[2] [美]Bruce EC++编程思想[M]刘综田,等,译北京:机械工业出版社,[3] [美]William Ford,等 数据结构C++语言描述(第2版)[M]陈君,译北京:清华大学出版社,
参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。按照字面的意思,参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献。然而,按照GB/T 7714-2015《信息与文献 参考文献著录规则》”的定义,文后参考文献是指:“为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。根据《中国学术期刊(光盘版)检索与评价数据规范(试行)》和《中国高等学校社会科学学报编排规范(修订版)》的要求,很多刊物对参考文献和注释作出区分,将注释规定为“对正文中某一内容作进一步解释或补充说明的文字”,列于文末并与参考文献分列或置于当页脚地。扩展资料:参考示例:A 专著、论文集、学位论文、报告[序号]主要责任者文献题名[文献类型标识]出版地:出版者,出版年起止页码(任选)[1]刘国钧,陈绍业,王凤翥 图书馆目录[M] 北京:高等教育出版社,15-[2]辛希孟 信息技术和信息服务国际研讨会论文集:A集[C] 北京:中国社会科学出版社,[3]张筑生 微分半动力系统的不变集[D] 北京:北京大学数学系数学研究所,[4]冯西桥 核反应堆压力管道和压力容器的LBB分析[R] 北京:清华大学核能技术设计研究院,[5] Gill,R Mastering English Literature[M] London: Macmillan,B 期刊文章[序号]主要责任者文献题名[J]刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码[7]金显贺,王昌长,王忠东,等 一种用于在线检测局部放电的数字滤波技术[J]清华大学学报(自然科学版),1993,33:62-[8] Heider,ER& DCO The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J] Foreign Language Teaching and Research,1999: 62-参考资料来源:百度百科-参考文献
英文参考文献引用格式有两种:APA格式和MLA格式。1、APA格式:APA(American Psychological Association)是一种标明参考来源的格式,主要使用在社会科学领域及其他学术准则中,国内很多期刊也是采用的APA格式。APA文内注的参考文献格式是:“(作者姓氏,发表年份)”。APA文末的参考文献目录格式是:Reference List, 必须以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【文章名】【期刊名】【卷号/期数:起止页码】Smith,J(2006)The title of the The title of Journal,1,101-105。非期刊类:【作者】【发表年份】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】SG(2002)What computers can't New York:Harp&Row。2、MLA格式:MLA是美国现代语言协会(Modern Language Association)制定的论文指导格式,多用于人文学科(Liberal Arts)。MLA文内注的基本格式:“(作者姓氏,文献页码)”。MLA文末的参考文献目录格式:在MLA格式中称为Works Cited,同样是以姓(Family name)的字母顺序来排列,基本结构为:期刊类:【作者】【“文章名”】【期刊名】【卷号或期数】【发表年份】起止页码】Nwezeh,CE“The Comparative Approachto Modern African L”Year book of General and Comparative Literature 28(1979):22。非期刊类【作者】【书籍名】【出版地:出版社】【发表年份】Winfield,Richard DLaw in Civil SMadison:U of Wisconsin P,1995。文献引用不符合要求具体表现是:1、所列文献范围过宽,凡所参阅过的均列出其中,如教材、内部刊物、获奖过但并未公开发表的成果报告等。2、所列文献过多,如有些医生认为文献越多越好,将参阅过的文章书籍后的参考文献也悉数收录,有些文献作者并没有亲自阅读,只是认为跟自己的文章搭点边,也凑数其后。3、所列文献过少,有些医生怕自己文章引述别人东西太多,被人认为抄袭,故意将一些重要参考文献略去。4、对文献的理解偏面,以为只有引用文献原文才需要列出。5、大而不当,将整期刊物甚至连续几期杂志或整张报纸作为参考文献。
每个学校每个专业要求的参考文献数量是不同的,所以具体还是要看学校的规定。你可以问问你们导师多少个参考文献才是比较合适的。
上面有 可参考
论文最核心的要求就是论证自己的观点。参考文献可以作为论据,增强论点的可信度。另外使用了参考文献的论文,能体现出作者博览群书,有文献阅读的能力。
一般来说,写论文或多或少多会用到别人论文中的观点和资料,为了尊重原作者的权益,要在自己的论文后写上参考文献,以说明自己引用了别人的论文。 当然,如果你的论文完完全全是自己写的,一点也没参考别人的话就不用了。不过这几乎不可能。。。
著作权归作者所有。商业转载请联系作者获得授权,非商业转载请注明出处。作者:邓耿链接:来源:知乎知乎协议 知识产权部分第 5 条:第三方若出于非商业目的,将用户在知乎上发表的内容转载在知乎之外的地方,应当在作品的正文开头的显著位置注明原作者姓名(或原作者在知乎上使用的帐号名称),给出原始链接,注明「发表于知乎」,并不得对作品进行修改演绎。若需要对作品进行修改,或用于商业目的,第三方应当联系用户获得单独授权,按照用户规定的方式使用该内容。只涉及了转载,不转载内容的引用应当是允许的。至于引用格式,参照 GB/T 7714-2005 参考文献国家标准格式 似应当按下式:主要责任者 题名 其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志] 出版地:出版者,出版年(更新或修改日期)[引用日期] 获取和访问路径
M——专著示例:[序号] 期刊作者严复思想研究[M] 桂林:XXXX出版社,C——论文集示例:[序号] 别林斯基论俄国中篇小说和果戈里君的中篇小说[A] 伍蠡甫西方文论选:下册[C] 地点:XXXXXX,N——报纸文章示例:[序号] 期刊作者经济全球化的重要性[N] XX日报,1998-12-27,(3)J——期刊文章示例:[序号] 期刊作者.题名〔J〕 .刊名,出版年,卷(期)∶起止页码D——学位论文示例:[序号] 学位论文作者.题名〔D〕 .保存地点.保存单位.年份R——报告示例:[序号] 报告作者.题名〔R〕 .保存地点.年份S——标准示例:[序号] 标准代号,标准名称[S].出版地:出版者,出版年P——专利示例:[序号] 专利所有者.专利题名[P].专利国别:专利号,发布日期.A——专著、论文集中的析出文献 特别提示对于不属于MCJDRSP的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。(以上内容来源于学术堂)
要写。为了反映文章的科学依据、作者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提供有关信息的出处,正文之后一般应列出参考文献表。引文应以原始文献和第一手资料为原则。所有引用别人的观点或文字,无论曾否发表,无论是纸质或电子版,都必须注明出处或加以注释。凡转引文献资料,应如实说明。对已有学术成果的介绍、评论、引用和注释,应力求客观、公允、准确。伪注、伪造、篡改文献和数据等,均属学术不端行为。扩展资料:在学术论文后一般应列出参考文献(表),其目的有三,即:1、为了能反映出学生撰写论文的真实科学依据。2、为了体现严肃的科学态度,分清是自己的观点或成果还是别人的观点或成果。3、为了对前人的科学成果表示尊重,同时也是为了指明引用资料出处,便于检索。毕业论文的撰写应本着严谨、求实的科学态度,凡有引用他人成果之处,均应按论文中所出现的先后次序列于参考文献中,并且只列出正文中以标注形式引用或参考的有关著作和论文,参考文献应按正文中出现的顺序列出直接引用的主要参考文献。参考资料来源:百度百科-毕业论文参考资料来源:百度百科-论文
毕业论文的格式都是一样的,我就不介绍了,内容的话,你看看别人专业的(药物资讯)这样的书,然后你找准自己想写的课题,多看资料,多学习,自然就可以写
这些都是名字的缩写,学位的缩写只有PhD,MD,BD啊,英文文献好像是不标学位的给你几个示范一下,都是根据国标写的。 作者 文章名 刊物类型 刊物 年度,期卷号:页码范围 [ ] Nikolaev Yu A, Gas Detonation and its Application in Engineering and Technologies[J] Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves, 2003, 39(4): 382-410 [ ] LCYang, P H D Key Parameters for Controlling of Function Reliability in “None1 Tube” Explosive Transfer System[C], 1999: AIAA99-31211 [ ] Peng Jinhua, Tang M One of the Applications of Dust Explosions – Nonel System[J] Archivum Combustionis, 1989(9): 223-229 [ ] Liu Dabin, Jiang Rongguang, Yang D The Pressure Characteristics of Nonel Tube in Its Detonation Growth Process[J/OL]: 93-96
邓铁涛主编.中医近代史,广东高等教育出版社(1999)吴中云,谢扬.焦易堂与中央国医馆,文史精华,2004;(4)温志大.读中央国医馆宣言体会西藏医药杂志,1991;(3)文痒.焦易堂与中医药事业南京医科大学学报(社会科学版)5.吴中云.中医文化谈,北京广播学院出版社(2002)
参考文献字体格式要求:一、论文需报送全文,文稿请用Word录入排版,A4版面,单倍行距,页边距上下各5cm、左右各2cm,页眉页脚取默认值,插入页码居中。文题和正文中的数字及西文字母用Times New Roman字体。全文字数不超过5000字,版面不超过5页。二、文章结构。论文应依次包含论文题目、作者姓名、作者单位及通讯地址、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献、作者简介等。其中,论文题目、作者姓名、作者单位、通讯地址、邮编、摘要、关键词分别用中英文表示。论文应完整且简明扼要,需包括必要的研究背景、研究方法、研究结果与分析等;应保留涉及主要观点的图片、曲线和表格,并注明数据来源。根据论文集出版需要,编辑有权对稿件进行删改。三、论文格式1.正文以前部分(1)中文格式论文题目:三号黑体,居中排,文头顶空一行。作者姓名:小三号楷体,居中排,两字姓名中间空一全角格,作者之间用逗号区分。作者单位及通讯地址:按省名、城市名、邮编顺序排列,五号宋体,居中排,全部内容置于括号之中。作者单位与省市名之间用逗号,城市名与邮编之间空一全角格。作者单位多于一个在作者姓名处用上角标注。摘要:“摘要”二字小五号黑体;内容小五号宋体,不少于200字。关键词:需列出3~5个。“关键词”三字小五号黑体,其他小五号宋体,第1个关键词应为二级学科名称,学科分类标准执行国家标准(GB/T13745-92),中文关键词之间用分号。(2)英文格式英文字体均使用Times New Roman字体。其中,论文题目用三号字体、加粗、居中排;作者姓名用四号字体、居中排,多位作者之间用逗号区分,姓大写,名首字母大写,中间不加连字符;作者单位及通讯地址用五号字体、居中排,全部内容置于括号之中。摘要,“Abstract”一词五号加粗,内容五号字体,不少于200个词,用过去时态叙述作者工作,用现在时态叙述作者结论;关键词,“Keywords”一词五号加粗,内容五号字体。英文关键词之间用逗号。作者单位与摘要之间、关键词与正文之间分别空一行。(3)正文之前的所有内容左右各缩进2字符。五号宋体通排;文中所用计量单位,一律按国际通用标准或国家标准,并用英文书写,如hm2,kg等;文中年代、年月日、数字一律用阿拉伯数字表示。文中图、表应有自明性,且随文出现。图以10幅为限。尽量采用Word文档以插入表格方式制作三线表。图(表)须有图(表)题,紧随文后,且在同一页面。图中文字、符号或坐标图中的标目、标值须写清。标目应使用符合国家标准的物理量和单位符号。表的内容切忌与插图和文字内容重复。
学术论文应具备哪些特征⑴独创性:学术论文不同于教科书,甚至不同于某些学术专著(知识的传播和普及常规性的知识讲解)⑵科学性:揭示事物发展的客观规律,从客观实际出发,具有现实意义,事实,事物,事件真实客观,不带个人偏见,不主观臆断,以最充分,确实有力的加论据作为立论依据,论证严谨而充分,富有逻辑效果,深层的专业理论知识⑶创新性:①对研究对象经过周密观察,调查,分析研究,从中发现别人过去没发现过或没分析过的问题②在综合别人认识基础上进行创新,包括:选题新,方法新,资料新⑷学术性(理论性):即遵循客观规律,讲究科学真实性⑸可读性(文科论文),忌玩弄辞藻
参考文献就是指在我们进行学术研究的过程中,对其他人所写的某一著作或论文的参考或借鉴。参考文献的书写格式:参考文献按照其分别在正文中出现的先后顺序以数字连续依次编码,要注意将序号写在方括号内。若某一参考文献在论文中反复多次被引用,在论文中用同一序号标示即可。具体格式为著作的出版年或期刊的年,卷等+页码。多次引用的文献,每处的页码或页码范围分别列于每处参考文献的序号标注处,置于方括号后并作上标。作为正文出现的参考文献序号后需加页码或页码范围的,该页码或页码范围也要做上标。作者和编辑需要仔细核对顺序编码制下的参考文献序号,做到序号与其所指示的文献同文后参考文献列表一致。并且参考文献页码或页码范围也要准确无误。
电子商务安全技术的分析与研究2007-10-12 With the network technology and the rapid development of information technology, e-commerce has been growing a wide range of applications, more and more businesses and individuals rely on e-commerce users quick and It appears not only to the development and expansion of Internet has provided a new opportunity, but also to the business community into a great But e-commerce is based on vector-based computer network and a large number of important status information, accounting information, transaction information needed to carry out in-line transmission, in such circumstances, security issues become a priority Second, the current e-commerce security issues Network protocol security issue: At present, TCP / IP protocol is the most widely used network protocol, but TCP / IP itself, characterized by openness, enterprise and users of electronic transactions in the course of the data is the form of packet transmission, malicious attackers can easily launch an e-commerce site to a packet interception, or even modify the data packets and Users of information security issues: At present, the most important form of e-commerce is based on B / S (Browser / Server) structure of the e-commerce sites, users log on using the browser network transactions, as a result of the user in the registry may be used in public computer, such as Internet cafes, offices, computers, , then if they have a malicious Trojan horse computer program or virus, the user's login information such as user names, passwords may be the risk of E-commerce Web site security issue: that there are some companies established themselves in the design of e-commerce site will have a number of production security, server operating system itself, there will be loopholes, unscrupulous attackers to enter the e-commerce site if a large number of user information and transaction information will be stolen, enterprises and users to incalculable C, e-commerce security requirements The effectiveness of service requirements: e-commerce system should be able to prevent the occurrence of service failures to prevent failure due to network attacks and viruses and other system factors such as suspension of services to ensure that transaction data can be transmitted quickly and Trading requirements of the confidentiality of information: e-commerce systems to deal with the information sent by users of encryption to effectively prevent the interception of information to decipher, at the same time to prevent unauthorized access to Data integrity requirements: the number refers to the integrity of data processing, the original data and existing data is fully consistent In order to safeguard the seriousness of business dealings and fair, the transaction documents is not being modified, there will be damage to the commercial interests of the The requirements of authentication: e-commerce systems should provide safe and effective authentication mechanism to ensure that transaction information between the two sides are legitimate and effective in order to avoid trade disputes, to provide a legal D, e-commerce security measures Data encryption Data encryption is the most basic e-commerce information system security The principle is that information on the use of encryption algorithm will be converted into explicit rules according to a certain encryption ciphertext generated after the transmission, thus ensuring the confidentiality of The use of data encryption technology can solve the information requirements of the confidentiality of its Data encryption technology can be divided into symmetric key encryption and asymmetric key (1) symmetric key encryption (SecretKeyEncryption) Symmetric key encryption also known as secret / Private key encryption, that is, send and receive data between the parties must use the same key for encryption and decryption explicitly Its advantage is encryption, decryption speed, suitable for large amount of data encryption, to ensure data confidentiality and integrity; drawback is that when the large number of users, distribution and management is very difficult to key (2) non-symmetric key encryption (PublicKeyEncryption) Non-symmetric-key encryption also known as public key encryption, it mainly refers to each person only has a pair of corresponding keys: public key (the public key) and private key (the private key) public key public, private saved by the personal secret, a key used to encrypt them, they can only use the other to decrypt the Asymmetric key encryption algorithm is the advantage of easy distribution and management, the shortcomings of the algorithm complexity, encryption (3) the complexity of encryption As a result of these two types of encryption technology, each the length of the relatively common practice is to integrate the two For example, the use of information to send the information symmetric key encryption, ciphertext generated after the recipient's public key to use symmetric key encryption to generate the number of envelopes, then the number of ciphertext envelope and sent to the receiver at the same time, the receiving party by the opposite clear direction after Digital signature Digital signature is generated through specific password computing the composition of a series of symbols and codes for a signature key, to replace the written signature or seal, this electronic signature technology can also be carried out to verify, verify the accuracy of its general manual signature and verification seal Digital signature technology to ensure the integrity of information transfer and non- Accreditation agencies as well as digital E-commerce transactions due to the general users will not have face to face, so the two sides of the transaction identification is to protect the safety of the premise of e-commerce Certification body is a public and credible third party to confirm the identity of both parties, the digital certificate is signed by the certification body, including the identity of the owner of public key information as well as the public key of the Paid in the transaction process, participants must use the Certification Center of the digital certificate issued to prove his The use of Secure Electronic Transaction protocol (SET: Secure Electronic Transactions) By two major credit cards VISA and MasterCard standards SET for the division of e-commerce activities and to define the rights and obligations of the parties to the relationship between a given transaction information transmission process SET protocol guarantees the confidentiality of e-commerce systems, integrity, non-repudiation of the legitimacy and
以英文大写字母方式标识以下各种参考文献类型:专著[M];论文集[C];报纸文章[N];期刊文章[J];学位论文[D];报告[R];标准[S];专利[P];析出文献[A];其它未说明的文章类型[Z]。电子文献类型的参考文献标识:数据库(database) [DB];计算机程序(computer program) [CP];电子公告(electronic bulletin board) [EB]。电子文献的载体类型及其标识:磁带(magnetic)[MT];磁盘(disk)[DK];光盘[CD];联机网络(online)[OL]。电子文献类型与载体类型标识基本格式:[文献类型标识/载体类型标识]如:[DB/OL]联机网上数据(database online) ;[DB/MT]磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape);[M/CD]光盘图书(monograph on CD ROM);[CP/DK]磁盘软件(computer program on disk);[J/OL]网上期刊(serial online);[EB/OL]网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online)。
[1] 作者姓名,作者姓名参考文献题目[J] 期刊或杂志等名称,年份,卷(期数):页码 [2] 刘凡丰 美国研究型大学本科教育改革透视[J] 高等教育研究,2003,5(1):18- 没有卷的就直接写2003(1)(本条为期刊杂志著录格式) [3] 谭丙煜怎样撰写科学论文[M]2版沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,1982:5-(本条为中文图书著录格式) [4] 作者姓名 参考文献题目[D]南京:南京农业大学,2002:页码(本条为硕士、博士论文著录格式) [5] 作者姓名 参考文献题目[N]人民日报,2005-06-(本条为报纸著录格式) [6] 作者姓名 参考文献题目[C]// 作者姓名论文集名称城市:出版单位(社),年代:页码(本条为论文集著录格式) [7] 外国作者姓名 参考文献题目[M]译者(名字),译城市:出版单位,年代:页码(本条为原著翻译中文的著录格式,多个译者可写为:***,***,***,等译)
电子文献著录格式〔序号〕作者题名〔文献类型标志/文献载体标志〕出版地:出版者,出版年(更新或修改日期)[引用日期]获取和访问路径例:〔10〕Pacs-l: the public-access computer systems forum〔EB/OL〕.Houston, Tex: University of Houston Libraries, 1989[1995-05-17] html载体类型 磁带(magnetic tape) 磁盘(disk) 光盘(CD-ROM) 联机网络(online)标志代码 MT DK CD OL