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中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工 铸造 据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.
Modern various machine and equipment are more than on the gear reducer, generally USES bearing hole processing, and currently 1ta series boring coordinates are in single points, so in mass production to ensure its hole spacing tolerance, and low fine molding machine is a special machine, when using a series of molding method. Once processed clamping workpiece, hole spacing in design, and when the machine has two of the coaxial when spindle box, while processing by rail, which not only ensures the transmission distance between accuracy, but also guarantee the hole, and greatly improve the coaxial tolerance of machining efficiency. Can realize automation, production line. It meets the modern production accuracy and paper introduced a series of molding machine structure, working principle and control method, and automatic assembly line control principle and realization : a large series boring
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这里有很多的,你可以找下有没有?我找了好长时间才找到的哦.中文免费论文地址集锦 一、 综合类 1、蓝之韵论文 门类较全。 2、学生大论文中心 3、蜂朝无忧论文网 门类很全。 4、论文下载中心 门类很全。 5、论文帝国 二、 教育类 1、教研论文交流中心 以中小学教育为主，基础教育、英语教学文章居多。 2、教育教学论文网 以教育论文为主，包含：语文论文 美术论文 物理论文 化学论文 英语论文 历史论文 德育论文 教学论文 数学论文 音乐论文 生物论文 自然论文 体育论文 地理论文 摄影论文 劳动技术 农村教育 毕业论文 素质论文 医学论文 电子电器学 思维科学 计算机论文 活动课教学 书法篆刻论文 创新教育研究 心理健康教育 西部教育论文 信息技术论文 3、教育论文 4、中国园丁网论文大观 5、北大附小学校教师的文章： 三、 专业类 1、优秀论文杂志 以科技类为主。 2、论文资料网 以财经经济管理类为主。 3、法律图书馆 文如其名。 4、法学论文资料库 文如其名。 5、中国总经理网论文集 6、mba职业经理人论坛 7、中国农业在线-农业论文 8、体育论文 9、财经学位论文下载中心 10、公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所 11、中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心 12、论文商务中心 13、法律帝国： 四、 论文写作教学类 1、学术论文 其实是学术论文的写作网站。 五、 博硕士论文 1、论文统计 实际上就是万方的论文统计。 2、台湾博硕士论文咨讯网 3、北京大学学位论文样本收藏 4、学位论文 （清华大学） ] 中国科技论文在线 论文中国 : 新浪论文网分类: 中国论文联盟: 大学生论文库 论文资料网: 论文下载中心: 毕业论文网: 学位论文: 无忧论文网: 北京语言文化大学论文库:
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5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。
CS方向sci三区的一个小刊，之前也是major revision，大四毕业了才中了。。所以在我心目中MV几乎约等于AC，虽然这辈子只投过一篇文章。北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 统一查下。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求：1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴.征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料：外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
（最好）不要某宝，不要个人，一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障，有售后，北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 终身满意。
中国是世界上机械发展最早的国家之一。中国的机械工程技术不但历史悠久，而且成就十分辉煌，不仅对中国的物质文化和社会经济的发展起到了重要的促进作用，而且对世界技术文明的进步做出了重大贡献.传统机械方面，我国在很长一段时期内都领先于世界。到了近代由于特别是从18世纪初到19世纪40年代，由于经济社会等诸多原因，我国的机械行业发展停滞不前，在这100多年的时间里正是西方资产阶级政治革命和产业革命时期，机械科学技术飞速发展，远远超过了中国的水平。这样，中国机械的发展水平与西方的差距急剧拉大，到十九世纪中期已经落后西方一百多年。新中国建立后特别是近三十年来，我国的机械科学技术发展速度很快。向机械产品大型化，精密化、自动化和成套化的趋势发展。在有些方面已经达到或超过了世界先进水平。总的来说，就目前而言中国机械科学技术的成就是巨大的，发展速度之快，水平之高也是前所未有的。这一时期还没有结束，我国的机械科学技术还将向更高的水平发展。只要我们能够采取正确的方针、政策、用好科技发展规律并勇于创新，我国的机械工业和机械科技一定能够振兴，重新引领世界机械工业发展潮流。就小型夯实机械而言：上世纪60年代以前，我国小型夯实机械非常缺乏，很多小型场地的夯实基本上采用人工夯实。上世纪60年代初期，长沙建设机械研究所与北京建筑工程学院等单位合作，在群众性技术革新成果的基础上总结发明了具有中国特色的蛙式夯实机，1962年获国家科技发明奖。蛙式夯实机结构简单，维修、使用方便，很快成为我国60年代夯实机械的主导产品。据不完全统计蛙式夯实机累计产量达到50000多台，在我国经济建设中发挥了重要作用。70年代以后，蛙式夯实机逐渐被性能更先进的振动冲击夯和振动平板夯所替代，目前蛙式夯实机已经很少，基本被淘汰。1964年，长沙建设机械研究所开发了HB120型内燃式夯实机，开始由上海工程机械厂生产，后来主要由津市洞庭工程机械厂生产，年产量200台左右。80年代，内燃式夯实机产品质量有较大提高，曾出口东南亚和非洲地区。90年代以后，内燃式夯实机产销售量也在逐渐减少，目前只有少数小型民营企业生产。1977年，长沙建设机械研究所和柳州市建筑机械厂开发了我国第一台HZR250型和HZR70型振动平板夯，这两种产品分别于1979 年和1982年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定。随后义乌建筑机械厂、四平建筑机械厂、安阳振动器厂、津市洞庭工程机械厂等多家企业都开始生产振动平板夯。1986年长沙建设机械研究所又开发了较大的HZR450型振动平板夯。上世纪90年代以后，振动平板夯在我国有了较快的发展，产品品种、规格和生产企业增多，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。1983年，长沙建设机械研究所和湖北振动器厂联合开发了我国第一台HZR70型振动冲击夯，1984年通过了由建设部组织的鉴定，1985年获建设部科技进步三等奖。由于振动冲击夯具有压实效果好、生产率高、体积和重量小、轻便灵活等突出特点，深受用户欢迎，得到了迅速的推广使用，并很快发展到资江机器厂、新乡第三机床厂和津市洞庭工程机械厂等几十家企业生产。振动冲击夯虽然比振动平板夯开发晚，但发展速度、产销量和使用广泛性比振动平板夯大得多，目前已成为我国夯实机械中产销量最大的主导产品。上世纪90年代以后，国外的振动平板夯陆续进入中国市场。振动冲击夯和振动平板夯在我国的成功开发，不仅为我国建设施工部门提供了性能先进的夯实机械，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，而且使我国夯实机械技术向前跨进了一大步，缩短了与世界先进水平的差距，促进了我国压实机械的发展。就机械加工而言：热加工 铸造 据考古发现，在北京平谷、昌平、房山等处曾出土了公元前16世纪(商代)的青铜礼器。 明永乐年间(1403～1424年)，北京制造出享誉世界的明永乐大铜钟(吨)和钟楼大铜钟(63吨)及铁钟(25吨)，采用分炉熔化、地坑造型和陶范法铸造。 20世纪50年代以前，北京在铸造上采用粘土砂手工造型。1955年，北京第一机床厂开始采用漏模造型、双面模型型板及铁型板和标准砂箱造型。1965年，开始采用塑料模型。 1980 年，北京市机电研究院与北京玛钢厂研制成功工频无芯塞杆底注式保温浇注电炉。1982年，该院与北京机床铸造二厂研究成功冲天炉风口吹氧技术。 1985～1988年，北京机床研究所试验成功浮动端面密封环的压力铸造工艺。 锻压 1959年，北京第二通用机械厂(后改名北京重型机器厂)建成2500吨水压机。1971年，该厂制造出6000吨水压机，这是当时北京最大的锻压设备。 1968～1979年，北京起重机器厂先后采用300吨油压机和2000吨油压机制造出起重机吊臂和大型覆盖件。 80年代，北京市机电研究院和北京市模具中心研制出一系列高精度多工位冲裁模具，接近或达到进口模具水平，改变了北京精密冲裁模具依赖进口的局面。 热处理 1949年前，北京已采用电炉、盐溶炉、热电偶等手段进行零件退火、回火、淬火、正火、调质、渗碳等热处理。 1956年，北京第一机床厂开始采用高频感应淬火。1961年，北京第二机床厂开始采用气体氮化淬火。1969年，北京量具刃具厂开始采用光亮淬火。 1978年，北京机床研究所研究完成机床导轨表面接触淬火工艺及设备、淬火质量检查技术条件的研究。1979年，铁道科学研究院和中国科学院力学研究所等合作完成大功率柴油机缸套表面的激光改性处理的研究。 1979年，北京市机电研究院研制成功千瓦级二氧化碳激光器，并于80年代初分别应用于汽缸套和邮票印刷设备的激光热处理。其中，清华大学、北京市机电研究院、北京邮票厂共同完成邮票厂七色机打孔器表面激光强化研究。 1984～1990年，北京市热处理研究所研究成功真空热处理、气体渗碳微机控制技术(与北京航空航天大学合作)、稀土软氮化、粉末冶金制品表面强化、煤油加甲醇小滴量法微机可控渗碳、固体渗硼、渗碳过程微机辅助工艺设计及跟踪控制系统等热处理新技术，并应用于生产。 焊接与切割 1949年，北京已有气焊、电弧焊及氧乙炔火焰切割等手工作业。 1963年，北京金属结构厂与一机部机械科学研究院合作开发出钨极氩弧焊，并实现了氮气等离子切割不锈钢。1964年，用直流钨极氩弧焊及焊丝合金化技术解决了核工业用倾斜式电解糟纯镍焊接。 1966年，北京金属结构厂开发出了使被焊球体旋转的埋弧自动焊。1968年，该厂开始以液化石油气代替乙炔切割。 80年代初，清华大学发明了新型MIG焊接电弧控制法，在控制电弧技术上取得突破。 80年代初，北京城建设计院等完成液化石油气移动式气压焊轨技术的研究和应用。 1990年，北京金属结构厂开始采用数控精密切割和具有光电跟踪及数控寻踪读入自动编程的大功率等离子切割技术。可见，我国机械发展在近代发展其迅速。China is the world's first national machinery development. Chinese mechanical engineering technology not only has a long history and splendid achievements in Chinese is not only the material culture and social economic development plays an important role in the world, and to promote the progress of civilization, technology has made great contribution to Chinese traditional machine. And in a long period ahead in the world. In modern times, especially from the early 18th century, due to the nineteen forties, due to the economic and social reasons, such as the China machinery industry, stagnation, in the 100 years is western bourgeois political revolution and industrial revolution, mechanical science and technology is developing rapidly, and far more than the level of China. So, China mechanical development level and the western gap widens, sharply to the 19th century middle behind western one hundred the founding of new China, especially in the past 30 years, our country's mechanical science and technology development speed. To the mechanical product large-scale, precision, automation and discusses the trend of development. In some aspects has reached or exceeded the world advanced level. Generally speaking, currently China mechanical science and technology achievement is huge, developing fast, high level of unprecedented. In this period, China has no end of mechanical science and technology will develop to a higher level. As long as we can adopt the correct policy, with good technology development and innovation, our machinery industry and mechanical technology can revitalize, leading to the development trend of mechanical small ramming machinery:In the 1960s, China mechanical very small tamp lack, many small venues ramming basically USES artificial 1960s, changsha construction machinery institute and Beijing architectural engineering institute, etc., the technical innovation achievements in mass on the basis of summing up Chinese characteristic invented the breaststroke ramming machine, 1962 exceeded national science and technology. The breaststroke ramming machine structure is simple, easy to use and maintenance in 1960s, soon became the dominant products to consolidate machinery. According to not complete count breaststroke tamp cumulative yield reached more than 50,000 machine, in the economic development of our country has played an important role. Since 1970's, the breaststroke ramming machine was gradually more advanced performance of vibration shock ram and vibrating plate ram, now replaced by laying machine has rarely breaststroke, basically be 1964, changsha construction machinery institute HB120 developed movable type, type of Shanghai began laying machine, engineering machine production mainly by tianjin municipal later, annual production engineering machinery dongting about 200. In the 1980s, movable type ramming machine product quality has increased greatly, have exported to southeast Asia and Africa. Since 1990s, internal-combustion type ramming machine production sales, and gradually decreased in only a few small private enterprise 1977, changsha construction machinery factory buildings and developed in liuzhou HZR250 type and the HZR70 type vibrating plate ram, these two kinds of products in 1979 and 1982 passed by the ministry of construction of the organization. Then yiwu building construction machinery factory, siping, anyang vibrators factory, tianjin municipal engineering machinery dongting and other enterprises have started producing vibrating plate ram. In 1986, changsha construction machinery research and develop a larger HZR450 type of vibrating plate ram. Since 1990s, vibrating plate ram in our country has developed very quickly, varieties of products, specifications and increase production enterprises, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese 1983, changsha construction machinery institute and the joint development of hubei vibration in the first HZR70 type vibration shock ramming, 1984, passed by the ministry of construction, organization construction technology progress in 1985 won prizes. Due to the vibration impact compaction result has good ramming, productivity, high volume and weight of small, lightweight flexible outstanding characteristics, deeply user etc, obtained a rapid promotion, and soon ZiJiang development to the factory, xinxiang municipal engineering machine tool plant and tianjin dozens of dongting production factory etc. Vibration shock ramming although than vibrating plate ram, but later development speed of development, production and use of extensive than vibrating plate ram, has become the largest in China in the ramming machinery products. Since 1990s, foreign vibrating plate ram gradually to enter the Chinese shock ramming and vibrating plate ram the successful development in our country, not only for our construction department provides advanced performance of mechanical, laying have achieved good economic benefit and social benefit, and make our ramming mechanical technology into a big step forward, shorten the gap with the advanced world level, promoting the development of compaction mechanical processing:According to the archaeological discovery, hot-working casting in Beijing pinggu, changping and so have proved that the 16th century BC shang dynasty (bronze objects. Ming yongle (1403-1424 years), Beijing produce world-renowned Ming yongle great 3-ton bell made ( tons) and tower (63 tons of great 3-ton bell made of iron clock (25) and the furnace of melting, pit TaoFan model and method of casting. In the 1950s, Beijing based on clay sand castings in manual. In 1955, Beijing first machine tool plant began using leakage mould modelling, double-sided model and iron plate type plate and standard sand box modelling. In 1965, start using plastic model. In 1980, the institute and Beijing municipal electrical factory has successfully developed line frequency coreless bathroom plug stem bottom note type electric insulation casting. In 1982, hospital and Beijing the casting machine research cupola tuyere oxygen blowing technology. 1985-1988, Beijing institute of machine of floating end face seal ring by die successful test pressure casting 1959, Beijing second metalforming machinery general factory changed (Beijing) built 2500 ton heavy-duty hydraulic press. In 1971, the factory produced 6,000 tons, which is then Beijing hydrtesting biggest metalforming equipment. 1968-1979, Beijing hoisting machine factory has 300 tons of using hydraulic press 2000 tons and create crane and large panel. In the 1980s, Beijing institute of electrical and developed a series of Beijing mould centre high-precision cutting die, the multistage close to or to import mould level, changed Beijing precision punching moulds dependence on 1949, Beijing has heat treatment furnace, salt dissolved by thermocouples means furnace, quenching and tempering, parts of annealing, normalizing, quenching and tempering, carburizing and etc. In 1956, Beijing first began using high-frequency quenching machine tool plant. In 1961, the Beijing second machine tool plant began using gas nitriding quenching. In 1969, the following enterprise by Beijing gage start light quenching. In 1978, the complete machine tool research institute of Beijing guide surface contact quenching process and equipment, quenching condition of quality inspection. In 1979, scientific research institute of China academy of railway and mechanical institute of high-power diesel engine cylinder collaboration of surface modification of laser. In 1979, Beijing institute of electrical carbon dioxide laser is developed, and the kilowatt in early 1980s respectively applied in cylinder and stamp printing equipments of laser treatment. Among them, tsinghua university, Beijing, Beijing institute of electrical YouPiaoChang jointly completed YouPiaoChang seven color machine DaKongQi laser surface strengthening research. From 1984 to 1990, Beijing institute of vacuum heat treatment research, gas carburizing microcomputer control technology (Beijing university of aeronautics &astronautics and cooperation), rare earth soft nitriding, powder metallurgy products surface strengthening, kerosene and methanol small drops of microcomputer control method of carburizing, solid boriding and carburizing process computer aided process planning and tracking control system, and the application of new technology heat in production. Welding and cutting in 1949, Beijing has geo-drilling, electric welding and cutting etc oxyacetylene flame manual operation. In 1963, Beijing metal structure and YiJiBu mechanical science research cooperation to develop tungsten argon arc welding, and realize the nitrogen plasma cutting stainless steel. In 1964, the use of dc argon arc welding and tungsten wire alloying technology solved by tilting electrolysis industry worse pure nickel welding. In 1966, Beijing metal structure factory developed by rotating sphere of the submerged arc welding automatic welding. In 1968, the plant began to liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) instead of acetylene cutting. In the early 1980s, tsinghua university invented new MIG welding arc arc technology in control, control a breakthrough. In the early 1980s, the Beijing urban construction design completed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) mobile pneumatic rail welding technology research and application. In 1990, Beijing metal structure factory to adopt CNC precision cutting and with photo-electricity tracking and CNC pursuit of high input automatic programming technology plasma , China mechanical development in modern development of its rapid.
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
CS方向sci三区的一个小刊，之前也是major revision，大四毕业了才中了。。所以在我心目中MV几乎约等于AC，虽然这辈子只投过一篇文章。北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 统一查下。
（最好）不要某宝，不要个人，一定要选一个正规的润色机构——服务有保障，有售后，北京译顶科技做的不错，可以联系他们一下 终身满意。
1, precise, professional terms correctly, reasonable fluent word order;2, literature written for foreigners, and professional literature, high degree of difficulty, without a strong ability to please do not try;3, to answer this question, please leave your contact way, QQ or e-mail, I pass the to you, please indicate how much time you will need to complete;4, accuracy and time will be adopted and the important criterion;In 5, this task reward depending on the situation of250 350wealth! This question, first get50out, so as to avoid too much waste, determined using your answer, I would make a very simple question, you can answer, I also adopted, complement compensation;5, honesty, if you are the one
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、.纽曼、.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。
farahanchi和shaw（1994）研究了在平面滑块曲柄机构间隙的问题。他们研究了间隙尺寸的影响，摩擦和动态响应曲柄转速。响应观察的类型：混沌和周期。混沌运动的曲柄高速度普遍低摩擦系数。周期性运动一般为曲柄转速、低值的观察到恢复系数的值低。李仁济和阿凯（1996）研究了一种刚性四杆机构间隙铰的响应。清除被建模为一个无质量的刚性连接需要一个连续的接触。三个运动阶段区分：一个相接触（摩擦），一个阶段的自由运动和相位的影响。他们发现，根据不同的摩擦系数和间隙的大小，该系统可以表现出周期和混沌行为。（1998）则提出了一个允许的期望和表征的机械动态性能的方法通过一个连续的接触分析方法在关节间隙系统。当接触检测，一套接触反力是根据Hertz模型的应用。作者能够提取一个连续流动的响应，包括加速度，速度，位置和力量的所有元素和接触点。望采纳！！！！！
Full mechanization of rice production technologyAbstract The Application of plasma from the seeds and simple plastic tray nursery, paddy rotary mechanized and mechanized planting site preparation, field management, mechanical harvesting, the introduction of the full mechanization of rice production technologies that increase production of rice provided for reference. Keywords: Rice; full mechanization; production technology Rice is one of China's major food crops. To stabilize and increase rice production capacity, promote rice yield, income and efficiency of the section, should vigorously promote the use of full mechanization of rice production technology. A plasma seed treatment technology Plasma seed treatment technology, is the national "863" scientific research, for domestic initiative, an original innovation, reached the international advanced level in the same area. DL-2-based plasma seed processor, using high-pressure arc plasma and the combination of alternating electromagnetic field , the formation of the universe in the plasma environment inside the machine, vertical seed flow through the free fall machine, receiving light radiation, electromagnetic radiation and the combined effect of ozone, the vitality of seeds is activated, the virus is killed, ion exchange capacity increased, the enzyme conversion speed, soluble sugar and soluble protein increases, increase seed germination potential, germination rate, seedling ahead 1 ~ 3 d, increase drought resistance of crops, disease resistance. rhizobia increased the effective promotion of the late crop growth. Plant stout, growth strong increase effective tillering, promote early, improve quality, can increase the yield of 8 to 12%. Rice seeds with DL-2-based plasma seed processor treatment, current intensity should be A, continuous processing 2. Processing within 5 ~ 12 d after sowing. Plasma can not do the descendants of the seed crop seeds. Treatment Sowing the seeds can not be repeated more than treatment, can not handle the seeds have germinated. 2 simple plastic tray seedling technology Chuangtu prepared The best selection of mountain peat, followed by paddy field soil and dry soil; with soil quantity: the number of breeding decisions based on the amount of use of land, generally each plate Chuangtu 4 kg; paddy soil and upland soil should be added to amount to do Chuangtu peat, soil and peat were mixed with a 4:1 ratio [1]. Chuangtu preparation Added nutritive soil, according to the proportion of requests are mixed, each plate Chuangtu nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in bed all ~ g. of acid, pH value of to is appropriate. Chuangtu with water disinfection, with Nixon 1 500 times the enemy poured per plate kg, the number of enemy Eriksson must not exceed g. per plate promote the use of "mother agent of rice seedling nutrition soil", follow the instructions to mix well. mechanized planting 2SB-500 automatic with a planter, or 2BD-840 push-type seeder mechanized planting, ensure the bud seed / m2; subsoil thickness is ~ cm, Futuhoudu is ~ cm. Seedling Management Leaf emergence to , should ensure that the day temperature 28 , can not exceed 30 , the night is not lower than 5 , 1 ~ 2 d 1 permeable water; to leaves, the daytime temperature should be guaranteed shed 22 , anti-high temperature leggy; to leaves, the day the greenhouse temperature 20 , the night of not less than 10 , day and night ventilation can be hardened; to leaves, the 2 times a day pouring water. respectively , leaves and planting early, combined with water to recover pure N lg per plate after washing. reposted elsewhere in the paper for free download 3 mechanical rotary technology of paddy field Paddy paddy rotary machine can be turned off to complete, machine rake, reducing mechanical operating costs, reduce operational links, labor, save time, fuel, and water saving bulb fields can be saving 30% to 50%. Its rotary operation pulverizer capacity, the surface smooth. mulching rice tight, high efficiency, low fuel consumption, a rotary plow to achieve normal operating times and the harrowing effects of the pulverizer, topsoil breathable, good water permeability, is conducive to root Development [2]. the technical requirements: First, Rotary paddy fields, generally in the local planting before (May) 20 d or so, pour fields until after the planting can be formed; Second, farming, the tail wheel tube extension Source tube length can not exceed 100 mm, while the operation should be standing hand rails frame, so coulter or too off the ground over the ridge groove, so as not to bend the inner tube; third operation, without rendering the rotary knife wound weed too much, otherwise it will consume Power and increase tractor parts wear; Fourth, removing weeds, the need to turn down the throttle, the clutch, brake handle on the "off" position, the variable speed operation of the handle and the rotary blade the handle on the neutral position, and then clear the weeds 4 mechanized planting site preparation techniques Plots to Baping, rake thin, water depth 2 ~ 4 cm, the general precipitation 1 ~ 2 d, depending on the soil may be. Rake the soil to fine, leveling, mud rotten, no debris, depth of 2 ~ 4 cm, rake take some time after the deposition, usually 1 ~ 2 d; planting a row spacing of 30 cm, spacing according to species debugging. inserted 2 to 4 / hole, 5 to 7 post-plug / hole. planting depth of 2 ~ 3 cm for the should not be too deep, so as not to affect the tiller. 5 mechanization of field management Eastern red card throwing machine can be a machine, can throwing, but also fertilizer and spraying, to prevent disease, insects, weeds and other effects [4]. 6 mechanized harvest technology of rice Mechanization of rice paddy harvest is to achieve an important element of full mechanization. Harvested by combine harvester, a complete harvesting, threshing, cleaning and other processes. Compared with the manual harvesting, mechanized harvesting of rice. Can improve productivity, reduce harvest losses to save costs, reduce labor intensity and improve production conditions of farmers. 7 References [1] Yang, Wang Chunsheng, Su Hoon Lee, et al. Alpine region mechanized cultivation of rice seeding rate on rice in different disk seedling quality and yield [J]. RICE, 2006 (5) :27-29. [2] Xia item. On the mechanization of rice cultivation techniques [J]. Agricultural Equipment & Technology, 2006,32 (4): 14. [3] Wang Zhongyou, Xu Lianxi. Friendship Farm Mechanization of Rice Cultivation Experience [J]. Modernization of agriculture, 2001 (1) :37-39. [4] Zhong-ping, cabbage, Chen Chuan, et al. City of Rice Development serve organization of [J]. Anhui Agricultural Sciences, 2007,35 (7) :2104-2105. 水稻机械抛秧栽培技术摘要主要论述了水稻机械抛秧栽培技术,包括整地、育苗、抛秧密度与时间、抛秧前准备、抛秧机操作、抛秧后田间管理等内容,对推广和普及水稻机械抛秧技术、解决当前水稻旱育苗人工插秧工效低、成本高等问题具有一定的指导作用。 关键词水稻;机械抛秧;整地;育苗;抛秧机操作;抛后管理 水稻机械抛秧是实现水稻秧苗移栽的主要方法之一,具有生产成本低、效率高、灵活简单、适应范围广和分蘖早、返青快、低节位分蘖、根系发达、生长旺盛、通风透光好、有效成穗数多、产量高、经济效益显著等特点。另外,小型风力水稻抛秧机可一机多用,既能抛秧又能喷洒农药,可作为一个理想的植保机械使用,机械利用率高。为了使广大农民更好地掌握水稻机械抛秧技术,现将笔者多年来的实践经验及理论探讨加以总结,以期为该技术的更好发展奠定基础。 1整地 采用机械旋耕或机械翻耙的方法进行整地,要求耙透、磨细、整平,并深埋秸草(秆),做到田平、泥活、泥细,呈瓜皮水状态,田表面成泥浆状[1]。同一地块要达到高低不过寸,寸水不露泥,地表干净无杂物。将耕整好的秧田沉淀10～48 h,一般砂壤田沉淀10～24 h,黑黏土沉淀30～48 h。如果不经过沉淀,秧苗抛入田里后,秧苗会随活泥被吸入泥里,影响秧苗生长和低位分蘖。沉淀要始终保持田面有水,抛秧是以寸水为宜,过深容易漂秧,过浅或无水,不利于秧苗定植,之后始终保持寸水,切勿晒干田。 2育苗 水稻机械抛秧必须使用钵盘育苗,钵盘以434孔为最佳。配制好营养土,除加入保证秧苗生长的氮、磷、钾肥外,还要添加适量的矮壮素;育苗土配置要有一定黏度,最好加入20%左右黄土,以防止抛秧时秧苗土团散落[2]。播种后秧盘表面覆土要刮净,避免连根。抛秧前一天苗床浇水即增加土坨重量,又不会使秧苗过湿,有利抛秧,拔苗时将连根苗分开[3],拔下秧苗后装入丝带,每带装盘数做到心中有数,以便按大田面积抛秧。要求秧苗高度8～15 cm,一般为3叶1心,秧龄在20～25 d较为适宜。秧苗土钵含水率应为40%～60%,手指挤压不散碎为宜。秧苗根部带泥,泥要有一定的黏性,形成泥坨,便于抛出和秧苗着泥直立。秧苗质量要达到叶色深绿、健壮、长势均匀,白根缠绕,无病害、并且有弹性[4]。 3抛秧密度与时间 水稻靠有效分蘖增产,不能过多增加穴数,栽植过密容易造成通风透光不好,影响分蘖率,茎秆细软,遇风容易倒伏,造成减产。机械抛秧时要注意将定量秧苗抛撒均匀,稻田畦埂周边可适当加密。以434孔钵体盘为例,按水田行株距9 cm×4 cm计算,应抛入550盘/hm2为宜;按水田行株距9 cm×6 cm计算,应抛入400盘/hm2为宜。根据作物品种和各地实际情况确定。适时抛秧是抛秧成败的关键,不同土壤耕地后沉淀时间不同,过软过硬,都不利抛秧,一般是耙后沉淀10～24 h即可抛秧。简易确定抛秧时间就是将秧苗举过头顶,松手落下秧苗,秧苗土坨入土2/3部分为最佳时间。抛秧宁早勿晚,根据各地土壤条件灵活掌握。 4抛秧前准备 背负式气流水稻抛秧机的抛秧原理是利用发动机高速旋转时产生的强大风力气流,经通风管连接在储秧盘的圆弧形抛秧槽上,靠强劲风动气流将秧苗抛出,然后按抛物线飞行,当秧苗飞到最高点时,往下作自由落体运动。由于秧苗根部带有泥坨较重,秧苗着泥后,自由定植直立。抛秧前先检查发动机与储秧盘的连接支承架、通风管是否连接可靠,按规定比例将汽油和机油进行均匀混合,比例为20∶1;然后加入油箱,在加油时必须保持加油用具干净卫生,并远离火源。严禁操作人员打火吸烟,以防止火灾发生。启动发动机待运转正常后,进行试抛,根据实际需要调整好储秧盘抛射仰角度。大风天不能抛,原则上在三级风即应停止抛秧;下雨天不能抛秧;水层过深不能抛,应立即排水,到寸水不漏泥方可抛秧;沉淀时间过长,地板结不能抛秧;秧苗过高不抛秧。一般秧苗控制在10 cm最佳,超过12 cm时应将苗尖切除一部分,然后再抛秧。 5抛秧机操作 抛秧机作业时,一般采用梭形行走法。在无风的天气,应根据田块形状决定行走方向;如遇有风天气,应尽量顺风向平行作业,以便提高抛秧的均匀度。启动发动机时,先将风门打开1/2,待启动后再全部打开。严禁猛轰油门,以防造成拉缸事故。在开始抛秧作业前,尽量将储秧盘装足,然后根据田块大小调整好抛射距离和高度,加大油门,两手相互配合连续不断地将秧苗输送到储秧盘的圆弧形抛秧槽内。在一般情况下将储秧盘仰角调整为45°左右较为适宜。近距离抛秧或田块较小时,可采用减小油门的方法进行抛秧作业。操作手也可适当加大或减少喂入量来调整秧苗稀密程度。随时注意观察秧苗飞行方向和着落点,尽量达到稀密均匀,合乎农艺高产技术要求。有风天,应顺风抛秧,逆风补秧;利用油门控制先抛远处,然后再抛近处;少拨快送,就是每次拨苗要少,拨动速度要快,这样会使抛秧更加均匀;抛秧时要求第1遍抛秧稍稀,然后再补抛1次,这样会更均匀。 6抛秧后田间管理 抛秧后倾斜苗无需扶正,人工扶秧反而会影响秧苗扎根,尤其是抛秧后2～3 d,人工扶秧苗则会加重损伤秧苗,造成新生根折断。抛秧后始终保持田面寸水即可,7～10 d为扎根立苗期,要特别注意田间水层管理,以瓜皮水为宜;如遇降雨,田面水层过深要及时排放[5]。扎根立苗后喷施封地农药,其他田间管理按常规进行即可。 7参考文献 [1] 王振洪,张丽辉.水稻软盘育秧及抛秧技术[J].中国农村小康科技,2008(5):28-29. [2] 周丽芳,毛盛河,王小明,等.水稻免耕抛秧技术[J].内蒙古农业科技,2007(6):115-117. [3] 乔长虹,王彬.水稻机械抛秧技术[J].农机使用与维修,2008(5):89. [4] 栾静,张雪保,杨平,等.郑州沿黄稻区水稻盘育抛秧栽培技术[J].河南农业科学,2006(7):30-31. [5] 吴勇贤.有机水稻栽培技术[J].北方水稻,2010(1):41-43.
毕业论文的英文翻译是thesis，音标是英[ˈθi:sɪs] 美[ˈθisɪs] 。thesisn.论文，毕业论文;论点，论题;命题扩展例句1、There is no empirical evidence to support his thesis. 他的论文缺乏实验证据的支持。2、How well does this thesis stand up to close examination? 这个命题经得起推敲吗？3、He has finished his thesis. 他的论文完成了。4、She's finished writing her thesis. 她那篇论文写出来了。5、Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕. 请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的摘要。The article has a clear-cut thesis and arguments, but lacks reasoning.文章论点、论据鲜明，但缺乏论证。
He was awarded his PhD for a thesis on industrial robots.
他凭一篇研究工业机器人的论文获得博士学位。
Please write an abstract of this article 〔 thesis 〕.
请写一份这本书〔这篇论文〕的`摘要。
Your thesis wouldn't get across if you used too many technical terms in it.
如果你用了过多的专门术语，你的论文就不会被人理解。
He is writing his doctoral thesis in electrical engineering.
他在写关于电气工程学的博士论文。
Thesis For Graduation毕业论文Thesis For Academic Degree学位论文Thesis表示比较严肃的文章，是带有一定目的的，研究性的文章。学位论文，研究报告。
A Thesis Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of B. A./B. S. in ***这是标准的学士学位毕业论文的说法，.代表文学学士，.代表理学学士，***处填上专业。