财务风险论文外文翻译

什么是财务风险 财务风险是企业在财务管理过程中必须面对的一个现实问题，财务风险是客观存在的，企业管理者对财务风险只有采取有效措施来降低风险，而不可能完全消除风险。文章通过对企业财务风险类型分析，从中找出不同财务风险产生的具体原因，并试图探索出解决各类财务风险的有效方法。 当今世界上因财务风险而倒闭破产的公司，甚至是特大公司也不为少见，如2002年世界500强的安然就是一例。因此，忽视财务风险将给我们带来的后果是严重的。 [编辑]财务风险的定义和基本类型 财务风险是指企业在各项财务活动中由于各种难以预料和无法控制的因素，使企业在一定时期、一定范围内所获取的最终财务成果与预期的经营目标发生偏差，从而形成的使企业蒙受经济损失或更大收益的可能性。企业的财务活动贯穿于生产经营的整个过程中，筹措资金、长短期投资、分配利润等都可能产生风险。 根据风险的来源可以将财务风险划分为： [编辑]筹资风险 筹资风险指的是由于资金供需市场、宏观经济环境的变化，企业筹集资金给财务成果带来的不确定性。筹资风险主要包括利率风险、再融资风险、财务杠杆效应、汇率风险、购买力风险等。利率风险是指由于金融市场金融资产的波动而导致筹资成本的变动；再融资风险是指由于金融市场上金融工具品种、融资方式的变动，导致企业再次融资产生不确定性，或企业本身筹资结构的不合理导致再融资产生困难；财务杠杆效应是指由于企业使用杠杆融资给利益相关者的利益带来不确定性；汇率风险是指由于汇率变动引起的企业外汇业务成果的不确定性；购买力风险是指由于币值的变动给筹资带来的影响。 [编辑]投资风险 投资风险指企业投入一定资金后，因市场需求变化而影响最终收益与预期收益偏离的风险。企业对外投资主要有直接投资和证券投资两种形式。在我国，根据公司法的规定，股东拥有企业股权的25%以上应该视为直接投资。证券投资主要有股票投资和债券投资两种形式。股票投资是风险共担，利益共享的投资形式；债券投资与被投资企业的财务活动没有直接关系，只是定期收取固定的利息，所面临的是被投资者无力偿还债务的风险。投资风险主要包括利率风险、再投资风险、汇率风险、通货膨胀风险、金融衍生工具风险、道德风险、违约风险等。 [编辑]经营风险 经营风险又称营业风险，是指在企业的生产经营过程中，供、产、销各个环节不确定性因素的影响所导致企业资金运动的迟滞，产生企业价值的变动。经营风险主要包括采购风险、生产风险、存货变现风险、应收账款变现风险等。采购风险是指由于原材料市场供应商的变动而产生的供应不足的可能，以及由于信用条件与付款方式的变动而导致实际付款期限与平均付款期的偏离；生产风险是指由于信息、能源、技术及人员的变动而导致生产工艺流程的变化，以及由于库存不足所导致的停工待料或销售迟滞的可能；存货变现风险是指由于产品市场变动而导致产品销售受阻的可能；应收账款变现风险是指由于赊销业务过多导致应收账款管理成本增大的可能性，以及由于赊销政策的改变导致实际回收期与预期回收的偏离等。 [编辑]存货管理风险 企业保持一定量的存货对于其进行正常生产来说是至关重要的，但如何确定最优库存量是一个比较棘手的问题，存货太多会导致产品积压，占用企业资金，风险较高；存货太少又可能导致原料供应不及时，影响企业的正常生产，严重时可能造成对客户的违约，影响企业的信誉。 [编辑]流动性风险 流动性风险是指企业资产不能正常和确定性地转移现金或企业债务和付现责任不能正常履行的可能性。从这个意义上来说，可以把企业的流动性风险从企业的变现力和偿付能力两方面分析与评价。由于企业支付能力和偿债能力发生的问题，称为现金不足及现金不能清偿风险。由于企业资产不能确定性地转移为现金而发生的问题则称为变现力风险。 [编辑]企业财务风险的成因 企业财务风险产生的原因很多，既有企业外部的原因，也有企业自身的原因，而且不同的财务风险形成的具体原因也不尽相同。企业产生财务风险的一般原因有以下几点： 企业财务管理宏观环境的复杂性是企业产生财务风险的外部原因。企业财务管理的宏观环境复杂多变，而企业管理系统不能适应复杂多变的宏观环境。财务管理的宏观环境包括经济环境、法律环境、市场环境、社会文化环境、资源环境等因素，这些因素存在企业之外，但对企业财务管理产生重大的影响。 企业财务管理人员对财务风险的客观性认识不足。财务风险是客观存在的，只要有财务活动，就必然存在着财务风险。然而在现实工作中，许多企业的财务管理人员缺乏风险意识。风险意识的淡薄是财务风险产生的重要原因之一。 财务决策缺乏科学性导致决策失误。财务决策失误是产生财务风险的又一主要原因。避免财务决策失误的前提是财务决策的科学化。 企业内部财务关系不明。这是企业产生财务风险的又一重要原因，企业与内部各部门之间及企业与上级企业之间，在资金管理及使用、利益分配等方面存在权责不明、管理不力的现象，造成资金使用效率低下，资金流失严重，资金的安全性、完整性无法得到保证。这主要存在于一些上市公司的财务关系中，很多集团公司母公司与子公司的财务关系十分混乱，资金使用没有有效的监督与控制。 [编辑]化解财务风险的主要措施 企业财务风险是客观存在的，因此安全消除财务风险是不可能的，也是不现实的。对于企业财务风险，只能采取尽可能的措施，将其影响降低到最低的程度。 化解筹资风险的主要措施： 当企业的经营业务发生资金不足的困难时，可以采取发行股票、发行债券或银行借款等方式来筹集所需资本。 化解投资风险的主要措施： 从风险防范的角度来看，投资风险主要应该通过控制投资期限、投资品种来降低。一般来说，投资期越长，风险就大，因此企业应该尽量选择短期投资。而在进行证券投资的时候，应该采取分散投资的策略，选择若干种股票组成投资组合，通过组合中风险的相互抵消来降低风险。在对股票投资进行风险分析中，可以采用β系数的分析方法或资本资产定价模型来确定不同证券组合的风险。β系数小于1，说明它的风险小于整个市场的平均风险，因而是风险较小的投资对象。 化解汇率风险的主要措施： （1）选择恰当合同货币。在有关对外贸易和借贷等经济交易中，选择何种货币作为计价货币直接关系到交易主体是否将承担汇率风险。为了避免汇率风险，企业应该争取使用本国货币作为合同货币，在出品、资本输出时使用硬通货，而在进口、资本输入时使用软通货。同时在合同中加列保值条款等措施。 （2）通过在金融市场进行保值操作。主要方法有现汇交易、期货交易、期汇交易、期权交易、借款与投资、利率—货币互换、外币票据贴现等。 （3）对于经济主体在资产负债表会计处理过程中产生的折算风险，一般是实行资产负债表保值来化解。这种方法要求在资产负债表上以各种功能货币表示的受险资产与受险负债的数额相等，从而使其折算风险头寸为零，只有这样，汇率变动才不致带来折算上的损失。 （4）经营多样化。即在国际范围内分散其销售、生产地及原材料来源地，通过国际经营的多样化，当汇率出现变化时，管理部门可以通过比较不同地区生产、销售和成本的变化趋利避害，增加在汇率变化有利的分支机构的生产，而减少汇率变化不利的分支机构的生产。 （5）财务多样化。即在多个金融市场以多种货币寻求资金的来源和资金去向，实行筹资多样化和投资多样化，这样在有的外币贬值，有的外币升值的情况下，公司就可以使绝大部分的外汇风险相互抵消，从而达到防范风险的目的。 化解流动性风险的主要措施： 企业的流动性较强的资产主要包括现金、存货、应收账款等项目。防范流动性风险的目的是在保持资产流动性的前提下，实现利益的最大化。因此应该确定最优的现金持有量、最佳的库存量以及加快应收账款的回收等。我们都很清楚持有现金有一个时间成本的问题，手中持有现金过多，显然会由于较高的资金占用而失去其他的获利机会，而持有现金太少，又会面临资金不能满足流动性需要的风险。因此企业应该确定一个最优的现金持有量，从而在防范流动性风险的前提下实现利益的最大化。 化解经营风险的主要措施： 在其他因素不变的情况下，市场对企业产品的需求越稳定，企业未来的经营收益就越确定，经营风险也就越小。因此企业在确定生产何种产品时，应先对产品市场做好调研，要生产适销对路的产品，销售价格是产品销售收入的决定因素之一，销售价格越稳定，销售收入就越稳定，企业未来的经营收益就越稳定，经营风险也就越小。 来自"%E8%B4%A2%E5%8A%A1%E9%A3%8E%E9%99%A9"The Infrared Technology as the humanity knew that the nature, the exploration natural one kind of new modern tool, has been applied generally by various countries in the biology, the medicine, the geoscience and so on scientific field as well as the military reconnaissance But is very complex as a result of the goal infrared radiation, the factor are many, the infrared hot image's clarity is inferior to the visible image far, but people in use infrared hot chart analysis question time, hoped frequently simultaneously sees the visible light information and the infrared As the computer vision domain and an image understanding's important technology, the image fusion simultaneously observed the infrared hot information and the visible light information for the people have provided an effective This article research mainly take the infrared imagery and the visible light image as the information processing goal, through will carry on the contrastive analysis to each image fusion processing method, will summarize an effect good method, will then use with the matlab procedure to realize these methods and to carry on the comparison again to the fusion this article first introduced the image fusion engineering research background and the domestic and foreign research Then introduced the image fusion's basic concept, the level, have made the comparison to each level's Then introduced the image fusion's Pyramid algorithm, and has carried on the analysis, the comparison to these algorithms, finally the matlab procedure has realized these as a result of the wavelet transformation in the information analysis and the information processing domain's good performance, this article used the great length to introduce that the wavelet the knowledge, realized the image fusion with the fusion effect good small wave packet's method, through used the objective indicator the appraisal to prove based on the small wave packet's fusion was one very good fusion key word: Image fusion, wavelet transformation Pyramid algorithm, multi-resolution analysis, fusion rule, fusion appraisal

QI YE IS DA FU WENGNEED PONG PONG PONG!-Wang K

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大家知道，企业管理包括生产管理、营销管理和财务管理等多个方面，而财务管理是企业整个管理体系的核心，企业的财务管理目标即是企业追求的目标。可见，只有以财务管理为中心，协调运作管理体系的各个方面，才能有效地强化企业管理，促进企业发展。从全国来说，民营企业数量众多、分布广泛、特点各异，再加上受宏观经济环境化和体制影响，民营企业在加强财务管理方面遇到了一定的阻力，例如：政策的“歧视”使民营企业和大型企业不能公平竞争，地方政府、行业管理部门的干预，使民营企业的财务管理目标短期化，再主要的就是民营企业财务管理受业主的影响过大等一些主观因素的存在，导致财务管理的重要性被忽视。所以，其财务管理中存在的问题也多种多样，我认为，目前普遍存在的问题和原因主要有： （一）融资困难，周转资金不足，使财务管理成断源之湖。 目前，我国民营企业初步建立了较为独立、渠道多元的融资体系，但是，融资难、担保难，仍然是制约民营企业发展的最突出的问题，主要问题是：第一，负债过多，融资成本高，风险大，造成民营企业信用等级低，资信相对较差。第二，大多数民营企业是非大型企业，有些银行受传统观念和行政干预的影响，对其贷款不够热心。第三，中介机构不健全，缺乏专门为民营企业贷款服务的金融中介机构和贷款担保机构。 分析其主要原因表现在两个方面：一是金融业对民营企业的信贷支持不够。我国金融系统从设置到服务项目，大都是以大企业为服务对象，民营企业的信贷服务往往被忽视。由于贷款难，生产经营过程中所需资金不足，极大制约了民营企业的发展。有的民营企业，虽存在暂时困难，但银行一旦支持就能起死回生；二是民营企业的融资渠道单一，难以适应市场需求的变化。由于有的民营企业，在既得不到银行的贷款支持，又不具有自我融资或向社会公开融资能力，无形中，加强企业财务管理也就成了一句空话，财务管理也就成了断源之湖。 （二）财务控制薄弱，缺乏科学性，使财务管理举步艰难。 大部分民营企业存在财务控制环节薄弱，而且对加强财务管理方面不够重视，没有从真正意义上理解财务管理在企业中的地位。主要问题有：一是资金管理不严，财务控制薄弱，造成资金闲置或不足。二是应收账款周转缓慢，造成资金回收困难。三是存货控制薄弱，造成资金呆滞。四是重钱轻物，资产流失严重。 分析其原因主要是：一是有些民营企业认为现金越多越好，致使大量现金未参加周转，有的是资金缺少计划安排，过量购置不动产，而使企业无法应付经营急需的资金，陷入财务困境。二是没有建立严格的赊销政策，缺乏有力的摧收措施，应收款不能兑现或形成呆账。三是很多民营企业月末存货占用资金往往超过其营业额的两倍以上，造成资金呆滞周转失灵。四是不少民营企业管理者，对原材料、半成品、固定资产等管理不到位，出了问题无人追究，资产浪费严重。分析以上原因，最重要的是因为企业上层领导财务管理观念落后，缺乏科学性，在思想上没有真正理解财务管理对做大做强一个企业所起到的作用，没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，使财务管理失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用，举步艰难。 （三）管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色。 由于长期以来在思想上受到旧的财务制度的约束，企业管理人员的观念比较滞后。主要问题有：一是企业的投资者同时就是经营者。二是企业管理者的管理能力和管理素质差，管理思想落后。 分析其原因主要是：民营企业典型的管理模式是所有权和经营权高度统一，企业的投资者同时就是经营者，这种模式势必给企业的财务管理带来负面影响，民营企业中相当一部分属于个体私营性质，在这些企业中，企业领导者集权现象严重，并且对财务管理的理论方法缺乏应有的认识和研究，致使其职责不分，越权行事，造成财务管理混乱，财务监核不严，会计人员独舟难行，想规范管理很难。大部分企业没有或无法建立内部审计部门，即使有，也很难保证内部审计的独立性。另外，有些企业没有将财务管理纳入企业管理的有效机制中，缺乏现代财务管理观念，多数民营企业家尚未建立起诸如时间价值、风险价值、边际成本、机会成本等科学管理的概念，由于管理模式疆化，管理观念陈旧，使财务管理暗然失色，失去了它在企业管理中应有的地位和作用。 First, the privately operated enterprise the question and the reasonanalysis which exists in the financial control As everybody knows, business management including productionmanagement, marketing management and financial control and so on manyaspects, but the financial control is the enterprise entire managementsystem core, enterprise's financial control goal is a goal which theenterprise Obviously, only has take the financial control asthe center, the coordination operates management system each aspect,can effectively strengthen the business management, the promotionenterprise Said from the nation that, the privately operated enterprise quantitymultitudinous, distributed is widespread, the characteristicrespectively differently, in addition receives the macroscopiceconomic environment and the system influence, the privately operatedenterprise was strengthening the financial control aspect to meet thecertain resistance, for example: The policy "the discrimination"causes the privately operated enterprise and the major industry cannotthe fair competition, the local authority, the profession controlsection's intervention, causes the privately operated enterprise thefinancial control goal short-term, again is main is the privatelyoperated enterprise financial control owner's influence oversized andso on some subjective factors existences, causes the financial controlthe importance to Therefore, in its financial control existsquestion also many and varied, I believed, at present the universalexistence question and the reason mainly have: (1) financing difficulty, the revolving fund is insufficient, causeslake of the financial control Cheng D At present, the our country privately operated enterprise initiallyestablished has been independent, the channel many Yuan financingsystem, but, financed difficultly, to guarantee difficultly, still wasthe most prominent question which the restriction privately operatedenterprise developed, the main question was: First, is in debtexcessively many, financing cost high, risk big, creates the privatelyoperated enterprise credit rank low, helps the letter relatively to Second, the majority privately operated enterprise right andwrong major industry, some banks the traditional ideas and theadministrative intervention influence, insufficiently are warm-heartedto its Third, the facilitating agency is not perfect, lacksspecially the financial facilitating agency and the loan guaranteeorganization which serves for the privately operated enterprise Analyzes its main reason to display in two aspects: One is the financeindustry is insufficient to the privately operated enterprise's Our country finance system from establishes to the serviceproject, mostly is take the big enterprise as the service object, theprivately operated enterprise's credit service is often Because the loan is difficult, in the production management processneeds the fund to be insufficient, enormously has restricted theprivately operated enterprise's Some privately operatedenterprises, although exists temporarily difficultly, but the bankonce supports can bring back to life; Two is the privately operatedenterprise's financing channel is unitary, adapts the market demandchange with As a result of some privately operatedenterprises, in both cannot obtain the bank the loan support, and doesnot have self- financing or to the social public financing ability,imperceptibly, strengthened the enterprise financial control also tobecome an empty talk, the financial control has also become mediateslake of the (2) financial control is weak, lacks the scientific nature, causes thefinancial control to take a step The majority of privately operated enterprises have the financialcontrol link to be weak, moreover to strengthens the financial controlaspect insufficiently to take, has not understood the financialcontrol from the true significance in enterprise's The mainquestion includes: One is the fund management is lax, financialcontrol weak, creates the fund to leave unused or to be Two is the receivable account funds turnover is slow, causes the fundrecycling Three, the inventory control is weak, createsthe fund Four is re- Qian Qingwu, the property Analyzes its reason mainly is: One is some privately operatedenterprises thought cash more the better, causes the massive cashesnot to participate in the turnover, some are the fund lacks the planarrangement, excessive purchase real estate, but causes the enterpriseto be unable to deal with the management urgently needed fund, fallsinto the financial difficult Two is does not have theestablishment strict selling on credit policy, lacks powerfullydestroys receives the measure, should receive money cannot cash orform the dull Three is very many privately operatedenterprises end of the month the goods in stock takes the fund oftento surpass its turnover above two times, creates the fund delayturnover to Four is many privately operated enterprisessuperintendents, to management and so on raw material, half-finishedproduct, fixed asset did not arrive, leaves question nobody toinvestigate, the property waste was Above analyzes thereason, most importantly because the enterprise upper formationleadership financial control idea is backward, lacks the scientificnature, the untrue understanding financial control to does in thethought greatly makes the role which the strong enterprise plays, hasnot bought into line with the financial control the businessmanagement in the effective mechanism, lacks the modern financialcontrol idea, caused the financial control to lose it the status andthe function which should have in the business management, took a 3) management pattern boundary, manages the idea obsoletely, causesthe financial control to be dark however 失色 Because receives the old financial system since long ago in thethought the restraint, business management personnel's idea The main question includes: One is at the same time enterprise'sinvestor is the Two is the enterprise superintendent'smanagement ability and the management quality bad, manages the thoughtto be Analyzes its reason mainly is: The privately operated enterprise modelmanagement pattern is the property rights and the operating righthighly unifies, at the same time enterprise's investors is theoperator, this kind of pattern inevitably will give the enterprise thefinancial control to bring the negative influence, in the privatelyoperated enterprise quite a part will belong to the individual tooperate privately the nature, in these enterprises, enterprise leadercentralization phenomenon serious, and will lack the understanding andthe research to the financial control theory method which will besupposed to have, will cause its responsibility not to divide, exceedsauthority to handle affairs, creates the financial control chaotic,the finance will supervise the nucleus not to be lax, accountant thepersonnel alone boat difficult line, to think the standard managementwill be very The majority of enterprises not or are unableto establish the interior auditing department, even if has, also isvery difficult to guarantee the internal audit the Moreover, some enterprises have not bought into line with thefinancial control the business management in the effective mechanism,lacks the modern financial control idea, the most privateenterpreneurs not yet establish such as scientific management the andso on time value, risk value, marginal cost, opportunity cost concept,as a result of the management pattern boundary, manages the ideaobsoletely, causes the financial control to be dark however 失色,has lost it the status and the function which should have in thebusiness