文献阅读法。通过网络资源、高校图书馆网络数据库资源、校图书馆馆藏图书等方式,获得与研究课题相关的文献资料。网络资源一般使用CNKI,万方。通过大量文献的阅读和学习,吸取了国内外专家学者的研究精华,形成了自己研究的理论框架。定性和定量分析相结合。一些如经济总量分析、人员迁徙、消费结构等涉及量化指标的分析,需采用定性和定量分析方法相结合的方式。对于行业和企业则多以官方统计数据和年报季报为基础,采用经济模型进行了定量分析。微观与宏观分析相结合。从宏观处着手,找到各类影响因素,然后再以某一行业为例,即从微观的角度,进一步论证其准确度。在此基础上,微观与宏观相结合的分析更加能够印证某一领域的发展状况和进展情况等。理论与实际分析相结合。论文研究必须经过一定的理论基础,但只有理论,论文显得枯燥,加上一些实际案例,比如以公司、实例为例,提出具有可操作性的对策,使研究结果建议更具有科学性。调查法。调查法是科学研究中最常用的方法之一。调查法中最常用的是问卷调查法,它是以书面提出问题的方式搜集资料的一种研究方法,即调查者就调查项目编制成表式,分发或邮寄给有关人员,请示填写答案,然后回收整理、统计和研究。系统科学法。系统论、控制论、信息论等横向科学的迅猛发展,为发展综合思维方式提供了有力的手段,使科学研究方法不断地完善。而以系统论方法、控制论方法和信息论方法为代表的系统科学方法,又为人类的科学认识提供了强有力的主观手段。
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会计学论文开题报告根据我搜集的一些网站来看,建议看看这个,要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的,推荐一个网站 ,里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的,因为精挑细选的,网上很少有,都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计,对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值,希望对你有所帮助。别的相关范文很多的,推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站,希望对你有帮助,这些精选的范文网站,里面有大量的范文,也有各种文章写作方法,注意事项,应该有适合你的,自己动手找一下,可不要照搬啊,参考一下,用自己的语言写出来那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话,请在下面的网站找:毕业论文网: 分类很细 栏目很多毕业论文: 毕业设计: 开题报告: 实习论文: 写作指导:
The enterprise internal control theory The internal control is an important symbol of modern enterprise management, through the practice of the conclusion is: to control is strong, weak, without control is controlled, The new regulations "accounting law 27 units shall establish and perfect the system of supervision unit interior Unit interior accountant controls on the execution, the internal control What is the internal control The internal control is the formation of a series of measures to control functions, procedures, methods, and standardized and systematized, make it become a rigorous, relatively complete According to the control of the internal control can be divided into different purpose accounting control and management Accounting control and protection of assets is safe, the accounting information authenticity and integrity and financial activities related to the legitimacy of control, Management control means to ensure operation policy decision, implementation of business activities and promote the efficiency and effectiveness, and the effect of the relevant management to achieve the goals of Accounting control and management control and not mutually exclusive, incompatible, some control measures can be used for accounting control, and can also be used to The goal is to ensure that the internal control unit operations efficiency and effect, safety, economic information of assets and financial reports of Its main functions: one is to achieve target management policy and management, Second is the assets of safety protection unit is complete, prevent loss of assets, Three is to guarantee the business and financial accounting information authenticity and In addition, the legitimacy of the financial activities within the unit is the internal control Good, although the internal control to achieve these goals, but whether the internal control design and operation, it is not how to eliminate its inherent This limitation must also be clear and Main show is: (1) the limited by cost benefit principle, (2) if the employee has different responsibility ignore control program, misjudgment, even the collusion, inside and outside, often cause in fraud internal control malfunction, (3) management personnel abuse, and to set up or Passover control of internal control ignored, also can make the establishment of internal control non- Second, the basic structure of internal control The basic structure of internal Mainly includes control environment, accounting system and control procedures in three aspects: (a) control Control environment refers to establish or implement a policy of various factors, which affect mainly reflects unit managers and other personnel to control the attitude, understanding and Specific include: management ideas and management style, unit organization structure, functions and managers of these functions, determine the powers and responsibilities of the manager monitoring and inspection method, the working personnel policy measures to control, and its implementation, this unit of various external business (2) accounting Accounting system refers to establish accounting and accounting supervision procedure and method of business Effective accounting system should do: 1, confirmed and record all real business, timely and detailed description of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports of economic business appropriately 2 and measurement value of economic business, so in the financial and accounting reports records in the appropriate monetary 3 and determine the time, business to business records in the appropriate accounting 4 in the financial and accounting reports, business and proper disclosure of expression related (3) control Control program to formulate policy and managers to ensure a certain Specific include: business and economic activity approval, The relevant personnel division of responsibilities clear, and prevent fraud, The bill and certificates and use, should guarantee business activities and recorded properly, Property and its use to have documented exposure measures to protect, For registered business valuation, and to review, Third, the basic way of internal control The basic way of internal control mainly has: organization planning control, authorized control, budget control, material control, cost control, risk control and audit (a) to organize the According to the internal control requirements, the unit in determining the organizational structure and improve the process, incompatible duties shall follow the principle of separation, the so-called incompatible duties, refers to those if by a man or a department, and may cheat yourself concealing its position of The economic activity of the unit can usually divided into five stages: namely, the approval issued by authorized, execution, and Normally, if each step by the relatively independent researchers (or department), can guarantee the separation incompatible duties, facilitating the function of the internal Organize and control mainly includes two aspects: 1 and incompatible duties of If the accounting work of accountant and cashier incompatible duties, need to Should be separate positions usually have an authorized: economic business duties to separation, Execute a business with the position of the post to review: Execution of an economic position and record the business to business position: Keep a record of the property of the position and position of property to separation Incompatible duties separation is based on the assumption that two personal unconscious accomplice a possibility, but the possibility of a person gains more than two If this hypothesis, breakthrough incompatible duties of separation cannot play control [NextPage] 2, the organization's A unit of economic activities according to the needs of different departments and institutions set, the organization's set of responsibilities and should reflect the mutual control Specific requirement is: the responsibility and authority of the organizations must be licensed and guarantee the authority within the scope of authority without intervention, Each business must pass in operation of the department and guarantee in different departments concerned to check each other, In every business, should belong to was not inspectors, in order to ensure that the inspectors check out the problem was solved (2) authorized The authorized department of internal control unit to handle business or staff access Some departments or units within a clerk in the treatment of economic business, must be authorized or approved to, no Authorized control unit can guarantee the implementation course and Authorized are generally authorized and particular authorized two forms: general mandate is to deal with average economic business level and the approval of the right conditions stipulated in the unit, usually in the internal control of clarifying, Special authorization of special economic business processing is the right level and approval conditions, such as when a prescribed amount exceeds the economic business department, only after approval within specific authorized to Authorized the basic control requirement is: first, must be clear and specific license authorization of the general line and responsibility, Secondly, to clear the authorized business each program, Again, to establish the necessary examination system, to ensure that the processing after the authorized business working Some current unit executes leadership "pen", with the approval of the internal control principles and requirements, should Practice has proved, rights should be restricted, lose the right to restrict the corruption which (3) budget Budget control is an important aspect of internal control, including financing, financing, purchasing, production, sales, investment and management The economic business units to prepare detailed budget and plan, and through the authorized by relevant departments, the budget or plan implementation control, the basic requirements: first, the unit budget must reflect the management goal, and clear Second, the budget shall be permitted by the authorized to budget adjustments to budget and more Third, it shall timely feedback or regular budget (4) physical assets Physical assets control mainly include restrictions to control inventory control and regular two, this is the real assets of unit of safety control There are two main: first, to limit to strictly control, to physical assets and the relevant documents of the physical assets, such as cash and bank deposit, securities and inventory, warehouse, the warehouser except cashier personnel and other personnel is limited, contact, to ensure the safety of Second, regular physical assets inventory, guarantee the physical assets conform with the actual amount recorded book, such as accounts inconsistent, should investigate the cause and In addition to the above, physical assets control say from broad sense, also include the physical assets of purchase, storage, and shipping and sales process (5) cost Modern cost control can be divided into "extensive" and "intensive" Extensive cost control, refers to the production technology, product process under the condition of invariable, rely solely on reducing consumption materials, reasonable material to lower the cost of cost control, Intensive cost control, refers to raise the level of technology to improve the production technology, product process, thus reducing the cost These two kinds of methods, combining modern cost 1, extensive cost control, the cost of raw materials procurement control from the final product sold throughout, and is one of the most fundamental and most main control First, the raw materials procurement cost For bulk materials generally used to open ZhaoBiaoFa or according to manufacturer direct Second, the use of materials cost Generally, there are two ways: one is the objective cost control, it is through the "target cost price - goals profits target =", which is obtained by cost method to control Veto Second, it is the cost control of various assignments, and through the analysis of cost drivers, costs and expenses of the collection, not only more reasonable truly computational cost, and thus find income and cost ratio or not only put no gains, so can largely reduce Third, product sales, cost Mainly propaganda cost control, notable is, advertising, promotional role played only product quality is the foundation of the user's Therefore, we should grasp investment and expenses of the matching [NextPage] 2 and intensive cost And can be divided into two types: one is to improve production technology by to reduce cost There are many ways to improve production technology, such as the introduction of new production line adopts high-tech products, Two is improved by process to reduce the cost of cost Intensive cost control on intellectual achievements, it can make the excess profit (6) risk Risk is usually referred to as a result of the action, and the risk associated with another concept is Some people only know beforehand action may result, but don't know they appear probability, or both all don't know, but only as a rough For example, enterprise test-manufacturing a new product, this product can certainly advance trial success or But don't know these two consequences of possibility Business decisions are generally in uncertain In practice, a result of action has many may not sure, risk, And as a result of the action, it is certainly not The risk control is to prevent and avoid as far as possible adverse According to the reasons of the formation of risk and risk management can generally be divided into two categories: the financial risk, 1, management Risk management refers to the production and business operation reasons for corporate profits to the Due to the production and operation of enterprises will be derived from many aspects of the external and internal factors, thus greatly, and the uncertainty of uncertainty, causes the enterprise profit margins or the changes, thus bringing Operational risk changes from the external, nonetheless, enterprises should adopt the effective internal control measures to 2, financial Financial risk and risk, it is to because debt and the enterprise's financial results for Companies operating in the capital, debt all except the part of self-capital, borrowed funds for enterprise self-capital affect profitability, At the same time, borrowed money to repay captital with interest, if unable to repay debts that are due, the enterprise will into financial difficulties or When the enterprise rate than pre-tax profit margins funds borrowed funds rate, use borrowed money earn profits and residual interest except compensation and thus make the self-capital profitability However, if the enterprise income tax profit margins than money borrowed funds, at this moment, use borrowed money to finance the profits are not pay interest, still need to use their own funds to pay interest on the part of the profit margins, thereby reducing the self-capital, make enterprise losses incurred, even the bankruptcy of the The risk for financing The size of the risk degree of self-capital by borrowing money, borrowed money ratio, the greater the risk degree proportion with smaller proportion, borrowed funds, risk degree also For financial risk control, the key is to ensure a reasonable capital structure, maintain the appropriate level of debt, should make full use of the debt management skill gain financial leverage income, improve the self-capital profitability, To avoid excessive debt caused by the financial risk, which is the important link of the enterprise internal control, must take the necessary measures to prevent fundraising (7) auditing Audit control mainly refers to the internal audit, internal audit and control of accounting is to Accounting information to internal audit, internal control is an integral part of the internal control is a kind of special Internal auditing is an organization in all kinds of activities and the internal control system of independent evaluation to determine whether the policy implementation, establish the procedure is in compliance with the standard of resources utilization, whether reasonable, effective and unit of objectives Internal audit content is very extensive, generally include internal financial audit and internal management Internal audit supervision of accounting information, and is not only the internal control is effective means to ensure that the accounting information is true and According to the basic principle of internal control and accounting work in our country actual situation, the new "law" regulation, the unit shall in internal accounting supervision system of accounting information in the regular internal audit methods and procedures, in order to make the internal audit institutions or internal auditors of accounting information system and procedure of audit In addition to the above seven internal control, and documentation Performance control and worker quality control, The new system of accounting supervision system on the unit interior, the main contents of the internal control Including: responsibilities, and strict procedures, truthfully record, regular check, In practice, establishing and implementing internal control should also consider: enterprise scale, organizational system and the owners' rights and interests; Business property, diversity and complexity, Transfer, processing, and the methods to information, Applicable regulatory requirements, At present many enterprise internal control was not good, except knowledge level, the main reasons of the administration is to establish and implement effective internal control of power, pressure, coerce, This change of the accounting law depends on the implementation of new science and the modern enterprise system and the establishment of corporate governance To help enterprises to establish internal control, can consult other countries and regions, by the relevant departments of the internal control of some important industry and points for each unit, reference, and learning to use gradually perfect the internal control system, in order to promote the comprehensive enterprise in our country, and in
你的会计专业论文准备往什么方向写,选题老师审核通过了没,有没有列个大纲让老师看一下写作方向? 老师有没有和你说论文往哪个方向写比较好?写论文之前,一定要写个大纲,这样老师,好确定了框架,避免以后论文修改过程中出现大改的情况!!学校的格式要求、写作规范要注意,否则很可能发回来重新改,你要还有什么不明白或不懂可以问我,希望你能够顺利毕业,迈向新的人生。毕业论文是根据专业教学的要求,对学生所学知识和理论进行综合运用的培训,旨在对学生进行科学研究工作的初步训练,培养学生的专业研究素养,提高运用所学专业知识分析和解决问题的能力,使学生的创新意识和专业素质得到提高,创造性得以发挥,从而达到培养会计实用型人才的目的。基本要求1.统一用A4纸打印。目录、内容摘要、参考文献要分别打印,各打一张。2.主标题加粗小二号黑体字型居中。3.副标题加粗三号黑体字型居中。4.论文内一级标题四号宋体加粗。5.正文宋体小四号。6.参考文献宋体五号字。其中“参考文献:”为五号加粗。7.行距5倍。8.页边距:上、下为54厘米,左右为17厘米。9.从正文开始到参考文献要编页码,目录和内容提要不算页码。标题层次一、……一级标题(一)……二级标题1.……三级标题(1)……四级标题装订顺序及具体要求(论文装订一式二份)封面——目录——内容摘要——正文——参考文献——学生毕业论文评审表——终稿——教师指导记录表。封面:封面样式由学校统一发放;目录:“目录”二字居中、用黑体小二字型,目录的内容用黑体小四字型,目录标题后要标明页码(一般标到二级标题即可)。内容摘要:摘要是论文内容“不加注释和评论的简短陈述”,应当具有客观性和简明性,字数不少于300字。“内容摘要”四字居中、用黑体小二字型,内容用小四宋体字型,内容提要之后要列关键词。内容摘要一般不分段。关键词:关键词是从论文中选取出来用以标示论文主要内容的名词性术语。一篇论文应有3-5个关键词,以显著的字符另起一行,排在内容摘要的左下方。正文:正文要有论文题目,论文题目居中、主标题用加粗黑体小二字型,副标题用加粗三号黑体字型。正文用小四宋体字型,正文中的一级标题四号宋体加粗。文中凡是另起一段的,前面均需空二个字,即四个空格键,大标题和小标题前也一样,且后面不能写正文,正文需另起一段。段落间不允许空行。参考文献:参考文献全部用宋体小五字型。参考文献应另起一页。每篇论文至少应列示5个所引用的中外文参考文献资料。必须注明引用教材(或著作、期刊、网站等)的书名(或著作、期刊、网站名)、作者、出版单位、时间(引用期刊的还必须注明文章名),引用其他参考材料也应注明资料来源。参考文献按序号、编著者、书名(或著作、期刊、网站名)、出版社、出版时间的顺序排列。参考文献数目:成绩为良好及以上的论文,参考文献不少于8篇;其他成绩的不少于5篇。其他内容1.终稿(不少于600字)内容包括:毕业论文写作背景,包括选题的理由(理论意义和实用价值);写作过程,包括研究方法、收集资料的途径;论文写作的感想、收获。2.指导记录表(不少于6次)保留指导老师每次指导评语,按时间顺序打印指导记录表内。3.申请学位同学,提交论文全部内容的电子版给责任教师。
会计学论文开题报告根据我搜集的一些网站来看,建议看看这个,要做毕业论文以及毕业设计的,推荐一个网站 ,里面的毕业设计什么的全是优秀的,因为精挑细选的,网上很少有,都是相当不错的毕业论文和毕业设计,对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值,希望对你有所帮助。别的相关范文很多的,推荐一些比较好的范文写作网站,希望对你有帮助,这些精选的范文网站,里面有大量的范文,也有各种文章写作方法,注意事项,应该有适合你的,自己动手找一下,可不要照搬啊,参考一下,用自己的语言写出来那才是自己的。 如果你不是校园网的话,请在下面的网站找:毕业论文网: 分类很细 栏目很多毕业论文: 毕业设计: 开题报告: 实习论文: 写作指导:
我国政府会计引入权责发生制的思考论文编号:KJ036 字数:8759,页数:10摘 要 在我国,经过20多年的改革开放,市场经济环境发生了巨大变化,尤其是在政府职能的转换、公共财政体制的改革、政府收支分类科目的变化、政府绩效评价制度的建设以及政府监督的加强等方面,均对反映政府经济活动的政府会计信息提出了更高要求,从而需要与时俱进,积极推进政府会计改革,因此引起了本人对我国政府预算及其会计引入权责发生制的些许思考。 我国政府会计一直采用收付实现制进行核算和报告,很大程度上是出于这一会计基础能够证明现金支出符合控制性、合规性方面的要求。但随着公共管理环境的巨变,它明显表现出了对新体制的种种不适应性。目前,引入权责发生制已经成为国际上政府会计改革的一个新趋势。 为了真实地反映政府的财务状况和管理业绩,提供高质量的财务信息,使社会公众能客观全面的评价政府的受托责任,消除各种不良现象的发生,引入权责发生制的记账基础,成了我国政府会计改革的必然趋势和要求。但是笔者认为,在会计实务中不论是企业会计还是政府会计,都没有绝对意义上的只采用一种核算或报告基础,只有将收付实现制和权责发生制结合,才能反映全貌。 关键词:政府预算 预算会计 权责发生制 收付实现制大纲 一、政府会计改革的趋势 1二、政府引入权责发生制的必要性 2三、传统的收付实现制的缺陷与政府引入权责发生制的意义 3四、政府引入权责发生制的若干问题 4五、政府推行权责发生制应采取的对策 5参考文献 7参考文献贝洪俊,我国政府会计引入权责发生制的手探析,《财会研究》,2008年4月。鲁生选,权责发生制在政府会计中的运用,《财务月刊》,2006年2月。欧理平,论权责发生制与收付实现制的对立统一,《内蒙士科技与经济》,2008年11月。王庆成,《政府与事业单位会计》,中国人民大学出版社,2009年1月。赵建勇,《政府与非营利组织会计》,复旦大学出版社,2008年。杨远震,《政府与非营利组织会计》,中国财经经济出版社,2002年8月。蒙丽珍,《政府与非营利组织会计》,中国财政经济出版社,2007年。(美)拉扎克,《政府与非盈利组织会计导论》,机械工业出版社,2003年1月。何东平,《政府与非营利组织会计》,经济科学出版社,2009年03月。徐曙娜,《政府与非营利组织会计》,上海财经大学出版社,2006年9月。当前资产评估期待解决的问题对建设银行实施绩效审计方法应用的研究江门市内部会计控制问题研究高职院校会计专业教育教学相关问题研究关于在少直供电所财务会计的实践报告合理利用财务杠杆优化企业资本结构江苏新河农用化工有限公司流动资金管理的调查报告农村信用社财务管理问题的探讨企业集团财务管理模式的选择与构建浅谈商业银行会计部位风险及对策行政事业单位实施会计集中核算对内部审计的影响及对强化农村信用社内控建设积极防化金融风险上市公司会计信息披露舞弊调查报告上市公司会计信息失真对策的研究如何通过税务筹划实现企业价值最大化谈电算化会计信息系统及其内部控制无形资产评估若干问题探讨应收账款内部控制制度的探讨浅谈网络会计及对会计假设的影响中小民营企业融资问题研究政府投资审计项目实例浅析负债经营的相关问题 会计制度与税法差异的分析 利润操纵常见手法及其治理 浅议法务会计 我国政府会计引入权责发生制的思考 试论会计信息失真的成因及其治理对策 试论公允价值计量属性 上市公司会计信息披露规范化之探讨 浅析战略成本管理 浅析网络会计 浅析内部审计风险的形成与控制 浅谈我国企业的内部控制体系 汽车企业冲压作业的成本控制 关于我国物业税立法的思考 财务报表附注在财务分析中的重要性 浅析负债经营的相关问题
一、会计学专业毕业论文题目的拟定 (一) 论文选题原则 会计学专业毕业论文选题应简洁、明确、有概括性, 字数不宜超过20个字。首先要遵循科学性原则, 使选题符合客观经济、管理规律。其次要体现价值原则, 使论题兼具理论价值和应用价值, 同时要有问题意识, 以人才培养目标为导向, 尽量体现应用性。再次, 要坚持可行原则, 充分考虑选题是否具备写作的主观条件和客观条件, 充分考虑学生的学术水平和驾驭能力, 宜小、精、专, 忌大、泛、空。最后, 牢记创新原则, 选择具有发展前途和生长点、可持续发展的题目, 创新不仅仅包括研究内容的创新, 也包括研究方法、研究技术的创新。 (二) 题目的一般表达形式 目前, 本科院校经管类会计学专业毕业论文题目一般多用“研究”等表达形式, 论文题目表达形式较为单一, 很多适宜的表达方式被忽略了:如“论”字式标题, 包括“论”、“简论”、“试论”等表达方式;“析”字式标题, 如“简析”、“试析”、“分析”、“探析”等表达方式;“新”字式标题, 如“新论”、“新探”、“新思考”等表达方式。另外, 部分学者认为“浅论”、“浅析”、“浅议”等“浅”字式标题缺乏“精、深、专”的学术研究精神, 不能体现学位论文应有的深度, 因此, “浅”字式标题表达形式只适用于期刊论文, 会计学专业毕业论文命题时应尽量避免。 二、会计学专业毕业论文摘要的写作 (一) 摘要的性质 论文的摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的, 不加评论和补充解释, 简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性, 并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息, 即不阅读全文, 就能获得必要的信息。摘要不容赘言, 故需逐字推敲。 (二) 摘要的一般表达形式 根据表达形式的不同, 摘要可分为报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道---指示性摘要三大类。目前, 我国期刊上发表的论文, 多采用报道性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论。而本科会计学专业毕业论文的摘要多是采用指示性摘要的写法。在指示性摘要的写作过程中, 作者首先应该对论文的写作背景做简单介绍, 继之对文章的主要内容进行简单描述, 主要是对文章的核心部分进行阐述, 最后要对文章的研究价值进行简单说明。因此, 本科会计学专业毕业论文的摘要不需要交代研究目的和研究方法, 直接对研究背景、研究内容和研究价值进行概括和描述即可。 (三) 摘要的写作要求 会计学专业毕业论文摘要应有高度的概括力, 语言精练、明确。内容必须完整、具体、一目了然。首先, 摘要中应排除本学科领域已成为常识的内容。例如:“会计基本职能包括会计核算和会计监督”这种描述是不能出现在摘要中的。切忌把应在引言中出现的内容写入摘要。其次, 摘要应结构严谨, 表达简明, 语义确切。严格按照“研究背景---主要内容---研究价值”的逻辑结构行文, 句子之间要上下连贯, 互相呼应, 摘要不分段, 不用引文。再次, 摘要写作慎用长句, 句型应力求简单。每句话要表意明白, 无空泛、笼统、含混之词, 应含有较多的定性和定量的信息。最后, 摘要写作应坚持不评价原则。一般不对论文内容作诠释和评论, 尤其要避免自我评价, 不能出现“本文”、“作者”等第一人称词。 三、会计学专业毕业论文关键词的选择 (一) 经管类会计学专业毕业论文关键词的特点 经管类会计学专业毕业论文的关键词具有明显的学科特点。首先, 能够反映经济管理领域的热点问题和学科属性, 具有关键性, 对全文内容具有串联作用。其次, 多为经过规范化处理的经管类术语或学科名词, 易于计算机技术处理, 便于检索和索引。再次, 词性固定, 必须是名词或名词性词组。 (二) 关键词选择误区 关键词不关键 在本科院校经管类会计学专业毕业论文中, 关键词选取偏差和遗漏现象普遍存在, 很多学生不能准确理解和把握关键词与会计学专业毕业论文内容的关系, 导致关键词选取失当甚至完全不能反映论文的核心内容, 不能有效涵盖文章的全部学术思想。例如, 题为《高教体制改革背景下的会计专业课程建设研究---以邢台学院为例》的会计学专业毕业论文, 所标引的关键词是“课程建设”、“课程体系”和“建设原则”, 却忽视了“高等教育体制改革”和“邢台学院”这两个点明主旨的文章核心关键词。 选取无效关键词 在一些论文中经常可以看到以“性质”、“特点”、“分析”、“研究”、“原因”、“对策”等词汇作为关键词, 这种“关键词”既不能展示会计学专业毕业论文撰写者所研究问题的学科属性、专业方向、涉及领域及相关研究方法, 没有明确的学术指向, 又不具备关键词应该具有的检索功能, 很多学者称其为“无效关键词”或“伪关键词”因为, 关键词的存在目的是为了文献检索需要, 而读者在检索文献时绝对不会以这些词进行检索, 失去了关键词引导检索的意义。 随意组词和拆词 在一些学生论文中, 关键词的选取存在着组词随意的现象:不是将规范化的词语作为关键词, 而是将文中一句话或者自造词组作为关键词, 这样的选取方法既不符合关键词选取规范, 也不能起到提示研究方向和显示文章内容外延的作用。既不“关键”, 也非“词”, 难以被研究者用作检索词条, 从而导致文章显示度被严重稀释。另外, 部分会计学专业毕业论文存在为了凑够三个关键词而随意拆词的现象。例如《论会计环境对会计文化的影响》一文, 学生初稿所选取的关键词是:“会计环境”、“会计”、“文化”将“会计文化”拆解为“会计”和“文化”, 导致关键词的学术指向发生严重偏离。 (三) 关键词选取方法 首先, 可以根据论文题目标引关键词。因为题目就是论文的核心所在。有的论文从标题上就可以一目了然地选出关键词。其次, 可以根据摘要标引关键词。单从标题中不能直接找出全部恰当的关键词时, 即可从摘要中寻找适当的关键词。最后, 可以根据学科标引关键词。有的会计学专业毕业论文用上述两种方法依然无法确定出全部适当的关键词, 需要在通读全文的基础上, 分析论文论述的内容, 并根据学科和研究方向选取关键词。总之, 所选取的关键词一定要符合经管类会计学专业毕业论文关键词的特点, 并能够充分发挥关键词应有的引导作用。
写自己的工作感想,体会,突出工作量。展望一下下一年的工作计划。。
(1)稿件需用计算机打印,并寄软盘。用字要规范,字迹和图要清晰;打印的稿件需加大字号和行距。作者可通过E-mail投稿,但不要和文字稿重复。(2)题名(含中英文)。应符合索引要求,一般不超过20个字。以简明、确切的词语反映文章的内容,并符合题录。(3)作者姓名(含中英文)。英译名用汉语拼音,姓全部大写,名字第一字母大写,双名间加连字符。(4)作者单位。包括部门、单位、省市名,邮编。英文邮编之后加列国名。(5)摘要(含中英文)应尽量写成报道性,内容包括研究目的、方法和结论等。应具有独立性和自明性、并采用第三人称表述,一般以300字内为宜。(6)关键词(含中英文)。是反映文章主题内容的名词和术语,应尽量从汉语主题词表中选取,第一关键词应能体现出文章的学科分类,每篇文章给出3-8个关键词,写在摘要下方。
学习基础知识一个文本排版设计作品由特定的元素组成,经过精确的测量,同时需要考虑并采用设计规范进行设计。就像不同的设计形式,只有你完全掌握之后才能打破现有的规则。同时只有你确定表达了排版设计中的重要意义,排版的形式才会被用户接受。为了能够更好的掌握排版设计的基本技巧,你需要多学习多了解排版设计艺术。注意字体表达的含义在设计过程中,你应当确保你的字体样式符合用户使用习惯。这不仅仅意味着你选择的字体是经过完美设计的,更要保证你设计中使用的字体是符合市场营销需要的。理解字间距草率的字间距调整是设计工作中的大忌。不用多说,这个关键的技能你应该尽快搞定。字体间距微调整可以使人物角色到产品的转变更合理,更统一。这听起来好像不那么重要,但是一个优秀的字间距调整工作可以成就一个完全不同的设计。字间距调整的主要目标是确保每个字符之间的空间美学,创建优美的文本序列。限制字体使用的种类设计师在进行字体排版设计过程中,尤其是新手设计师,常见的错误是使用太多的字体和设计风格。如果你需要使用不止一种字体,一定要限制你的字体在两到三种以内。使用一种字型和大小用在设计主体,一种字体用于标题,另外一种用于副标题。不要在字库中选择字体时犹豫不决,只要确保字体之间是紧密关联的。使用两种非常相近的字体可能会是一个错误的选择。有些人会认为你不够仔细,粗心使用了错误的字体。练习正确的对齐方法对齐在字体排版设计中是一个必须掌握的技能。许多非专业设计师倾向于居中对齐原则,同时认为是合理的,这样就导致文本段落难以阅读。如果你已经开始使用文本处理软件,证明你已经熟悉了四个关键对齐原则:左对齐、居中对齐、右对齐和整体对齐原则。以上就是关于文字排版准则的相关分享,希望对大家有所帮助,想要了解更多相关内容,欢迎大家及时关注本平台!
根据文字字2113体的特性和使用类型5261,文字的设计风格大约可以分为下4102列几种:1.秀丽1653柔美。字体优美清新,线条流畅,给人以华丽柔美之感,此种类型的字体,适用于女用化妆品、饰品、日常生活用品、服务业等主题。2.稳重挺拔。字体造型规整,富于力度,给人以简洁爽朗的现代感,有较强的视觉冲击力,这种个性的字体,适合于机械科技等主题。3.活泼有趣。字体造型生动活泼,有鲜明的节奏韵律感,色彩丰富明快,给人以生机盎然的感受。这种个性的字体适用于儿童用品、运动休闲、时尚产品等主题。4.苍劲古朴。字体朴素无华,饱含古时之风韵,能带给人们一种怀旧感觉,这种个性的字体适用于传统产品,民间艺术品等主题。正规字:黑体,宋体,楷体,隶书,魏碑等。美术体:基本就是华康字库与汉仪字库书法体:叶根友字库与书体坊字体。 硬笔书法。方正、文鼎、汉仪、汉鼎、这几款字体都不错
请确认是否设置为“只读”1、选择word文档,右键选择“属性”2、取消勾选“只读”属性后,点击确认
各位,到2019年了有没有人想要iPhone XS的,请直接留言评论你想要什么颜色和内存,看好的直接发链接给我。截止明天中午十二点,我将会抽出三位幸运朋友然后公布出来是谁脸皮这么厚
pdf会员多少钱12一个月会员功能,可以把pdf文件转换成文字word文件,也可以转换成PowerPoint文件,额外就是可以把pdf文件里的文字图片转换成其他的格式,可以编辑。
今天学校举办运动会。清晨的第一抹阳光照射到操场的时候校园里就开始沸腾了。声势浩大的运动会开幕式拉开了为期两天的运动会的序幕。 开幕式完毕之后就是比赛了。第一个项目是短跑,裁判员一声令下比赛开始了,运动员们像离弦的箭一样冲了出去。在同学们的助威声中他们竭尽全力冲向终点。顿时人生鼎沸加油声、喝彩声响彻整个操场特别是快到终点时欢呼声更是一浪高过一浪。 还有男子4乘100米的比赛,只见各班选手都已经站在了各自的跑道上,随时准备开跑,我班的运动员也在跑道上。各班的拉拉对也不闲着,摆好架势准备给运动员加油。“砰”的一声,发令枪响了,运动员像离弦的箭一样飞跑了出去,我班第一棒运动员一开始就跑到了第三的位置与第一、第二不分上下,第一棒运动员很快将接力棒传给第二棒运动员,第二棒运动员不知今天怎么了没发挥好,渐渐的落到了后面,我们的心也提到了嗓子眼。当第二棒运动员把接力棒传给第三棒运动员是,我班已落到了最后,第三棒运动员虽然尽力追赶了,但还是追不上强劲的对手,接力棒到了第四棒手上,也是最后的冲刺阶段,最后一棒运动员是出浑身解数,拼尽全力,终于追上了两个人。 这次运动会我感受到了:有参与才能有体验有体验才能带来乐趣和兴趣。在快乐的体验中体会合作的乐趣感受体育的精彩。
有多少次挥汗如雨,伤痛曾添满记忆,只因为始终相信,你将去拼搏才能胜利。相信自己,你将赢的胜利,创造奇迹,相信自己,梦想在你手中。
1 你的汗水洒在跑道,浇灌着成功的花朵开放。你的欢笑飞扬在赛场,为班争光数你最棒。跑吧,追吧 在这广阔的赛场上,你似骏马似离铉的箭。跑吧,追吧你比虎猛比豹强2 你们挥舞着充满力量的双臂 看着实心球化成美丽的弧线 我着实在心里佩服你们你们抛出了自己的最佳水平3 一根小小的木棒,连接的是团结和友爱 一根小小的木棒,传递的是勇气和力量 一根小小的木棒,演绎的是奋斗和拼搏 加油吧!让这激动人心的时刻,一直回荡在我们心中!4 踏上跑道,是一种选择。离开起点,是一种勇气。驰骋赛场,是一种胜利。5 运动健将们,用你的实力,用你的精神,去开拓出,一片属于你的长跑天地!6 温暖的阳光洒在赛场上,男子乙组标枪的比赛即将开始。赛场上,一道道优美的弧线将轻盈地划过天空。健儿们用手中的标枪向距离的权限发起一轮又一轮的挑战。标枪在空中轻盈的姿态,是健儿们强健的力量和熟练的技巧的结合。谁能在这场激烈的竞争中获胜?让我们拭目以待,让我们为他们呐喊、助威吧!只有将力量与技巧合二为一的人,才能获得胜利的桂冠!7 有多少次挥汗如雨,伤痛曾添满记忆,只因为始终相信,去拼搏才能胜利。总在鼓舞自己,要成功就得努力。热血在赛场沸腾,巨人在赛场升起。相信自己,你将赢得胜利,创造奇迹;相信自己,梦想在你手中,这是你的天地。当一切过去,你们将是第一。相信自己,你们将超越极限,超越自己!相信自己,加油吧,健儿们,相信你自己。8年轻的我们自信飞扬,青春的气息如同出生的朝阳,蓬勃的力量如同阳光的挥洒。此时此刻,跑道便是我们精彩的舞台,声声加油便是我们最高的奖项!论何成功,谈何荣辱,心中的信念只有一个:拼搏!8萧瑟的秋风,挡不住你们破竹的锐气,9广阔的绿茵场,是为你们搭建的舞台。张扬吧,年轻的心,我们将为你永远喝彩!10泰戈尔在诗中说,天空没有翅膀的影子,但我已飞过;艾青对朋友说,也许有人到达不了彼岸,但我们共同拥有大海。也许你们没有显赫的成绩,但运动场上留下了你们的足迹。也许你们没有奖品,但我们心中留下了你们拼搏的身影。所有的努力都是为了迎接这一刹那,所有的拼搏都是为了这一声令下。11就像花儿准备了春、秋、冬,就是为了红透整个盛夏。就像雪花经历了春、夏、秋就是为了洁白整个严冬。蹲下,昂首,出发……轻轻的一抬脚,便牵动了全场的目光潇洒的迫挥挥手,便满足了那一份无言的等待。迎着朝阳,你们踏歌而去,背着希望,我们等待你们的归来。12也许流星并不少见,但它燃烧的刹那,留给人间最美丽的回忆!也许笑脸并不少见,但胜利的喜悦,总会留给世界精彩的一瞬!是的,那些曾经美妙的东西只有短短的一瞬间,但那却把最辉煌的一刻留给了人间。胜利,是每个人所追求的,胜利的喜悦,是胜利与重新开始的转折,胜利是新的开始!13不长不短的距离,需要的是全身心全程投入,自始至终你们都在拼全力此时此刻,你们处在最风光的一刻,无论第几坚持胜利的信心,只要跑下来,你们就是英雄14时间在流逝,赛道在延伸,成功在你面前展现心脏的跳动,热血在沸腾,辉煌在你脚下铸就加油吧,健儿们,15这是意志的拼搏。这是速度的挑战。胜利在向你们招手/胜利在向你们呼唤16不为鲜花的围绕,不为刹那的荣耀,只有执着的信念,化作不停的奔跑,心中燃烧着梦想,脚下不停的步伐,17你用行动述说着过城的重要,没有无尽的终点,没有无法攀登的险峰,希望载着终点在向你微笑,拼搏吧!经历是一种精彩,迸发你全部的能量,成功是你汗水的写照。18虽然你们在场上的时间很短暂,但你们的身影依然停留在人们的脑海里,因为你们是赛场上最可爱的人19不为掌声的注释不为刻意的征服不为失败的痛苦只有辛勤的汗水化作成功的脚步20心中坚定的信念,脚下沉稳的步伐,你用行动告诉我们一个不变之理,没有走不完的路,没有过不了的山,成功正在终点冲着你高高的招手,用你那顽强的意志去努力,去迎接终点的鲜花与掌声,相信成功一定是属于你,
明天就要开运动会了我兴奋极了盼望明天是个大晴天我把明天要带的:小板凳红领巾水花裙子等东西清了一遍又一遍第二天盼望已久的运动会终于来了开幕式开始了同学们精神抖擞地上场了个个踏着步子:"一二一一二一"向主席台走来众多老师还为我们鼓掌呢然后我们走向草地有二枚火箭发射了火箭冲向了蓝天下来时还有小降落伞呢它好像预祝我们三零四班永远成功比赛开始前运动员们个个充满信心生龙活虎摩拳擦掌有的在小跑有的在练习跳远……四百米跑的比赛开始了我们三零四班的袁祥出场了只见他站在起跑线上看着前方裁判员举起发令枪这时候我的心情特别紧张心都快跳出来了同学们都屏住呼吸等待发令的枪声"啪"!枪声响了只见袁祥像豹子一样冲像风一样快他离终点只剩最后的二十米了熊老师大喊:"袁祥加油!"只见袁祥大喊:"熊老师我来了!"袁祥加快速度冲向终点我们全班同学都高兴极了他得了第一名趣味游戏比赛开始了比赛的项目有很多:有赶马集体钻圈投羽毛球我参加的是投羽毛球那可好玩了我们一个个把身子往后扬手高高的举起用力地把球向前投过一条线就得一分过二条线就得二分我二次依依都投到了一分的地方没有一次投中二分的可是我还是玩的很开心
小小接力棒 一棒传一棒 第一棒传第二棒 第二棒传第三棒 第三棒传第四棒 棒棒传友谊 友谊传四方 走四方路迢迢