计算机类的论文英文

Information literacy Knowing how to find data from several sources, select relevant material, analyse and organise it into a form that can be used to make Computers have become the tools people use to access and manage Information technologists are people who analyse and design the What is a computer? Tradition definitions of computers include �6�1 A machine that accepts data and processes it into use �6�1 A computer is a binary, digital, electronic, stored program �6�1 While a computer is commonly a digital machine, analogue machine do An electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), process data arithmetically and logically, produce results (output) from the processing and stores results for future Many computers receive and send data (communicate) across networks LAN and W A computer system consists of hardware and What is hardware? Hardware Hardware is physical devices or components that can be physically handled – you can thou Input Devices Input devices convert data that humans collect into coded electrical signals that a computer can The central processing unit The electronic processing takes place in the CPU The CPU consists of �6�1 A control unit that controls all of the computer’s functions and an �6�1 Arithmetic and logical unit (ALU) that performs any calculation Memory Memory holds all programs and What is RAM currently open? Data (notes) Word processor OS Output devices Output devices convert the computer’s electronic signals back into information Secondary storage devices These devices store programs and data The programs and data are not necessarily (or likely to be) in current E DVD CD Communication devices These devices enable a computer to connect to another List the six different type of hardware? Secondary storage(external), input, processor, output , memory, C Name eight pieces of hardware USB, keyboard, monitor, screen, RAM, ROM, VDU, M The system unit and peripheral devices The system unit is the computer Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside, or in other words, plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the key board, mouse, printer, joy stick and Peripheral devices are any devices around the outside, or in other words, plugged into the (back of) the Peripheral devices include the keyboard, mouse, printer, joy stick and What else does a computer have? Software Software is a computer program ,which is a detailed set of instructions that directs a computer to perform the tasks necessary to process data into These instructions are written in languages that computer can Software includes computer games, a word processing packing, an accounting package, amongst Definition of a computer system �6�1 A computer system is the configuration of hardware and software, functioning together, to process data into useful information, in order to achieve a purpose for a human What is data? �6�1 Data is raw facts, be they numbers, words, images and sounds, that can be input into a Mary a name is a piece of data What is information? �6�1 Information is processed data, that has meaning and is John is a list of names who scored an A grade on an exam John A Chai A Pam A Commodore $23 500 Magna $21 500 Falcon $19 800 The system unit contains the �6�1 Motherboard �6�1 CPU �6�1 Memory �6�1 Other electronics It is where the computer program instructions are executed and the data is manipulatedThe Processor CPU The CPU interprets and carries out basic instructions that operate the computer, the CPU contain the �6�1 Control unit and the �6�1 Arithmetic logic unit Control unit The control unit directs and coordinates the computer’s For every single instruction, the control unit repeats four basic operations, �6�1 Fetching �6�1 Decoding �6�1 Executing �6�1 Storing CPU speed The CPU’s speed may be measured in MIPS The number of millions of instructions per second Arithmetic/logic unit The ALU performs all calculations, which involve �6�1 Arithmetic operations 2+3 �6�1 Comparison operations age>=17 �6�1 Logical operations pass Processing instructions A CPU may begin executing a second machine cycle before completing the first-referred to as Current CPU’s can pipeline up to 4 Storage within the CPU Registers temporarily hold data and The computer’s clock A System clock is necessary to control the timing of all computer Each tick of the clock is referred to as a clock Clock speed is the speed at which a processor executes A hertz is one cycle per second and a megahertz is 1024 by1024 and a gigahertz is 1024 by 1024 Memory Memory is the temporary storage place for data and (program) Memory is measured in �6�1 Kilobytes 1024 bytes 2^10 �6�1 Megabytes 1024* 1024 bytes 2^20 �6�1 Gigabytes 1024*1024*1024 bytes 2^30 Representation of data Digital computers are built from many small electronic Each circuit, at any point of time can be turned OFF or ON Hence these devices are called two state Binary Digit 0and 1 Each off or on digital value is called a bit, short for binary A 1 bit computer would be able to distinguish between two values-characters, symbols or Hardly sufficient for the characters on the keyboard Bits Characters 1 2 2 4 3 8 4 16 5 32 6 64 7 128 8 256

这个太难搞了！

电脑的学名为电子计算机，是由早期的电动计算器发展而来的。1946年，世界上出现了第一台电子数字计算机“ENIAC”，用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电工学院制造的，但它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近100千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。1956年，晶体管电子计算机诞生了，这是第二代电子计算机。只要几个大一点的柜子就可将它容下，运算速度也大大地提高了。1959年出现的是第三代集成电路计算机。最初的计算机由约翰·冯·诺依曼发明(那时电脑的计算能力相当于现在的计算器)，有三间库房那么大，后逐步发展。 从20世纪70年代开始，这是电脑发展的最新阶段。到1970年，由大规模集成电路和超大规模集成电路制成的“克雷一号”，使电脑进入了第四代。超大规模集成电路的发明，使电子计算机不断向着 小型化、微型化、低功耗、智能化、系统化的方向更新换代。20世纪90年代，电脑向“智能”方向发展，制造出与人脑相似的电脑，可以进行思维、学习、记忆、网络通信等工作。 进入21世纪，电脑更是笔记本化、微型化和专业化，每秒运算速度超过100万次，不但操作简易、价格便宜，而且可以代替人们的部分脑力劳动，甚至在某些方面扩展了人的智能。于是，今天的微型电子计算机就被形象地称做电脑了。世界上第一台个人电脑由IBM于1981年推出。IBM推出以英特尔的x86为硬体架构，以微软公司的MS-DOS为操作系统的个人电脑，并制定以PC/AT为PC的规格。之后，由英特尔推出的微处理器以及微软推出的操作系统的发展几乎等同于个人电脑的发展历史。Wintel架构全面取代了IBM在个人电脑世界的主导地位。 通常说到“世界公认的第一台电子数字计算机”大多数人都认为是1946年面世的“ENIAC”，它主要是用于计算弹道。是由美国宾夕法尼亚大学莫尔电气工程学院制造的，它的体积庞大，占地面积170多平方米，重量约30吨，消耗近150千瓦的电力。显然，这样的计算机成本很高，使用不便。这个说法被计算机基础教科书上普遍采用,事实上在1973年根据美国最高法院的裁定,最早的电子数字计算机,应该是美国爱荷华州立大学的物理系副教授约翰·阿坦那索夫和其研究生助手克利夫·贝瑞(Clifford E Berry ，1918-1963）于1939年10月制造的"ABC"(Atanasoff- Berry-Computer）。之所以会有这样的误会，是因为“ENIAC”的研究小组中的一个叫莫克利的人于1941年剽窃了约翰·阿坦那索夫的研究成果，并在1946年时，申请了专利。由于种种原因直到1973年这个错误才被扭转过来。（具体情况参阅百度百科----“约翰·阿坦那索夫”词条，希望大家记住ABC和约翰·阿坦那索夫，希望以后的教科书能够修改这个错误）。后来为了表彰和纪念约翰·阿坦那索夫在计算机领域内作出的伟大贡献，1990年美国前总统布什授予约翰·阿坦那索夫全美最高科技奖项----“国家科技奖”。 中国电脑 中国的算盘是最早的运算工具。在人类文明发展的历史上中国曾经在早期计算工具的发明创造方面写过光辉的一页。远在商代，中国就创造了十进制记数方法，领先于世界千余年。到了周代，发明了当时最先进的计算工具——算筹。这是一种用竹、木或骨制成的颜色不同的小棍。计算每一个数学问题时，通常编出一套歌诀形式的算法，一边计算，一边不断地重新布棍。中国古代数学家祖冲之，就是用算筹计算出圆周率在1415926和1415927之间。这一结果比西方早一千年。 珠算盘是中国的又一独创，也是计算工具发展史上的第一项重大发明。这种轻巧灵活、携带方便、与人民生活关系密切的计算工具，最初大约出现于汉朝，到元朝时渐趋成熟。珠算盘不仅对中国经济的发展起过有益的作用，而且传到日本、朝鲜、东南亚等地区，经受了历史的考验，至今仍在使用。 中国发明创造指南车、水运浑象仪、记里鼓车、提花机等，不仅对自动控制机械的发展有卓越的贡献，而且对计算工具的演进产生了直接或间接的影响。例如，张衡制作的水运浑象仪，可以自动地与地球运转同步，后经唐、宋两代的改进，遂成为世界上最早的天文钟。 记里鼓车则是世界上最早的自动计数装置。提花机原理与计算机程序控制的发展有过间接的影响。中国古代用阳、阴两爻构成八卦，也对计算技术的发展有过直接的影响。莱布尼兹写过研究八卦的论文，系统地提出了二进制算术运算法则。他认为，世界上最早的二进制表示法就是中国的八卦。 经过漫长的沉寂，新中国成立后，中国计算技术迈入了新的发展时期，先后建立了研究机构，在高等院校建立了计算技术与装置专业和计算数学专业，并且着手创建中国计算机制造业。 中国是在1956年研制成功国产计算机的。1958年和1959年中国先后自主研制成功国产小型和大型电子管计算机。60年代中期，中国研制成功一批晶体管计算机，并配制了ALGOL等语言的编译程序和其他系统软件。60年代后期，中国开始研究集成电路计算机。70年代，中国已批量生产小型集成电路计算机。80年代以后，中国开始重点研制微型计算机系统并推广应用；在大型计算机、特别是巨型计算机技术方面也取得了重要进展；建立了计算机服务业，逐步健全了计算机产业结构。 在计算机科学与技术的研究方面，中国在有限元计算方法、数学定理的机器证明、汉字信息处理、计算机系统结构和软件等方面都有所建树。在计算机应用方面，中国在科学计算与工程设计领域取得了显著成就。在有关经营管理和过程控制等方面，计算机应用研究和实践也日益活跃。The scientific name for electronic computer by early computer, is developed from electric In 1946, the world appeared the first electronic digital computer "ENIAC", used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania electrician college manufacturing, Moore, the huge volume, but it occupies an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters, weight is about 30 tons, consumption by nearly 100 kilowatts of Obviously, this computer cost is high, difficult to In 1956, transistor electronic computer was born, this is the second generation of Only a few bigger cabinet can will it hold, speed also greatly 1959 appeared in the third generation integrated circuit Early computer by John and von neumann invention (then the computing power of computer now, there are three calculators) is so large, warehouse after between gradual From 20th century since the 1970s, this is the latest stage of computer To 1970, by large scale integrated circuit and vlsi circuits made of "1", make the computer clay into the fourth The invention of vlsi, make the electronic computer constantly toward miniaturization, miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligent, systematic direction During the 1990s, the computer to "smart" direction development, produce and the brain computer, can undertake similar thinking, learning and memory, network communication, Entering the 21st century, the computer is notebook change, miniaturization and specialization, gigabits per second operation speed over 100 million times, not only operate simple, cheap, and can replace people part mental work, even in some ways expanded the human's So, today's microcomputer is what has been aptly called The world's first personal computers launched by IBM in Introduction to Intel's x86 IBM for hardware structure, with Microsoft's ms-dos for the personal computer operating system and formulated to PC/AT for PC Later, launched by Intel microprocessor and Microsoft introduced the development of the operating system almost as fast as the development history of personal Wintel architecture comprehensive replaced in the PC world of IBM's Usually said "the world recognized as the first electronic digital computer" most people think that is available in 1946, "it" ENIAC is mainly used for calculating By the university of Pennsylvania is made of electrical engineering college Mohr, its huge volume, covers an area of more than one hundred seventy square meters, weight is about 30 tons, costs nearly 150 kilowatts of Obviously, this computer cost is high, difficult to This statement is widely used Computer basic textbooks in 1973, in fact, according to the United States Supreme Court ruled that the earliest digital electronic computers, should is the Iowa state university physics department associate professor John o SuoFu and its Tampa that graduate assistant cliff Berry (Clifford Berry , 1918-1963) in October 1939 manufacturing "ABC" (Atanasoff - Berry - Computer) Have this misunderstanding, because "ENIAC" one of the research team at Cleveland, called mo 1941, o John plagiarism SuoFu research achievements of the Tampa in 1946, and apply for a Due to various reasons until 1973 this error is turn them (particular case refer to baidu - "John o wikipedia entries and SuoFu" Tampa that hope everyone remember ABC and John o SuoFu, hoped later tantra that can modify this error of Later in order to commend and commemorative John o SuoFu in computer field tantra it within a great contribution in 1990, former US President bush awarded Tampa SuoFu John o across the highest technology awards - "the state" eeffect "Chinese computer Chinese abacus is the earliest computing In the history of the development of human civilization in China was once early computing tools invention aspects wrote a glorious Shang, China will have created a decimal numeration method, leading in more than 1,000 To the zhou dynasty, invented the most advanced computing tools - count This is a kind of bamboo, wood or bone of different colors made of small Computing every math problems, usually make up a set of GeJue forms of algorithm, side calculation, side constantly to cloth Ancient Chinese mathematician zu chongzhi, is calculated by numerical raised in 1415927 1415926 and between of PI The results earlier than the west for a thousand Abacus plate is another original Chinese, but also in the history of computing tools in the first major This light and flexible, convenient to carry, and people's living close calculation tool, first emerged when YuHanChao maturity, to the yuan Abacus in Chinese economy not only dish played beneficial effects of the development, and spread to Japan, Korea, southeast Asia and other regions, withstand the test of the history, are still in Chinese inventions, it was the direction-guiding cart in waterway written instrument, such as car, jacquard machine drums, not only to the development of automatic control machines have outstanding contributions to computing tools, and the evolution produced direct or indirect For example, it was made of zhang heng waterway, can automatically instrument with earth in moving synchronization, by the tang, song after two generations of improvement, thus became the world's first The car is written in the world drum, the earliest automatic counting Jacquard machine principle and the development of the computer program control have indirect Ancient Chinese Yao with Yang, Yin constitutes a gossip, and two of the development of computing technology have direct Leibnitz wrote research papers, systematically tabloid forward binary arithmetic He thinks, the world's first binary representation is China's After a long silence, after the founding of new China, Chinese computing entered the new developing period, has established a research organization, in universities and colleges to establish computing technology and device professional and computational mathematics, and hands to create China professional computer China is developed successfully in 1956 in home In 1958 and 1959 China has successfully developed independently domestic small and large tube In the mid 60, China has successfully developed computer, and configuration of the transistor such language ALGOL compiler and other system In the late 1960's, China began to study computer integrated In the 1970s, China has batch production small integrated circuit In the 1980s, China began after key development microcomputer system and popularized; In large computer, especially huge computer technology has also made important progress; Established computer services, and gradually improve the computer industry In computer science and technology research, China in finite element calculation method, mathematical theorems machine proof, Chinese information processing, computer system structure and software all aspects In computer applications, in Chinese scientific computing and engineering design fields have achieved remarkable In the related management and process control, computer application research and practice is increasingly