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浅谈如何利用传统节日对小学生进行传统文化教育 所谓传统节日是指由历史沿传下来的流传于民间的约定俗成的节日，如：喜气洋洋的春节、张灯结彩的元宵节、怀乡祭祖的清明节、团团圆圆的中秋节、纪念屈原的端午节、重阳节等。传统节日所承载的文化对于一个民族的精神记忆有着一份独特的价值。中国的传统节日形式多样、内容丰富，是弘扬中华民族优秀传统文化和传承中华传统美德的重要载体，在当今世界多元文化并存，中西方文化交融的环境下，我们利用好传统节日揭示传统文化的内在价值，弘扬民族精神，对加强小学生的传统文化教育具有很重要的意义。 但是，近年来西风东逝，像圣诞节、愚人节、情人节等洋节日越来越受到青睐，以致于现在的小学生过圣诞节比过中秋节还要隆重，还要开心。甚至前一段时间出现了韩国和我国争抢“端午节”的事情。部分商家也推波助澜，小学生对洋节情有独钟，这是社会开放带来的，原本不值得大惊小怪，可是我们自己的节日呢？清明节、端午节、中秋节、重阳节还有几个人能知道它们的来历？我们不禁发出这样的疑问：源远流长的中华民族怎么了？历史悠久的中国传统文化怎么了？学校里对于清明节、端午节等传统节假日也只是一放了之，根本没有深入开展传统节日的主题活动。这不能不说是教育的一大缺失。因此我想结合自己的教育教学实际，谈谈对如何利用好传统节日加强小学生传统文化教育的几点认识。 一、深入挖掘传统节日的内涵 “问渠那得清如许，为有源头活水来”很多学生不喜欢过传统节日是因为不知道传统节日的内涵，因此充分挖掘传统节日的内涵非常重要，如何开发传统节日的文化内涵？需要教师探索研究，对传统节日进行界定，如端午节，除了引导学生了解端午习俗，参与包粽子、缝香袋的实践活动之外，重点还应开展“走进屈原”活动。通过屈原故事知多少、屈原诗词朗诵等活动，重现屈原的故事：两千多年前，伟大诗人屈原为他的祖国流尽了最后一滴泪，纵身跳进波涛滚滚的汨罗江。屈原报国无门而以身殉国，坚守了他不同流合污的高贵品质，从他上下求索、宁愿去死也不愿离开故国半步中体味他那痛苦执著的伟大情感，体验他那崇高忠贞的伟大人格。在重塑中华民族的理想人格的今天，过端午节，学习和传承屈原的高尚人格，具有重大的现实意义。 二、把传统节日教育情注课堂教学之中。
从文化属性上来讲，东方文化是非常强势的。虽然它表面很温柔、很儒雅，但它的属性来讲却很强势，你违背就是错误的，而且它不讲推导过程。所以，对于当代中国人来讲，为什么近代中国人的思想会迷失？他找不到依归了！因为直接颁布真理，让你自己去悟，有几个人有这样的慧根呢？有几个人有这样的耐心呢？悟是需要时间和耐心，心要静下来才悟得清楚的，如果你的心静不下来是悟不到的。只知其一不知其二，然后只能背背这些文字，到最终还是做不到，做不到久而久之就会把它扔掉了，这是很可惜的，这才使得中华文化无法传承。所以，一定要入心。入心的过程首先要过脑，这关先得过，它是门卫，过不了这关就入不了心。我们的东方文化，跑上来就是将脑子先否定掉，让这个东西停止，当然让脑子停止已经是一个结果了，是这个人已经去到一个更高境界以后的生命状态。重点是所有的凡人还没有入门，他在门外你就给他讲门内的事情，他能懂吗？他完全不懂，因为不懂所以完全不能接受，只能听着很好，看看热闹，造成的结果就是对权威的崇拜，对神秘现象的迷信。盲目的相信就叫迷信，那些已经去到更高境界的人，他在门内，在更高处，他又无法向你完全地表述那更高精神境界的样态是什么样的，他没办法用语言向你直接描述，然后他又不告诉你路径，这个很要命！所以，要把东西方文化补充在一起。西方文化讲究逻辑路径，逻辑路径是针对这一点的，当然你过了以后就可以上梁抽梯了，意思是你既然已经上了梁去到更高境界了，那这个过程对你来说就不重要了，你已经可以忘记它，可以放下了，不要再回头看了，一往无前地往前走。但是去往更高的境界，下一个目标在哪里？你是不知道的，是需要去探索的，但这个探索的过程需要安全，因为不能走错，如果你走错，那可能就是一辈子的事情，生命的代价就付出了，可能一辈子就没有造化。
这个很简单啊，首先列出中西方的各种节日，然后对比，节日的由来，节日的习俗，节日的社会背景，然后分析一下中西方文化在其中的影响，就好了。当然，最后要是能发表一些自己的想法就更完美了。
传统节日系列－走近春节活动设计一、活动背景： 中国之大，传统节日之多。它们承载着中华民族的血脉，凝聚着中华民族的情感，可以这么说，每个传统节日的形成过程，是一个民族的历史文化渊源，美妙传说，独特情趣和深广的群众基础。 中国的传统节日被定为法定假日了，这样就更可以彰显民族文化的优秀传统，进一步扩大传统节日的影响。可现在，好多学生只知道是节日，却不知道是“传统节日”还是“现代节日”，甚至淡化中国的传统节日，崇尚西方节日，如：圣诞节、愚人节、感恩节等，为了使我国的优秀传统文化能够得到延续，使学生了解中华民族传统文化的辉煌成就；让学生在实践活动中继承和创新民族传统文化，弘扬民族精神与创新精神，培养爱国主义情感。决定开展“走进我国传统节日的主题系列综合实践活动”，通过活动，我们一起去感受中华民族节日的特点，韵味，情感，去继承和创新民族文化，去弘扬民族精神与创新精神。长春版小学语文二年级上册第十二版块为过年，安排三篇与年有关的内容，一首古诗《元日》、二篇课文《他们这样过年》、《年的故事》；三篇课文内容后安排一次综合实践《欢天喜地过大年》学生学完此版块内容后，兴趣浓厚,快放寒假，走近春节。故假期让学生开展走近春节、走近元宵节主题活动是对此版块内容生活化的延续。二、活动目标 1、了解有关传春节的由来、传说、风俗以及文化等，了解社会、风土人情，引领孩子走进中国的传统文化， 感受中华民族悠久的历史文化。 2、通过各种活动培养学生的探究能力、社会调查能力，与人交流、合作的能力，培养学生的合作意识，团结精神，分享合作与交流的快乐。3、通过活动激发学生民族自豪感和热爱中华民族的美好情感。 三、活动过程：经过讨论研究，我们决定从春节的由来、春节的传说、春节的习俗、春节的文化四个方面进行探究。 本次活动共分四个阶段： 第一阶段确定主题及活动目标。学生产生探究的愿望，和教师一起确定探究的目标。确定为完成目标而开展的活动内容及选择活动方式。第二阶段：分小组搜集资料。学生根据兴趣和实际情况，自行组成活动小组，制定本组的活动计划，完成活动分工，利用综合活动课及休息日进行活动。第三阶段：以小组交流为主进行阶段交流。小组内交流，汇总收集的资料，交流意见，合作总结本组的收获，并选择本组的汇报方式。 第四阶段：以自己喜欢和擅长的方式汇报收获，全班交流共享。
近代中国的节日在短短的百余年间发生了深刻的变化，其主要原因是受到外来文化的影响，同时我们也应该注意到，尽管中国近代节日的演化与西方文化的传播分不开，但这种变化对中国传统节日的影响呈现出不平衡的特点。同时我们还应该注意到，近代节日的演变，特别是西方节日和生活方式的引入，对中国传统的节日文化造成了较大的冲击，这更应使我们注意在引进外来文化时不能对传统文化一概否定，而应该对其合理成分加以传承和发扬。随着现代社会的日新月异的发展，文化融合在更大范围的地域内扩展开来，受了西方文化理念影响的人们在欢天喜地的过着各式洋节的同时，中华民族的传统节日则受到了不小的忽视，究国人对中国传统节日与西方节日的差异与看法，探讨当今局势与人们庆祝中国传统节日的方式以及重视程度，从而研究出加深文化印记对我们的影响与应对方案。希望以此来使人们加重对传统节日的重视以及传统文化的理解。将这些无法用价值来衡量的精神财富很好的传承下去。时下，西方的圣诞节、情人节、万圣节等节日在中国大面积普遍的盛行起来，但与此同时，中国的如春节、端午节、中秋节等传统节日在我们本国的热度明显不高，年味也不如小时候来的重了，不禁让人感叹。我们在接收外来文化、文明的时候不能把我们自己本身的传统遗弃，而是应该去其糟粕，取其精华，摒弃掉传统节日中糟粕的东西，在传承中国传统节日的前提下，去感受、迎接西方节日的氛围，而不是一味地跟风，追求所谓的时尚。时下流行过“洋节”，研究其流行的原因、背景以及一些现实因素有助于我们更好地发展自己的传统节日。面对西方文化的强势冲击，我国的传统节日文化日益受到人们尤其是青少年的淡忘。西方的圣诞节、万圣节等节日新奇热闹的庆祝方式，更受到年轻人的喜爱，这不利于弘扬我国传统文化的时代要求，不利于更好地将我国文化推向全世界。我们应该加大对我们自己国家的节日文化的认可度和参与，这不仅仅是抵制过度的外来文化的入侵，更是一种中国传统文化的良好传承与发扬。
就算给了你也是抄的。自己去搜吧。
没办法了，我只好自己拿回自己的分了，都没人回答，郁闷
中西节日习俗与饮食摘要:中国和西方国家的节日及其习俗有着比较明显的差异。中国的节日主要源于岁时节气、祈求自身吉祥幸福,节日习俗以吃喝为主题,其原因主要是中国人对生命的追求以健康长寿为目的,并通过饮食来实现;西方的节日主要源于宗教及相关事件,缅怀上帝、求其保佑,节日习俗以玩乐为主题,其原因主要是西方人对生命的追求以健康快乐为目的,并通过宗教和娱乐活动来实现。关键词:中西节日;节日习俗;饮食文化节日是指一年中被赋予特殊社会文化意义并穿插于日常之间的日子,是人们丰富多彩生活的集中展现,是各地区、民族、国家的政治、经济、文化、宗教等的总结和延伸。长期以来,中国以农为本,在生产力和科学技术不发达的情况下,农作物的耕种与收获有着强烈的季节特征,于是十分重视季节气候对农作物的影响,在春种、夏长、秋收、冬藏的过程中认识到了自然时序变化的规律,总结出四时、二十四节气学说,形成了以岁时节日为主的传统节日体系。这一节日体系萌芽于先秦时期,成长于魏晋南北朝时期,定型于唐宋时期[1]()。到宋代,陈元靓的《岁时广记》所载一年中的节日有元旦、立春、人日、上元、正月晦、中和节、二社日、寒食、清明、上巳、佛日、端午、朝节、三伏、立秋、七夕、中元、中秋、重九、小春、下元、冬至、腊日、交年节、岁除等。明清后基本沿用这个序列,并逐渐淡化了其中一些节日。而以英、法、意、美为代表的西方国家,最初多以畜牧业为主,尽管后来农、工、商都有较大发展,但农业大多没有成为立国之本,因此人们对季节气候的重视程度不及中国,他们最注重的是基督教。而基督教有众多的节日,其中有的是信徒中自发形成的,但多数是教会规定的,几乎贯穿一年的始终。如一月有主显节,二月有瓦伦丁节即情人节、谢肉节也称狂欢节、封斋节,四月有复活节,五月有耶酥升天节、生灵降临节,八月有圣母升天节,九月有圣母圣诞节,十一月有万圣节、万灵节、感恩节,十二月有圣诞节、悼婴节等。由于基督教在西方国家拥有占人口百分之九十以上的信徒,有着无可比拟的特殊地位,甚至先后成为罗马帝国和英国的国教,于是基督教的许多节日在长期的历史发展过程中因影响极大、涉及面极广而逐渐演变成全社会共同的节日,由此形成了以宗教节日为主的传统节日体系,其中典型的节日有狂欢节、情人节、复活节、万圣节、感恩节、圣诞节等。这些节日基本上源于基督教,大多有与基督教相关的习俗,但不一定有特殊的节日食品。节日习俗则是在节日里出现的风俗习惯,常因节日体系及更深层次的自然与社会环境的差异而有所不同。中国与西方国家在节日习俗上的差异主要表现有二:一是节日习俗的起源与目的不同,中国主要源于岁时节气,以祈求自身的吉祥幸福;西方主要源于宗教及相关事件,以缅怀上帝、求其保佑。二是节日习俗的主题与内容不同,中国主要以吃喝为主题,许多节日有相应的节日食品;西方国家主要以玩乐为主题,许多节日都少有相应的节日食品。究其原因,主要是由思想观念和价值取向造成的。中国人对生命的追求以健康长寿为目的,主要通过饮食来实现,即《管子》所言“民以食为天”、《尚书·洪范》所称“食为八政之首”,加之其哲学观点讲究顺应自然的“天人相应”,使得中国人的饮食观特别重视人体、饮食与自然时序相对应,认为只有如此,作为自然一部分的人才会健康长寿,所以节日习俗不仅以饮食为主,并且以特定的节日食品作为这些观念的最好注解。而西方人对生命的追求是以健康快乐为目的,除必须的饮食营养外,更主要的是通过宗教和娱乐活动来实现,认为人生来有原罪,必须通过信仰上帝、参加宗教仪式和不断忏悔等才能赎罪,从而得到心灵净化与快乐,因此西方的节日习俗不仅有浓重的宗教色彩,而且注重宗教仪式后的一种身心解脱式的娱悦和快乐。下面分别以中国和西方人最重视的节日为例进行阐述。1中国的节日习俗:源于岁时,吃喝为主,祈求幸福在中国,春节是春天的重要节日,时间从汉魏以前的农历立春之日逐渐改为农历正月初一,节日食品从早期的春盘、春饼、屠苏酒,到后来的年饭、年糕、饺子等多种多样。古人认为,立春之日是春天的开始,也是一年的开始,于是在这一天便有了劝人耕种的习俗。《后汉书·礼仪志》载:“立春之日,夜漏未尽五刻,京师百官皆衣青衣,郡国县道官下至斗食令史皆服青绩(?),立青幡,施土牛耕人于门外,以示兆民。”耕种需要强壮的身体,因此在饮食上有了相应的食品。最早出现的是由五种辛辣刺激蔬菜构成的五辛盘即春盘和屠苏酒,目的是强健身体以利耕种。随着时间的推移,春节劝民耕种的意义逐渐淡化,而希望身体强健之义得到加强,并进一步希望新年幸福吉祥、万事如意,于是又出现了新的节日食品,如象征幸福团圆的年饭、象征事业发达的年糕和寓意财源广进、吉祥如意的饺子等。这众多的春节节日食品无不寄托着中国人对幸福生活的祈求和向往。端午节是夏天的重要节日,时间为农历五月初五,其主要的节日食品是粽子。许多民俗学者认为,端午节起源于农事节气──夏至。而夏至标志着夏季的开始,常出现在农历的五月中。这一时期是农作物生长最旺盛的时期,也是杂草、病虫害最易滋长蔓延的时期,必须加强田间管理。农谚说:“夏至棉田草,胜如毒蛇咬。”为了提醒人们重视夏至、管好田间,也为了祈求祖先保佑农作物丰收,早在商周时代,天子就在夏至日专门品尝当时主要的粮食黍米,并用它来祭祀祖先。《礼记·月令》言,仲夏之月“天子乃以雏尝黍,羞以含桃,先荐寝庙”。这一活动逐渐渗透、影响到民间并形成习俗,出现了“角黍”即粽子这一特殊食品,供人们在夏至祭祀和食用。由于端午节从夏至发展演变而来,于是“角黍”也成了端午节的节日食品。《太平御览》引晋周处《风土记》言:“俗以菰叶裹黍米,以淳浓灰汁煮之令烂熟,于五月五日及夏至啖之。一名粽,一名角黍,盖取阴阳尚相裹未分散之时象也。”可见,端午节和粽子的产生与农事节气有密切联系。然而,人们并不满足这种客观存在,又为其起源赋予了许多动人的传说,而流传最广、影响最大的是纪念屈原说。这一传说为端午节增添了新内涵,于是各地因习俗、爱好的不同而创制出多种多样的粽子,不仅表达了对丰收的祈求、对先民的崇敬,也丰富了饮食生活,客观上为人们幸福地生活创造了条件。中秋节是秋天的重要节日,时间为农历八月十五,因它处于孟秋、仲秋、季秋的中间而得名。其主要节日食品是月饼。然而,中秋节的形成及其与月饼之间产生的对应关系却经历了漫长的历史过程。秋天是收获的季节。五谷飘香,瓜果满园,人们怀着喜悦的心情收获这一切,同时对大自然产生了感激之情,而月亮既是大自然的杰出代表,又是中国人推算节气时令的重要依据,于是周朝就有了祭月、拜月活动。到隋唐时代,人们在祭月、拜月之际逐渐发现中秋的月亮最大、最圆、最亮,便开始赏月、玩月,形成了以赏月、庆丰收为主要习俗的中秋节。唐人欧阳詹《玩月诗序》言:“八月于秋,季始孟终,十五于夜,又月之中。稽于天道,则寒暑均;取于月数,则蟾魄圆。……升东林,入西楼,肌骨与之疏凉,神气与之清冷。”在这个良辰美景、赏心悦目的节日里,讲究“民以食为天”的中国人自然不会忘记用美酒嘉肴相伴。据史料记载,唐高祖李渊曾于中秋之夜设宴,与群臣赏月,并一起分享吐蕃商人进献的美食──一种有馅且表面刻着嫦娥奔月、玉兔捣药图案的圆形甜饼。这饼也许就是后世“月饼”的始祖。到宋代,中秋节赏月宴非常盛行,而且宋吴自牧《梦粱录》和周密《武林旧事》中有了“月饼”的称呼和品种,只是未与中秋节联系起来。月饼成为中秋节的主要节日食品大约在元明时代。相传元朝末年,朱元璋发动起义时,就将写有起义时间的纸条藏入月饼中,在互赠月饼时传递消息。这表明中秋吃月饼的习俗在元朝已很普及。明代田汝成《西湖游览志余》“熙朝乐事”载:“八月十五谓之中秋,民间以月饼相遗,取团圆之—10—义。”此后,月饼至少有两重意义:一是形如圆月,用以祭拜月神,表达对大自然的感激之情;二是饼为圆形,象征团圆,寄托人们对家庭团圆、生活幸福的祈求与渴望。冬至节是冬天的重要节日,时间在农历十一月,没有固定的日期。其节日食品较多,主要有馄饨、羊肉、粉团等。冬至是农历二十四节气之一,冬至前后也是大量贮藏农作物及其它食物原料的重要时期。《月令七十二候集解》言:“十一月中,终藏之气至此而极也。”至此,一年的农事忙碌即将或已经结束,五谷满仓,牛羊满圈,该是人们初享劳动成果的时候了。因此,人们十分看重这个日子。许多研究者认为,大约在汉代,冬至就已成为一个节日。魏晋以后,人们将冬至的庆贺规模扩大,使之仅次于春节过年,有些地方又有“亚岁”之称。冬至节是阴阳交替、阳气发生之时,食馄饨暗寓祖先开混沌而创天地之意,表达对祖先、对大自然的缅怀与感激之情。此外,羊肉也是冬至的节日食品,不仅是冬季的极佳滋补食品,而且寓意吉祥、表达对幸福生活的企盼。《明宫史》卷四载,冬至节“吃炙羊肉、羊肉包、扁食、馄饨,以为阳生之义”。羊与阳同音,寓意阳气发生。同时,羊与“祥”通,古代常把“吉祥”写作“吉羊”。《汉元嘉刀铭》言:“宜侯王,大吉羊。”2西方的节日习俗:源于宗教,玩乐为主,缅怀上帝在西方国家,狂欢节是基督教“谢肉节”的世俗化称呼,时间大多在阳历二月中,一般开始于封斋节的前三天,节期为三天。其习俗主要是举行各种宴饮娱乐活动,尽情欢乐。最初,教会规定封斋期间禁止食肉和娱乐,教徒们便自发地在封斋开始之前举办各种宴饮娱乐活动,以此宣布即将暂时告别肉食,称为“谢肉”。“谢”即为辞别、告别之义。由于人们在宴饮活动中可以尽情狂欢,故又称此活动为“狂欢”活动。到公元15世纪,罗马教皇保罗二世下令于封斋节前三天举行庆祝活动。从此,狂欢节便作为一个节日被正式确定下来,并逐渐在西方及其他国家流传开来。如今,狂欢节已成为世界上众多国家和民族不可缺少的盛大节日。由于狂欢节的缘起与教会封斋时禁止肉食和娱乐的规定密切相关,加上二月正是冬去春来、值得庆贺之际,因此其习俗便离不开肉食和娱乐两方面。但对于大多数国家而言,其习俗是以娱乐为主、饮食为辅,并且随着时间的推移,宗教色彩日益淡化,世俗的庆贺色彩不断增强。如在意大利的威尼斯,人们不但在家中宴饮欢歌,而且穿着奇特的服装,脸上戴着面具或涂着各种色彩,踩着高跷到大街上,尽情欢乐。许多点心店则特别制作一些面具糕点,供应顾客;一些饭店、酒吧还制作各种面具饼干挂在墙上,象征生活开始新的起点。把狂欢节娱乐推向颠峰的是巴西,但其“狂欢节之乡”的美称不是源于饮食而是规模盛大且十分精彩的桑巴舞表演。复活节是基督教为纪念耶酥“复活”而设的节日,是西方国家仅次于圣诞节的第二大节日,时间大多在阳历四月。在其习俗中,既有宗教仪式,也有特殊的节日食品──彩蛋。据《圣经》记载,耶酥在去耶路撒冷参加犹太教逾越节时于星期五被钉死在十字架上,到第三天即星期日便复活升天了。基督教教会为此设立复活节以示纪念,并在公元325年,由罗马帝国的尼西亚教士会议明确规定其时间为每年春分月圆后的第一个星期日,即阳历的四月中。由于复活节是教会为纪念耶酥而设,因此节日前夜或当天都有宗教纪念活动,不仅在教堂举行弥撒,有的城市还举行盛大的宗教游行。与此相应的是吃彩蛋和滚彩蛋活动。鸡蛋在西方国家被认为是新生命和兴旺发达的象征,把鸡蛋染成红色则象征基督用自己的鲜血为人类赎罪,因此许多家庭的复活节早餐少不了彩蛋。有时,家长也把它们藏起来,让孩子去找。最初的彩蛋是真鸡蛋煮熟后染成的,后来更多用巧克力制成,大而空,中间装有巧克力或其它糖果。彩蛋的吃法有两种,一是直接食用,以崇敬的心情缅怀基督;但更受欢迎的是通过滚彩蛋比赛食用,将食与乐与纪念结合在一起。如在英国北部、苏格兰等地,人们把彩色煮鸡蛋做上记号从斜坡上滚下去。谁的蛋先破,就被别人吃掉,谁就认输。若彩蛋完好无损,则预示主人会有好运。在这项活动中,输赢并不重要,重要的是人们在滚与吃的过程中获得了乐趣。圣诞节是基督教为纪念耶酥诞生而设的节日,是西方国家最盛大、最神圣的节日,时间大多在12月25日。在其节日习俗中,除了宗教仪式,必不可少的还有圣诞宴会、圣诞树和圣诞老人。在《圣经》中没有明确记载耶酥的出生日期,但到公元354年,罗马教会则规定12月25日为耶酥诞生日,并举行庆祝活动加以纪念。据说选择这一天,是为了与世俗的祭祀太阳的农神节相一致,意在表示耶酥的降生就是太阳的再生。经过一定时期的发展,圣诞节逐渐演变成西方国家全民性的重大节日,并像中国的春节一样注重合家团聚、热闹欢乐。圣诞节有隆重的庆祝活动,尤其是12月24日晚圣诞前夜,基督徒们走进教堂作弥撒,唱圣诞歌,诵赞美诗等,以庆贺耶酥诞生、圣诞节到来。孩子们则盼望圣诞老人送来糖果、玩具等礼物,而他们会给圣诞老人准备一些夜宵食品。除了庆祝活动,圣诞宴会是圣诞节时必不可少的家庭团聚宴会,但举行的时间和节日食品不一定相同。如意大利、法国等是于圣诞前夜举行家庭宴会,类似于中国的“年夜饭”。意大利人是先吃“年夜饭”,主要食品有金枪鱼、蛤蜊、墨斗鱼及果仁饼等,然后去教堂作弥撒;法国人是弥撒结束后才回家慢慢享用圣诞晚餐,主要食品有鹅肝酱、栗子火鸡、松露菌和蛋糕、香槟酒等。而英国的圣诞宴会是在圣诞节中午举行,常见的食品有烤火鸡、圣诞节布丁和百果馅饼。烤火鸡是哥伦布发现新大陆、航海家从墨西哥带回火鸡以后才成为英国圣诞节食品的,在此之前则长期由野猪头和烤孔雀充当。圣诞布丁是由葡萄干、苹果、果皮蜜饯及香料、少许白兰地等为原料蒸或烤制而成的,通常在布丁顶部要插一个冬青树枝作装饰。百果馅饼是用多种果干为馅烘烤成的油酥面饼。值得注意的是,多数国家的圣诞宴会上,当全家人围桌而坐时都必须多放一把椅子,空一个座位,因为这是给“主的使者”耶酥准备的。宴会结束后人们便围着象征吉祥快乐、生命永恒的圣诞树尽情唱歌跳舞。此外,还值得一提的是感恩节。感恩节是美国特有的最古老的节日,由移居北美大陆的第一批英国清教徒所创。时间为11月的最后一个星期四,主要节日食品有火鸡和南瓜馅饼等。这些食品作为感恩节的节日食品是与生俱来的,也是始终不可缺少的。因为它们不仅能使人追忆祖先创业的艰辛、感谢上帝恩泽,还能激励今人进一步创造更加幸福美好的生活。由上述可见,节日和节日中的饮食习俗是人类生活的最亮点,虽然中西方因地域、历史、文化、思想等的差异造成了各自节日食俗的一定差异,但正是这样才使得人类的生活丰富多彩,才使得各自拥有了吸引对方、尊重对方的独特魅力。从这个意义上说,盲目求同,不但会失去本真,也将使人类生活趋于单调乏味。参考文献:
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1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
【摘 要】中国民族的历史掀开第一页的时候，礼仪就伴随着人的活动，伴随着原始宗教而产生。礼仪制度正式为处理人与神，人与鬼，人与人的三大关系而制定出来的。从人类把对神、对自然力的恐惧和敬畏转向人类自身之后，随着人类社会生活的发展，人们表达敬畏、及时的活动日益频繁，逐步形成种种固定的模式……….终于形成为礼仪规范。 本文介绍了 中西方下载的独特差异，由来已久的历史渊源以及因“和而不同”引发的 现代中方前进方向。【关键词】礼仪文化 差异性 原因 方向一、中国礼仪文化演变简史自50万年前山顶洞人缝制衣服开始,文明同时也伴随着人类发展，“炎黄五帝礼理起于大一,礼事起于燧皇,礼名起于黄帝”之说。我国最早的秘书人员“史官”起，礼开始以正规的方式出现。父子有亲,君臣有义，夫妇有别,长幼有序,朋友有信，这”五典”已足够说明当时礼仪的规范体系。大约在夏商周三代,礼仪开始典制化。最早的秘书机构“太史寮”的建立,第一部记载‘礼’的典籍《周礼》的出现,“三礼”的盛行,标志着中国古代礼仪进入成熟时期。春秋战国时期,诸子百家对礼的大力推行,孔孟等思想家的礼仪思想构成了中国传统文化的基本精神,奠定了古代礼仪文化的基础。形成于秦汉时期的封建礼仪及“三纲五常”的提出，清末至民国时期,科学、民主、自尊、平等的观念和与之相适应的礼仪标准得到传播和推广。五四以来,中国的礼仪更注重吸收目前国际礼仪的长处,为我所用。二、西方礼仪文化演变简史爱琴海地区和希腊是亚欧大陆西方古典文明的发源地。约自公元前6千年起，爱琴海诸岛居民开始从事农业生产。此后，相继产生了克里特文化和迈锡尼文化。公元前11世纪，古希腊进入因《荷马史诗》而得名的“荷马时代”。古希腊哲学家对礼仪有许多精彩的论述。例如毕达哥拉斯（公元前580—前500年）率先提出了“美德即是一种和谐与秩序”的观点；苏格拉底（公元前469—前399年）认为，哲学的任务不在于谈天说地，而在于认识人的内心世界，培植人的道德观念。他不仅教导人们要待人以礼，而且在生活中身体力行，为人师表。公元476年，西罗马帝国灭亡，欧洲开始封建化过程，12至17世纪，是欧洲封建社会鼎盛时期。中世纪欧洲形成的封建等级制，以土地关系为纽带，将封建主与附庸联系在一起。此间制定了严格而烦琐的贵族礼仪、宫廷礼仪等。n14至16世纪，欧洲进入文艺复兴时代。17、18世纪是欧洲资产阶级革命浪潮兴起的时代，尼德兰革命、英国革命和法国大革命相继爆发。随着资本主义制度在欧洲的确立和发展，资本主义社会的礼仪逐渐取代封建社会的礼仪。资本主义社会奉行“一切人生而自由、平等”的原则，但由于社会各阶层经济上、政治上、法律上的不平等，因此未能做到真正的自由，平等。不过，资本主义时代也编撰了大量礼仪著作。例如，捷克资产阶级教育家夸美纽斯（公元1592—1670年）编撰了《青年行为手册》等；英国资产阶级教育思想家约翰·洛克于公元1693年写作了《教育漫话》。一直到近代，西方个方面实力的增长，对贫困国家的殖民，将他们的礼仪文化也带到被殖民国家，开始影响着世界的礼仪文化，成为世界礼仪文化的典范。
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
我听说有个叫论文助手的网站，你可以去看看。
网址：
日语论文和中文的论文一样。先行研究就是指在之前所研究的领域都取得了哪些成果，当然必须是自己看过的，然后自己总结的或者说所看的对写论文有指导性帮助的一些文章、论文、期刊文献之类的。
日语论文中的先行研究是对某一领域，某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料，然后通过分析、阅读、整理、提炼当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议，对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。
扩展资料：
写作要求
1、开门见山，不绕圈子。避免大篇幅地讲述历史渊源和立题研究过程。
2、言简意赅，突出重点。不应过多叙述同行熟知的及教科书中的常识性内容，确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时，只需以参考引文的形式标出即可。
3、回顾历史要有重点，内容要紧扣文章标题，围绕标题介绍背景，用几句话概括即可；在提示所用的方法时，不要求写出方法、结果，不要展开讨论；虽可适当引用过去的文献内容，但不要长篇罗列，不能把前言写成该研究的历史发展。
4、尊重科学，实事求是。在前言中，评价论文的价值要恰如其分、实事求是，用词要科学，对本文的创新性最好不要使用“本研究国内首创、首次报道”、“填补了国内空白”、“有很高的学术价值”、“本研究内容国内未见报道”或“本研究处于国内外领先水平”等不适当的自我评语。
参考资料来源：百度百科-文献综述
前方预警:这会是一篇长回答。(包括论文常用表达和日文文献搜索方法)题主问“能否在短期时间内就写出像写中文论文一样地道的日语论文?”那我想把这个问题理解为:“能否在短期时间内写出一篇日语表达很地道的日语论文?”因为个人认为:“有母语级别的表达”仅仅只是写出一篇“地道论文”的充分条件而非充要条件。想要写出一篇“地道的论文”,仅仅只有母语级别的表达是不够的,除语言因素外,清新脱俗的观点、严密且自洽的逻辑思维结构(这一点我的日本教授说过,作为外国人语言表达不一定非要那么地道,但文章字里行间所构筑的内在逻辑,他却非常看重!!)、扎实的专业知识储备等等因素都必不可少。简单来说就是,哪怕作为母语者,也未必人人都能写出“地道的论文”。那么就“能否在短期时间内写出一篇日语表达很地道的日语论文?”而言,我觉得如果下功夫的话,用题主所给出的2-3个月的时间,是可以无限逼近“日语表达很地道的日语论文的”。首先,我们可以来拆分一下文章的结构,然后分部分一个一个来说。如果就题主当下最迫切的需求来看,应该是先写一篇研究计划书。(这个我当年也是写了很多次改了很多次啊!!)我个人认为,研究计划书其实有点像正式论文的前半
先行研究を调べると、日本の和泉怜子は『樋口一叶その人と作品』一文の中で、「樋口一叶の『たけくらべ』などの作品は痛烈な社会批判を内侧に秘め、诗情のヴェールでそっと包み込んだ作品である。」という観点を提出した。中国の余湘萍という作者は『樋口一叶の作品の女性像への考察』一文の中で「樋口一叶は社会全体から、社会の制度から女性问题を思索して、一叶は时代の先端を行く女性である」と指摘した。（这是我自己论文的先行研究的一个格式）