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A construction-led design process for tubular trussesDesign Studies, Volume 15, Issue 3, July 1994, Pages 248-259Walid MK Tizani, Gwynne Davies, Timothy J McCConstruction design and management safety regulations in practice—progress on implementationInternational Journal of Project Management, Volume 18, Issue 1, February 2000, Pages 33-40Tony Baxendale, Owain Jones Design and construction of a concrete floating berthEngineering Structures, Volume 18, Issue 11, November 1996, Pages 837-841P Starr, D A WDesign, construction and testing of an air-cycle refrigeration system for road transportInternational Journal of Refrigeration, Volume 27, Issue 5, August 2004, Pages 503-510Stephen W T Spence, W John Doran, David W Artt Design, construction and performance prediction of integrated solar roof collectors using finite element analysisConstruction and Building Materials, Volume 21, Issue 5, May 2007, Pages 1069-1078Marwa M Hassan, Yvan Beliveau

介绍鸟巢的 请参考 很努力地找了来自 大科学 团队Beijing National Stadium (Bird's Nest/Olympic Stadium) The Beijing National Stadium, also known as the bird's nest will be the main track and field stadium for the 2008 Summer Olympics and will be host to the Opening and Closing In 2002 Government officials engaged architects worldwide in a design Pritzker Prize-winning architects Herzog & de Meuron collaborated with ArupSport and China Architecture Design & Research Group to win the The stadium will seat as many as 100,000 spectators during the Olympics, but this will be reduced to 80,000 after the It has replaced the original intended venue of the Guangdong Olympic S The stadium is 330 metres long by 220 metres wide, and is 2 metres The 250,000 square metre (gross floor area) stadium is to be built with 36 km of unwrapped steel, with a combined weight of 45,000 The stadium will cost up to 5 billion yuan (422,873,850 USD/ 325,395,593 EUR) The ground was broken in December 2003, and construction started in March 2004, but was halted by the high construction cost in August In the new design, the roof of the stadium had been omitted from the Experts say that this will make the stadium safer, whilst reducing construction The construction of the Olympic buildings will continue once again in the beginning of In depth The stadium's appearance is one of synergy, with no distinction made between the facade and the The structural elements mutually support each other and converge into a grid-like formation - almost like a bird's nest with its interwoven The spatial effect of the stadium is novel and radical, yet simple and of an almost archaic immediacy, thus creating a unique historical landmark for the Olympics of The stadium was conceived as a large collective vessel, which makes a distinctive and unmistakable impression both from a distance and when seen from up It meets all the functional and technical requirements of an Olympic National Stadium, but without communicating the insistent sameness of technocratic architecture dominated by large spans and digital Visitors walk through this formation and enter the spacious ambulatory that runs full circle around the From there, one can survey the circulation of the entire area including the stairs that access the three tiers of the Functioning like an arcade or a concourse, the lobby is a covered urban space with restaurants and stores that invite visitors to stroll Just as birds stuff the spaces between the woven twigs of their nests with a soft filler, the spaces in the structure of the stadium will be filled with inflated ETFE Originally, on the roof, the cushions were to be mounted on the outside of the structure to make the roof completely weatherproof, but the roof has been omitted from the design in While the rain was to be collected for rainwater recuperation, the sunlight was to filter through the translucent roof, providing the lawn with essential ultraviolet On the facade, the inflated cushions will be mounted on the inside of the structure where necessary, to provide wind Since all of the facilities -- restaurants, suites, shops and restrooms -- are all self-contained units, it is possible to do largely without a solid, enclosed This allows for natural ventilation of the stadium, which is the most important aspect of the stadium's sustainable The sliding roof was an integral part of the stadium When it was to be closed, it would have converted the stadium into a covered arena; however, the sliding roof was eliminated in an effort to cut costs and increase overall safety of the radical new Beijing National Stadium Bird's Nest/Olympic Stadium Facility statistics Location Beijing Broke ground Dec 2003 Opened Unknown Closed N/A Demolished N/A Owner Surface Grass Construction cost 5 billion yuan Architect Herzog & de Meuron ArupSport CAG Tenants Seating capacity 91,000 (80,000 Post Olympics)