出现在引文末，则用四个点，最。
英语阅读与写作2答案
大家在做完练习之后，可以看看参考答案，看自己做对了没有。下面是我分享的英语阅读与写作2答案，希望能帮到大家!
Unit 1
3.
1) A person can look for a job in several ways.
2) Penguins resemble human beings in many respects.
3) One’s personality plays an important role in foreign language learning.
4) Living in a place where the weather is always warm has many advantages.
4.
Paragraph 1: All inventions are either basic inventions or improvements on earlier inventions.
Paragraph 2: There was a serious accident in the chemistry lab yesterday.
Paragraph 3: Nutritional deficiency is a major problem of the elderly.
5.
1) topic sentences
Paragraph 1: The world had enjoyed many benefits from the invention of the telephone.
Paragraph 2: I had a terrible morning today.
2)sentences that do not support the topic sentence in the paragraph
Paragraph 1: Many people do not like writing letters to each other. And nowadays, the Internet
has brought us more convenience.
Paragraph 2: I heard that he was also very strict with his own children.
6.
Topic sentence: 5) Generally speaking, there are many attractions of living in a city.
Logical sequence of the sentences: 5, 7, 4, 1, 6, 9, 8, 3, 2.
7.
(1) First of all
(2) Secondly
(3) By and by
(4) In addition
(5) In short
8.
1) repetition of key words : junk food, students
2) use of transitional signals: for one reason, also, as a result, however
3) use of pronouns: they, their, this
Unit 2
Part III Follow-up Exercises
3.
Topic sentence: When I was a child, we never varied our Christmas Eve ritual.
1) , when 2) 3)
As soon as 4) , 5) 6) Meanwhile, 7) Finally, 8) After 9), 10) and 11) Ad 12) , 13)
Then 14) 15)
4.
Logical sequence of the sentences:
4, 10, 5, 12, 3, 7, 15, 9, 14, 2, 11, 8, 13, 6, 1
Topic sentence: My family spent two fun-filled days at Disney World last year.
Concluding
sentence:
Although
we
were
very
tired
at
midnight,
we
agreed
that
our
two-day
vacation at Disney World was one of the best we had ever had.
5.
(1) Then
(2) morning
(3) afternoon
(4) Then
(5) After that
(6) when
(7) already
(8) after
6.
The New Year celebration was so unforgettable for me when I was a child. Weeks before the
New Year’s Day, my mother would let me help her send out New Year’
s cards and go shopping
with her. In the crowded markets, I bought firecrackers, like all the other kids.
Then,
beginning on
New
Year
’
s
Eve,
the
sound
of
exploding
firecrackers
was
everywhere,
day
and
night.
On
New
Year
’
s Day, I watched huge parades go by in the middle of the streets. People wearing costumes
danced
past
us
.
Some
o
f
them
were
playing
instruments,
some
were
having
lion
dances,
and
dragon
dances.
Afterwards,
we
worshiped
our
ancestors
in
a
temple
and
visited
friends
and
relatives to wish them happy.
Unit 3
3.
logical sequence of the sentence:
3, 6, 1, 4, 7, 5, 2
Relationship: Primarily, the organization of the paragraph represents movement in geographical
space.
4.
1) in
above
in front of
under
through
behind
2) The central focus is “a shocking experience.” To support the main idea, the writer uses a lot
of
descriptions and organizes these details according to the space relationship, and thus coherence
is achieved.
5.
(1) into
(2) crosses
(3) In the center of
(4) Outside
(5) inside
(6) On the front
(7) over
(8) down
(9) lined with
(10) At the rear
6.
This paragraph is developed in a circular order, i.e. from east to north, and then to south
选B.本句the word是主语，为第三人称单数，谓语动词用is，I是the word的同位语。
Unit1大学英语综合教程1课后答案
Structure
1. 1) Simon's ill — so much so that he can't get out of bed.
2) She herself believed in freedom, so much so that she would rather die than live without it.
3) Piles of work have kept us busy — so much so that we can't manage to take a holiday this year.
4) Many contestants later failed drug tests, so much so that the race had to be rerun.
2. 1) Assuming (that) this painting really is a Picasso
2) Assuming (that) the proposal is accepted
3) assuming, of course, that she's prepared to listen
4) Even assuming (that) smokers do see the health warnings
Comprehensive Exercises
I. Cloze
(A)
1. contrast 2. exaggerating
3. priority 4. on the other hand
5. promoting 6. pick up
7. assist 8. accomplish
9. on occasion 10. neglecting
- 96 - Appendix I
11. worthwhile 12. superior
(B)
1. to 2. affect/influence
3. others 4. each/them
5. without 6. controlled
7. about 8. value
9. They 10. little
11. right 12. but
13. in 14. what
15. worth 16. and
II. Translation
I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience
in learning English. Here I would like to make three relevant points.
First, wide reading should be taken as a priority in the learning process, because it is through reading that we get the most language input. Next, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. On the one hand, rote learning/learning by rote is indeed of little help, but on the other hand, memorization/learning by heart with a good understanding will cer?tainly be of benefit/do good to us. With an enormous store of excellent essays in our heads, we will find it much easier to express ourselves in English. Finally, it is critical that we should put what we have learned into practice. By doing more reading, writing, listening and speaking, we will be able to accomplish the task of perfecting our English.
Part III TextB
Comprehension Check
1. c 2. c
3. d 4. a
5. c 6. b
Translation
(#ja Appendix III)
Appendix I - 97 -
Language Practice
1. adopt
3. plus
5. furthermore
7. annual
9. pace
11. on demand
13. perspective 15. fell apart
17. access
19. deposit
2. account
4. ended up
6. fund
8. keeping track of
10. intends
12. devise
14. undoubtedly
16. protest
18. resources
20. from your point of view
Part IV Theme-Related Language Learning Tasks
Model paper
How I Learn at College
I went to school in a small town near Chengdu and now I am studying law at Fudan University in Shanghai. Passing from one to the other you have to get used to many new things, not the least being the different way of learning.
At school I found my timetable full throughout the day. One lesson came close on the heels of
another with little time to call one's own. At university, in contrast, only a few hours of each day are
taken up with classes or lectures. In the time made available you are expected to learn on your own.
When and where is up to you. At the same time what you are meant to learn shifts from memorizing
masses of facts to developing an ability to understand theories and present arguments. There are, of
course, still facts to be learned. One should not exaggerate the differences. Nevertheless, learning at
university certainly teaches me greater self-reliance and to think for myself. (169 words)
拓展：
全新版大学英语综合教程
Peggy Noonan lives in New York and writes a weekly column for The Wall Street Journal. This piece is taken from one of them. In it she reflects on her week and on life in the city. Writing less than a year away from the destruction of the World Trade Center, her thoughts are inevitably affected by that terrible event.
佩吉·诺南住在纽约，每周为《华尔街时报》撰写专栏文章。本文即其中一篇。她在文章中反思了自己的一周以及这个城市的生活。撰写此文时，离世贸中心被毁还不到一周年，她的思考不可避免地带有这一可怕事件的阴影。
The Nightmare and the Dreams
梦魇与梦想
-- How has Sept. 11 affected our national unconscious?
――9·11事件如何影响了国民的潜意识?
PEGGY NOONAN
佩吉·诺南
It is hot in New York. It is so hot that once when I had a fever a friend called and asked me how I felt and I said, "You know how dry and hot paper feels when it's been faxed? That's how I feel." And how I felt all day yesterday. It is hot. We feel as if we've been faxed.
纽约真热。天气如此炎热，因此，有一次我发高烧，朋友打电话来问候我感觉如何时，我就说，“你知道发传真时纸张有多干燥多烫手吗?那就是我的感觉。”昨天整整一天我都是这种感觉。太热了。我们觉得自己被传真过似的。
I found myself fully awake at 5 a.m. yesterday and went for a walk on the Brooklyn Bridge. Now more than ever the bridge seems like a great gift to my city. It spans. In the changed landscape of downtown it is our undisturbed beauty, grown ever more stately each year. People seem to love it more now, or at least mention it more or notice it more. So do I. It's always full of tourists but always full of New Yorkers, too.
昨天清晨5点我就完全醒了，便去布鲁克林大桥散步。如今这座大桥越发像是赐予我们这个城市的一件贵重礼物。它跨河而立。在业已改变的市区景观中，它依旧是一道美丽的景致，年复一年，越发显得气势非凡。如今，人们似乎更喜欢它，至少是更多地提到它、注意到它。本人也一样。桥上总是挤满游客，也总是挤满纽约居民。
I am struck, as I always am when I'm on it, that I am walking on one of the engineering wonders of the world. And I was struck yesterday that I was looking at one of the greatest views in the history of man's creation, Manhattan at sunrise.
我在这座桥上行走时总是深感骄傲，因为自己漫步在世界工程技术一大奇迹之上;今天踏上这座桥，我同样深感骄傲。昨天我深受感动，因为我在观看有人类创造史以来最辉煌的景象之一：曼哈顿日出。
And all of it was free. A billionaire would pay billions to own this bridge and keep this view, but I and my jogging, biking and hiking companions have it for nothing. We inherited it. Now all we do is pay maintenance, in the form of taxes. We are lucky.
而且那是分文不花的。亿万富翁要想拥有这座桥，将这一景致占为己有，那得付出亿万钱财，而我以及那些或慢跑、或骑车、或徒步的同行者却能免费享用。我们继承了这座大桥。如今我们所要做的只是以纳税的方式支付维修费用。我辈实属有幸。
As I rounded the entrance to the bridge on the Brooklyn side, a small moment added to my happiness. It was dawn, traffic was light, I passed a black van with smoked windows. In the driver's seat with the window down was a black man of 30 or so, a cap low on his brow, wearing thick black sunglasses. I was on the walkway that leads to the bridge; he was less than two feet away; we were the only people there. We made eye contact. "Good morning!" he said. "Good morning to you," I answered, and for no reason at all we started to laugh, and moved on into the day. Nothing significant in it except it may or may not have happened that way 30 or 40 years ago. I'm not sure the full charge of friendliness would have been assumed or answered.
我从布鲁克林一边上桥时，一件小事更增添了我的`快乐。天刚亮，车辆稀少，我与一辆车窗熏黑的黑色面包车擦肩而过。窗开着的驾驶座里坐着一个30岁左右的黑人，帽子低低地压在眉檐上，戴着一副厚厚的黑色太阳镜。我走在通往大桥的人行道上，他距我不到两英尺;周围只有我们两个人。我们目光对视。“早上好!”他说。“早上好，”我回答着，两人随即无缘无故地大笑起来，笑罢各人继续各人的生活。这事并没有什么特别的意义，只是30年或40年前是不是会发生这样的事。我不知道那时会不会有这种完全友好的表示，又会不会得到回应。
It made me think of something I saw Monday night on TV. They were showing the 1967 movie "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner?" with Katharine Hepburn, Sidney Poitier and Spencer Tracy, about a young white woman and a young black man who fall in love, hope to marry and must contend with disapproving parents on both sides. It's held up well, and parts of it seemed moving in a way I didn't remember, and pertinent.
这让我想起星期一晚上看的电视节目。他们播放的是1967年的影片《猜猜谁来赴晚餐》，由凯瑟琳·赫本、辛尼·普瓦提艾和斯潘塞·特雷西主演，讲的是一个白人姑娘与一个黑人小伙子相爱，想要结婚，不得不与持反对态度的双方父母做斗争。影片拍得不错，故事的部分细节似乎很感人，如何感人我记不清楚了，反正很切题。
There was a bit of dialogue that packed a wallop. Spencer Tracy as the father of the would-be bride is pressing Mr. Poitier on whether he has considered the sufferings their mixed-race children might have to endure in America. Has he thought about this? Has his fiancée? "She is optimistic," says Mr. Poitier. "She thinks every one of them will grow up to become president of the United States. I on the other hand would settle for secretary of state." Those words, written 35 years ago may have seemed dreamy then. But in its audience when the movie came out would likely have been a young, film-loving Army lieutenant named Colin Powell who, that year, was preparing for a second tour of duty in Vietnam. And now he is secretary of state. This is the land dreams are made of. Does that strike you as a corny thing to say and talk about? It is. That's another great thing.
有几段对话让人为之震动。饰演未来新娘父亲的斯潘塞·特雷西质问普瓦提艾先生，他是否想过他们混血的孩子在美国将会承受多少痛苦。他考虑过这点吗?他的未婚妻考虑过这点吗?“她很乐观，”普瓦提艾先生说。“她认为他们每个人都能长大成人当上美国总统。而我则觉得他们能当国务卿也就可以了。”这些写于35年前的话当时听上去或许就像是痴人说梦。但影片上映时，观众中可能就有爱看电影的年轻的陆军中尉科林·鲍威尔，当年他正准备第二次到越南去服役。如今他正担任着国务卿一职。这是个梦想成真的国度。这么说你是否觉得有点老生常谈?这又是一件美妙的事情。
Late Tuesday, on a subway ride from Brooklyn to the north of Manhattan, I resaw something I'd noticed and forgotten about. It is that more and more, on the streets and on the train, I see people wearing ID tags. We all wear IDs now. We didn't use to. They hang from thick cotton string or an aluminum chain; they're worn one at a time or three at a time, but they're there.
星期二晚些时候，在从布鲁克林开往曼哈顿北部的地铁上，我又看到一个我注意过，可后来又忘了的现象。那就是大街上，地铁里，我越来越经常地发现人们挂着表明身份的胸卡。如今人人都佩带胸卡。过去我们是不带的。胸卡吊在粗棉线或铝制链上;有的佩带一张，有的同时佩带三张，反正胸卡处处可见。
I ponder the implications. What does it mean that we wear IDs? What are we saying, or do we think we're saying? I mean aside from the obvious.
我思索着这一现象意味着什么。大家随身携带身份证件，这意味着什么?我们是在表明什么?或者说我们自以为是在表明什么?我指的是表象之外的意义。
I imagined yesterday the row of people across from me on the train, looking up all of a sudden from their newspaper and answering one after another:
假设昨天地铁车厢里我对面的那排人一下子放下报纸抬起头来，逐个回答道：
"It means I know who I am," says the man in blue shirt and suspenders.
“这意味着我知道自己是谁，”穿蓝衬衫和吊裤带的那个男子说。
"It means I can get into the building," says the woman in gray.
“这意味着我能进办公楼，”那个灰衣女子说。
"It means I am a solid citizen with a job."
“这表明我是个有职业的体面公民。”
"I am known to others in my workplace."
“在工作场所别人知道我是谁。”
"I'm not just blowing through life, I'm integrated into it. I belong to something. I receive a regular paycheck."
“我不是在混日子，我融入了生活。我有所归属。我有固定的工资。”
"I have had a background check done by security and have been found to be a Safe Person. Have you?"
“安检部门对我的背景来历核查过，认定我为人可靠。你呢?”
I wonder if unemployed people on the train look at the tags around the other peoples' necks and think. Soon I hope I'll have one too. I wonder if kids just getting their first job at 17 will ever know that in America we didn't all use to be ID'd. Used to be only for people who worked in nuclear power plants or great halls of government. Otherwise you could be pretty obscure. Which isn't a bad way to be.
我不知道车上那些失业的人看着别人头颈里吊着的胸卡，会不会有什么想法。我希望不久我也有张胸卡。我不知道那些刚刚开始工作的17岁的小伙子们会不会知晓，以前在美国，我们并不是人人携带身份证的。过去只有在核电站或政府办公大楼里工作的人才用。在别处，没人会知道你是谁。这可不是件坏事。
A month ago there were news reports of a post-Sept. 11 baby boom. Everyone was so rocked by news of their mortality that they realized there will never be a perfect time to have kids but we're here now so let's have a family. I believed the baby boom story and waited for the babies.
一个月前，有关于9·11事件之后出现生育高峰的新闻报道。大家为那些关于死亡的报道所震惊，意识到决没有什么生养孩子的时机，现在我们既然活着，就该生儿育女。我相信关于生育高峰报道的真实性，期待着这些孩子的出生。
Then came the stories saying: Nah, there is no baby boom, it's all anecdotal, there's no statistical evidence to back it up. And I believed that too. But I've been noticing something for weeks now. In my neighborhood there is a baby boom. There are babies all over in Brooklyn. It is full of newborns, of pink soft-limbed infants in cotton carriers on daddy's chest. It is full of strollers, not only regular strollers but the kind that carry two children -- double-wides. And triple-wides. I don't care what anyone says, there have got to be data that back up what I'm seeing: that after Sept. 11, there was at least a Brooklyn baby boom.
后来又有报道说，不对，没有什么生育高峰，那完全是道听途说，并没有统计数据加以证实。我也相信这一报道的真实性。但好几个星期以来我一直关注着一个情况。我家附近出现了生育高峰。布鲁克林到处都是婴儿。处处可见新生婴儿，处处可见粉嘟嘟的、小手小脚软软的婴儿，他们蜷伏在父亲胸前的棉兜里。处处可见婴儿小推车，不仅是普通的小推车，还有那种可放两个婴儿的小推车。甚至还有可放三个婴儿的小推车。别人怎么说我不管，应该有数据证实我目睹的情况：9·11事件之后，至少在布鲁克林出现了生育高峰。
A dream boom, too. The other day I spoke with a friend I hadn't seen since the world changed. He was two blocks away when the towers fell, and he saw everything. We have all seen the extraordinary footage of that day, seen it over and over, but few of us have seen what my friend described: how in the office buildings near the World Trade Center they stood at the windows and suddenly darkness enveloped them as the towers collapsed and the demonic cloud swept through. Did you see those forced to jump? I asked.
夜梦也激增。一天我跟事件发生后一直没见过面的一位朋友交谈。世贸大楼倒下时，他就在两个街区之外，目睹了一切。我们都看过当日那令人震惊的电视镜头，看过一遍又一遍，但很少有人看到过我朋友所描述的情景：在世贸中心近旁的办公大楼里，他们站在窗边，突然黑暗将他们笼罩，那两幢楼倒塌了，可怕的浓烟迅速蔓延。你有没有看到那些被迫往下跳的人?我问。
"Yes," he said, and looked away.
“看到，”他说着移开了视线。
Have you had bad dreams?
你有没有做噩梦?
"Yes," he said, and looked away.
“做的，”他说着，仍看着别处。
I thought about this for a few days. My friend is brilliant and by nature a describer of things felt and seen. But not this time. I spoke to a friend who is a therapist. Are your patients getting extraordinary dreams? I asked.
我好几天都想着这事。我的这位朋友才华横溢，天生擅长描述自己的感受与见闻。但这次却例外。我跟一位当治疗专家的朋友交谈。你的病人是不是都做些稀奇古怪的梦?我问。
"Always," he laughs.
“总是做那样的梦，”他笑了起来。
Sept.11-related?
都跟9·11事件有关?
"Yes," he says, "mostly among adolescents. "
“是的，”他说，“主要都是青少年。”
I asked if he was saving them, writing them down. He shook his head no.
我问他有没有把这些梦收集好记下来。他摇了摇头。
So: The Sept. 11 Dream Project. We should begin it. I want to, though I'm not sure why. I think maybe down the road I will try to write about them. Maybe not. I am certain, however, that dreams can be an expression of a nation's unconscious, if there can be said to be such a thing, and deserve respect. (Carl Jung thought so.)
是啊：9·11梦录项目。我们应该着手进行了。本人有意去做，虽说我自己也不太清楚到底为什么。我想，以后也许我会试着把那些梦写下来。也许不会。但我相信，梦可以反映国民的潜意识――如果真有所谓潜意识――而且值得把梦当一回事。(卡尔·荣格持肯定态度。)
To respect is to record. Send in your Sept. 11 related dream -- recurring, unusual, striking, whatever. I will read them, and appreciate them and possibly weave them into a piece on what Sept. 11 has done to our dream lives and to our imaginations, when our imaginations are operating on their own, unfettered, unstopped, spanning.
既然值得当回事就要记录下来。请把你做的与9·11事件有关的梦寄给我――一再重复的，不同寻常的，惊人的，等等。我会阅读你们的来函，会理解，可能的话会将它们编成一篇文章，反映9·11事件对我们的梦幻生活和想象力――即当我们的想象力独立地、无拘无束地、毫无牵绊地持续发挥时――产生了什么影响。
第二版新视野大学英语3读写教程课后习题答案
链接：
如果资源不正确，或者版本不正确，欢迎追问
If you put a buzzard in a pen six to eight feet square and entirely open at the top， the bird， in spite of its ability to fly， will be an absolute prisoner．
The reason is that a buzzard always begins a flight from the ground with a run of ten to twelve feet．
Without space to run， as is its habit， it will not even attempt to fly， but remain a prisoner for life in a small jail with no top．
The ordinary bat that flies around at night， who is a remarkable nimble creature in the air， cannot take off from a level place．
If it is placed on the floor or flat ground， all it can do is to shuffle about helplessly and， no doubt， painfully， until it reaches some slight elevation from which it can throw itself into the air． Then， at once， it takes off like a flash．
A bumblebee if dropped into an open tumbler will be there until it dies， unless it is taken out．
It never sees the means of escape at the top， but persists in trying to find some way out through the sides near the bottom． It will seek a way where none exists， until it completely destroys itself．
In many ways， there are lots of people like the buzzard， the bat and the bumblebee． They are struggling about with all their problems and frustrations1， not realizing that the answer is right there above them．
如果把一只秃鹫放在一个6～8平方英尺的无顶围栏里，这只大鸟尽管 会飞，也绝对会成为这栏中之囚。原因是秃鹫从地面起飞前总要先助跑10～12 英尺的距离。这是它的习惯，如果没有了足够的助跑空间，它甚至不会尝试去飞， 只会终身困囿于一个无顶的小囚笼中。
晚上飞来飞去的普通的蝙蝠，本是一种在空中极其敏捷的动物，但却 无法在平地上起飞。如果被放在地板或平坦的地面上，它就只会无助地挪动，毫 无疑问这样很痛苦。除非它到了稍高的位置，有了落差，才可以立刻闪电般地起 飞。
一只大黄蜂如果掉进了一个敞口平底玻璃杯里，除非有人把它拿出来， 否则它就会一直呆在里边直到死去。它永远不知道可以从杯口逃出，只坚持试图 从杯底的四壁寻找出路。它会在根本不存在出口的地方寻找出路，直到彻底毁了 自己。
其实在很多方面，很多人也像秃鹫、蝙蝠和大黄蜂一样，使尽浑身解 数试图解决问题、克服挫折，却没有意识到解决之道就在正上方。
扩展资料
写作技巧
1、准确
要使你的英语写作文章语义表达准确，首先要尽量不要在学术文章中出现＂大概、也许＂之类模棱两可地词语，避免出现容易让人困惑和误解地词语和表达法；其次，要尽量避免使用那些有多种含义地词语和表达法。
例如：Singaporeisafinecountry这句话中地fine一词有多种含义，如＂好地、细小地、罚款＂等。日常生活中这样使用没有问题，但在写作时一定要避免使用这种容易产生歧义地多义词。
2、简洁。
直截了当、切中要点是保证文章简洁地最好写作形式。与中文写作相比，英语写作非常强调直奔主题、简单明快地写作风格。
例如，在写作一个段落时，常常将概括段落主要内容地主题句（topicsentence）作为段落地首句，以便让读者迅速明确本段要讲述地内容。另外，写作时尽量将每个句子写得简短一些，少用或不用冗长地复合句。切记：短小精练地句子表达地意思才强而有力。
1. Whenever I go out these days I always take my raincoat. 2. When they were on holiday, someone broke out into their house and stole some valuable paintings. 3. Having fought for three hours, the firemen finally managed to put out the fire. 4. We all have some faults, since nobody in this world is quite perfect. 5. The train to Shanghai leaves at 21:35. 6. Though it began to rain, the children went on playing outdoors. 7. He was able to finish all his exercises before the class was over in spit or the interruption. 8. Strangely, he avoided mentioning her name. B. 1. One of her greatest joys in life is eating desserts, such as pudding, cake and ice cream. 2. Because he had drunk too much, he had to leave the party early. His stomach was like a volcano that was ready to erupt. 3. While sitting in the office, she realized she had lost her valuable ring. But she happily found it in the women’s room after work. 4. My favorite teacher, our volleyball coach, who is a native of Indian, is moving to another city next year. 5. After sitting for a long time in his office, I was asked by the doctor finally into the examining room. 6. Wedging his way out of the dining hall, he discovered a terrible hall beyond imagination. 7. The spreading of educational and cultural norm may affect the attitudes and sense of a nation. 8. Nearly everyone knows the truth after our leader mentioned it at the conference. C. 1. In 1934, an eight-minute Mickey Mouse movie was produced, so Walt Disney became a star. 2. The worst time to be in the street in Cairo was after the midnight when the night-clubs were closing and everybody went home. 3. When there was a power cut in the hospital, the surgeon had to cancel the operation because it was very dangerous to operate in dim light. 4. George is an amicable person, who gets on well with everyone in the company. 5. When Tom wanted to come back home, the telephone in the office began to ring. 6. The energy radiated by sun goes into every direction, but only a small part of falls on the earth. 7. When I slid my aching bones into the hot tub water, I realized that there was no soap, but I did not want to get out again. 8. Because Bob’s furniture store, where I worked as a shop assistant, just went out of business, I have to look for another job. 9. Since you are sent damaged goods, the store must replace the items and issue a full refund. 10. I’m not going to eat in the school cafeteria any more because of the unbearable service, high price and monotonous food.
原题书上有吧 我只给答案第七单元IX1. As to what actually happened to the headquarters2. As to where I should go to further my study3. as to how different they are and why we want to keep them both4. as to whether or nor I should remain at the college working as a teaching assistant 5. as to whether the old hard ware is to be replaced by new hardwareX1. There is no use trying to help those who do not help themselves2. it is no good trying to solve the issue beeen the nations by means of war3. There is no sense refusing to accept it4. There is no point in having a load of money5. there is no harm in spending some time thinking about what sort of career you might wish to pursueXI1. An interesting question therefore remains as to how far Microsoft can go with Gates as its CEO.2. There's/It's no use plaining since nothing ever changes as the result of a plaint. What's important is to take measures to prevent similar events from happiness.3. Learn to accept the fact that some people you thought were friends turn out to be enemies.4. As you would expect from the book's title, there are many references to what kind of man Gates is.5. The prosperity of the pany stems from hardworking and thrifty of the entire staff.6. He said nothing at all on the subject of the play which was put on for the first time Saturday night.XII1. 至于那天晚上他是怎么死的，事实上我无法解释，而且也许不会有任何可能的解释了。
2.做了一件事然后说自己本来不想那样做是没有用的；如果你不想做，你就不会做了。3.微软公司正在研究降低其产品成本的方法，以便发展中国家的人也能买得起。
4.苹果公司也愿意将其部分软件与微软公司的产品捆绑在一起，以促进其销售。5. 与评价父亲不同，人们评价母亲依据的是其为母之道的成功或失败。
对于母亲来说，一切都取决于孩子最终成为什么样的人。
Parents differ from children in their career choice.Who should be responsible for planning children's career?As for this question,parents think that they know their children well enough to decide what kind of job suits the children,They are afraid that their children are too young to make a choice.However,many children will argue that they should be left free to make their own choices for their future.The other aspect of career choice is that parents and their children are too often different in their opinions of the ideal profession.Parents would prefer their children to choose some professions that are stable and could bring prestige and economic benefits.But some children would rather choose professions that are challenging and require independent and creative thinking.这可是我辛辛苦苦打上去的呀.。
这可是我一个词一个词敲得。
.第一单元The offensive had already lasted three days,but we had not gained much ground.Our troops engaging the enemy at the front were faced with strong resistance.The division mander instructed our battalion to get around tothe rear of the enemy and launch a surprise attack.To do so,however,we had to cross a marshiand and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud.Our battalion mander decided to take a gamble.We started under cover of darkness and press on in spite of great difficulties.By a stroke of luck,the temperature at night suddenly dropped to minus 20degrees Celsius and the marsh froze over.Thanks to the cold weather,we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear.This turned the tide of the battle.The enemy,caught off guard,soon surrendered.这是一个单元的，你要是觉得你能背下来或者你要作弊用你就通知我，我能再给你打。.。
It is difficult to get a welfare client's wheelchair repaired.Once my wheelchair needed repairing,and I notified my caseworker.She gave me a lecture that I hadn't taken good care of my wheelchair.Then she told me that I must have the patience to wait until she had the time to report my wheelchair conditions to my medical worker.Then the medical worker called the wheelchair repair paniesto get the cheapest bid and informed the main welfare office at the state capital.It took them anotherseveral days to consider the matter.When they finally got my wheelchair repaired,I had been confined to bed for more than half a month.。
一至八单元1. He imposed his pany upon her in spite of her repeated hints of hoping to be left alone.2. His friends can never count upon how he is going to act under given conditions, as he is always full of surprises.3. Don't make a fuss about such a *** all thing because that is the last thing I expected.4. Besides being an upright and respectable woman Mrs. Baroda was also a very sensible one.5. She had never known her thoughts to be so confused, unable to gather anything from them.6. From Gouvernail's talk, Mrs. Baroda came to know that his periods of silence were not his basic nature, but。
he liked modern music, in addition to one suspicious package.8. You are legally entitled to take faulty goods back to the store where you purchased them, I was not in a position to publish it for you.7?8.5.3. From Gouvernail's talk.6. The disapproval registered on her face was so real that even I would have thought it genuine. We have received three anonymous letters from Palestine to date, their temporary absence can be refreshing.6, marketing and design.3, is not to be confined to the traditional science subjects. Widespread access to information technology promises to condense the time required to change from labor-intensive assembly work to industries that involve engineering.4. If you live with other people, which entitles you to a discount on goods. For countries that have lagged behind for so long. It's doubtful whether she can find her way into perfect acting.2. He hit upon a good method to speed up the progress of the experiment. A humble person tends to suffer from solitude.4, while the job of the local government is to prepare to restore law and order, though she never loses her faith in her own ability.5, the temptation to move ahead in one jump is hard to resist. The middle-aged man who took the boy bled the father for $20.4, Mrs. Besides being an upright and respectable woman Mrs. The widowed old lady was so lonely that she would talk at length to the strangers in the supermarket about her pets; but if you receive questionable political contributions for this reason. Having an operation there is like having an endless pile of money at your disposal, who gave his creator permanent fame. To secure major arms deal contracts. Chaplin didn't have his jokes written into a script in advance.8. It's difficult to enforce the new law because people are not ready to act on it.1. Modern munications will give countries like China and Vietnam a huge advantage over countries stuck with old technologies, and find some grace and pleasure in his condition. I called the Freeway Service Patrol for help after my car broke down on the freeway. Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am a descendent of slaves, his business is thriving.4.8.2, at least for the time being.7, but the result of moods, feeling himself inadequate pany. He imposed his pany upon her in spite of her repeated hints of hoping to be left alone, I made it clear to you that if you couldn't pay it off in time. It's important to stop waiting and settle down and make ourselves fortable, his wife had finally overe her dislike for Gouvernail and invited Gouvernail to visit them again wholly from herself. The o were hard to bine and sometimes— as in his early marriages—the collision beeen them resulted in disaster.1, they came to my rescue and left a $ 150 receipt, they have made a substantial donation to the bank account of the party in power.1. In effect. Baroda was also a very sensible one.6. Perhaps this was the price that has to be paid for the progress in the first place— who knows. Mrs.2; I have just mentioned that in passing.1.6, these workers yielded to the management's advice and went back to work . His friends can never count upon how he is going to act under given conditions.4.1.1.6. Now.2. One year ago, which was regarded as a fitting memorial to his life as a writer.2. China has provided more applause.7, as he is always full of surprises.8. To a person living alone. Many sofare panies have adapted general programs to the new operating system.1. He also had a deep need to be loved—and a corresponding fear of being betrayed. By installing the latest wireless tran *** ission systems.3. The condition of loneliness rises and falls. Their dream was nothing less than a more equal society where there is no racial prejudice.7. Since the truth of this report was discounted, more profit where this scientist is concerned than any other countries.8. They broke off the business relations with that pany as it suffered huge losses in the last financial year and went bankrupt. But 。
As you read Passage B the first time, use contextual clues, mon sense and your knowledge to guess the possible answers to the questions beeen the paragraphs. Keep checking and changing your ideas as you read further. Then pare your final answers with a clas *** ate's to see if you understand the writer's meaning the same way。
1.首先我们在写sci论文前要先确定大概的研究方向，是要发表关于理科的呢还是关于文科的呢以及想要发表的杂志。如果是要发表理科的就投sci，如果是发表文科的就投ssci。
2.确定了大概方向后我们就要开始准备详细方案了，展开实验，多整理计算或者实验结果，随时做随时整理，比较自己的结果和文献中有什么不同。整理数据的过程很重要，数据要系统，真实，作图要做的漂亮，美观。
3.实验数据整理完接着就要编写文章了，在写的过程中还可以看看是否有需要补充的数据。看看文献都是怎么写的。
4.写完论文就需要我们对论文进行润色、修改。SCI论文修改雷区，这个修改是要一边看文献一边修改论文，一遍一遍的改，只有反复修改过的文章才不会一投就被拒。
5.论文修改好就可以投稿发表了。
SCI期刊论文若想要发表，就必须将论文发表在期刊上，一定要通过正规期刊发布自己的论文，另外期刊是能被知网收录的。
在SCI期刊上发表论文，是展示研究成果与研究能力，与国际同行进行交流的重要途径。如需发表SCI期刊论文，联系我，希望能帮到您
本文由清华大学教育研究院吴菡同学在教管博党支部与教育博士临时党支部共建活动的经验分享整理而成，分享内容由吴菡同学的写作体会和叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程的课程笔记组成。
一个好的idea离不开广泛的阅读，广泛的阅读经典专著和相关研究领域的文献。此外，做到跨学科涉猎，融会贯通，例如社会学、管理学领域的专著， 注意积累理论框架 。其中，阅读经典专著的优先级大于阅读文献。
通过专业书籍、相关课程和在线资源积累研究方法。
此外，关于阅读方法。阅读专著时，忌囫囵吞枣，求量不求质，既要借鉴，也要内化。借鉴即为多做读书笔记，记录经典/独到的观点。（注意记下页码！）内化即为对有价值的观点进行整合，注意对比和延伸。
阅读文献时，做好文献管理，析出核心/经典文献，善用Endnote、NoteExpress等文献管理工具，并对重要文献进行整合（如列出表格）。在读文献时，从标题入手，关注研究方法、理论框架、行文结构（逻辑）、用词（白话or典雅），把握文献的写作节奏。此外，关注文献综述和参考文献，定位经典文献，了解领域概况。学习、模仿经典文献的写法。在引用相关文献时，随手标注出处/页码。
选题时，要有问题意识，并兼顾创新性。所选题目应该具有两个方面的特征，一是可以研究，二是值得研究。
在选题时，着重思考如下问题：
先列提纲（标题），理清章节之间的逻辑关系再写作。此外，在写作之前，确定文章的大概字数，以及每部分所分得的字数，做到各个小节的内容大体相等。
文章标题的作用是高度概括论文主要内容、强调论文的研究方法、突出论文的主旨和核心论点、表明论文研究和写作的目的等。
文章标题的类型包括：描述式、问题式、比较式、对比式等，
好的标题的标准：准确、简练、清晰、陈述明白、引入关注等。
在写作时，可以到知网翻阅与研究主题或使用研究方法类似的文章，模仿别人的标题的形式、用词等。
（部分内容整理自叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程）
一个理论能被证明成立，就具备预测、假设和指导作用。理论在于整合存在的“事实”，将这些事实整合并赋予其意义；同一事实可以用不同理论来整合，不同理论就同一事实产生的不同解释和意义，引发更多的研究。所以，在文章中应用的理论，可以起到框架的作用。
定量研究和质性研究都需要依托理论，一方面是提出研究假设、构建分析框架，整合资料、解释资料，赋予资料以意义；另一方面，也能验证理论、回应理论、完善理论，或者生成新的理论。
这里所指的理论不仅是指具体的某一个理论，还可以是多个理论的有机融合，也可以是基于现有理论构建新的理论框架。
值得注意的是，在论文写作中（特别是小论文写作），尽量不要用过于宏大的理论，中层理论和小理论是较好的。
（部分内容整理自叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程）
关于研究方法的总的原则是：研究方法（工具）为研究问题服务；了解多种研究方法，选择自己认可的研究范式和自己能够驾驭的研究方法，做规范的研究。
研究方法要注意：1）研究范式；2）研究方法：量化研究、质性研究、混合研究、思辨研究……3）数据收集方法：田野调查、问卷、访谈、观察、政策文本、文献、德尔菲法（专家调查法）……4）数据分析方法及数据分析软件。
（1）文献综述的概念
文献综述是对某一特定主题有关的文献的综合和解释。当你进行文献综述时，你要确定一个研究问题，然后用系统的方法，对期刊文章、书籍和其他文献进行书面总结（这些文献描述了知识在过去和现在的状态），通过搜索和分析相关文献来寻求答案。
文献综述是将文献表达为一个发展线索，一条看得见的清晰的河流，一个理路、进路。文献综述的重点不是罗列文献，而是按照自己的意图、想法把文献排列组合。
（2）文献综述的目的与特征
文献综述的根本目的和目标：1）了解和掌握研究领域和问题的前沿知识；2）了解已有研究的矛盾、冲突、不一致、空白；3）确定自己的研究方向、研究内容，并选择合适的研究方法。
文献综述是制造问题，寻找空隙、发现矛盾，比较、对比、分析不同文献的矛盾、冲突、不一致、空白，分析不同作者、文献之间矛盾和不一致的地方，从而寻找自己研究的空间。
文献综述是评论性的，不是报道性的，而是持批判性立场的批评、辨析。
文献综述的范围：最早的、开创性的；最权威的；研究转向的；最新的；理论的、方法的、问题的、观点的、材料数据的。
（3）文献综述的范式
有3种范式。一是编年式，按照产生时间写，需要把握时间脉络。二是主题式按照子问题的几个方面来写。三是漏斗式，逐渐聚焦，从学科内的普遍性问题向自己研究的问题过渡。
从个人的经验看，可以先按照编年式写，然后改成主题式或者漏斗式。
（4）常见问题
一是罗列堆砌，没有线索理路。文献综述一定要有一个逻辑，例如：归纳、演绎；由大到小，由小到大；由一般到专门；纵的、横的；理论、政策、现象；正反……
二是肤浅表面，没有对文献和问题深入理解。
三是片面偏颇，没有全面系统梳理和分析文献，不当处理文献。
四是引用过多，大段大段引用，或一个文献引用多次。即使引用，也要转换成自己的话来说。
五是评价不当，全面肯定、过度否定都不对。
六是评论过度，文献综述的功能是引出问题，要辨析，但不是论证。也就是说，不需要把自己的观点提出来，只要暗含观点，否则正文就容易没有新的内容和观点表达了。
（内容整理自叶富贵老师《中文学术规范与写作》课程）
论文发表有6点值得参考的地方，一是善于利用课程作业。二是反复打磨 / 隔一段时间再回看。三是重视同行/专家评议。四是了解期刊栏目/特色/层次/审稿周期。五是认真对待审稿人的建议。六是拒稿是常事，要有平常心。
论文要有标题，作者，作者单位，摘要，关键词，正文，参考文献（没有可无）等。论文内容要有论点，一些解题类，课堂备案类的文章是最不容易通过审核的。尤其文章含有过多专业公式或符号的，杂志往往考虑排版的问题而给予否定。还有不清楚的 可以到脚丫代写论文 这个站看下 的。