用尾注插入三个参考文献后,手动选中不要的中间部分并将字体格式选为隐藏文字,然后输入“-”即可。(逗号或其它符号分隔的类似)
Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to Transport is performed by various modes, such as air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles, and Infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals and pipelines, and terminals such as airports, railway stations, bus stations, wharehouses, trucking terminals, refueling depots (including fueling docks and fuel stations) and Terminals may both be used for interchange of passengers and cargo, and for Vehicles traveling on these networks include vehicles of appropriate types such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, trucks people, helocopters and Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and In the transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending on the country and Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but has a deteriorizing impact on the While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban Mode Main article: Mode of transport A mode of transport is a technological solution that used a fundamentally different vehicle, infrastructure and The transport of a person or cargo may be by one or more modes, the latter called intermodal Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen for a trip depended on the nature of the purpose, cargo and While there transport in air and on water has their own mode, land transport has several Human-powered transport remains common in developing countries [edit] Human-powered Main article: Human-powered transport Human-powered transport is the transport of person(s) and/or goods using human muscle- Like animal-powered transport, human-powered transport has existed since time immemorial in the form of walking, running and Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human- Many forms of human-powered transport remain popular for reasons of cost-saving, leisure, physical exercise and Human-powered transport is sometimes the only type available, especially in underdeveloped or inaccessible It is considered an ideal form of sustainable Although humans are able to walk without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads, especially when enforcing the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for highly encumbering environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowings and skiing; even the air can be entered with human-powered [edit] Animal-powered Main article: Animal-powered transport Animal-powered transport is the use of working animals for the movement of people and Humans may ride some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or harness them, alone or in teams, to pull sleds or wheeled Animals are superior to people in their speed, endurance and carrying capacity; prior to the Industrial Revolution they were used for all land transport impracticable for people, and they remain an important mode of transport in less developed areas of the [edit] Air Main article: Aviation Scandinavian Airlines System MD-80 airliner at Kiruna Airport, SwedenA fixed-wing aircraft, commonly called airplane, is a heavier-than-air craft where movement of the air in relation to the wings is used to generate The term is used to distinguish from rotary-wing aircraft, where the movement of the lift surfaces relative to the air generates A gyroplane is both fixed-wing and rotary- Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to large airliners and military cargo Two necessities for aircraft are air flow over the wings for lift, and an area for The majority of aircraft also need an airport with the infrastructure to receive maintenance, restocking, refueling and for the loading and unloading of crew, cargo and While the vast majority of aircraft land and take off on land, some are capable of take off and landing on ice, snow and calm The aircraft is the second fastest method of transport, after the Commercial jets can reach up to 875 kilometres per hour (544 mph), single-engine aircraft 175 kilometres per hour (109 mph) Aviation is able to quickly transport people and limited amounts of cargo over longer distances, but incur high costs and energy use; for short distances or in inaccessible places helicopters can be [1] InterCityExpress, a German high-speed passenger train [edit] Rail Main article: Rail transport Rail transport is where train runs along a two parallel steel rails, known as a railway or They rails are anchored perpendicular to ties (or sleepers) of timber, concrete or steel, to maintain a consistent distance apart, or The rails and perpendicular beams are placed on a foundation made of concrete, or compressed earth and gravel in a bed of Alternative methods include monorail and A train consists of one or more connected vehicle that run on the Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive, that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or The locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by a trackside Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, pneumatics and gas Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on paved roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities;[2] modern high-speed rail is capable of speeds up to 350 km/h (220 mph), but this requires specially-built Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding areas, while intra-urban transport is performed by high-capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a city's public Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual loading and unloading of the Since the 1960s, container trains have become the dominentsolution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are transported by dedicated [edit] Road Main article: Road transport Interstate 80 near Berkeley, United StatesA road is an identifiable route, way or path between two or more [3] Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel;[4] though they need not be, and historically many roads were simply recognizable routes without any formal construction or [5] In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and [6] The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and As of 2002, there were 590 million automobiles Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are deemed with high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities; buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced [7] Road transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight [edit] Water Main article: Ship transport Automobile ferry in CroatiaWater transport is the process of transport a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship or sailboat, over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and In the 1800s the first steam ships were developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the The steam was produced using wood or Now most ships have an engine using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker Some specialized ships, such as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the Recreational or educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an inboard water In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large pusher-prop Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of transporting large quantities of non-perishable Transport by water is significantly less costly than air transport for trans-continental shipping;[8] short sea shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal [9][10] Trans-Alaska Pipeline for crude oil [edit] Other Pipeline transport sends goods through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can send solid capsules using compressed Any chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a Short-distance systems exist for sewage, slurry, water and beer, while long-distance networks are used for petroleum and natural Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles are pulled by cables instead of an internal power It is most commonly used at steep Typical solutions include aerial tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized as conveyor Spaceflight is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into outer space by means of a While large amounts of research have gone into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct scientific However, man has landed on the moon, and probes have been send to all the planets of the Solar S [edit] Elements Bridges, such as Golden Gate Bridge, allow roads and railways to cross bodies of water [edit] Infrastructure Main article: Infrastructure Infrastructure is the fixed installations that allow a vehicle to It consists of both a way, terminal and facilities for parking and For rail, pipeline, road and cable transport, the entire way the vehicle travels must be built Air and water craft are able to avoid this, since the airway and seaway do not need to be built However, they require fixed infrastructure at Terminals such as airports, ports and stations, are locations were passengers and freight can be transferred from one vehicle or mode to For passenger transport, terminals are integrating different modes to allow riders to interchange to take advantage of each mode's For instance, airport rail links connect airports to the city centers and The terminals for automobiles are parking lots, while buses and coaches can operates from simple [11] For freight, terminals act as transshipment points, though some cargo is transported directly from the point of production to the point of The financing of infrastructure can either be public or Transport is often a natural monopoly and a necessity for the public; roads, and in some countries railways and airports are funded through New infrastructure projects can involve large spendings, and are often financed through Many infrastructure owners therefore impose usage fees, such as landing fees at airports, or toll plazas on Independent of this, authorities may impose taxes on the purchase or use of A Peugeot 206 participating in the World Rally Championship [edit] Vehicles Main article: Vehicle A vehicle is any non-living device that is used to move people and Unlike the infrastructure, the vehicle moves along with the cargo and Vehicles that do not operate on land, are usually called Unless being pulled by a cable or muscle-power, the vehicle must provide its own propulsion; this is most commonly done through a steam engine, combustion engine, electric motor, a jet engine or a rocket, though other means of propulsion also Vehicles also need a system of converting the energy into movement; this is most commonly done through wheels, propellers and Vehicles are most commonly staffed by a However, some systems, such as people movers and some rapid transits, are fully For passenger transport, the vehicle must have a compartment for the Simple vehicles, such as automobiles, bicycles or simple aircraft, may have one of the passengers as a [edit] Operation Incheon International Airport, South KoreaPrivate transport is only subject to the owner of the vehicle, who operates the vehicle For public transport and freight transport, operations are done through private enterprise or by The infrastructure and vehicles may be owned and operated by the same company, or they may be operated by different Traditionally, many countries have had a national airline and national Since the 1980s, many of these have been International shipping remains a highly competitive industry with little regulation,[12] but ports can be public [13] [edit] Function Relocation of travelers and cargo are the most common uses of However, other uses exist, such as the strategic and tactical relocation of armed forces during warfare, or the civilian mobility construction or emergency Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in Mumbai, India [edit] Passenger Main article: Travel Passenger transport, or travel, is divided into public and private Public is scheduled services on fixed routes, while private is vehicles that provide ad hoc services at the riders The latter offers better flexibility, but has lower capacity, and a higher environmental Travel may be as part of daily commuting, for business, leisure or Short-haul transport is dominated by the automobile and mass The latter consists of buses in rural and small cities, supplemented with commuter rail, trams and rapid transit in larger Long-haul transport involves the use of the automobile, trains, coaches and aircraft, the last of which have become predominantly used for the longest, including intercontinental, Intermodal passenger transport is where a journey is performed through the use of several modes of transport; since all human transport normally starts and ends with walking, all passenger transport can be considered Public transport may also involve the intermediate change of vehicle, within or across modes, at a transport hub, such as a bus or railway International travel may be restricted for some individuals due to legislation and visa [edit] Freight Main article: Shipping Freight transport, or shipping, is a key in the value chain in [14] With increased specialization and globalization, production is being located further away from consumption, rapidly increasing the demand for [15] While all modes of transport are used for cargo transport, there is high differentiation between the nature of the cargo transport, in which mode is [16] Logistics refers to the entire process of transferring products from producer to consumer, including storage, transport, transshipment, warehousing, material-handling and packaging, with associated exchange of [17] Incoterm deals with the handling of payment and responsibility of risk during [18] Freight train with containers in the United KingdomContainerization, with the standardization of ISO containers on all vehicles and at all ports, has revolutionized international and domestic trade, offering huge reduction in transshipment Traditionally, all cargo had to be manually loaded and unloaded into the haul of any ship or car; containerization allows for automated handling and transfer between modes, and the standardized sizes allow for gains in economy of scale in vehicle This has been one of the key driving factors in international trade and globalization since the [19] Bulk transport is common with cargo that can be handled roughly without deterioration; typical examples are ore, coal, cereals and Because of the uniformity of the product, mechanical handling can allow enormous quantities to be handled quickly and The low value of the cargo combined with high volume also means that economies of scale become essential in transport, and gigantic ships and whole trains are commonly used to transport Liquid products with sufficient volume may also be transported by Air freight has become more common for products of high value; while less than one percent of world transport by volume is by airline, it amounts to forty percent of the Time has become especially important in regards to principles such as postponement and just-in-time within the value chain, resulting in a high willingness to pay for quick delivery of key components or items of high value-to-weight [20] In addition to mail, common items send by air include electronics and fashion [edit] History Main article: History of transport Bullock team hauling wool in AustraliaHumans first means of transport was walking and The domestication of animals introduces a new way to lay the burden of transport on more powerful creatures, allowing heavier loads to be hauled, or humans to ride the animals for higher speed and Inventions such as the wheel and sled helped make animal transport more efficient through the introduction of Also water transport, including rowed and sailed vessels, dates back to time immemorial, and was the only efficient way to transport large quantities or over large distances prior to the Industrial R The first forms of road transport were horses, oxen or even humans carrying goods over dirt tracks that often followed game Paved roads were first built by the Roman Empire, to allow armies to travel quicky; they built deep roadbeds of crushed stone as an underlying layer to ensure that they kept dry, as the water would flow out from the crushed stone, instead of becoming mud in clay The first watercraft were canoes cut out from tree Early water transport was accomplished with ships that were either rowed or used the wind for propulsion, or a combination of the The importance of water has led to most cities, that grew up as sites for trading, being located on rivers or at sea, ofter at the intersection of two bodies of Until the Industrial Revolution, transport remained slow and costly, and production and consumption were located as close to each other as
晕死。随便搜索下清清楚楚了
一、如下图所示,要对粉红色圈起来的部分标记为引用,可以把鼠标定位在这句话句号的前面位置。二、在英文状态下输入中括号和数字,数字代表的是这个文章中这是第几个引用,其格式如下所示:三、选中中括号和里面的数字,点击鼠标右键,单击“字体“。四、在字体会话框的上标前面单击,如下图所示,然后点击:“确定”。五、引用格式的最终结果如下图所示。
百度学术可以找到参考文献,输入关键词,在输入年份,就能找到相对应的参考文献。如果不知道参考文献格式要求,可以百度搜,参考文献自动生成器。直接按着填就出来了。 百度搜索参考文献自动生成器,按着里面填,点生成参考文献就出来了。作者题名[d]所在城市:保存单位,发布年份李琳住院烧伤患者综合健康状况及其影响因素研究[d]福州:福建医科大学,其他的:作者题名[j]刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码沈平,彭湘粤,黎晓静,等临床路径应用于婴幼儿呼吸道异物手术后的效果[j]中华护理杂志,2012,47(10):930-作者书名[m]版次出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码胡雁护理研究[m]第4版北京:人民卫生出版社,2012:作者题名[n]报纸名,出版日期(版次)丁文祥数字革命与国际竞争[n]中国青年报,2000-11-20(15)作者题名[eb/ol]网址,发表日期/引用日期(任选)世界卫生组织关于患者安全的10个事实[eb/ol]其他:[r]、[p]、[a]、[c]、[z]等。 1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。 2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录) 3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。 4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。 主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。 5、论文正文: (1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义,并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。 〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容: 提出-论点; 分析问题-论据和论证; 解决问题-论证与步骤; 结论。 6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《gb7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。 中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息 所列参考文献的要求是: (1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。 (2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
你用Word 页面上的缩进就可以调了啊
若引用网站上的文章,也就是引用电子文献,方法如下:一、参考文献的格式:[序号]主要责任者电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识]电子文献的出版或获得地址,发表更新日期/引用日期二、电子文献及载体类型标识主要有以下几类:[J/OL]:网上期刊,[EB/OL]:网上电子公告,[M/CD]:光盘图书,[DB/OL]:网上数据库,[DB/MT]:磁带数据库。三、举例如下:[12]王明亮关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL][8]万锦中国大学学报文摘(1983-1993)英文版[DB/CD]北京:中国大百科全书出版社,
1、根据GB3469 规定,各类常用文献标识如下: ①期刊〔J〕 ②专著〔M〕 ③论文集〔C〕 ④学位论文〔D〕 ⑤专利〔P〕 ⑥标准〔S〕 ⑦报纸〔N〕 ⑧技术报告〔R〕 2、电子文献载体类型用双字母标识,具体如下: ①磁带〔MT〕 ②磁盘〔DK〕 ③光盘〔CD〕 ④联机网络〔OL〕 3、电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为:〔文献类型标识/载体类型标识〕。例如: ①联机网上数据库〔DB/OL〕 ②磁带数据库〔DB/MT〕 ③光盘图书〔M/CD〕 ④磁盘软件〔CP/DK〕 ⑤网上期刊〔J/OL〕 ⑥网上电子公告〔EB/OL〕
一:专著、论文集、报告 [序号]主要责任者文献题名[文献类型标识]出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码(可选) 例如:[1]刘国钧,陈绍业图书馆目录[M]北京:高等教育出版社,1957:15-二:期刊文章 [序号]主要责任者文献题名[J]刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码 例如:[1]何龄修读南明史[J]中国史研究,1998,(3):167- [2]OU J P,SOONG T T,et Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems[J]Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-三:论文集中的析出文献 [序号]析出文献主要责任者析出文献题名[A]原文献主要责任者(可选)原文献题名[C]出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页码 例如:[7]钟文发非线性规划在可燃毒物配置中的应用[A]赵炜运筹学的理论与应用——中国运筹学会第五届大会论文集[C]西安:西安电子科技大学出版社,1996:四:学位论文[序号]主要责任者文献题名[D]出版地:出版单位,出版年:起止页码(可选)例如:[4]赵天书诺西肽分阶段补料分批发酵过程优化研究[D]沈阳:东北大学,五:报纸文章[序号]主要责任者文献题名[N]报纸名,出版日期(版次) 例如:[8]谢希德创造学习的新思路[N]人民日报,1998-12-25(10)六:电子文献 [文献类型/载体类型标识]:[J/OL]网上期刊、[EB/OL]网上电子公告、 [M/CD]光盘图书、[DB/OL]网上数据库、[DB/MT]磁带数据库 [序号]主要责任者电子文献题名[电子文献及载体类型标识]电子文献的出版或获得地址,发表更新日期/引用日期 例如:[12]王明亮关于中国学术期刊标准化数据库系统工程的进展[EB/OL],1998-08-16/1998-10- [8]万锦中国大学学报文摘(1983-1993)英文版[DB/CD]北京:中国大百科全书出版社,
J代表期刊文章,D代表学位论文。参考文献类型及文献类型,根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母方式标识:专著M ; 报纸N ;期刊J ;专利文献P;汇编G ;古籍O;技术标准S ;学位论文D ;科技报告R;参考工具K ;检索工具W;档案B ;录音带A ;图表Q;唱片L;产品样本X;录相带V;会议录C;中译文T;乐谱I; 电影片Y;手稿H;微缩胶卷U;幻灯片Z;微缩平片F;其他E。作用:一、显示研究的水平与价值。二、提高研究者的研究水平。撰写科研论文,不仅是反映科研成果的问题,而且也是个深化科研成果和发展科研成果的问题,在撰写科研论文过程中,对实验研究过程所取得的大量材料进行去粗取精,实现由感性认识向理性认识的飞跃和升华,使研究活动得到深化,使人们的认识得到深化。三、推广经验,交流认识。教育科研过程,是人们获得直接经验的过程。这种经过精心设计、精心探索而获得的直接经验不仅对直接参加者来说是十分宝贵的,而且对于所有教育工作者,对于人类整体认识的提高和发展都是十分宝贵的。四、推动教育科研活动自身不断完善。教育科研活动是个探索未知领域的活动,并无既定模式和途径可循,在一定意义上可以讲,教育科研活动均属创造性活动。为了保证教育科研活动越发卓有成效,为了给进一步开展教育科研活动提供可靠依据,在每一科研活动终端都撰写报告或论文是十分必要的。
百度百科目录词条推荐关于中国革命的四篇经典文献导读《关于中国革命的四篇经典文献导读》是中共中央党校出版社2018年出版的图书。书名关于中国革命的四篇经典文献导读ISBN9787503562518页数130出版社中共中央党校出版社出版时间2018-01-01快速导航目录 作者简介内容简介新形势下,党面临的执政考验、改革开放考验、市场经济考验、外部环境考验是长期的、复杂的、严峻的,精神懈怠危险、能力不足危险、脱离群众危险、消极腐败危险更加尖锐地摆在全党面前。不断提高党的领导水平和执政能力、提高拒腐防变和抵御风险能力,是党巩固执政地位、实现执政使命必须解决好的重大课题。加强党的领导,坚持思想建党与制度治党相结合,全面从严治党的一些重要举措毋庸置疑都彰显了党的历史上形成的政治传统,蕴藏于经典文献中的光辉思想至今仍发挥着潜移默化的影响。《古田会议决议》《星星之火,可以燎原》《才溪乡调查》和《反对本本主义》是毛泽东在中央苏区时期写下的重要著作,其中的理论思想和对中国问题的初探,都在中国革命、建设和改革的历史进程中产生了持续广泛的影响。[1]目录引言 第一章《古田会议决议》导读 一、党的建设相关问题 二、加强军队政治工作 第二章《星星之火,可以燎原》导读 一、革命的首要问题 二、中国革命的依靠力量 三、工农武装割据 第三章《才溪乡调查》导读 一、苏维埃代表会议制度 一、发展合作社经济 二、扩大红军力量 第四章《反对本本主义》导读 一、对调查工作的理论总结 二、调查研究及其方法 三、刨造新局面的思想路线 后记作者简介徐浩然,中国人民大学政治学博士,中央党校科学社会主义教研部副教授。主要研究方向为社会主义理论、国家与社会治理。先后出版专著《解读中国民主》《人民国家——比较视野下的中国政治》《改造我们的世界:从闽两苏维埃运动看中国道路的历史经验》,参与编写《不忘初心——中国共产党为什么能永葆朝气》等图书10余部。[1]参考资料[1] 关于中国革命的四篇经典文献导读.京东 [引用日期2020-04-28
”参考文献“是指在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。按照字面的意思,参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而,按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义,文后参考文献是指:“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。扩展资料:书写格式:(1)顺序编码制的具体编排方式。参考文献按照其在正文中出现的先后以阿拉伯数字连续编码,序号置于方括号内。一种文献被反复引用者,在正文中用同一序号标示。一般来说,引用一次的文献的页码在文后参考文献中列出。格式为著作的“出版年”或期刊的“年,卷(期)”等+“:页码(或页码范围)”。多次引用的文献,每处的页码或页码范围分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处,置于方括号后并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的,该页码或页码范围也要作上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号,做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。另外,参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。(2)参考文献类型及文献类型,根据GB3469-83《文献类型与文献载体代码》规定,以单字母方式标识:专著M ; 报纸N ;期刊J ;专利文献P;汇编G ;古籍O;技术标准S ;学位论文D ;科技报告R;参考工具K ;检索工具W;档案B ;录音带A ;图表Q;唱片L;产品样本X;录相带V;会议录C;中译文T;乐谱I; 电影片Y;手稿H;微缩胶卷U ;幻灯片Z;微缩平片F;其他E。参考资料来源:百度百科-参考文献
1、首先双击WPS打开软件。2、右击新建文档。3、在正文部分打几行字,比如“文献注释怎么打”。4、打上文献注释的符号:[1]。5、选中[1]然后点击工具栏的文字上标功能。6、那么此时文献注释上标就完成了。
一、选择的参考文献要与论文主题有着密切关系,不能脱离论文,要为论文的主题论证服务,这是选择参考文献的基本原则。有些学生为了增加论文的总字数,总是习惯性的把收集到的参考文献全部放入进行,这样就会导致材料与主题层层节节,影响论文主题的表达。二、所选的参考文献不够典型,不广为人知。我们在进行参考文献的梳选时,应选择一些具有特征、代表性的,这样才能更有力地揭露事物本质,同时还应考虑到所选的参考文献是否是过时过旧的。三、参考文献应该选取比较真实的,只有真实客观存在,才能更好的反映事物的本来面貌,能够使论文的论点站得住脚有说服力。在引用参考文献的时候,对于参考文献中的内容要做到细心,每个细节都不能有错误的地方,而且对于数字的摘写也要准确,不能因为粗心疏忽导致原本真实准确的参考文献而变得错误。四、参考文献最好选择比较新颖的。新颖的能够使人耳目一新,一些过时的旧例子,是很难令人信服的。五、避免文献的引用不符合要求,具体表现有: (1)所选的文献范围过大(2)所选的文献过多(3)所选文献过少(4)对文献的理解比较片面等等
下载下来要引用的那篇文章,上面会显示引用码,按照引用码去写就可以
不能摘抄原话(除非是定理、公理等),要改变成自己的语言来描述,最后打上引用编码,否则算抄袭。
一、点击脚注,出现编辑光标;二、“ctrl+A”全选;三、“ctrl+c”复制;四、到参考文献处“CTRL+V”粘贴。然后编辑即可。
可以提高你论文的说服力和专业性,多查阅参考文献还可以开拓你的视野,给你提供更多的论证思路,帮助理清你的逻辑条理,当然,前提是不要完全抄袭文献里面的内容,大学论文对于抄袭的处罚还是很严重的。
文章没有,只有参考文献。一、成立足球社团的目的体育不仅仅是强健体魄,还包括精神状态,心理状态的培养,体育运动提倡的是一种朝气蓬勃的竞争精神,一种一往无前的奋斗精神,一种开放进取的创新精神,参加体育运动,不仅有益身体健康,还会在精神上、心理上产生积极的影响。体育运动和游戏最能培养孩子的自尊心,自信心,激发孩子乐观向上的内在潜质。能够终身参加的体育活动,无意是三大球,而足球是世界第一运动,对一年级的小学生来说,玩足球是一个非常好的锻炼身体,建立自信心和培养情感的运动,在玩耍中,孩子们的身心得到充分的放松,在团队中,孩子交往能力得到提高。尤其是男孩子,有了体育这个特长,就会觉得自己特别酷,这对培养孩子的性情是非常有好处的。足球要从娃娃抓起,我们引进徐州团队之星公司的专业足球人士,带领孩子们认识足球,学习足球,引导学生自觉喜爱和参与足球运动,让更多的孩子从这项运动中获益。二、校园足球的发展潮流教育部部长袁贵仁近日在全国学校体育工作座谈会上透露,教育部将制定并实施校园足球中长期发展规划,今年起逐步建立健全小学、初中、高中和大学四级足球联赛机制,力争校园足球取得重大突破。袁贵仁表示,合理布局小学、中学、大学定点学校,用3年时间把校园足球定点学校由目前的5000余所扩展到2万所。下一步,将把校园足球工作的成功做法逐步拓展到篮球和排球等集体体育项目中。另据了解,在新一轮基础教育课改中,在总课时减少的情况下,小学三至六年级每周3节体育课提高为4节,高中每周2节提高到3节。任何学校不得以任何理由和借口占用体育课时。国家将足球作为学生体育发展的突破口,大力推动足球发展,已经是大势所趋,未来2-3年,足球运动会在中小学校园蔚然成风,越来越多的孩子将投身到这项运动中去。重磅推荐:百度阅读APP,免费看书神器!1/4二、足球社团的发展思路 在足球启蒙的开始阶段,教师根据儿童年龄段生心理特点,利用玩玩练练、练练玩玩、以玩代练的方法,让儿童了解足球,喜爱足球活动,会不会踢球都不重要,玩的开心才是重要的,通过多种无球和结合球的游戏,让儿童尽情玩耍,以培养他们对足球的强烈爱好,提高他们积极参与足球活动的浓厚兴趣,并能从中观察了解儿童的协调、灵敏、速度等素质。普及足球基本技术的基础上,规范足球动作,学习运动防护,在经过半年的时间,每个班选拔5-9名足球小将组建足球队,进行5对5、或9-9的班级比赛。年复一年,周而复始,滚动式提高学校的足球水平。3、由专业少年足球教练为学校免费上足球公开课,普及足球运动,希望在足球方面进一步提高的可以参加矿大科技城的团队之星的足球培训班,训练地点在我校操场。
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