了差距。横式写法适用于成就性综述。这种综述专门介绍某个方面或某个项目的新成就,如新理论、新观点、新发明、新方法、新技术、新进展等等。因为是新,所以时间跨度短,但却引起国际、国内同行关注,纷纷从事这方面研究,发表了许多论文,如能及时加以整理,写成综述向同行报道,就能起到借鉴、启示和指导的作用。 (3) 纵横结合式写法在同一篇综述中,同时采用纵式与横式写法。例如,写历史背景采用纵式写法,写目前状况采用横式写法。通过纵、横描述,才能广泛地综合文献资料,全面系统地认识某一专题及其发展方向,作出比较可靠的趋向预测,为新的研究工作选择突破口或提供参考依据。无论是纵式、横式或是纵横结合式写法,都要求做到:一要全面系统地搜集资料,客观公正地如实反映;二要分析透彻,综合恰当;三要层次分明,条理清楚;四要语言简练,详略得当。 总结 主要是对主题部分所阐述的主要内容进行概括,重点评议,提出结论,最好是提出自己的见解,并提出赞成什么,反对什么。 参考文献 写综述应有足够的参考文献,这是撰写综述的基础。它除了表示尊重被引证者的劳动及表明文章引用资料的根据外,更重要的是使读者在深入探讨某些问题时,提供查找有关文献的线索。综述性论文是通过对各种观点的比较说明问题的,读者如有兴趣深入研究,可按参考文献查阅原文。因此,必须严肃对待。 4 综述的写作步骤 选定题目 选定题目对综述的写作有着举足轻重的作用。选题首先要求内容新颖,只有新颖的内容才能提炼出有磁石般吸引力的题目。选题还应选择近年来确有进展,适合我国国情,又为本专业科技人员所关注的课题,如对国外某一新技术的综合评价,以探讨在我国的实用性;又如综述某一方法的形成和应用,以供普及和推广。选题通常有几种:一种是与作者所从事的专业密切相关的选题,对此作者有实际工作经验,有比较充分的发言权;一种是选题与作者专业关系不大,而作者掌握了一定的素材,又乐于探索的课题;还有一种是医学科学情报工作者的研究成果。 题目不要过大,过大的题目一定要有诸多的内容来充实,过多的内容必然要查找大量的文献,这不但增加阅读、整理过程的困难,或者无从下手,或顾此失彼;而且面面俱到的文稿也难以深入,往往流于空泛及一般化。实践证明,题目较小的综述穿透力强,易深入,特别对初学写综述者来说更以写较小题目为宜,从小范围写起,积累经验后再逐渐写较大范围的专题。此外,题目还必须与内容相称、贴切,不能小题大作或大题小作,更不能文不对题。好的题目可一目了然,看题目可知内容梗概。 查阅文献 题目确定后,需要查阅和积累有关文献资料。对初学者来说,查找文献往往不知从哪里下手,一般可首先搜集有权威性的参考书,如专著、教科书、学术论文集等,教科书叙述比较全面,提出的观点为多数人所公认;专著集中讨论某一专题的发展现状、有关问题及展望;学术论文集能反映一定时期的进展和成就,帮助作者把握住当代该领域的研究动向。其次是查找期刊及文献资料,期刊文献浩如烟海,且又分散,但里面常有重要的近期进展性资料,吸收过来,可使综述更有先进性,更具有指导意义。查找文献资料的方法有两种。一种是根据自己所选定的题目,查找内容较完善的近期(或由近到远)期刊,再按照文献后面的参考文献,去收集原始资料。这样滚雪球式的查找文献法就可收集到自己所需要的大量文献。这是比较简便易行的查阅文献法,许多初学综述写作者都是这样开始的。另一种较为省时省力的科学方法,是通过检索工具书查阅文献。常用的检索工具书有文摘和索引类期刊,它是查阅国内外文献的金钥匙,掌握这把金钥匙,就能较快地找到需要的文献。此外,在平时工作学习中,随时积累,做好读书文摘或笔记,以备用时查找,可起到拾遗补缺作用。 查找到的文献首先要浏览一下,然后再分类阅读。有时也可边搜集、边阅读,根据阅读中发现的线索再跟踪搜集、阅读。资料应通读、细读、精读,这是撰写综述的重要步骤,也是咀嚼和消化、吸收的过程。阅读中要分析文章的主要依据,领会文章的主要论点,用卡片分类摘记每篇文章的主要内容,包括技术方法、重要数据、主要结果和讨论要点,以便为写作做好准备。 加工处理 对阅读过的资料必须进行加工处理,这是写综述的必要准备过程。按照综述的主题要求,把写下的文摘卡片或笔记进行整理,分类编排,使之系列化、条理化,力争做到论点鲜明而又有确切依据,阐述层次清晰而合乎逻辑。按分类整理好的资料轮廓,再进行科学的分析。最后结合自己的实践经验,写出自己的观点与体会,这样客观资料中就融进了主观资料。 撰写成文 撰写成文前应先拟提纲,决定先写什么,后写什么,哪些应重点阐明,哪些地方融进自己的观点,哪些地方可以省略或几笔带过。重点阐述处应适当分几个小标题。拟写题纲时开始可详细一点,然后边推敲边修改。多一遍思考,就会多一分收获。 提纲拟好后,就可动笔成文。按初步形成的文章框架,逐个问题展开阐述,写作中要注意说理透彻,既有论点又有论据,下笔一定要掌握重点,并注意反映作者的观点和倾向性,但对相反观点也应简要列出。对于某些推理或假说,要考虑到医学界专家所能接受的程度,可提出自己的看法,或作为问题提出来讨论,然后阐述存在问题和展望。初稿形成后,按常规修稿方法,反复修改加工。 撰写综述要深刻理解参考文献的内涵,做到论必有据,忠于原著,让事实说话,同时要具有自己的见解。文献资料是综述的基础,查阅文献是撰写综述的关键一步,搜集文献应注意时间性,必须是近一二年的新内容,四五年前的资料一般不应过多列入。综述内容切忌面面俱到,成为浏览式的综述。综述的内容越集中、越明确、越具体越好。参考文献必须是直接阅读过的原文,不能根据某些文章摘要而引用,更不能间接引用(指阅读一篇文章中所引用的文献,并未查到原文就照搬照抄),以免对文献理解不透或曲解,造成观点、方法上的失误。 楼住满意我的答案么?积分 ~~哦 谢谢 ^_^
文献综述是在确定选题后,在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上,对该领域的研究现状进行的综合分析、归纳整理和评论,通过了解选题的研究现状,发现前人研究中存在的问题,从而为自己的研究找到突破口和创新点。
请用相应的外文关键词到这个网站搜索。如:criminal law参考资料:
文献综述格式一般包括:1、文献综述的引言:包括撰写文献综述的原因、意义、文献的范围、正文的标题及基本内容提要;2、文献综述的正文:是文献综述的主要内容,包括某一课题研究的历史 (寻求研究问题的发展历程)、现状、基本内容 (寻求认识的进步), 研究方法的分析(寻求研究方法的借鉴),已解决的问题和尚存的问题;3、文献综述的结论:文献研究的结论,概括指出自己对该课题的研究意见,存在的不同意见和有待解决的问题等;4、文献综述的附录:列出参考文献,说明文献综述所依据的资料,增加综述的可信度,便于读者进一步检索。文献综述写作技巧:1、文献综述不应是对已有文献的重复、罗列和一般性介绍,而应是对以往研究的优点、不足和贡献的批判性分析与评论。因此,文献综述应包括综合提炼和分析评论双重含义。2、文献综述要文字简洁,尽量避免大量引用原文,要用自己的语言把作者的观点说清楚,从原始文献中得出一般性结论。3、文献综述不是资料库,要紧紧围绕课题研究的“问题”,确保所述的已有研究成果与本课题研究直接相关,其内容是围绕课题紧密组织在一起,既能系统全面地反映研究对象的历史、现状和趋势,又能反映研究内容的各个方面。4、文献综述的综述要全面、准确、客观,用于评论的观点、论据最好来自一次文献,尽量避免使用别人对原始文献的解释或综述。写作要求:1、开门见山,不绕圈子。避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程。2、言简意赅,突出重点。不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容,确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时,只需以参考引文的形式标出即可。在引言中提示本文的工作和观点时,意思应明确,语言应简练。3、回顾历史要有重点,内容要紧扣文章标题,围绕标题介绍背景,用几句话概括即可;在提示所用的方法时,不要求写出方法、结果,不要展开讨论。虽可适当引用过去的文献内容,但不要长篇罗列,不能把前言写成该研究的历史发展;不要把前言写成文献小综述,更不要去重复说明那些教科书上已有或本领域研究人员所共知的常识性内容。4、尊重科学,实事求是。在前言中,评价论文的价值要恰如其分、实事求是,用词要科学,对本文的创新性最好不要使用”本研究国内首创“、“填补了国内空白”、“有很高的学术价值”、“本研究内容国内未见报道”或“本研究处于国内外领先水平”等不适当的自我评语。5、引言的内容不应与摘要雷同,注意不用客套话,如“才疏学浅”、“水平有限”、“恳请指正”、“抛砖引玉”之类的语言;前言最好不分段论述,不要插图、列表,不进行公式的推导与证明。以上内容参考 百度百科-文献综述
在检索字段上,选择“主题”项,输入你所在的研究方向,并且同时“篇名”是“进展”、“研究”、“综述”、“概况”、“阶段”等一类的词,应该能找到你需要的资料。祝你找你所学要点资料
文献综述格式一般包括:文献综述的引言:包括撰写文献综述的原因、意义、文献的范围、正文的标题及基本内容提要。文献综述的正文:是文献综述的主要内容,包括某一课题研究的历史 (寻求研究问题的发展历程)、现状、基本内容 (寻求认识的进步), 研究方法的分析(寻求研究方法的借鉴),已解决的问题和尚存的问题,重点、详尽地阐述对当前的影响及发展趋势。这样不但可以使研究者确定研究方向,而且便于他人了解该课题研究的起点和切入点,是在他人研究的基础上有所创新。文献综述的结论:文献研究的结论,概括指出自己对该课题的研究意见,存在的不同意见和有待解决的问题等。文献综述的附录:列出参考文献,说明文献综述所依据的资料,增加综述的可信度,便于读者进一步检索。文献综述是在对文献进行阅读、选择、比较、分类、分析和综合的基础上,研究者用自己的语言对某一问题的研究状况进行综合叙述的情报研究成果。文献的搜集、整理、分析都为文献综述的撰写奠定了基础。扩展资料:写作要求1、开门见山,不绕圈子。避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程。2、言简意赅,突出重点。不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容,确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时,只需以参考引文的形式标出即可。在引言中提示本文的工作和观点时,意思应明确,语言应简练。3、回顾历史要有重点,内容要紧扣文章标题,围绕标题介绍背景,用几句话概括即可;在提示所用的方法时,不要求写出方法、结果,不要展开讨论。虽可适当引用过去的文献内容,但不要长篇罗列,不能把前言写成该研究的历史发展;不要把前言写成文献小综述,更不要去重复说明那些教科书上已有或本领域研究人员所共知的常识性内容。4、尊重科学,实事求是。在前言中,评价论文的价值要恰如其分、实事求是,用词要科学,对本文的创新性最好不要使用“本研究国内首创、首次报道”、“填补了国内空白”、“有很高的学术价值”、“本研究内容国内未见报道”或“本研究处于国内外领先水平”等不适当的自我评语。5、引言的内容不应与摘要雷同,注意不用客套话,如“才疏学浅”、“水平有限”、“恳请指正”、“抛砖引玉”之类的语言;前言最好不分段论述,不要插图、列表,不进行公式的推导与证明。参考资料:文献综述-百度百科
在标题栏输入“进展”,关键词是你的专业,试试看
论文文献综述怎么写
文献综述是对某一方面的专题搜集大量情报资料后经综合分析而写成的一种学术论文,它是科学文献的一种。 格式与写法 文献综述的格式与一般研究性论文的格式有所不同。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法和结果,特别是阳性结果,而文献综述要求向读者介绍与主题有关的详细资料、动态、进展、展望以及对以上方面的评述。因此文献综述的格式相对多样,但总的来说,一般都包含以下四部分:即前言、主题、总结和参考文献。撰写文献综述时可按这四部分拟写提纲,在根据提纲进行撰写工。 前言部分,主要是说明写作的目的,介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围,扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点,使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。 主题部分,是综述的主体,其写法多样,没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述,也可按不同的问题进行综述,还可按不同的观点进行比较综述,不管用那一种格式综述,都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及分析比较,阐明有关主题的历史背景、现状和发展方向,以及对这些问题的评述,主题部分应特别注意代表性强、具有科学性和创造性的文献引用和评述。 总结部分,与研究性论文的小结有些类似,将全文主题进行扼要总结,对所综述的主题有研究的作者,最好能提出自己的见解。参考文献虽然放在文末,但却是文献综述的重要组成部分。因为它不仅表示对被引用文献作者的尊重及引用文献的依据,而且为读者深入探讨有关问题提供了文献查找线索。因此,应认真对待。参考文献的编排应条目清楚,查找方便,内容准确无误。关于参考文献的使用方法,录著项目及格式与研究论文相同,不再重复。
文献综述一般都包含四部分:摘要、引言、主体和参考文献。文献综述简称综述,是对某一领域,某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料,然后通过分析、阅读、整理、提炼当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议,对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后,经过理解、整理、融会贯通,综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。扩展资料检索和阅读文献是撰写综述的重要前提工作。文献综述是在确定了选题后,在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上,对该研究领域的研究现状、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论,并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述,还要根据自己的理解和认识,对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。参考资料来源:百度百科-文献综述
尊重科学,实事求是。在前言中,评价论文的价值要恰如其分、实事求是,用词要科学,对本文的创新性最好不要使用“本研究国内首创、首次报道”、“填补了国内空白”、“有很高的学术价值”、“本研究内容国内未见报道”或“本研究处于国内外领先水平”等不适当的自我评语。
写论文的时候,常常需要标注参考文献,这是一件繁琐的事情,一般替身都是先将参考文献列好,然后一个一个插入,修改起来也不太方便,最近看到一篇word里的文中标注可以直接超链接到后面的参考文献中,也是替身比较愚笨,好奇中就学习研究了下。下面废话不说,直接给出方法:在文末使用“项目符号与编号”功能编排参考文献; 在引用位置执行“插入”—“引用”—“交叉引用”,引用类型选“编号项”,引用内容选“段落编号”,哪一个编号项选择你要引用的参考文献标号项。此外,要勾选“ 插入为超链接” 选项,这样就可以通过标注序号来链接到相应的参考文献。(这点蛮好的 呵呵); 点击“ 插入” 按钮,参考文献序号就会自动插入到对应的引文中; 选中标注序号,右键单击选择“ 字体” ,在弹出对话框中为标注序号选择合适的字形和字号,并在效果多项选择框中选择“上标”即可; 完成引用标注。此外,还有尾注加交叉引用法、采用书签交叉引用方法、软件法等,这里不做细述,有兴趣的可以自己研究下。
文献综述一般不少于3000字。文献综述简称综述,是对某一领域,某一专业或某一方面的课题,问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料,通过分析,阅读,整理,提炼当前课题,问题或研究专题的最新进展,学术见解或建议,做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。拓展资料文献综述是在确定了选题后,在对选题所涉及的研究领域的文献进行广泛阅读和理解的基础上,对该研究领域的研究现状(包括主要学术观点、前人研究成果和研究水平、争论焦点、存在的问题及可能的原因等)、新水平、新动态、新技术和新发现、发展前景等内容进行综合分析、归纳整理和评论,并提出自己的见解和研究思路而写成的一种不同于毕业论文的文体。它要求作者既要对所查阅资料的主要观点进行综合整理、陈述,还要根据自己的理解和认识,对综合整理后的文献进行比较专门的、全面的、深入的、系统的论述和相应的评价,而不仅仅是相关领域学术研究的“堆砌”。文献综述是研究者在其提前阅读过某一主题的文献后,经过理解、整理、融会贯通,综合分析和评价而组成的一种不同于研究论文的文体。检索和阅读文献是撰写综述的重要前提工作。一篇综述的质量如何,很大程度上取决于作者对本题相关的最新文献的掌握程度。如果没有做好文献检索和阅读工作,就去撰写综述,是绝不会写出高水平的综述的。
第一步:登陆知网后,搜索关键词以“金融监管”为例,只搜索【博硕士】论文,期刊,会议那些都不用。第二步:随便点击一篇文章,进入如下界面,点击【分章下载】第三步:出现如下界面,点击【文献综述】部分下载即可。文献综述里面国内外文献都会有,年份可以自己酌情更改。这种方式的适用情况:1、对综述引用文献年份没有要求。2、需求比较紧急。3、硕士论文居多。文献综述的写作方法:文献综述写作方法纷繁复杂,这里小编挑选介绍一款快速提升“武力值”,“回血”技能满点的“倒三角形法”(也称“逐步逼近法”)。也就是说,一篇论文的文献综述是这样的:“倒三角形”写作方法实际是一种由“研究领域”到“主要问题”、“热点研究方向”,再到“尚未解决的问题(自己的选题)”的清晰逻辑论证过程,是逐步抽象、提炼出自己所要进一步深化研究的问题或某一问题的某一个方面。有没有觉得眼熟,是不是想到了“初入武林”时的选题方法,可见,论文写作也是“万变不离其宗”。以上就是环球青藤小编关于怎样有效在知网寻找属于自己课题的文献综述的相关分享,希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助,想要了解更多毕业论文相关内容,请关注本平台,小编会做及时的整理并发布的,大家注意查看哦!
任务书不是学生写的吧,都是指导教师写的。如果要你写,可以这样:一方面把你论文的开题报告的背景及主要内容整合一下,一方面这样列:1、能够比较全面的阐述有关网络隐私权的相关基础问题。2、能够比较深入的探讨网络隐私权保护合理的解决途径。3、最好能够结合案例来说明问题。4、能够通过分析,得出自己的独到见解。5、能够对相关数据进行整理来阐述问题。当然,具体的语言润色你自己去斟酌!
文献综述是对论文选题研究现状的梳理,但并不仅仅是把文献进行简单的堆砌与罗列,而是需要在总结梳理别人研究的同时,对已有的研究做出评价,也就是说有述有评,这也是为什么文献综述也叫做文献述评的原因。
EssayMIN海外留学生作业定制很高兴为你解答:文献综述,是对已发表的信息进行解释、评估以及归纳总结。文献综述一般会占整篇论文字数的20%,也就是说,如果你的毕业论文是1万字,那么文献综述部分需要写2000字左右;
文献研究就是研究文献,文献综述就是看完文献之后再把它讲一遍,文献检索就是搜索文献。
维基百科找到的Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to acquire, use, comprehend and produce Initial forays into psycholinguistics were largely philosophical ventures, due mainly to a lack of cohesive data on how the human brain Modern research makes use of biology, neuroscience, cognitive science, and information theory to study how the brain processes There are a number of subdisciplines; for example, as non-invasive techniques for studying the neurological workings of the brain become more and more widespread, neurolinguistics has become a field in its own Psycholinguistics covers the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and grammatical structures, as well as the processes that make it possible to understand utterances, words, text, Developmental psycholinguistics studies children's ability to learn Areas of studyPsycholinguistics is interdisciplinary in nature and is studied by people in a variety of fields, such as psychology, cognitive science, and There are several subdivisions within psycholinguistics that are based on the components that make up human Linguistic-related areas:Phonetics and phonology are concerned with the study of speech Within psycholinguistics, research focuses on how the brain processes and understands these Morphology is the study of word structures, especially the relationships between related words (such as dog and dogs) and the formation of words based on rules (such as plural formation) Syntax is the study of the patterns which dictate how words are combined together to form Semantics deals with the meaning of words and Where syntax is concerned with the formal structure of sentences, semantics deals with the actual meaning of Pragmatics is concerned with the role of context in the interpretation of Psychology-related areas:The study of word recognition and reading examines the processes involved in the extraction of orthographic, morphological, phonological, and semantic information from patterns in printed Developmental psycholinguistics studies infants' and children's ability to learn and process language, usually with experimental or at least quantitative methods (as opposed to naturalistic observations such as those made by Jean Piaget in his research on the development of children) [edit] TheoriesTheories about how language works in the human mind attempt to account for, among other things, how we associate meaning with the sounds (or signs) of language and how we use syntax—that is, how we manage to put words in the proper order to produce and understand the strings of words we call "" The first of these items—associating sound with meaning—is the least controversial and is generally held to be an area in which animal and human communication have at least some things in common (See animal communication) Syntax, on the other hand, is controversial, and is the focus of the discussion that There are essentially two schools of thought as to how we manage to create syntactic sentences: (1) syntax is an evolutionary product of increased human intelligence over time and social factors that encouraged the development of spoken language; (2) language exists because humans possess an innate ability, an access to what has been called a "universal " This view holds that the human ability for syntax is "hard-wired" in the This view claims, for example, that complex syntactic features such as recursion are beyond even the potential abilities of the most intelligent and social non- (Recursion, for example, includes the use of relative pronouns to refer back to earlier parts of a sentence—"The girl whose car is blocking my view of the tree that I planted last year is my ") The innate view claims that the ability to use syntax like that would not exist without an innate concept that contains the underpinnings for the grammatical rules that produce Children acquiring a language, thus, have a vast search space to explore among possible human grammars, settling, logically, on the language(s) spoken or signed in their own community of Such syntax is, according to the second point of view, what defines human language and makes it different from even the most sophisticated forms of animal The first view was prevalent until about 1960 and is well represented by the mentalistic theories of Jean Piaget and the empiricist Rudolf C As well, the school of psychology known as behaviorism (see Verbal Behavior (1957) by BF Skinner) puts forth the point of view that language is behavior shaped by conditioned The second point of view (the "innate" one) can fairly be said to have begun with Noam Chomsky's highly critical review of Skinner's book in 1959 in the pages of the journal L[1] That review started what has been termed "the cognitive revolution" in The field of psycholinguistics since then has been defined by reactions to Chomsky, pro and The pro view still holds that the human ability to use syntax is qualitatively different from any sort of animal That ability might have resulted from a favorable mutation (extremely unlikely) or (more likely) from an adaptation of skills evolved for other That is, precise syntax might, indeed, serve group needs; better linguistic expression might produce more cohesion, cooperation, and potential for survival, BUT precise syntax can only have developed from rudimentary—or no—syntax, which would have had no survival value and, thus, would not have evolved at Thus, one looks for other skills, the characteristics of which might have later been useful for In the terminology of modern evolutionary biology, these skills would be said to be "pre-adapted" for syntax (see also exaptation) Just what those skills might have been is the focus of recent research—or, at least, The con view still holds that language—including syntax—is an outgrowth of hundreds of thousands of years of increasing intelligence and tens of thousands of years of human From that view, syntax in language gradually increased group cohesion and potential for Language—syntax and all—is a cultural This view challenges the "innate" view as scientifically unfalsifiable; that is to say, it can't be tested; the fact that a particular, conceivable syntactic structure does not exist in any of the world's finite repertoire of languages is an interesting observation, but it is not proof of a genetic constraint on possible forms, nor does it prove that such forms couldn't exist or couldn't be Contemporary theorists, besides Chomsky, working in the field of theories of psycholinguistics include George Lakoff and Steven P[edit] MethodologiesMuch methodology in psycholinguistics takes the form of behavioral experiments incorporating a lexical decision In these types of studies, subjects are presented with some form of linguistic input and asked to perform a task ( make a judgment, reproduce the stimulus, read a visually presented word aloud) Reaction times (usually on the order of milliseconds) and proportion of correct responses are the most often employed measures of Such experiments often take advantage of priming effects, whereby a "priming" word or phrase appearing in the experiment can speed up the lexical decision for a related "target" word [2]Such tasks might include, for example, asking the subject to convert nouns into verbs; , "book" suggests "to write," "water" suggests "to drink," and so Another experiment might present an active sentence such as "Bob threw the ball to Bill" and a passive equivalent, "The ball was thrown to Bill by Bob" and then ask the question, "Who threw the ball?" We might then conclude (as is the case) that active sentences are processed more easily (faster) than passive More interestingly, we might also find out (as is the case) that some people are unable to understand passive sentences; we might then make some tentative steps towards understanding certain types of language deficits (generally grouped under the broad term, aphasia)[3]Until the recent advent of non-invasive medical techniques, brain surgery was the preferred way for language researchers to discover how language works in the For example, severing the corpus callosum (the bundle of nerves that connects the two hemispheres of the brain) was at one time a treatment for some forms of Researchers could then study the ways in which the comprehension and production of language were affected by such drastic Where an illness made brain surgery necessary, language researchers had an opportunity to pursue their Newer, non-invasive techniques now include brain imaging by positron emission tomography (PET); functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI); event-related potentials (ERPs) in electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG); and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) Brain imaging techniques vary in their spatial and temporal resolutions (fMRI has a resolution of a few thousand neurons per pixel, and ERP has millisecond accuracy) Each type of methodology presents a set of advantages and disadvantages for studying a particular problem in Computational modeling - the DRC model of reading and word recognition proposed by Coltheart and colleagues[4] - is another It refers to the practice of setting up cognitive models in the form of executable computer Such programs are useful because they require theorists to be explicit in their hypotheses and because they can be used to generate accurate predictions for theoretical models that are so complex that they render discursive analysis One example of computational modeling is McClelland and Elman's TRACE model of speech [5]More recently, eye tracking has been used to study online language Beginning with Rayner (1978)[6] the importance and informativity of eye-movements during reading was Tanenhaus et ,[7] have performed a number of visual-world eye-tracking studies to study the cognitive processes related to spoken Since eye movements are closely linked to the current focus of attention, language processing can be studied by monitoring eye movements while a subject is presented with linguistic [edit] Issues and areas of researchPsycholinguistics is concerned with the nature of the computations and processes that the brain undergoes to comprehend and produce For example, the cohort model seeks to describe how words are retrieved from the mental lexicon when an individual hears or sees linguistic [8][2]Recent research using new non-invasive imaging techniques seeks to shed light on just where certain language processes occur in the There are a number of unanswered questions in psycholinguistics, such as whether the human ability to use syntax is based on innate mental structures or emerges from interaction with other humans, and whether some animals can be taught the syntax of human Two other major subfields of psycholinguistics investigate first language acquisition, the process by which infants acquire language, and second language In addition, it is much more difficult for adults to acquire second languages than it is for infants to learn their first language (bilingual infants are able to learn both of their native languages easily) Thus, sensitive periods may exist during which language can be learned [9] A great deal of research in psycholinguistics focuses on how this ability develops and diminishes over It also seems to be the case that the more languages one knows, the easier it is to learn [10]The field of aphasiology deals with language deficits that arise because of brain Studies in aphasiology can both offer advances in therapy for individuals suffering from aphasia, and further insight into how the brain processes
我服了你,学了四年不知道要写什么。我也不知道你对什么问题有研究。万一出个题你不会怎么办?