中西方服饰的文化差异毕业论文

中西方服饰的文化差异毕业论文

Abstract: Dress culture is a cultural phenomenon unique to human beings. As it has different aesthetic ideas, different dressing concepts and different dress etiquette in China and west, it forms Chinese and western dress culture of the different connotation and characteristics. This thesis is divided into four major sections. The first part describes the different features of Chinese and western dress and why people wear clothing. The second part describes cultural differences between Chinese and western clothing. The third part gives an analysis of Chinese and western dress culture. The last part describes Chinese and western dress aesthetic culture and dress concept. Based on the analysis, the thesis finally draws a conclusion. Chinese and western dress culture each has rich connotation and distinct characteristics, which are precious cultural legacy which is left by human ancestors and are the world culture heritage. At the same time, we treasure our own civilization of five thousand years instead of belittling ourselves. It is significant to promote and develop our unique costume culture. We are confident and make contributions to realizing the rejuvenation of our Chinese nation and enriching the clothing culture of the whole world. Key words: Chinese and western clothing; culture；differences；aesthetic culture and clothing concepts 摘要摘要摘要摘要::::服饰文化是人类特有的文化现象。由于中西方各民族的审美观念、着装理念和服饰礼仪的不同，从而形成了不同内涵、不同特色的中西方服饰文化。本文共分为四部分。第一部分主要介绍了中西服饰的不同特征以及为什么人要穿衣服，第二部分写中西方服饰的差异，第三部分写导致中西方服饰文化差异的原因，第四部分则写中西方服饰审美文化和着装理念。通过以上简单的论述，最后得出结论，中西方服饰文化各具有丰富的内涵和鲜明的特色，她们都是人类祖先留下来的宝贵文化遗产 ,是世界文化的瑰宝。与此同时,我们应该珍惜自己五千年的文明而不是贬低自己的文明。促进和发展我们独特的民族服饰文化具有重要的意义。为了实现我们中华民族的文化复兴和丰富整个世界的文化，让我们自信起来吧！ 关键词关键词关键词关键词::::中西服饰；文化；差异性；审美文化与着装理念Introduction Costume culture, carried by costume, is a respect of our physical and spiritual life and a mixture of our psychological activities like consciousness, emotion, idea and ideal. The rapid development of advanced technology makes multiculturalism stand out and also makes conflicts between China and the West increase. In that case, it becomes more and more important to recognize the similarities and differences of costume culture between China and the West. Nowadays, the whole world is, to some extent, dominated by the western costume culture, which has wound its way into the daily life of the whole world, together with technology, life style and values from the West. Quite popular in China, it’s nominally called “internationalization” or “globalization”. In recent years, the costume industry of China has developed swiftly. The “international” costume, featured by the western costume culture, has become a pretty important part of our daily life. However, as our economy takes off, international status rises and living standard improves, a wave of national costume culture resurgence is rising. Moreover, people from the West pay more and more attention to the giant dragon in the East——China. Western costume designers constantly introduce Chinese costume cultural elements to their latest designs. Those phenomena arouse a series of thoughts: what distinguishes Chinese costume culture from the western one? Are there any similarities between them? What kind of costume culture will we Chinese hold as the mainstream in the future, the so-called “international” western one, the Chinese one or the fusion of the two? To obtain the answers to these questions, we are supposed to study and contrast carefully the characteristics and developing processes of them, and then draw some regularity. To contrast the costume culture between China and the West, it is necessary for us to master a good knowledge of the Chinese and western costume cultural characteristics.Chapter 1 Chinese and western dress 1.1 The different features of Chinese and western dress China is known as “Xia” as it’s a land of propriety, and it’s also known as “Hua” with the beauty of its costume. (①《左传》p83) Our national costume is Hanfu. It originated in the Yanhuang era, formed in the Spring and Autumn Period and officially took form in Han Dynasty. That’s the reason why it’s called “Hanfu”. Since then, in spite of historical evolutions of all ages, their basic characteristics have never changed. Hanfu, on the whole, can be divided into four developing stages: Zhou Han Hanfu, Wei Jin Hanfu, Sui Tang Hanfu and Song Ming Hanfu. Zhou Han Hanfu was featured by dignity and simplicity, while Wei Jin Hanfu by chic and elegance, Sui Tang Hanfu by dignified, graceful, elegant and poised style. Hanfu in Song and Ming Dynasties epitomizes the characteristics of the past-simple, dignified, elegant, etc. In Qing Dynasty, Hanfu was forbidden by the government and disappeared from the land of China. The main features of Chinese clothing are focusing on the right collar’s overlap, the band deducted hidden, big sleeves, no buttons and using string binding, giving the impression of free and easy flowing. These characteristics are obviously different from those of other ethnic costumes. Hanfu is divided into uniform and common clothing. With strict standards, uniform is dressed on formal occasions while the common clothing, without long sleeves, is very convenient to people’s daily life. However, the western clothing is different form the Chinese clothing. The West belongs to Marine civilization, it emphasizes the subjective and objective separation and that we should rationally treat clothing, advocate releasing personality, stress dress effect and be good at showing beautiful the posture of the body. Besides, we use various clipping, color collocation means to perfect bodily curve and give a person with visual comfort in the modeling. A suit, also known as a business suit, comprises a collection of matching clothing consisting of: a coat﹙commonly known as a jacket﹚,a waistcoat﹙optional﹚﹙USA vest﹚for men, a pair of trousers﹙USA pants﹚, or for women, a shirt or trousers. A suit is generally accompanied by torment, a shirt and tie or for women, a blouse. 1.2 Why people wear clothingChinese people are concerned more about its social function of helping to rule a country well than that of keeping warm or decorating. It has a lot to do with ruling a country to regulate the dressing way of the common people. Nevertheless, the westerners pay more attention to its wealth value and function. Therefore, people put on clothing for functional and social reasons. 1.2.1 The functional reason The first use of clothing is to resist the cold and cover the body. Functions of clothing include providing the human body protection against extremes of climate (extreme heat, icy winters, and drenching storms) and protection against insects, noxious, chemicals, and contact with abrasive substances. In sum, clothing protects human beings against anything that might injure the naked, unprotected human body. 1.2.2 The social reason Clothing also delivers social messages to other humans. Social messages sent by clothing, accessories, and decorations can involve social status, occupation, ethnic and religious belief, marital status, cultural degree and sexual availability, etc. For example, only Roman citizens can wear “Toga” in Rome while dragon robe can only be dressed by the emperor in China.

由于我国与西方的生活习惯以及民族习俗的不同，中西方 文化 存在许多差异。下面是我为大家整理的中西方文化差异论文，供大家参考。

摘要： 从历史文化的角度来说，中西方文化无论从萌芽、发展到现在的格局无疑是各具特色的。一个偏重群体关系和整体作用，提倡大家庭理论;一个偏重个体能力和英雄主义，提倡自由万岁。在两个文化理念截然相反的作用下，我们必须融合两者意识上的差异，在文化层次本身找到共性，以利于整个人类文化的发展。

关键词： 差异;价值观;文化

0 引言

历史发展至今，中西方文化就像两条时而胶着、时而分离的不规则线，同样源远流长，同样博大精深。自成体系、相互交融。但，无论任何时候，两者从未有过平行的时候，因此，研究世界文化不可能单一的研究中西方某个文化，而应全面、系统的对中西方文化加以研究。

1 关于中西方文化

1.1 文化的定义 著名人类学学者泰勒(Edward Burnett Tylor)这样给文化定义：“文化或者文明就是由作为社会成员的人所获得的、包括知识、信念、艺术、道德法则、法律、风俗以及其他能力和习惯的复杂整体。”这个定义已经比较权威。在此，我们将文化定义为人和环境互动而产生的精神 、物质成果的总和。这个总和中可以包括生活方式、价值观、知识、技术成果，以及一切经过人的改造和理解而别具人文特色的物质对象。

1.2 中国文化定义 中国文化一般指中国 传统文化 ，它是中华民族在长期历史发展中形成的，是中国各民族集体智慧的结晶。汉族是中华民族的主干民族，对中国文化的形成和发展起了重要的作用，其他少数民族也对中国文化做出过不可抹杀的贡献。

1.3 西方文化定义 西方文化和东方文化一样，源远流长，气象万千。一般是指发源于古希腊、罗马时期,浸染了中世纪的____传统,兴盛于文艺复兴、宗教改革,经启蒙运动而最终确立,并且近几百年来大盛于西欧北美的文化系统。

2 中西方文化的特点

中西方文化均源远流长、气象万千，两种文明都经历了几千年历史的发展演化才成型。迄今，无数学者为更好的研究两种文明，划分了各种各样的时期或时代，以将历史分割成各个有机统一的整体加以研究。在此，笔者参考各权威观点，结合自己的观点，在权威学说的基础上以阶段性为前提，简单描述一下中西方文化各自的特点，以便更好的对论题加以研究。

2.1 中国文化的特点 中国文化在西周时期创造出了中华文明的母形。这一时期建立了“余一人“的专制王权思想，敬德与重民思想开始萌芽，西周时期我国宗法社会与宗法文化开始成型，并且对后世中国文化脉络和思潮的演化产生了深远影响。战国时期，平民观点开始兴起，以孔子、孟子、墨子、老子、韩非子等为杰出代表。我国出现百家争鸣的文化发展状况。以仁为核心的儒家思想成为中国文化的中心。同时法家、道家思想并立。至此在几千年的发展过程中，中国形成了以“谦、恭、信、敏、慧”为核心的文化思想观、以“学而优则仕”的文化价值观。总的来说，中国文化就是细节服务于整体、突出整体效果的文化模式。

2.2 西方文化的特点 西方文化经过中世纪____文化的长期统治，阿拉伯文化的融入，随着资本主义经济萌芽的出现，出现了影响深远的文艺复兴和宗教改革。经过17世纪的科学革命，18世纪的启蒙运动，现代西方文化到19世纪臻于成熟，并向全世界扩张。西方文化在20世纪面临着来自内外多方面的挑战。现代主义、后现代主义只反映了现代西方文化的一个方面，表现出其躁动不安的情绪，远远不能概括其全貌。在几千年的发展过程中，西方文化形成了以“争”为核心的文化思想观、以自然科学和科研为核心的文化发展观。总的来说，西方文化就是突出细节、突出个体效果的文化模式。

3 中西方文化差异

3.1 西方文化文化的发展态势不同 中国文化中整体上来看，属于一种静态文化、一种家国文化。由于中国所处地理环境较为优越，给予了人一个可以长期居住生产的环境，所以，这种长期居住在同一个地方的条件便使家族发展的很快，安居乐业、居安而不思流动，就容易促使静态的文化模式发展。家族繁衍、代代相传，家族纽带越来越复杂，尊老和祭祖现象就必然在这样的发展模式下产生，家族观念，宗法制度也就逐渐形成并根深蒂固了。所以说，中国为什么叫家国，因为，家就是国、国就是家，家和国仅仅是规模上的差别，于此，这种静态文化和家国文化直接促成了中国仁、孝、礼、信为核心的贵和尚中的中庸思想。

而西方文化则属于一种动态文化、一种斗争文化。西方文化三大起源(古希腊文明、罗马文明和____文明)均源自地中海沿岸，西方的地理环境、气候促成了流动性较强的文化。并直接促使西方人的家庭观念相对薄弱，个人主义、自由主义等价值观念得以发展传承，由此产生的竞争意识、斗争文化更是西方文化发展的原动力。

3.2 中西方文化中的伦理观念不同 中国文化主张家庭伦理本位，而西方文化主张个人本位。上点已经提到，中国以家国主义文化为核心思想文化，以家族为本位，家庭便有长幼之序，夫妻之分，家庭成员各安其分，各尽义务，即“尽伦”!孟子认为：圣人是“人伦之民”，伦的核心是“绝对服从”，幼服长，妻服夫。使家变得如此重要的原因之一就是“孝”，“百善孝为先”，“孝道”是中国的国本，国粹，中国自古就有孝的文化，有以孝治天下之说.家与孝原本有伟大的理性意义，但由于过分强调，终成了一种过分的家族意识，而忽略了个人自由的发展，“存天理，灭人欲”，以个人向群体负责为人生宗旨。

而西方的地理环境及种种社会关系导致个人主义的兴起，导致家庭、家族纽带功能相对松弛。“上帝面前人人平等”的____义充分说明了西方文化中追求人格独立的特点，骑士精神、英雄主义的盛行源自于此。个人权利任何人不得侵犯，信奉个人本位、自我中心，这种个人本位思想使即使亲人间的界限也划分得非常明确，AA制、强调子女独立生活，喜欢谈论一己之所得。伯克哈特在《意大利文艺复兴时期的文化》一书中，认为只有个人得到充分的发展才能有社会的充分发展。存在主义把这个基本观念推向了极端，鼓吹“人是绝对自由的”，“他人就是我的地狱”。 3.3 中西方文化对人与自然的基本观点不同 杜维民教授认为：“中国文化关注的对象是人”。人与人的关系是中国文化关心的核心与基础问题，战国时期，我国就形成了以“仁”为核心的儒家思想，所以政治伦理学相当发达。而西方文化较多关注的是自然，人与自然的关系是古希腊注重的中心问题，由此衍生出理智和科技。

中国的哲学是一种人生哲学。儒家强调人在社会要有所作为，道家追求长生，佛家强调人的觉悟。同时建立了君臣、父子等一套人与人之间的伦理关系，学而优则仕成为中国社会主流思想。而科学研究可发现自然规律的探究行为并未得到重视。在处理人与自然的关系上，中国文化讲究“天人合一”、“顺天应物”。把自然人格化，追求人与自然和谐发展。

从古希腊泰勒斯的自然哲学开始，探索自然奥秘，开发和利用自然资源为人类服务就成为了欧洲思想的主流。西方科学起源与对自然的探索和研究，很早就出现了毕达哥拉斯、阿基米得这样名垂千古的科学家.在人与自然的关系上,西方文化认为人与自然处于对立的斗争状态,因而产生了与中国文化不同的对自然的态度,即人可以征服,控制自然。西方人也讲人与人之间的关系,但首先关注的不是伦理而是竞争,因而出现了“优胜劣汰”的规律。

4 中西方文化的文化价值观和文化结构不同

中国文化强调“诗言志”、“文以载道”和“天人合一”的文化价值观和整体综合。中国文化讲究有利于社会、有利于教化民众，中国广大文人苦读孔孟、圣人之学，学而优则仕，为的是齐家治国平天下。“托物言志”、“诗以言志”成了中国大部分文学作品的特色。同时也是“中国式特色”。现代西方文化倡导“为艺术而艺术”和多元的文化观。从康德提出“美只是形式”开始，纯粹的美感不应渗进任何愿望、任何需要、任何意志活动的说法在西方现代美学中成为占支配地位的思潮。克罗齐主张直觉即艺术，主张衡量艺术只有一个标准，即艺术标准。西方文化中的多元文化观包括两个方面，其一是文化形成的多元性;二是文化构成的多元性。

在文化结构方面，中国以整体综合见长，强调整体的作用;而西方以细节分析见长，突出个体的作用。例如，在时间、地址的书写顺序上，中国习惯按年、月、日，国家、省、市等由整体到部分开始书写，而西方恰恰相反。在姓氏排列上，中国姓氏先是宗族、辈分然后才是名，突出的是氏族整体;而西方姓氏先是自己名字、然后才是父名、族姓，突出的是个人。

在中西方文化的重要表现形式上，西方文化主张个人荣誉、自我中心、创新精神和个性自由，而中国文化是群体文化，主张谦虚谨慎、关心他人、助人为乐、无私奉献、中庸之道和团结协作。

值得注意的是，以上所说并不是说中国文化相对与西方文化来说是不变的文化，是封闭的文化。中国文化是强调“和平、稳定”;但这不意味着就是不变与封闭。中国哲学强调“天人和一”;而要达到这种境界，必须具有“海纳百川”胸怀和“户枢不蠹”的发展性眼光看待天地;因此，在中国古代的知识分子中一直强调“兼容”与“动”的观念。久而久之，就形成了中国文化所特有的包容性与变化观点——“仁者乐水，智者乐山”便是这种观点的具体体现。

参考文献：

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[2]谢遐龄.中国政治思想史[M].高等 教育 出版社，2003.

[3]辜正坤.中西方文化比较.博览群书，2001.2

[4]冯承柏，王中田，俞久洪.西方文化精义[M].华中理工大学出版社，1998

一个国家无论是在政治上，还是在经济贸易中，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，将有利于各国之间的交往。一个人了解对方的礼仪民间习惯，是对对方的尊重，能够给对方留下一个好印象，以便交往的顺利进行。

随着东西方文化的不断发展，东西方的礼仪正在相互融合，西方人逐渐地接受了东方文化中重情感等合理因素，东方人也逐渐地接受了西方文化中先进文明的礼仪和交往方式。但在现实生活中，由于东西方文化的差异而对礼仪产生的影响还很多,为此 出国 留学 网我就以下几方面具体探讨东西方文化差异对礼仪所产生的影响：

一、社会交往方式的差异对礼仪的影响

东西方文化都非常重视 人际交往 ，但在交往的观念、交往的方式上都有着明显的差别。如中国人热情好客，在人际交往中饱含热情，问寒问暖，似乎没有什么可保留的，对于了解有关年龄、职业、收入、婚姻状况、子女等问题，觉得都理所当然。而在西方国家中，特别重视对方的隐私权。个人稳私主要包括：个人状况(年龄、工作、收入、婚姻、子女等)、政治观念(支持或反对何种党派)、宗教信仰(信仰什么宗教)、个人行为动向(去何种地方，与谁交往、通信)等。凡是涉及到个人隐私的都不能直接过问。西方人一般不愿意干涉别人的私生活和个人隐私，也不愿意被别人干涉。比如，很多中国人会直接询问别人所买物品的价格。因为在中国人看来，物品的贵贱只是表示该物品的质量。

而在西方人眼里，如果你直接询问别人所购物品的价格，就可能是探问对方的经济条件，因此，这也是西方人的隐私，属于不宜直接询问的问题。如果你想了解该物品的价格，只能委婉地夸耀、赞赏该物品，而这样的情况下西方人一般也只告诉你该物品的贵或贱，一般不会告诉你准确价格。中国人见面打招呼时喜欢问一句“去哪儿啊?”，这是招呼的一种形式。而在美国，你如果问朋友上哪儿去，则可能会使对方尴尬，因为这也属于对方的隐私，是你不该过问的。另外，人际交往的空间距离可以分为亲密距离、个人距离、社交距离、公共距离四种。中国人的空间距离相对较近。我们在大街上经常可以看到两个中国少女挽臂亲昵而行，而在西方则很少见到。西方人觉得中国人过于亲近，而中国人又会觉得西方人过于冷淡、傲慢，过分疏远，是不友好的表现。如果中国人发现交际对方的衣服上有根线头，他会很自然地帮助对方摘掉;而在西方人眼里，这是不礼貌之举。中国人看到朋友穿了件非常漂亮的衣服，会上前摸一摸，询问价钱或质地;而西方人则不会这样做，他们更多的是羡慕，并直接赞美。概而言之，这都是东西方文化观念差异所致。东方人非常重义、重情，西方人则崇尚个人独立。

二、个人人生观的差异对礼仪的影响

(一)个人荣誉感与谦虚谨慎 西方人崇拜个人奋斗，尤其为个人取得的成就而自豪，从来不掩饰自己的自信心、荣誉感以及在获得成就后的狂喜。而相反，中国文化却不主张炫耀个人荣誉，则提倡谦虚谨慎。一般来说，中国人大多反对或蔑视王婆卖瓜式的自吹自擂，然而中国式的自我谦虚或自我否定却常常使西方人感到不满。例如，“your English is very good,”“No,no,my English is very poor”;“you've done a nice job,”“No,I don't think so.It's the result of joint efforts.”，这在中国人看来当然是一种谦虚的说法，而在西方人看来，不仅否定了自己，还否定了赞扬者的鉴赏力。可见，这种中国式的谦虚在西方资本主义的竞争市场是行不通的。

(二)自我中心与无私奉献 西方人自我中心意识和独立意识很强，主要表现在：1.自己为自己负责。在弱肉强食的社会，每个人生存方式及生存质量都取决于自己的能力，因此，每个人都必须自我奋斗，把个人利益放在第一位;2.不习惯关心他人，帮助他人，不过问他人的事情。正由于以上两点，主动帮助别人或接受别人帮助在西方往往就成为令人难堪的事。因为接受帮助只能证明自己无能，而主动帮助别人会被认为是干涉别人私事。 中国人的行为准则是“我对他人，对社会是否有用”，个人的价值是在奉献中体现出来的。中国文化推崇一种高尚的情操———无私奉献。在中国，主动关心别人，给人以无微不至的体贴是一种美德，因此，中国人不论别人的大事小事，家事私事都愿主动关心，而这在西方则会被视为“多管闲事”。

(三)创新精神与中庸之道 西方文化鼓励人民开拓创新，做一番前人未做过的、杰出超凡的事业。而传统的中国文化则要求人们不偏不倚，走中庸之道，中国人善于预见未来的危险性，更愿意维护现状，保持和谐。当然，近年来我国也大力提倡创新改革，但务实求稳之心态仍处处体现。冒险精神仍是不能与西方人相比的。 (四)个性自由与团结协作 西方人十分珍视个人自由，喜欢随心所欲，独往独行，不愿受限制。中国文化则更多地强调集体主义，主张个人利益服从集体利益，主张同甘共苦，团结合作，步调一致。

三、法制观念的不同对礼仪的影响

东方文化以儒家思想为代表，而儒家思想重义轻利。为了兄弟朋友的情义，可以网开一面，甚至不惜一切代价，其结果往往是行为过头，丧失了更多的应得利益。比如中国人重人情，人情味浓厚。有句老话：“血浓于水”“亲不亲，故乡人，美不美，家乡水。”这些话所包含的意思是人情影响判断，人情重于道义。“水”，即使不美，但只要是家乡水，那也就美了，这就是情重于理的表现。甚至有时会情重于法，这主要是因为中国历来有情影响法的制度空间，也就是说，我们中国人先讲合情，再讲合理，然后讲合法。

若合法而不合情合理，这法就难以执行，若合情合理，有法也可以不依。 而西方人则是倒过来的。西人重法，不重人情。法在理前，理在情前。我们时常看到西方父子之间、夫妻之间、朋友之间上法庭打官司。有些事明明不合情不合理，但合法，吃亏者也只有自认倒霉，旁观者也只能容忍。但若有的事不合法，即使合情合理，西人也会争论不休，直到闹上法庭。 在情理法的中国，人情味浓厚，什么事都可以想想办法，托托人情，走走关系。这是一种自然 保险 系统，人们容易在艰苦的环境下渡过难关。因此在中国，人事关系极为重要，生活之中充满天伦之乐。但也容易产生不公正;在法理情的西方国家，人情似纸，相互之间可说是“鸡犬之声相闻，老死不相往来”。有什么矛盾，先讲理，后上法庭，简单明了。西方人虽淡薄人情，却十分讲公正、平等，即使是一介草民，只要是真正合理合法，就是同总理打官司，他也照样可以打赢。在西方国家生活，有点像广寒宫里，富裕、 清明 、漂亮，却有一般寒冷之感。尤其是老人，孤孤单单，踽踽独行，在我们中国人看来甚是可怜。

四、社会习俗的不同对礼仪的影响

在东方文化中，男士往往倍受尊重，这主要受封建礼制男尊女卑观念的影响。在现代社会，东方文化也主张男女平等，但在许多时候，男士的地位仍然较女士有优越性，女士仍有受歧视的现象。在欧美等西方国家，尊重妇女是其传统风俗，女士优先是西方国家交际中的原则之一。无论在何种公共场合，男士都要照顾女士，比如，握手时，女士先伸手，然后男士才能随之;赴宴时，男士要先让女士坐下，女士先点菜，进门时，女士先行;上下电梯，女士在前等等。现在，随着东西方文化交流的加深，西方的女士优先原则在东方国家也备受青睐。东西方文化的交融，也使东西方礼仪日趋融合、统一，更具国际化。

再如，在处理长幼关系时，以中国为代表的东方国家对待长者特别尊敬、孝敬。比如，在许多中国人看来，如果老人有子女，年老时子女把老人送到养老院或敬老院去生活，这就是不孝，过年过节儿女一般要和老人一起过。在中国农村一些地方，过年时，晚辈都要给长辈行跪拜礼。而在西方国家，由于崇尚自立，儿女成年后和父母间的来往则越来越少，致使许多老人时常感到孤独，晚年生活有一种凄凉感。

五、等级观念的差异对礼仪的影响

东方文化等级观念强烈。无论是在组织里，还是在家庭里，忽略等级、地位就是非礼。尽管传统礼制中的等级制度已被消除，但等级观念至今仍对东方文化产生影响。在中国，传统的君臣、父子等级观念在中国人的头脑中仍根深蒂固。父亲在儿子的眼中、教师在学生的眼中有着绝对的权威，家庭背景在人的成长中仍起着相当重要的作用。另外，中国式的家庭结构比较复杂，传统的幸福家庭是四代同堂。在这样的家庭中，老人帮助照看小孩，儿孙们长大后帮助扶养老人，家庭成员之间互相依赖，互相帮助，密切了亲情关系。 在西方国家，除了英国等少数国家有着世袭贵族和森严的等级制度外，大多数西方国家都倡导平等观念。

特别在美国，崇尚人人平等，很少人以自己显赫的家庭背景为荣，也很少人以自己贫寒出身为耻，因他们都知道，只要自己努力，是一定能取得成功的。正如美国一句流行的 谚语 所言：“只要努力，牛仔也能当总统。”(If working hard, even acowboy can be president.)在家庭中，美国人不讲等级，只要彼此尊重，父母与子女可直呼其名。他们的家庭观念往往比较淡薄，不愿为家庭做出太多牺牲。 当然，中西方文化的不同导致的礼仪上的差异还有很多，比如服饰礼仪、进餐礼仪等等，由于篇幅等多方面的制约，在此不能一一深入探讨。总之，中西方之间有各自的文化习惯，由此也产生了不少不同的交往习惯。因此，随着我国经济的发展和对外交流、贸易的不断增加，我们不但有必要在与外国人交往或者前往别的国家去之前，了解对方国家的礼仪习惯，而且必须加强专业礼仪人才的培养，提高全民礼仪意识，这不仅是对对方的尊重，也给我们自己带来了便利，不但能避免了不必要的麻烦与误会，还能在现代社会的多方竞争中争取主动，取得良好的结果或效益。

如果说西方服饰文化刻意追求表现人体美，而完全忽视了服饰伦理，那么，中国服饰文化由于受到传统的伦理价值观念的影响还或多或少地保留着一些道德上的体统。譬如《礼记·王制》说：“作淫声异服。奇球奇器以疑众，杀！”（易·系辞》认为：‘始容诲淫”。《左传》称“贪色为淫”。《系辞》是秦、汗间的儒生所作，其后，赵飞燕、梁冀及其妻子等在服饰上的追求奇异和生活的淫乱，更说明了“冶容诲淫”。然而，尽管中国传统服饰文化没有或者很少突出对人体美的直接赞赏，但在一些古典文学作品里不乏对人体美的描写。从《诗经》，骚赋到明清的小说和传奇，其中都有这类描写，譬如“肌如白雪，腰如束素”。“肤如凝脂”、“虎背熊腰”，而且更多的是人与服饰共同构成的美的形象；“著我绣荚裙，事事四五通，足上蹑丝履，头上玳瑁光，腰若流纨素，耳著明月铛，指如削葱根，口如含珠丹，纤纤作细步，精妙世无双。”（《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》）；“三月三日天气新，长安水边多丽人。态浓意远淑且真，肌理细腻骨肉匀。绣罗衣赏照暮春，蹙金孔雀银麒麟。头上何所有？翠微訇叶垂鬓唇。背后何所见？珠压腰 稳称身。”（《丽人行》）或许有人会以现代女性服装中的旗袍为例，来证明中国女装也着重表现人体的自然美，其实，这种旗袍是在本世纪上半叶受西方服饰审美趣味影响的结果，直至光绪年间，旗袍还不是现在的式样。传统旗袍在肩、胸、腰、臂、臀等部位的表现与突出人体美的西方女性服装完全不一样。和西方服饰艺术不同的是：中国服饰艺术不是突出人体美，而是充分调动艺术造型等手段追求一种装饰美，即一种超越形体的精神空间。从中国清朝以前的服装款式来看，遮蔽人体的宽抱大油是中国传统服饰的主流。既使某些人的形体很美，这种服装也不去展现这个美的形体。《资治通鉴》引萧何的话说：“天子以四海为家，不壮不丽无以重威，”从这层意义上去看宽抱大袖的中国古代皇帝礼服，我们应会明白它们为什么不去表现皇帝的形体美，而是着重写意传神，突出他们端庄威严的精神力量。屈原在《涉江》中言：“余幼好此奇服兮，年既老而不衰，带长铗之陆离兮，冠切云之崔嵬。”他以穿戴富有自己个性的服饰来表现自己愤世嫉俗，不趋炎附势的气度和情怀。西方服饰人体直观美和中国服饰人体装饰美的区别反映了两种文化形态价值取向的不同。林语堂就曾经指出：“大约中西服装哲学上不同之点，在于西装意在表现人身形体，而中装意在遮盖它。”（《生活的艺术》）莱辛说：“我承认衣服也有一种美，但是比起人体美来，衣服美算得上什么呢？”（转引自《西方美学家论美和美感》）而林语堂则持相反观点：“只有在没有美感的社会，才可以容得住西装……西装的式样是这样的，使街上的行人都会知道你的腰身是三十二寸或三十八寸……一般痴肥的四十岁妇女，穿起祖胸露背的晚服来赴歌剧的初夜公演，这也是西洋发明的刺目事物之一。（《生活的艺术》） 然而，由于中国服饰文化缺乏象伊斯兰一样的宗教观念的制约，所以很难抵卸西方突出人体美的服饰审美价值观的侵蚀。近代的旗袍和现代都市女性的各种扭四人体的服装便证明了这一点。中国有句俗语：“穿衣戴帽各随所好”。这说明中国服饰文化在一定程度上缺少伦理的约束。 当然西方服饰也吸收中国传统服饰的某些特点，譬如，当中国现代服装采用西方女装那种坦肩露背的领式时，西方则采用中国旗袍的立式领，但西方对中国传统服饰特点的吸收和借鉴毕竟是微乎甚微的。中国传统服饰的审美价值观不可能从整体上去改变或者去替代西方人的审美定势，而西方服饰文化则已形成对中国传统服饰文化的强大冲击波，中国人似乎不知不觉地在面临着服饰上的异化。 和伊斯兰服饰文化不同的另一个方面是：中西当代和现代服饰最引人注目的一个特点是：服饰款式不断翻新，追求品牌，高速淘汰，从而给经济资源带来巨大的浪费。这同反对奢靡浪费的伊斯兰服饰伦理学形成了鲜明的对比。翻阅近二十年来中西各国时装杂志，我们很容易发现，许多服装款式的平均寿命只有三至六个月，甚至更短。仅以裙子的款式为例，在二十世纪七十年代就有“中庸裙”、“密实裙”、“密摺把裙装”、“开裙”、“层叠裙装”、古典式裙装”相继问世。许多服装设计师每年都要推出许多新的服装款式，在不断地人为地刺激服装款式高消费的同时也不断地刺激人们的其他欲望。据国外有关资料报道，当英国王妃戴安娜得知自己被列为一九八三年‘十大衣着最差女性”榜首时，感到十分羞傀和难堪，连英国的许多平民百姓也为她祈祷。这一事例极具有讽刺意义。它表明：服饰早已超越了普通人，甚认为，服饰不仅具有实用和装饰的功效，而且更重要的是，它有体现人类在信仰上的崇高精神境界的作用和意义。而中西服饰文化则将服饰艺术视为服装设计的首要原则，前者重装饰艺术；后者重人体艺术。伦理观念对服装设计与制作的调节作用受到不同程度的弱化或摈弃。甚至是英国成员的消费标准和审美标准。这种情形正如乔维诺.庞达诺曾指出的：“我们每天都看到服装是这样变更花样，四个月前还认为满意的服装，今天就已经过时而遭到摈弃。这种放荡不羁，只能受到谴责而无法加以禁止。”（《君主论》）虽然服装上的铺张浪费和追求新奇效应在中国传统服饰文化中从未占据主导地位，但不少有识之士对此却有警世之言在先，譬如，墨子就曾讲过：“为衣服之法，冬则练帛之中，足以为轻且暖；夏则缔络之中，足以为轻且清，谨此则止。故圣人之为衣服，适身体和肌肤而足矣，非荣耳而观愚民也……当今之主，其为衣服……铸金色为钩，珠玉以为佩，女工作文采，男工作刻接，以为身服。此非云益暖之情也，单财劳力，毕归之于无用也。以此观之，其为衣服，非为身体，皆为现好。是以其民淫僻而难治，其君奢侈而难谏也。”（《墨子·辞过》）墨子的话语是多么的中肯和精辟，但至今仍遭非议。 此外，当今的有些时装设计师还有意追求某种荒诞离奇的视觉效应。譬如在西方和日本等国曾一度流行过的“乞丐装”，人们故意把衣服弄破，东拖一片，西挂一片，甚至弄成衣不蔽体的样子。或者用陈旧肮脏的布来制作。 至于伊斯兰服饰伦理学坚决反对的男扮女装，女扮男装，在中西现代服饰中更是司空见惯，屡见不鲜。我们在街上常常可以看到身着男式服饰的所谓“假小子”和头扎辫子，耳戴金环的妖艳男子。还有些服装似乎是受了西方女权主义思潮的影响，有意在消除两性之间的特征差别，提倡所谓：中性服饰”或者“服饰中性化”。 一、伊斯兰服饰文化是以伊斯兰教义这一最根本的、最合理的价值观作为统摄服饰的文化、历史、时代、心理、审美等诸要素的最高主导思想。伊斯兰服饰艺术根本无需伦理学的干预，因为艺术本身就足以陶冶人们的高尚情操。 二、伊斯兰服饰文化强调服装必须遮盖羞体。因为虽然人体作为安拉的创造物是均称健美的，但人体是有男女之别的。暴露羞体很容易激起本能的情欲，从而败坏道德，使人降格为同动物一般。而西方服饰文化则有意突出人体。在将人体作为一种美来观赏时，忽略了人体美的特殊性及人体审美经验的特殊性，混淆了人体美与其他美的形态之间的差异。这种展现和突出人体的审美观是西方服饰文化的基础。它在某种程度上是古罗马文化的历史沉淀。而中国传统服饰文化虽然在一定程度上受到传统伦理价值观的约束，不是重人体的直观表现，而是重装饰的写意和传神，但这种传统伦理价值观缺少象伊斯兰伦理学一般的坚固支撑——认主独一的正信和后世归宿的最终关怀，因此，很难抵卸西方审美价值观在服饰设计与制作上的非道德化倾向的侵蚀，使自身最终发生异化

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.

毕业论文中国西方文化差异

中西方文化差异与语言差异 在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。) 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。 二、 生产劳动 英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。 要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如，挑土、担水、提箱子)，真是细密之极。在英语中却只有一个 carry来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。 汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。 三、风俗习惯 1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。比如: 小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。 2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you，I 就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚" 是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个: 一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说: “ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:Where(哪里 ), where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句: everywhere(到处)。" 根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。 又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science and Linguistics (《科学与语言》) 。 3、个人隐私:对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前，从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题，以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。 如 "你今天气色不好，生病了吗? " "好久不见，你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了，要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答，因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟，在半小时内，对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道，更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里，离得近，接触得多，个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱，互相关心，相互帮助，认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣，别人也愿坦诚相告。当然，现在在一些发达或沿海城市，人们也开始接受西方人的观点，说话不随便涉及对方隐私。 四 宗教信仰 汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大，蔚为壮观。比如，"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映，两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前，儒道两教在中国居统治地位，汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关，如 "太极" 、"道" 等，其精神，如尊天命，行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期，大量佛教传入，大量佛教词语随之而来，其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、 佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国，则以基督教为主要宗教。该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里，大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等，又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ，如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等，还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词， 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。 五、 历史典故 用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分，人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故，比如中国人会说，"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典，对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解，显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目，如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋，一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目，如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。 六、思维方式 英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序，其句法功能一望便知。比如 ，If winter comes, can spring be far behind? (冬天来了，春还会远吗？)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段，句子看上去松散混乱，概念、判断、推理不严密，句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如，"打得就打，打不赢就走，还怕没办法?"几个句子间无连接成分，好像大量动词杂沓堆上，句间关系外表上根本看不出，但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合，这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性，重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。 七、个人主义价值观 在西方文化中，与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇，如“self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏)、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”，强调个人自由、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益，"先国家，后集体，再个人，先利民，再利已" 的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。 通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异，人们会对双方文化有更深的理解，这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随时将它与我们的母语进行对比，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。 希望对楼主有用 望采纳、谢谢！

浅谈中西方文化差异 语文是社会的产物，是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识，历史文化，风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体，词汇是文化信息的浓缩，是语言的重要组成部分，它反映着文化的发展和变化，同时也直接反映着文化的差异。在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界，人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南，接人待物，举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让，以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，即以崇尚个人为中心，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。正因为如此，中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。我国的群体性文化，非常重视家庭亲友关系，把它视为组成社会的细胞；而在西方国家，崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣，父子，论资排辈，等级森严，而在英美国家，长辈与晚辈间地位平等，不计较老少界限，多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”，自古就有“父母在，不远游”的良言古训；而在英美国家，18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情，他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样，年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力，一般也不会拖累子女，他们往往要住进老人院，由社会关照。文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生等。“老张”，“老王”，透着尊敬和亲热，“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old” 是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词，见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat（肥肉）多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”，表示对孩子的喜爱，对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义，对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”之义，都有赞美恭维之意。日常生活工作中，也经常听到人们说某种东西是块“肥肉”或某差使是个“肥缺”的话语，言下之意是不可多得的东西或是求之不得的位置。中国人不但不讨厌fat，而且对其赞美有加。同样的一件事物，不同的文化背影，看法大相径庭。中国人蔑视狗，因而有“走狗”“狗腿子”“狗东西”“赖皮狗”“狗急跳墙”“狗仗人势”“狗眼看人低”等说法。而在西方国家，人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚，对狗的赞誉也屡见不鲜，并把人比作狗。如aluckdog（幸运儿），loveme,love my dog（爱屋及乌），Every dog has his day.（凡人皆有得意日）。形容人“病得厉害”用sickas a dog.。“累极了”是dog—tired.与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲昵的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。中西方的文化差异除了表现在价值观，习俗差异等外，还与生存环境，宗教信仰，历史典故的不同有关。1、生存环境方面：语文的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like lvater,而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷暑炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”，“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与“可爱”“温和” “美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.2、宗教信仰方面佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的语言很多，如“借花献佛”“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的有“God helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人）”Go to hell（下地狱吧）这样的诅咒。3、历史典故方面英汉两种语文中有大量的由历史典故形成的。这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译。如“东施效颦”“名落孙山”“叶公好龙”等等。英语中Achilles’heel（唯一致使弱点），meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地），Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作），a pandora’s box.。（潘多拉之盒――灾难，麻烦，祸害的根源）等。由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有诸如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。一个企业若想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要高超的经济和技术手段，而且需要深入了解对象国的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙（dragon）” 是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲？能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。作为中学阶段的英语老师，在英语教学中应重视语言能力的教学，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题对待。中西方的文化差异在中学阶段英语学习给学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面：1、称呼语汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”；对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”“Auntie Brown”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓，只带名，如“Uncle Tom”。又如学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”，也就相应地把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师＝Teacher Wang.此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“唐秘书”“张护士”称为Secretary Tang, Nurse Zhang, 英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr., Miss,Mrs.等。2、感谢和答谢一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（would you like something to eat / drink?），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。3、赞美在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌，外表，新买的东西，个人财物，个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力打扮的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。因此赞美别人发型的很多，赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是：Thank you.如，A: Your skirt looks nice. B: Thank you.4隐私中国人初次见面问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16 中有这样的对话：“How old are you,Mrs Read?”“Ah,it’s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿？”“你在干什么？”在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。5、打招呼中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗？”如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。6、节日中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如,New Year’s Day）处，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid—Autumn Day.等，英语国家有”Valentine’s Day（情人节），Easter（复活节），April fool’s Day（愚人节），Thanks Giving Day（感恩节），Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。7、词汇的文化内涵英语词汇在长期使用中积累了丰富的文化内涵，所以在教学中要注意对英语词汇的文化意义的介绍，以防学生单纯地从词汇本身做出主观评价。比如red一词，无论在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关，英语里有“red—letter days”（节假日）。尤其在中国，红色象征革命和社会主义等积极意义，但在英语中“red”还意味着危险状态或使人生气，如“red flag”（引人生气的事）。还有当看到商业英语中的“in the red”，别以为是盈利，相反，是表示亏损，负债。在教学中，文化教育的方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，使他们能主动地，自学地吸收并融入新的文化环境中。比如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异自觉自然地渗透到教学中。又如：利用多种渠道，多种手段，吸收和体验异国文化。可以收集一些英语国家的物品和图片，让学生了解外国艺术，历史和风土人情等。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在实际中正确运用语言。

据中国侨网援引美国《星岛日报》报道：中国人的家庭观念强，血缘关系，亲情伦理，在脑中根深蒂固，父母、子女始终一家人。哪怕成家立业，另设门户，和父母仍不分彼此，把赡养父母，侍奉父母，看作自己应尽的责任。美国人却不同，子女一到成年，就会离巢而飞，父母不再抚养他们；而子女一旦独立，对父母家的事，也不再理会，更休想赡养父母或几代同堂了。对于中西文化的这种差异，在中国城表现得尤其明显。中国人如果一大家子来购物，父母为小孩买东西天经地义，已成年子女为父母代付钱也理所当然。常常碰到这种情形，已成年子女抢着为年迈的父母付钱，双方抢来抢去，争个半天。老外却不同，父母、子女各自理财，互不搭界。甚至有些小孩买东西，也得自掏腰包，用他们帮助父母做家事挣得的零用钱来支付。每当我伸长手臂，接过比柜台还矮的小孩，从口袋上的钱包取出的钱币时，心中总有一股难以名状的难过，真想责问站在一旁的家长，为何不掏钱？而那些已成年子女，在金钱上，和年迈的父母，同样经济分明，年迈父母从干瘪的钱囊中抖抖索索掏钱时，他们却是心安理得，丝毫不为之动容。曾有一位大客人，住在高级白人区，是个医生，每次来都要买上几千块的东西。有一次陪纽约来的母亲来买东西。老板见是大客人，不敢怠慢，亲自接待，带他们上楼看贵重物品，好半天才下来，老板忍不住发话了，“老太太真挑剔，什么都看不上”。在楼下，老太太挑中3个总价为50美元的景泰蓝小盒子及一个等价的粉红水晶小象，她拿在掌心把玩着，爱不释手，一会说要买象，一会儿又说买盒子，再三考虑着。我心中不免嘀咕了：既然喜欢，为何不爽快买下，真是个吝啬鬼。这时，站在她旁边的儿子有些不耐烦了，对母亲说：“你只有50多块，只能买一样，等你回纽约，汇钱过来，老板会帮你寄去。”噢，我错怪老太太了，原来不是她挑剔、吝啬，而是她实在没钱。心中顿时五味杂陈：难怪美国人对于“望子成龙”、“望女成凤”的期望没有中国人这么高，这个挥金如土的医生，宁愿看母亲失望而归，也不愿为母亲尽一点孝心，付一点小钱。真是可怜天下父母心，培养出了个有钱的儿子，父母却沾不到一点光。这就是现实的美国，儿子可以是百万富翁，父母却照旧穷困潦倒，和中国人的“母以子贵”，“一人得道，合家升天”的中国传统天差地别。如今，家庭、亲情观念强的中国人来到了美利坚这块土地，中国人的传统观念及尊老爱幼的美德难免不受到美国文化的冲击，但愿生活在美国的中国人，能坚持自己的优良传统及美德，让中华文化这朵奇葩，在美国各族裔的百花园里绽开得更鲜艳，更灿烂。

中西方校服文化差异论文参考文献

[1]张葳. 从中美篮球校园文化差异看高校篮球文化建设[J]. 湖北体育科技,2011,(3). [2]陈军宏. 中西大学校园文化差异及其整合[J]. 职业时空,2009,(9). [3]袁素卓,李东. 校园文化差异剖析与交际策略[J]. 辽宁教育行政学院学报,2007,(3). [4]黄剑平. 五“D”理论和中美大学校园文化差异[J]. 河北理工大学学报(社会科学版),2008,(2). [5]李越红. 中西方校园文化差异浅析[J]. 山西农业大学学报(社会科学版),2004,(3).

可参考文献如下： 1 浅谈中西方文化差异与外语教学金璐 成功(教育) 2008-07-15 期刊 00 2 中西方文化差异与大学英语教学申源源 科技信息(科学教研) 2008-07-01 期刊 05 3 中西方文化差异在电影《喜宴》中的反映陈京丽 西安建筑科技大学学报(社会科学版) 2008-06-30 期刊 07 4 《愚公移山》与《老人与海》折射的中西文化差异探究刘菊玲 合肥工业大学学报(社会科学版) 2008-06-25 期刊 010 5 商务英语翻译应注意中西方文化的差异张素英; 刘敏; 刘长青 商场现代化 2008-05-05 期刊 072 6 浅议中西方文化差异在翻译中的处理吴凤琴 科技信息(学术研究) 2008-03-25 期刊 034 7 交际中的中西方文化差异段学莲 中国科技信息 2008-03-15 期刊 091 8 中西方文化差异之隐私赵雷; 谭亲毅 科技信息(学术研究) 2008-02-25 期刊 085 9 中西方文化差异与英语教学施国华 商场现代化 2008-02-15 期刊 0101 10 国际商务谈判中中西方文化差异问题探析刘婷 商场现代化 2008-02-15 期刊 0304 11 论中西方文化差异与我国私营企业制度创新李跃歌 湖南商学院学报 2007-12-28 期刊 052 12 浅谈中西方文化差异蔡立颖 今日科苑 2007-12-23 期刊 0208 13 中西方文化差异和英语教学聂雪琴 双语学习 2007-11-20 期刊 037 14 在英语词汇教学中应注意中西方文化的差异倪雪华 科技资讯 2007-11-03 期刊 066 15 跨文化交际与中西方文化差异林莉 科技信息(学术研究) 2007-10-15 期刊 0345 16 中西方文化差异分析在对外中医教学中的应用李恒 世界针灸学会联合会成立20周年暨世界针灸学术大会 2007-10-01 会议 01 17 中西文化差异在汉英语言中的反映李慧兰 开封大学学报 2007-09-25 期刊 075 18 小议英语教学离不开了解中西方文化差异朱小艳 湖北广播电视大学学报 2007-09-20 期刊 035 19 中西方文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响路荣芬; 郭卫玲 商场现代化 2007-09-01 期刊 0479 20 日常生活中的中西方文化差异黄晓萍 内蒙古电大学刊 2007-08-10 期刊 0257 上页 下页共有记录92条

中西方茶文化差异论文

西方茶 文化 有着几百年的历史，也涌现很多的关于西方茶文化的论文。下面是我精心为你整理的西方茶文化论文参考文献，一起来看看。

参考文献

[1]朱亚夫.意义的七种类型和英语词汇教学[J].外语与外语教学，005(9):28-30,35

[2]马晓俐.茶的多维魅力———英国茶文化研究[D].浙江大学博士论文，2008.

[3]王霓.跨文化视野下的中英茶文化比较[J].人民论坛，2011(A12):142-143.

[4]柳菁.目的论指导下的茶名外宣翻译问题与对策研究[J].语文学刊，2014(4):51-54.

参考文献

[1] 徐先玲，李相状.中国茶饮文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社，2005.

[2] 关剑平.茶与中国文化[M].北京：人民出版社，2001.

[3] 徐永成.英伦的茶文化[M].上海：文化 教育 出版社，1990 (4).

参考文献

[1]白靖宇.文化与翻译.中国社会科学出版社.2000.

[2]葛传.陆谷孙等.新英汉词典(增补本).上海译文出版.

源远流长的茶文化是华夏文明的重要组成部分，对世界各地的文化也产生了影响。那中西方茶文化有什么不同呢?下面是我为你整理的中西方茶文化论文，希望对您有用。

中西方茶文化比较

【摘 要】在饮茶之风日益盛行的21世纪，茶文化在世界各地得到了空前的发展和进步。茶文化是人类社会历史实践过程中创造的与茶有关物质财富和精神财富的总和。世界上有160多个国家和地区，30多亿人饮用茶叶。中国茶传到西方之后，经过西方茶人的发扬，形成其独特的西方开放式茶文化。文章通过对东西方茶文化进行比较分析，旨在探索东西方茶文化的精髓。

【关键词】中西方;茶文化;比较

一、中国茶文化溯源

常言道：“开门七件事，柴米油盐酱醋茶。”由此可见，茶与人们日常生活中须臾不离。茶之于中国，不仅仅是一杯饮料，更是一种悠久璀璨的文化。中国是茶的故乡，是茶叶的发源地。在茶文化发展过程中，它已深深融入中国传统文化中，受中国传统文化中儒、道、佛三教的浸染，形成了独特的中国茶道精神。

从魏晋时期开始，茶文化中，首先融合了儒家“中庸和谐”的思想观念，主张以茶协调人际关系，实现互爱、互敬、互助的“大同”，并期望以茶的清廉、高洁之精神磨炼自己的意志。其次，茶文化融合了道家“天人合一”的思想。茶产自山野之林，正蕴含道家“淡泊”、“宁静”、“返璞归真”的神韵，即“人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然”。而佛家茶文化具有“苦寂”，以茶助禅，明心见性。佛学家认为，茶能使人心静，有节制，与禅宗规诫相适应。各家茶文化精神有着内在契合点和相通之处，即和谐、平静的精神。而在明清以后，茶文化出现了一种返朴归真的现象，茶人更追求的是茶的本身至味的内在意味，并寻求一种物我合一的境界。

二、西渐

茶及其衍生的茶文化均发源于中国，流传千年，影响深远。千百年来，茶叶在全球广泛传播，中国的饮茶器具、制茶工艺连同中国传统的茶道文化和独特的东方哲学一起播撒四方。

古中国与其他国家、地区的茶叶贸易往来主要通过以下路线：(1)茶马古道――向西南，传播至西藏和印度。在高寒地区，人们需要摄入含热量高的脂肪，但没有蔬菜，过多的脂肪在人体内不容易分解，而茶叶既能够分解脂肪，又防止燥热。(2)丝绸之路――向西由我国的新疆传播至中亚。在通过这条漫漫长路进行贸易的货物中，对外输出的商品以丝绸、瓷器、茶叶为大宗。茶叶作为古中国的特产，也随着丝绸之路走向了世界各国。(3)草原之路――向北传播至今天的蒙古、俄罗斯及广大的欧洲地区。(4)海上之路――东传播至日本和朝鲜，南传播至中南半岛，以明朝郑和下西洋为肇始，向非洲、欧洲和美洲传播。海上丝绸之路形成于秦汉时期，是古代海道交通大动脉，自中国出发之货物主要以丝绸、茶、瓷器为主。

三、西方茶文化理念

由于人文历史和环境条件的差异，表现在饮茶时间、品茶文化行为等方面。不管是在品茶的对象上还是方式上，不同国家不同地域的人都保持着不同的风俗和习惯。

美国被称为咖啡王国，却有大约一半人喝茶，也创造了自己的饮茶文化。崇尚快节奏的美国人大多数喜欢饮冰茶，这茶以饮、以凉为主，大都是不带任何茶叶痕迹的速溶茶。

德国人喜欢饮花茶，但不是我国用茉莉花、玉兰花等制作的茶叶，而是用各种花瓣加上苹果、山楂等果干制成的，里面一片茶叶也没有，真正是“有花无茶”。德国人居家饮茶是用沸水将放在金属筛子上的茶叶不断地冲，冲下的茶水流到茶壶内，再将茶叶倒掉，所以茶水颜色很淡，这也成了德国人独特的“冲茶”习惯。

在下午5点钟喝下午茶成为许多英国家庭约定俗成的习惯。下午茶时间可以说是一天当中充满温馨、其乐融融和传情达意的美好时光。英国人是世界上最大的茶客，世界上茶叶销售量最大的国家之一，平均一年一人约需2公斤茶叶，英国人均饮茶量是中国和印度的3倍，年均饮茶2公斤。

西方这种开放性饮茶法，虽未能如中国之茶道般上升到天地自然一体的哲学高度，但有饮茶的新生命、新传统作基础，普遍又活跃。

四、比较中西茶文化异同

纵观中西方饮茶历史的演变，虽相隔千年，但两者都是先认识到茶的药用价值，开始饮用，继而发展成为一种普通的饮品;茶同样都渗入到政治经济、文学艺术、社会生活等方方面面。但二者品茶方式、饮茶礼仪、茶道精神等各有不同。

(一)品饮方式的不同。中国饮茶分为两类，一类是“清饮”，不加入任何有损茶的本味真香的配料，单用开水泡喝。另一类是“混饮”，即在茶中根据个人的口味嗜好加盐、糖、奶等，目前这种方式主要集中在少数民族地区。

英国人在茶里加入牛奶和糖以去掉茶碱，把苦涩的茶水变成适合自己口味的甜饮料。此外，英国人对茶叶本身也进行了改造。袋装的速溶茶叶末代替了片片茶叶，而中国人习惯将整片茶叶放在开水里。

(二)饮茶礼仪的不同。在多数中国人眼里，饮茶随时可以进行。相比起来英国人嗜茶、尊茶的风气要浓厚得多。一个典型的英国家庭一天至少喝五次茶。早晨醒来，主人会靠在床上喝一杯醒早茶，提神醒脑，如果有客人，早茶就是问候客人的最好方式;上午11点钟左右，是红茶佐茶点;中午午餐时要喝奶茶;下午5点钟左右是著名的下午茶;晚上睡觉前要喝告别茶。此外，还有名目繁多的茶宴、花园茶会等。

(三)茶道精神的不同。“和、静、怡、真”是中国茶道的“四谛”。“和”是中国茶文化哲学思想的核心，是茶道的灵魂。“静”是中国茶道修习的不二法门。“恰”是中国茶道修习实践中的心灵感受。“真”是中国茶道终极追求。中国人饮茶常把它作为精神的激励与情感的寄托。与中国茶道不一样，英国人品茶更活泼和更重社交，强调一种优雅的格调。

参考文献

[1] 徐先玲，李相状.中国茶饮文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社，2005.

[2] 关剑平.茶与中国文化[M].北京：人民出版社，2001.

[3] 徐永成.英伦的茶文化[M].上海：文化教育出版社，1990 (4).

浪漫国度的茶文化

【摘要】中国和法国虽地处欧亚两端，隔着千山万水，但自古以来就有着源远流长的文化传播与交流。本文主要以中国传统茶文化的传播与交流为主题，分析茶文化在法国的传播与交流历程，以及这种文化交流给两国带来的巨大影响。此外，由茶文化的交流深入至中法两国传统文化的交流与融合，指出在当今文化多元化的世界，文化这个不可或缺的交流主题在国与国对外交往中的重要地位。

【关键词】茶文化;法国;文化传播;文化交流

谈到茶，让我们为之自豪的是我国不仅作为茶的原产地，而且拥有丰富的茶种类、多处的茶产地、异彩纷呈的茶文化。此外，茶无疑作为中华民族的举国之饮，并成了风靡世界的三大无酒精饮料之一。目前，随着我国的茶文化在世界范围内的传播与交流，饮茶风俗已遍及全球，全世界已有50多个国家种茶。追根溯源，世界各国最初所饮之茶，所种之茶，以及饮茶方法、栽培技术、加工工艺等，都是直接或间接地由我国传播去的。在传播茶的同时，茶文化的传播与交流也就显得顺应时事、理所当然。茶文化的传播与交流是以茶作为载体，并通过这个载体来传播各种文化，是茶与文化的有机结合，包含和体现了不同时期下与众不同的物质文明和精神文明。同时，由于各国不同的风俗习惯和文化差异，茶文化在世界各国的交流中也就必定绽放出不同的耀眼光芒。

提起文化，提起我国，毫无疑问，我国自古以礼仪之邦著称，深厚的文化积淀更是为世界文化的传播做出了不可忽视的贡献。提到法国，无需思考，这是个极其浪漫的国度，社会生活、文化艺术各方面都弥漫着唯美、浪漫的气息。也正是由于法国这种文化氛围使这个浪漫的国度在接受外来文化，注重外来文化交流时，无论是现实生活，还是精神层面，都或多或少覆盖了浪漫气息，与众不同地阐释了文化的接受、交流与融合。因而，中国茶文化在法国的传播与交流，则更以一种清新、淡雅、浪漫的姿态丰富了茶文化自身的广阔内涵。

茶文化的传播与交流，在国内，自云贵高原传播到全国各地，即从西南地区的产茶区辐射到东南、东北地区;在国际方面，茶最早开始对外传播的时代虽仍存在争议，但目前大多数学者认为是在汉代。此后，茶及茶文化在全世界开始广泛传播至亚洲、欧洲、非洲等，可谓是遍及世界各地。

目前，在欧洲，法国这个浪漫国度已经成为欧洲的第四大饮茶国家，人均茶叶消费量仅次于爱尔兰和英国，和德国相差无几。在这样一个茶叶的消费大国，我国的茶文化传入经历了一个与众不同的过程，茶文化交流与融合不可避免地被赋予浪漫的文化气息。

中国茶传入法国有近四百年的历史。茶文化在法国的传播与交流主要可以分为三个大阶段来认识，即茶文化在法国的早期传入阶段、茶文化在法国的交流融合阶段、近五十年来茶文化热在法国的兴起阶段。

首先，从茶在法国的早期传入阶段来认识：1636年，荷兰商人把中国的茶叶转运至法国巴黎，自此，法国人开始接触茶叶。法语中，也开始有了“茶”一词。1700年，一艘名为阿穆芙莱特的法国船只，从中国运回丝绸、瓷器和茶叶等，正式拉开了中法茶叶直接贸易的序幕。但这一时期法国的茶进口贸易尚未独立，多是和其他货物一起输入法国的。1728年，法国首次在广州建立商业据点以方便从中国收购茶叶。这样一来，就更加方便了茶文化在法国的传播与交流。

茶传入法国初期，医药界曾认为茶叶中可能含有一些医药成份而反对饮茶。随后又因饮茶有利于健康的观点取得最终胜利，茶的饮用便开始被接受。但由于茶的价格昂贵，最初的饮用仅为皇室贵族所接受。随后，由于皇室的倡导，饮茶逐渐在法国巴黎的上层社会流行开来。与此同时，茶文化在法国的形成，与欧洲其他国家相比，较早。原因在于，浪漫的法国人在接受茶的同时，能够从精神层面去体验茶文化的品味和情调。法国上流社会把茶视为贵族饮料，有文化的人一起喝茶，并试图从茶本身发掘出一种深厚悠远的文化。在饮茶方式上，这一时期的贵族，除清饮茶汤外，逐渐开始尝试其他的饮茶方式，如在茶中加入牛奶等。此外，法国的文人也开始了以茶为对象的文学创作，如蒙忒所作的《茶颂》等。总而言之，早期的茶传入和文化的形成，只局限于法国的贵族阶层，并没有渗透到法国各阶层人民中。

其次，茶文化在法国的交流融合阶段：即在法国大革命后，伴随着贵族阶级的消失，茶不再仅仅作为贵族饮料饮用，饮茶之风在广大民众中开始流行。这个时期，我国茶的品种传入法国的越来越多，专营茶叶进口的茶商开始在法国出现，后来在巴黎等地又出现了一些专营茶叶或以茶为主的商号。这都为中法两国的茶贸易提供了更为便利的条件，为中法茶文化的交流提供了更为广阔的空间。此时的法国在经营茶贸易的同时，开始了茶树的试种，但最终以失败告终。随着老舍《茶馆》的上演进军法国，带来了法国的茶馆热。在浪漫的法国人眼中，他们尤其喜欢和家人朋友一起到外面的茶馆饮茶，他们认为饮茶体现了一种团结和睦的精神。这一饮茶喜好，也直接推动了法国茶馆业的发展。

此外，这一时期茶文化在法国的发展，还表现在法国兴起了喝下午茶之风。随着法国工业化的进步，人们生活节奏的加快，供应点心的下午茶的出现正好适应了法国人民这种生活节奏，逐渐在法国流行开来。这些都可展现出，这一时期，茶文化在法国的传播已经扎稳了一定的根基，法国人民根据自己的生活节奏，根据自己的文化氛围与需求，发展了茶文化的内涵，也为品茶类型与饮茶方式的丰富做出了积极的贡献。

再次，近五十年来，茶文化热在法国逐渐兴起。这一时期，法国茶叶的进口与销售都达到了历史上最新水平。法国的中国式茶馆雨后春笋般涌现出来，几乎遍布于各个城市的大街小巷。这时的饮茶群体已经扩展到社会各个阶层，他们经常出入茶馆，品茗小憩。很多法国人认为，茶给他们带来了新的味觉享受，茶文化给他们的生活注入了鲜活的内容。在法国人眼里，茶已经成为最浪漫、最富有诗意饮品的代名词。在众多法国文人的创作中，有关茶，茶文化的描写和涉及开始频繁出现。在法国，大多数法国人和中国人一样，他们同样不仅把茶看作是一种东方传入的饮品，更是把茶看作是净化自身心灵的佳品。这样一来，茶的自身定性，茶文化的淡然、净化的内涵，通过茶文化在法国的传播与发展，得到了良好的补充和诠释。

伴着时间的推移，随着茶文化传播在法国的逐步深入，法国人民接受了来自古老悠久民族的茶文化，传播着并丰富着。时代的发展，贸易的往来，交流的密切，茶文化在法国的交流方面更展现出丰富多彩的种类和异彩纷呈的样式。自2000年以来，中法茶文化交流更是以前所未有的深度和广度展示在世人面前，呈现出兴盛场面。其中，最主要的交流形式则是通过茶展、茶文化周、茶文化节来淋漓尽致地诠释茶文化的悠久魅力。在这些文化展示融合中，法国人民根据自身对中国茶文化的了解，更加领略到中国茶道的崇高艺术魅力;领略到中国茶艺的精湛技艺;领略到中国茶文化悠远深刻的内涵;领略到中国这个文化深厚国家的文化宗旨。

当然，以上所提到的茶文化在法国的传播也好，在法国的交流也罢，都是以我国占茶文化输出的主导地位而言的。当然，法国在接受和发展我国茶文化的同时，对我国茶文化的丰富和发展也是我们应该关注的问题。在资料记载中，位居上海的法国人开的茶馆中，客人不仅可以品尝到正宗的中国茶，也可以品尝到正宗的法国茶，此外，还有很多法国的奶茶，法国的下午茶的品种供客人品尝和享用。这样看来，无疑，茶文化的交流，乃至整个国家文化的交流，都是极具开放性，兼容并包的。

时代是前进的，世界时发展的，文化是融合的。我们都有理由相信，在经济全球化，文化多元化的今天，随着中法茶文化交流的进一步深入和开展，中法两国的茶文化在相互借鉴、相互吸收的过程中，会发展地更加美好;此外，中法两国各自的传统文化在求同存异、日渐密切的国际交往中，必定也会拥有更加和谐美好的发展前景。

【参考文献】

[1] 刘朴兵. 略论法国茶文化的演变[J]. 安阳师范学院学报, 2006,5.

[2] 刘建生. 中法文化差异与共识[J]. 深圳大学学报(人文社会科学版), 2008,6:10-15.

[3] 汊汉. 西欧观众为东方茶艺喝彩―南昌女子职业学校茶艺团出访法国里昂侧记[J]. 农业考古, 2003,6.

茶文化全都源于中国，但传播到了域外不同的地方后，又同当地的文化进行了“杂交融合”，才呈现出不同的地域特色。如果要把欧美、日本的茶文化都对比着说一番，篇幅就会很长很长，我想把这个大题目拆开，只说其中一个。

我去过欧洲，又有一个亲戚跟欧洲人做茶叶生意，比较了解欧洲的茶文化与中国传统茶文化的区别。

茶受到欧洲人关注大概是在明末清初，西欧人喜欢吃肉食品，普遍有消化不良的情况，他们来中国后，被建议喝点茶试试，感觉果然很舒服，于是就把茶叶带回了欧洲。

但据我所知，普遍保留喝茶习惯的欧洲人是英国人，所以，我们去欧洲旅游，只有英国的宾馆有烧水壶，其他西欧国家的人更喜欢喝冷饮。

中国人喝茶注重品质，对产期很敏感，特别喜欢春茶，甚至钟情于“明前茶”和“雨前茶”，要嫩一点的毛尖，而欧洲人没有产期概念，他们只关注茶叶的化学成分，所以，更喜欢夏茶和秋茶，口感重，劲头大，只要茶叶检验结果达标就行，所以，中国人不太喜欢的“老帮叶子”他们也会照单全收，甚至对一些小枝丫棍棍也不计较。

中国人喝茶对水质、水温、器具等都有讲究，还喜欢不厌其烦地折腾功夫茶，欧洲人不太讲究这些细节，除了化学成分之外，再就是图个饮用方便，所以，更喜欢将茶叶粉碎成粉末，装在小袋里，不管什么温度的水都可以泡出茶味来，这也是他们为什么不论叶子老嫩和大小的原因，反正粉碎后都一个样子了，老帮叶子的茶味更浓，凉水泡一泡也可以品尝到茶的香味了。

整体上来说，欧洲人喝茶特别关注茶叶的药用价值，而中国人除了这个之外，还会关注它的色、形、味、温等诸多方面。

唐朝时海内外交往繁盛，茶叶常作为礼品馈赠给来华僧侣、传教士以及出使外国的中国使节，因而被传播到世界各国，并于17世纪以奢侈舶来品的身份登陆英伦诸岛。下面是我为你整理的，希望对您有用。 中英茶文化不同的形成背景和过程导致了两者的内涵也有着极大的差异。中国茶文化根植于传统的农耕文明，提倡心灵感悟，追求天人合一;英国茶文化则是由工业文明衍生而出，在宫廷贵族的高贵优雅的基础上，融注了工业社会所注重的务实性与目的性。 中国哲学源于农耕文明。农时农耕尤不与大自然息息相关，因而中国人视大自然为母亲，对其有一种天然的崇敬、依赖之情，更极为推崇汉代的儒学人家蕈仲舒提倡的“天人之际，合而为一”的思想。茶生于山川河流之中，中国人在发现利用的基础上，自然结合自身的审美情趣赋予其天人合一的思想内涵。中国茶文化不可避免地带有浓郁的山林气息。绿茶在众多茶叶品种中最受人喜爱，原因就在于未发酵的绿茶一经冲泡，其形状、颜色、气味无不给人自然的气息，或看、或闻、或品，都令人仿佛置身于葱绿的自然一般心旷神恰。紫砂茶具也在种类繁多的茶具中获得最多宠爱，是因为紫砂这一陶土精灵给人以质朴的泥土芬芳和无限的天地灵气。中国历代的文人士大夫大都偏爱饮茶，雅兴来时，常邀三五好友，于松风竹林间煮茗论道。数千年的文化薰陶，赋予了茶“淡泊”“宁静”“返璞归真”等神韵。一方斗室，一豆青灯，一杯香茗，常常使人气定神闲、物我两忘，得以感受“天地与我并生，万物与我为一”的理想境界。 与中国“天人合一”的思想不同，西方文明主张“天人两分”，视自身为探索者和研究者，试图通过掌握自然的奥秘来主宰自然。具体而言，英国人喜好发酵过的红茶，还经常加入其他调料，制成奶茶方才饮用。在茶具的选择上，英国人也没有一直沿用中国瓷器，而是创造性地将动物的骨灰加入到瓷土中进行烧制，制造出了饮茶用的骨瓷。英国茶文化还集中体现了西方社会的核心价值观——个人主义。比如，邀请别人来喝下午茶时，女主人们势必要拿出家中最好的茶，费尽心思做出美味的茶点，还要换上最得体的服饰，从而向客人展示自己以及家中最完美的一面，获得自我精神的满足。此外，英国茶文化追求实用性。相较于中国茶文化随时随地皆可饮茶的传统，英国人将茶与一日三餐紧密地结合在一起，只会在固定的饮茶时间才悠闲地喝杯茶，如传统茶、下午茶以及晚餐茶，体现了其严谨考究的文化特色。英国人还根据自身的饮食习惯制作了很多既能满足口欲又能填饱肚子的茶点。 中国茶文化吸收了儒、道、释三家思想的精华，但其主导的思想还是儒家所提倡的“中庸”和“仁礼”，主张通过饮茶反躬自省，在和谐的氛围中交流思想、增进情谊。同时，中国茶文化强调自然，追求以简为德，心静如水，返璞归真，体会人与自然的和谐统一。与中国茶文化的谦和相比，英国茶文化就多了几许霸气。英国曾一度国力强盛，称霸海上，被誉为“日不落帝国”，因而英国人普遍有一种自傲排外的岛国心态。加之，英国文化中存在一股强大的向上的价值取向。因而，无论什么时间、什么场合，英国人总竭力展示自己的最佳状态，不敢有丝毫的怠慢和敷衍。喝下午茶自然也不例外——环境一定要优雅舒适，衣着一定到典雅得体，茶点一定要高档精致，待客一定要体贴周到。一顿真正的下午茶仿佛变成了一场时尚的社交盛宴，主人不敢有丝毫马虎，客人也是小心翼翼，一定要穿着时下最流行的服饰赴会，否则稍有差池，便会招来嘲讽。 随着工业文明的发展，现代生活的快节奏冲击着人们悠闲的传统饮茶方式，人们很少有时间能够静心品味茶的内涵或者精心准备下午茶的服饰。在这种时代大背景下，中英茶文化都在经历，深刻的变革。中国茶文化不再过分追求玄思静想，英国茶文化也简化了其过去花哨的形式和繁复的礼仪。中英茶文化逐渐出现交汇点，成为增进不同文化交流的助力。但不可忽视的是，中国传统茶文化如今日渐低迷，而作为后起之秀的英国茶文化却正风靡全球，如何保护和传承好中国的传统文化值得每个中国人深思。 中英茶文化的不同 咖啡先于茶叶进入英国社会，而且这种新兴的饮料在英国发展十分迅猛，咖啡馆很快就到达全盛时代，并且有了固定的客户群，包含商人、医生、律师、政客和文人墨客，起因是这里不但供给各种饮料，更主要的是他是一个最新时势，闲聊和贸易交换场合，并且造成一种相称重要的社会、经济和政治者在此凑集的通例。从咖啡的发展脉络来不丢脸出，茶在英国的发展。因为茶叶在遥远的东方运来英国，途中运输的用度以及税收，产量的未几，加上茶初期进入英国是以药用价值是人们争相购置。后来便导致茶的价钱节节攀升，缓缓的使茶叶在英国贵族化。成为了高尚富丽的接待和娱乐情势的物品以及礼品。 由于气象原因，中国本身就自产茶叶，饮茶文化在巴蜀地区蔓延开来当前，各地都有种植，并不存在于茶叶稀疏，产量低等原因造成茶叶价格贵族化，相反的是茶叶在中国却成了一种布衣饮料。 中英两国之间的茶具 茶叶达到英国的同时，饮茶器具如瓷器茶壶、茶杯、茶叶罐子也随茶叶的船只来到英国。这些外观美丽且存在异国情趣的器具，很快就吸引了贵族人士的眼光，他们从茶叶贸易商和瓷器商人那里把这些东西买回家，但是却是当做装潢品来用。而其后英国也出现了本人烧制的陶瓷制品的茶壶，茶杯。有的用金线描制，茶壶，茶杯上绘有英国特点的图案，显得异样的高贵华美。用这种特制的茶壶泡上一杯茶，显得再文雅不外了。 而在同时期，我国的茶具多用紫砂制成的本质茶壶，是一种用朱泥货紫泥烧制而成，也有一种釉烧的陶器，呈褐色或黑褐色，状态各异，外形设计异常可人。同时在中国的皇宫贵族也有一些颜色亮丽的陶瓷茶壶，上面有花鸟禽兽以及人物等精美形象。而现在这些茶壶仍旧可以在各大博物馆，尤其是一些陶瓷博物馆内见到。每一件都异常精巧。 在现代的中英两国，茶具并不太多的变更，英式的茶具大多以陶瓷为主，依然都显得无比优美。而在中国既有陶瓷的茶具，同时也有玻璃，紫砂，等各式茶具。 茶叶的冲泡和口味 中国的茶叶品种繁多。绿茶，红茶，白茶，黑茶，花茶等等，如若要分类，又有毛尖，铁观音，普洱等各种口味的茶叶。自古代茶叶的冲泡方法，由原叶水煮泡茶，到茶叶中加各种调料，到当初干茶叶开水冲泡。中国人最后的偏好却是品味茶叶的原汁滋味，即不在茶汤里面加牛奶，糖，肉桂等调料在里面。而英国的茶叶固然最闻名的是英式红茶，然而英国却爱在泡的茶汤中加蜂蜜、肉桂、胡椒、威士忌、黄油、鸡蛋，以及所有他们想参加的货色，为所欲为的发明了很多口味。用佛手柑油调制的格雷伯爵茶、阿萨姆红茶等少数种类，成为经典而奇特的民族茶产品，享誉世界。此外，英国人对茶叶自身也进行了改革。袋装的茶叶末取代了片片茶叶，称为速溶茶。连袋一起放进热水杯里，一小袋只泡一杯茶。家用茶壶还有过滤杯，用开水冲下，过滤而出。这与中国人将整片茶叶放在开水里，在氤氲的热气中观赏盛开的茶叶花，已是天壤之别。 英国的茶叶冲泡无非就是一种方式，开水冲泡。而在中国，有一种茶叫功夫茶。等于为了品到最好的茶汤，用繁琐的步骤，特定的茶具，开水的温度，冲茶的技能。中国人喝茶不仅须要好茶，也要好的泡茶工夫，与英国简略的喝茶方式完整不同，但正由于如斯，培养了中国与英国的茶文化如此的不同，各有魅力。 英式下午茶，广东早茶 茶经由多年发展，在英国有英式下午茶。中国由于地广人多，出现以各种饮茶文化为代表的景象，那么以广东早茶文化为代表，因茶带给两国茶文化的相同与不同之处。 广东早茶的起源，要追溯到咸丰同治年间。当时广州有一种名为"一厘馆"的馆子，门口挂著写有"茶话"二字的木牌，供给茶水糕点，设施简陋，仅以几把木桌木凳迎客，聊供路人歇脚谈话。后来出现了茶居，范围渐大，变成茶楼，尔后广东人上茶楼喝早茶蔚然成风。直到今天，广东早茶中茶水已经成为配角，茶点却愈发精细多样，这种传统文化随着广东经济的迅速发展不但没有消散的迹象，反而越来越成为广东人休闲生活中一道亮丽的景致线。 既名为"早茶"，茶水便天然是广东早茶中不可缺乏的一区域性。早茶的茶水以红茶为主，取其暖胃去腻，利于消化。常见的有乌龙茶、铁观音、普洱茶，有的人也爱好喝菊普茶，即在普洱茶中加入菊花，取其清凉祛火。红茶色深红，汤浓稠，味苦涩，虽在视觉和味觉上都不如绿茶，却与广东早茶中味道浓烈的茶点正是绝佳配，广东早茶的长盛不衰，与广东自古以来贸易昌盛，经济发展敏捷是分不开的。在广东，早茶时候可以倾谈生意、交流资讯，也可以会朋聚友、谈天说地。生意人把茶楼当作商谈重地，普通人则在此抒解压力，换得浮生半日闲。 而英式下昼茶则是在英国维多利亚时期，英国有一位伯爵夫人，天天到下战书时刻就百无聊赖，心想此时间隔衣着正式，礼仪繁复的晚餐还有段时光，有感到肚子饿了，就请女仆筹备几片烤面包、奶油跟茶。后来这位夫人就邀请多少位知心挚友跟着茶与精巧的点心，同时轻松享受惬意的午后时间，没想到一时之间，就在当时贵族社交圈内蔚为风气。成为无数名媛趋之若鹜，这就是所谓的"维多利亚下午茶"的由来。始终到今天，已经俨然构成一种优雅自由的下午茶文明，也成为正统的"英国红茶文化"。 来源有所不同，饮茶方式有所不同，点心不同，却在必定水平上表示了雷同之处。早茶文化与下午茶文化，却都是中英两国人们一种放松方式，享受空闲时光，也是人们的一种社交方式，已经融入到人们真逼真切的生涯之中。茶文化从实质上来说就是茶的发展历史，沿着茶的发展脉络，看到了茶的从前，与对茶文化将来的发展。

东西方文化的差异毕业论文

Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。

文化差异进行论述: 一、物质文化差异 中西方文化在物质文化上的差异主要是指...由于中国与西方生产生活习性的不同，中国人吃饭用的餐具是"筷子"，西方人则用"刀子和叉子"，且中西方饮食中的主食构成不...

Chinese and Western cultural differences in the performance of every aspect of daily life from the greeting 、 term diet and cultural differences in the way of thinking in the abstract, such as differences everywhere, from the West focus on the following colors to express the difference between Chinese and Western cultural differences in areas such as a wedding set. First, in the West to express the color difference Different colors in different languages is not expressed in the same way. The representative of China in a sense, the West has a meaning that even the "color" to understand the meaning of the contrary. (A) red (red) Whether in China or in the English-speaking countries, often in red and festive celebrations or day-related. Calendar, red font used these days, therefore, red letter day: refers to the "Day" or "happy occasion." It also refers to the red "liabilities" or "loss" because people are always negative in red to register. So there are these phrases: red figure deficit in the red loss In common with the Chinese "red" words, translated into English, may not necessarily use the "red" for example: brown sugar brown sugar red wine red wine (B) yellow Yellow in English and Chinese in the extended meaning of the differences are considerable. In English, yellow can be said that the "timid, cowardly, despicable," meaning, for example: a yellow dog despicable, cowardly people a yellow livered coward Chinese yellow symbol of the term is sometimes vulgar, vulgar and obscene, indecent indecency means, such as yellow film, erotica, yellow CD, and so on. These in the name of "yellow" in English and "yellow" has nothing to do. However, in another English word blue is the color used to indicate the kind of meaning in Chinese, such as the blue jokes (dirty joke), blue films (yellow film). Second, the cultural differences in Western wedding First of all, in Western wedding culture and the first in the West in thinking about the differences: the Chinese people more conservative, like excitement, more old-fashioned thinking, so in the history of China for thousands of years the entire wedding customs did not change much. The thinking in the West is more open to the requirements of the wedding will be lower, they will be the climax of the wedding in the church: the sacred as the "wedding march" into the red carpet, Jiao Mei's father, the bride linked hands Rose walked slowly to the groom, the bride's father, daughter to the groom's hand on hand, her daughter's life will be entrusted to the groom, all eyes followed the couple, filled with well-being in their face. Second, the result of cultural differences wedding in the West because the West in a different religion. China is mainly Buddhist, but the West is mainly Christian. Therefore, the Western wedding is to be held in the church and the priest is Zhuhun Ren. China's traditional customs of the most important part of the Bai Tiandi is, the worship heaven and earth even after the ceremony has become.中西方文化差异表现在方方面面，从日常生活的打招呼用语、饮食文化等差异到思维方式等抽象方面的差异无所不在，下面着重从中西方颜色表达的差异，中西方婚礼文化差异等方面阐述。 一、中西方颜色表达的差异 不同颜色在不同语言中表达的方式并不一样。在中国代表一种意义，在西方又表示一种涵义，甚至对“颜色”的涵义理解恰恰相反。（一）red（红色）无论是在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关。日历中，这些日子常用红色字体，因此，red letter day：指的是“纪念日”或“喜庆的日子”。红色还指“负债”或“亏损”，因为人们总是用红笔登记负数。于是就有了这些词组：red figure赤字 in the red亏损汉语中常用的带“红”字的词语，翻译成英语，可不一定用“red”例如：红糖brown sugar 红酒red wine （二） yellow黄色在英语和汉语中的引申含义差别比较大。英语中，yellow可以表示“胆小、卑怯、卑鄙”的意思，例如：a yellow dog 可鄙的人，卑鄙的人a yellow livered 胆小鬼汉语中黄色一词有时象征低级趣味、色情庸俗、下流猥亵的意思，如黄色电影、黄色书刊、黄色光碟等等。这些名称中的“黄”与英语中的“yellow”无关。然而，英语中另一个颜色词blue却常用来表示汉语中这类意思，如blue jokes（下流的玩笑）， blue films（黄色电影）等。 二、中西方婚礼文化差异 首先，中西方婚礼文化差异首先和中西方人在思维方面的差异有关：中国人比较保守，喜欢热闹，思维较古板，所以在中国历史几千年的时间里整个婚礼的习俗并没有多大的变化。而西方人的思想则比较开放，对于婚礼的要求也比较低，他们婚礼的高潮则是在教堂中：随着神圣的《婚礼进行曲》步入鲜红的地毯，娇美的新娘挽着父亲手捧玫瑰慢慢向新郎走去，新娘的父亲将女儿的手放在新郎的手上，将女儿的一生托付给新郎，所有人的目光注视着这对新人，幸福洋溢在他们的脸上。其次，造成中西方婚礼文化差异的原因是中西方不同的宗教。中国是以佛教为主，而西方则是基督教为主的。所以西方的婚礼是在教堂中举行而主婚人则是神甫。中方的传统婚俗中的最重要环节就是拜天地，拜了天地以后就算是礼成了。

隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions above.Keywords: metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " 2.1 metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures 2.1.1 relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. 2.1.2 non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: 2.1.2.1 Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). 2.1.2.2 counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. 2.1.2.3 Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . 2.2 Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. 2.3 in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. 2.4 The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. 2.4.1 metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. 2.4.2 differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. 2.4.3 different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. 3.1 Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.