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翻译实习心得体会
当我们经过反思，有了新的启发时，往往会写一篇心得体会，这么做可以让我们不断思考不断进步。是不是无从下笔、没有头绪？下面是我收集整理的翻译实习心得体会，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
发现居然已经快要领第的工资了，每月一千块钱的固定收入的确让我的开销宽裕很多。我在广美老师那里实习已经四个月了，这应该是我大学阶段唯一一段实习赚钱的经历，收获颇丰。
1、固定收入比非固定收入要好。凭我的资质，其实很容易找到一分作礼仪的工作，而且这个收入也高很多，一个展会每天都有200元进帐。但是发现，每份礼仪的工作都只是几天的时间，而且每次都要先面试再做事，收入是不稳定的。收入不稳定就会造成心里的不安定，稳定的收入就能让内心有保障。起码不会为下个月的买衣服啊，买化妆品阿大宗消费而担忧。这才发现，有固定收入是一件多么幸福的事情，哪怕收入不高。
2、老板是一个监督并爱护员工的角色。我在广美帮张老师做邮件翻译，我发现其实自己工作是否尽力，老师是很难百分之百了解的。老师只能看是否需要翻的邮件已经翻译，只能看得出数量，但是不可能一五一十去了解质量。那么，工作质量如何完全靠员工的责任心来决定。我自己很清楚，如果老师说话客气点，布置的工作量不会太多，我就非常详尽得翻译信件，把意思尽可能得表达到位。但是如果今天老师让我感觉不爽，比如在临下班之前布置任务，我就只会用最简单的方式把意思翻译出来而已，绝对不会想是否到位，工作质量自然达不到最佳。自然而然扩展来说，老板爱护员工，员工就会拼命。要想因为付点工资就感觉员工做事认真是天经地义的，那老板就是失败的。其实这条定理对于做领导也是适用的，做社团干部也是适用的。
3、赚钱不容易。要想领工资就得做事情。时常，张老师会打电话过来有些要紧的邮件要翻译。一个电话一谈就要半个钟，然后就会打乱我自己原先的计划，临时插进来要先把翻译的事情搞定。然后一周还要上三天班，从早上九点半到晚上五点半，中午还没得睡的哦。我通常白天上班，那晚上就什么事情都做不了了，只能看电视休息。这样，我才发现原来赚钱那么不容易。而且为私人老板打工，还得调整自己适应她的工作习惯。这对于时时刻刻想随心所欲的我，简直是折磨。
4、任务化能让自己静心做事。最开始为了得到这份工作，一个晚上我居然能够翻译出一篇长达七八页纸的艺术类论文，简直是奇迹。后来，一个下午我居然能把一本英文艺术家传记了解的七七八八。因为翻译是工作，工作有指标，所以我能够静心把完全没有概念的文献很快熟悉。
今天是20xx年2月10日，我在以琳翻译公司实习的最后一天。一个多月的实习经历让我收获良多。无论是专业技能，还是职场规范，都有在学校里无法得到的感悟。
我在大学里学的是翻译，到以琳之后的主要工作也是翻译和校对，在专业上完全对口。原本以为凭我的翻译水平这份工作应该很容易上手，但经过实际工作才发现自己要学习的地方有很多。
首先是格式问题。在这方面，我不但所知极为有限，连意识也很欠缺。学校里从未学过，我也一直以为翻译仅限于两种语言之间的转化，但作为一种职业，这却远远不够。我们交给客户的应该是跟源文件各方面都一致的成品，而不是只转化了语言的半成品。比如一份幻灯片文件要我们翻译，那译稿应该是格式完全一致的幻灯片，而不是仅仅翻译了文字的word文档。
然后是行文规范问题。即便是纯文本文件，也有其行文规范，如字体、字号、行距以及标点符号运用等。这些内容我们在学校里做翻译练习并不如何重视，但对于专业翻译公司，这类细节问题就像公司的门面，门面不好，公司实力再强形象也会受损。
就是对翻译本身，我也有了新的理解。我在学校里所学所练主要以文学为主，讲究翻译技巧，追求辞藻和句式变化等修辞手法。然而在公司，虽然也有文学方面的订单，但业务方面还是以科技和法律等专业性较强的内容为主。很多时候，客户需要的是一份表达清晰、行文简洁的译文，而非需要用心品味的文章。真正做翻译时，就需要以客户的要求为准，而不是信马游缰地行文。
以前我虽然有过一些兼职，但那些主要是课余时间赚取生活费，顺便了解社会的一种途径，工作本身对专业知识要求小，我也很少全心投入。但在以琳的实习不同，这家专业公司让我找到了真正步入社会的感觉。
这学期的翻译实习很有意思，很有趣儿。我们每个人都当了一回导游，把学校逛了一大圈。这让我想到的耶鲁大学的宣传片，如果条件允许，我也想把我们的实习拍成片子，让大家也感受一下淮工的校风校貌。把学校逛一圈真的挺累人的，还好我们选了个好日子，没有似火骄阳，微风习习，莲花飘香。虽然是自己非常熟悉的校园，但是要让你讲讲她的历史、文化，还真的有点难度。所以我们十五个人共同合作，明确分工，而且在导师陪同我们实习之前，我们早已经把学校逛了好几遍，实战演练了好几回合。所谓“台上一分钟，台下十年功”，虽然我们已经做了大量的准备工作，但是临场还是有几分紧张。最欠火候的地方是我们太嫩了，一点也没有导游的气场。导师说这个实习不仅仅是锻炼我们的英文水平，更是锻炼我们的综合能力。干一样就要像一样，要清楚自己现在的身份是导游。其次，我们的`线路设计有些不合理，走了很多回头路，这样子很容易引起游客们的不满。我们只顾着介绍景点，也不关心游客走了那么久累不累、渴不渴，不问问人有没有人想去洗手间，太不人性化了。
这次实习增进了同学之间的感情，虽然旅程很长、而且景点对我们来说也没有新鲜感，但是我们依旧一路欢声笑语。同时，这次实习也加深了我们对学校的了解。
其实最重要的还是英语，马上就大三了，可是我们还存在着语音语调的问题。导师还当众说我的发音很土，好丢人啊。虽然说内容为王，但是作为英语专业的学生，口语是个门面，口语之于英文就像书写之于作文。我真的好惭愧，学了那么多年英语，连简单的good morning发音也发不标准。我的口语问题早在大一时就被发现了，不过一直没有采取拯救行动，现在真要高度重视了，否则大学四年毕业了，还是一口土土的英文。很多东西，用中文表达出来毫无压力，可是用到英文就发愁了，词汇不足、表达不清晰、反应不够迅速。
导师说这次实习是他们共同精心策划的，并且和很多企业一起商讨他们到底需要什么的人才。学习不能只停留在书面上，要运用。企业希望我们一毕业就能为他们所用，他们不愿意多花精力和时间来锻炼我们。天下老板一般黑呀！不过这也是我们必须具备的技能，有压力才有动力。希望我们在剩下的两年时间里，不浪费光阴，努力提高自身各方面的技能，做一个合格的大学生，将来更好的服务社会，实现自身的人生价值。每个大学生都在学英语，作为英语专业的我该如何立足？我正在寻找答案“众里寻他千百度，蓦然回首，那人却在灯火阑珊”，只要专业技能够硬够强，一定会有自己的舞台。我现在所要做的就是努力学习，只有足够的input，才能out put。
暑假翻译实习收获颇多。一直以来对翻译存在畏惧心理。文化背景、生词、中英语言差异往往给翻译造成困难。但是，借助这次翻译实习，我明白翻译能力的提高不是一蹴而就的。要提高翻译能力，需要持之以恒地练习。
翻译实习作业内容涉及文化、科技、经济、社会、政治五大方面，题材丰富，趣味性强。翻译不同内容所得到的收获感悟也是不同的。翻译内容相继为英国王室传统婚礼礼仪、多媒体计算机技术、虚拟现实、债券、日本福岛核电站2号反应堆爆炸及《西藏文化的保护与发展》白皮书。
我对文化板块的英国王室传统婚礼的兴趣最浓。英国王室婚礼礼仪介绍是以英国威廉王子大婚为背景。为了在理解的基础上顺利地翻译原文，我查阅了威廉大婚流程介绍、英国王室历史人物、人物王室封号等，理性了查尔斯王储、戴安娜王妃、卡米拉、威廉王子、哈里王子等人物关系，了解了威斯敏斯特教堂丰厚的历史文化沉淀。威廉王子婚礼安排无处不表达着对母亲戴安娜王妃深切的思念。在兴趣之余，我学习了查尔斯〃斯宾塞在葬礼上对姐姐戴安娜王妃的致辞ATributetoDiana,感受到戴安娜王妃个人无限魅力与高尚品质。同时，我掌握了单身派对、伴娘、伴郎、狗仔队等实用词汇。
至于多媒体计算机技术翻译，明显感觉自己对于计算机常识及计算机英语的了解不足，特别是关于乐器数字接口介绍。有关债券的翻译，也让自己有一定的收获。一方面，我了解了债券发行目的、信贷评级与公司贷款成本之间的关系。另一方面，我也获得一个启示在遇到困惑的地方要查阅资料，不能想当然地翻译。例如，文中出现一次“principle”时，我起初将它翻译为最常见的“原则”意思，可待整个段落译完，发现不合句意。借助字典才知道其为“本金”意思。类似情况还有“StandardandPoor’sandMoody’sInvestorsService”应译为“标准普尔及穆迪信用评级机构”，而不是简单地将“poor”、“moody”形容词的词义译出。再者，关于日本核电站的翻译，因为原文为一则新闻报道，译文的玉雅应力求简洁，这让我了解到不同体裁的文体风格也应有所变化，而自己在译文简洁与内容的完整性方面有时做不到协调统一。最后一篇是中央人民政府关于西藏文化保护与发展政策，内容易懂，但在翻译过程中明显感到中英句法差异，即英语语句句型多变，结构复杂，多用复句，而汉语多为小句。同时，还学到了各种关于法律规章的表达法，如关于什么的暂行条例，应用到“interimprovisionsonsomething”.
这次实习锻炼了自己的翻译能力，增添了自信心及成就感。在以后学习生活中，我会继续扩大知识面，扩充词汇量，不断加强翻译练习，提高英语综合能力。
一下是比较好写的论文题目，希望能帮助你！噢 顺便一提 几天前帮我指导的ABC天丅口语的导师说过 就是想征服英语应该是不费力地！绝对有个好的学习环境以及进修口语对象，最关键就是外教水平 口语纯正非常重要，持续每日口语交流，一对一家教式辅导才能够有.好.的学习成果~上完课还要重复温习课堂音频 更可以加深印象。若真的是没有人可以指导的情况 可以去 VOA或大耳朵取得课余教材学习 多说多问不知不觉的英语水平就培养起来，学习效益肯定会迅速明显的！1. 论商务英语与文化的关系. 论商务英语广告语言的特征与表达 试论商务英语交际中的文化因素. 论沟通语言在商务英语谈判中的作用与功能. 试论中西文化习惯在商务英语谈判中的作用. 论文化差异对商务英语谈判的影响. 论 商务英语翻译中的不对等性 论撰写商务英语信函的礼貌原则. 论商务英语写作中的语气分析10 论商务合同英语的文体特征分析11. 论礼貌与商务英语信函中礼貌的表现1. 论商务英语中的委婉表达及其翻译1. 论商标名称的翻译与策略1. 论产品中文商标的翻译英语商务传真话语类型分析初探1 论外贸英语函电的语言特点 论商务场合中的汉英跨文化交际 论商标英译中的“信” 论商标英译中的“雅” 论商务英语信函及翻译特点 论模糊语言在商务英语写作中的运用 论商务英语翻译中的”忠实”与”变通” 论商务英语合同及其翻译特点 论英语俚语的汉译10 论英语委婉语的差异和翻译对策
感谢培养教育我的XX学校，XX浓厚的学术氛围，舒适的学习环境我将终生难忘！祝母校蒸蒸日上，永创辉煌！祝校长财源滚滚，仕途顺利！感谢对我倾囊赐教、鞭策鼓励的XX大学X系诸位师长，诸位恩师的谆谆训诲我将铭记在心。祝恩师们身体健康，家庭幸福！感谢论文中引文的原作者，他们都是法学界的名师大家，大师风范，高山仰止。祝他们寿域无疆，德业永辉！感谢同窗好友XXX、XXX、XX、XX、XXX以及更多我无法逐一列出名字的朋友，他们和我共同度过了四年美好难忘的大学时光，我非常珍视和他们的友谊！祝他们前程似锦，事业有成！家有娇妻，外有二房！最最感谢生我养我的父母，他们给予了我最无私的爱，为我的成长付出了许多许多，焉得谖草，言树之背，养育之恩，无以回报，惟愿他们健康长寿！感谢我的牌友孙XX、杨XX、杨XX、王X、赵X，他们和我一起度过了大四无聊的时光，让我在写作之余能有很好的休闲活动。祝他们以后多培养牌坛新秀！感谢我的烟友姜X、丁X、冯XX、田XX。在我没烟抽的时候他们总能毫无吝惜的将自己的烟分给我抽，尤其是在本文写作过程中，我废寝忘食，足不出户，烟抽的很快，他们给予我很大帮助，燃上一支烟，文思如泉涌，快乐似神仙！祝他们永远都有好烟抽！最后要感谢我自己，没有自己的努力，本文是无论如何业完不成的！感谢我以最大的毅力完成了四年大学学习，在这个环境里我能洁身自爱，出淤泥而不染保持一颗纯洁的心，真的是很不容易！祝自己身体健康，权财两旺！家里红旗不倒，外面彩旗飘飘！ 大学三年学习时光已经接近尾声，在此我想对我的母校，我的父母、亲人们，我的老师和同学们表达我由衷的谢意。 感谢我的家人对我大学三年学习的默默支持；感谢我的母校桂林师专给了我在大学三年深造的机会，让我能继续学习和提高；感谢桂林师专的老师和同学们三年来的关心和鼓励。老师们课堂上的激情洋溢，课堂下的谆谆教诲；同学们在学习中的认真热情，生活上的热心主动，所有这些都让我的三年充满了感动。 这次毕业论文设计我得到了很多老师和同学的帮助，其中我的论文指导老师黄志敏老师对我的关心和支持尤为重要。每次遇到难题，我最先做的就是向黄老师寻求帮助，而黄老师每次不管忙或闲，总会抽空来找我面谈，然后一起商量解决的办法。黄老师平日里工作繁多，但 我做毕业设计的每个阶段，从选题到查阅资料，论文提纲的确定，中期论文的修改，后期论文格式调整等各个环节中都给予了我悉心的指导。这几个月以来，黄老师不仅在学业上给我以精心指导，同时还在思想给我以无微不至的关怀，在此谨向黄老师致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。 同时，本篇毕业论文的写作也得到了韦芳、谭冬柳等同学的热情帮助。感谢在整个毕业设计期间和我密切合作的同学，和曾经在各个方面给予过我帮助的伙伴们，在此，我再一次真诚地向帮助过我的老师和同学表示感谢！（编辑：pulp） 大学生活一晃而过，回首走过的岁月，心中倍感充实，当我写完这篇毕业论文的时候，有一种如释重负的感觉，感慨良多。 首先诚挚的感谢我的论文指导老师**老师。她在忙碌的教学工作中挤出时间来审查、修改我的论文。还有教过我的所有老师们，你们严谨细致、一丝不苟的作风一直是我工作、学习中的榜样；他们循循善诱的教导和不拘一格的思路给予我无尽的启迪。 感谢三年中陪伴在我身边的同学、朋友，感谢他们为我提出的有益的建议和意见，有了他们的支持、鼓励和帮助，我才能充实的度过了三年的学习生活。 在本人的写作过程中，XXX老师给予了大力的帮助和指导，在此深表感谢！同时也感谢其他帮助和指导过我的老师和同学。 最后要感谢在整个论文写作过程中帮助过我的每一位人。 首先，也是最主要感谢的是我的指导老师，XXX老师。在整个过程中他给了我很大的帮助，在论文题目制定时，他首先肯定了我的题目大方向，但是同时又帮我具体分析使我最后选择失地农民的养老保险这个具体目标，让我在写作时有了具体方向。在论文提纲制定时，我的思路不是很清晰，经过老师的帮忙，让我具体写作时思路顿时清晰。在完成初稿后，老师认真查看了我的文章，指出了我存在的很多问题。在此十分感谢李老师的细心指导，才能让我顺利完成毕业论文。 其次，要感谢帮我查资料的张超同学，后期因为实习的关系，不能随时去学校的图书馆查阅资料，在此也十分感谢他能抽出时间帮我找的一些外文资料。 值此本科学位论文完成之际，首先要感谢我的导师XXX老师。X老师从一开始的论文方向的选定，到最后的整篇文论的完成，都非常耐心的对我进行指导。给我提供了大量数据资料和建议，告诉我应该注意的细节问题，细心的给我指出错误。他对分时电价领域的专业研究和对该课题深刻的见解，使我受益匪浅。X老师诲人不倦的工作作风，一丝不苟的工作态度，严肃认真的治学风格给我留下深刻的影响，值得我永远学习。在此，谨向导师XXX老师致以崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢！My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor aaa , my supervisor, for her constant encouragement and guidance. She has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without her consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not havereached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor aaa, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: Professor dddd, Professor ssss, who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years. Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
Market Research and Export Promotion Export Marketing Plan The marking plan is the basis on which all the overseas promotion is formulated. To devise the marketing plan involves reconciling the export strategies and objectives of the manufacturer into marketing terms.The marketing plan embraces many elements including market research project, promotion/advertising details, products involved and their quantity available, distribution arrangements and total volume/value of goods Where relevant, various costing information should be included, particularly the research and advertising budget. Overall; the plan must be realistic and should have a clear sense of purpose and direction Export Market Research Before making goods for a new overseas market, as in the home trade, it is necessary to discover first of all if the goods can be sold profitably in that market. To answer that question is one of the objects of market research. Export market research, in particular, is a study of a given market abroad to determine the needs of that market and the methods by which the products; can best be supplied. It may be carried out to determine: 1. If a new product likely to find a market. 2. Whether an established product is likely to meet with a good demand in a new market. 3.Why sales of a product have declined, either generally or in a certain area Here, in this chapter is laid on the first point: Market research is vital to success in overseas Markets To look for a suitable market an exporter must consider, for example: 1.Political and Economic Conditions Countries with different political and economic systems take different attitudes toward foreign trade business.Their policies and regulations concerning import and export，foreign exchange control，customs, duties and other tariffs will greatly affect the suitability for a new market. 2.Physical and Climatic Conditions The suitability of his products: heavy clothing is not worn in hot climates; mountaineering equipment would not be in demand in a flat country. 3. Social Conditions If there is a low standard．of living with poor wage levels, there nay be no market for television sets or cars or luxury products. It may be desirable, even necessary,for price lists and sales promotion literature to be translated into a local language,with local units of measurement 5 and of the survey questionnaire and in the interviewing process. Surveys may be very expensive, and they are time--consuming: Another key weakness is that respondents often cannot or will not give true answers. The interviewing in the survey may be done by the researcher in person, by telephone, or by mail. 1.Personal Interviews Personal interviews are more flexible than the other two types because interviews can alter the questions to fit-the situation as they see it: They are able to probe snore deeply if an answer is not satisfactory. Ordinarily, it is possible to obtain more information by personal interview .than by telephone: or mail. Also, the interview can by observation; obtain data regarding the respondents'socioeconomic status-their home ,neighborhood, and apparent standard of living. The major limitations of this method of interviewing are its relative high cost, the length of time needed to conduct the survey, and the chance of introducing ,errors during the interviewing. 2. Telephone Survey In a telephone survey, the respondent, is approached by telephone, and interview is completed at that time. Telephone surveys can usually be conducted more rapidly and at less cost than either personal or mail surveys. Tele: phone surveys are lees flexible than personal Interviews, but more flexible than mail survey. Another significant advantage is that a telephone. survey -may be timely. For instance, people may be asked whether they are watching television at the moment and; if so, the name of the program and the sponsor. One limitation of the telephone survey is that interviews must be short: Lengthy interviews cannot be conducted satisfactorily over the phone. 3.Interviewing by Mail Interviewing by mail involves mailing a questionnaire to potential respondents and having them return the completed form by mail. Mailed questionnaires ape more economical than personal interviews and are particularly useful in national surveys,Also, if the respondents remain anonymous, they are more likely to give true answers because they do not feel the need to impress the interviewer. A major problem with mail' questionnaires is the Compilation of a good mailing list, especially for a broad-scale survey. If the sample can be drawn from a limited list, such as property taxpayers in certain counties or subscribers to a magazine, the list presents no problem.Another significant limitation concerns the reliability of the questionnaire returns, Particularly when the returns are-anonymous. If the respondents have characteristics that 6 differentiate them from nonrespondents, the survey results will be invalid. Further,the questionnaire must be reasonably shorted the questions very simple; there is no to explain in a puzzling question. Ideally :Yes.'' or“No" or prechoice type of :produces the best results. Here is an example: Questionnaire for Market＿Research on Smoking A. Do you smoke cigarettes? Yes/No (If No,terminate) B How. many do you smoke a day? C. What size of cigarette do you smoke ? Mini ,Standard ,Large D. Do you smoke filter tips.? Yes/No E. Do you smoke menthol cigarettes?一Yes/No Observational Method In the observational method, the data are collected by observing some action of the respondent: No interviews are involved, although an interview may be used as a follow-up to-get additional information. For instance,if customers are observed buying beer in cans instead of bottles; they may be asked; why they prefer that one form of packaging to the other. Information may be gathered by personal or mechanical observation. In one form of personal observation the researcher poses as a customer in a store. This technique is useful in getting information about the caliber of the -sales people，or in determining what brands they push. Mechanical observation is illustrated by an electric cord stretched across a high way to count the number一of cars that pass during a certain time period The observation method has several merits. It can be highly accurate．Often it removes a11 doubt about what the customer does in: a given, situation. The consumers are unaware that they are being observed; so presumably they action theft usual fashion. The observation technique reduces interviewer bias. However, the possibility of bias is not- completely eliminated as long as people are used as :observers. Another disadvantage is that the technique is limited in its application. Observation tells what happened; but it cannot tell why. It cannot delve into motives, attitudes,or opinions. Experimental Method The experimental method of gathering primary data involves the establishment of a controlled experiment that stimulates the real market situation as much as possible. The theory is that' the small-scale experiment will furnish valuable information f tar designing a large scale marketing program. 7 The experimental method may be used in several different ways. In one instance, a firm may manufacture a few units of a product and give them to employees or consumers to try out: Probably the major application of the experimental method has been in market testing. This technique consist establishing a control market, in which all factors remain constant and one or more test markets,in which one factor is varied. A firm may be trying to determine whether to change the color of its package.In city A, the product is marketed in its traditional color. In each of cities B, C, and D, a different color is used. All other factor are kept constant. By measuring sales in the four market over a period of time;．the manufacturer, hopes to determine which color is most effective. The outstanding merit of the experimental method is it realism. It is the only one of the three methods of gathering primary data that stimulate an actual maket situation. The problem is that it is expensive.It requires long periods of careful planning and administration. Analyze the Data and Prepare a Report The final steps in market research project are to analyze the data and interpret the findings. Information gathered from market research is a guide to the invention，production and sales of the products for which there is a market. Today sophisticated electronic data processing equipment enables a researcher to tabulate and analyze masses of data quickly, and inexpensively. The end product of the investigation is the researcher's conclusion and recommendations, submitted, in written form on which the company's policy and proceedings concerning export promotion are based. Export Promotion-Advertising After deciding there are good prospects, for his goods abroad through the study of the market research investigation, the maker or the exporter will, of course; take measures to promote, exporting of the goods to that market. A most important measure in this respect is to advertise; the aid to trade that deals with the problem of giving information about the goods and 0helps to put buyers and sellers in touch with one another. By means of advertisements a supplier, tells people what goods he has for sale and emphasizes their good points in the hope that people will buy them. Advertising can, be undertaken by the company's sales or publicity department; or an advertising agcy is to be．engaged as an adviser. Purpose of Advertising 1.To Inform 8 Advertising can be used to place facts before public. An advertisement for a car may include some technical details, so that part of the advertisement is informative. Another advertisement may be .entirely informative,such as the announcement of the opening of a new shop.2 To Persuade although the advertisement for the car may give some facts, its over-all objective is to persuade people to buy the car. To do this various subtle methods may be used. The illustration, for instance; may give an exaggerated impression of the car's power The wording and the lay-out may be designed to appeal to the emotion rather than the mind: If you study some advertisement for practical products, you will find that they contain little or no technical information. One would not expect to find a .scientific analysis in an' advertisement for a cake of toilet soap, of course, but an examination of advertisement for. medicinal goods will show that the appeal is mainly to the emotions.3: To Remind Some advertisements aim merely to keep the name of :the product before the public. A newspaper advertisement may consist of only a picture of a packet of cigarettes; a bus may carry,the name of an insurance company; a poster may display a well-known advertising phrase. They say nothing but serve a useful. purpose in constantly reminding the public of, the, name of the product Advertising Media The term "media" means the forms used 'to carry advertisement. The choice of media depends upon the product and the audience the advertisement is aimed at For example, very few people are interested in coins. A coin dealer would want to appeal to that small number of people and to no one else. He would therefore advertise in a magazine which most coin enthusiasts read. The cost of advertising in newspapers large depends upon the circulation of each newspaper.If a newspaper sells a million copies, it is possible (although not probable) that a million people will read an advertisement in it. Some pages in a newspaper are more expensive to advertise in than are others, because most people will read the general news pages but only some will the pages devoted to sport, fashion, the arts; etc. Different一types of people read different newspapers, so an advertiser will use those papers whose readers are likely to be possible buyers of his products. For example, an art gallery would not advertise in a "popular" news paper because few of its readers would be likely to be visitors to art galleries. 2 Magazines The same principles about which media to use also apply to magazines. There are magazines which men read, those which women read and those which both read. Within each 9 group there is specialization, so that one magazine will be read by one "social group" and not by another. 3. Radio and Television These are the most、expensive of advertising media. A broadcast at a "peak time"will be heard or seen by millions of people: If only a tiny fraction of them respond, the huge cost twill have been justified. One reason for the success of such advertising is that it is difficult to ignore. A broadcast will be heard: or seen by everyone using a radio or television set; even if only subconsciously, it will make an impression. On the other hand, when you read a newspaper or a magazine you will not even notice most of the advertisements A radio or television advertisement must make an instant appeal. There may be only 30 seconds to get the message across; so its impacts must be immediate. 4 Outdoor Advertising This includes posters, advertisements on vans and buses and in trains. The message must be simple and short, perhaps with an immediately recognizable illustration. Selection of Customers-Credit information Once the overseas' market has been found, the next step is to look for suitable customers with whom the maker or exporter expects to establish good business relationships. Undoubtedly, he wishes to deal with those customers of high credit standing, and that is one of the chief factors to consider at the tune of setting up new business connections.The information about the credit or financial standing of an overseas trader can be obtained from various sources. They are chiefly banks, trade associations professional credit information services, and consulates abroad. Upon application for or on receipt of letters asking for the credit standing of the foreign trader in question these organizations are willing to provide, without any responsibility on their part,a credit or financial report on the trader, which is usually considered as private and confidential. The report is based on the relative references, files, and records they have kept or on the result of an investigation made accordingly. In view of the financial or credit status stated or recommended in the report alongside of other factors the maker .or manufacturer may freely consider the intended customer acceptable or not.
无所谓，一般摘要翻译翻译，正文不是外语专业的用中文足矣
原来以为毕业设计的外文翻译很愁人，现在开始着手做了才发现没有想象中的那么可怕，但是很需要耐心。 我先在咱们学校的图书馆的数据库资源中找到EI检索，然后看了它提供的检索演示，就找到了相应的文章。我翻译了两个下午了，有点儿小心得想跟大家分享一下。 1.想要搜索到和自己毕设相关的英文论文最好的方法应该是：先到中文数据库中找几篇硕士博士的跟自己毕设相关的毕设，因为他们的毕设中都有英文的摘要、英文的关键词，我们只需记下他们用的英文关键词，然后在到EI检索中输入英文关键词（个人觉得这样比直接用Google翻译要准确），会搜出很多，为了简化，使用搜索中 关键词AND项，既可以缩小范围，又使搜出的论文更加符合你的要求。 2.很多人看 摘要 选择是否翻译这篇文章，我为了快速，直接下载（因为我们学校的下载还是很快的），然后打开直接看内容中的原理图和插图，这样很快能判断内容是否与你的毕设相关，当然这个方法仅适用于我们理工科的题目。 3.翻译过程中肯定会遇到翻译工具不会解释的专业名词，你可以把它输到Google栏中搜索再搜索，或是在翻译之前就大致读几篇相似的中文文献，这样可以解决不少问题，但是我们都不愿意花这样的时间，呵呵。 4.如果一个段落中的内容中有芯片，可以先在网上查到此种芯片的中文资料，再配合词霸的“傻瓜翻译”就可以快速准确的翻译出来了。 5.最后这一条是我错误的经验总结出来的，希望大家不要犯，选出文章后一定要看是哪个国家的人写的，我都翻译了两天了，今天我才发现为什么我觉得我这篇文章中的英文看着那么别扭，原来作者是土耳其人，切记：最好找母语是英语的，会省很多很多很多很多很多很多力气！来源：
Learning English is very easy.At least I think so.If you want to study English well,the first thing you need to do is read many English books.Second,you should practice every day.No pains,no gains,you know.You will study English well if you do as what I said.
心得体会 Experience 英 [iksˈpiəriəns] 美 [ɪkˈspɪriəns] n. 经验，体验; 经历，阅历; vt. 亲身参与，亲身经历; 感受; 发现;
A Review of Robinson Crusoe--《鲁宾逊漂流记》读后感
This is a novel by the English author Daniel Defoe, published in 1719. It is one of the most popular adventure novels in all literature. It is the story of Bobinson Crusoe, an Englishman who is shipwrecked in a lonely tropical island. He builds himself a hut, grows his own food, and bees self-sufficient. After 23 years he meets with a group of cannibals and rescues one of their prisoners, a young native whome he calls Friday.Crusoe and his“man”Friday bee close friends, and when they are finally rescued four years later, both return to England.
Robinson Crusoe was partly based on the actual deeds of Alexander Selkirk, an 18th-century Scottish sailor who spent almost five years alone on a desert island. This novel is famous for its lovely details and its expression of belief in man's ability when left alone in nature.
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[英语读后感50字]英语读后感50字Snow WhiteI read Snow White last week, I to this book as well as the inside master public some views and the feeling, below am my some ideas. I thought that this book is very interesting, moreover is also exciting, story plot unconstrained fluctuation, confusing. A bright side won certainly finally. inside the story\'s leading character is also may encircle may select. Snow White, is chaste, lovable; Seven dwarves, is friendly, good. Stepmother, is also empress, is virulent, cruel-hearted .Inside this\'s each characters have filled the unique individuality, after enabling we looked, to the character to have the nearly pletely unified view. I thought I most like the character is seven dwarves, they are good, friendly, is willing to help other people, this is worth us studying, I most repugnant character is empress, she is virulent, is cruel-hearted, does not have a spot good performance, only wants to raise oneself, disparages others. the relation life, inside this\'s leading character many are worth us studying actually, certainly, also has some people not to be worth us studying. Generally speaking, this written unusual good. After this is I read this book the view and the opinion.Madam Curie（居里夫人读后感）Madam Curie, a world famous woman scientist, was born into a techer\'s family in Poland in 1867 and died in 1934. She finished her middle school at the age of 16. Eight years later, when she was 24, she went to study at Paris University. All her lige was devoted to scientific research and her efforts were rewarded. She had won the Nobel Price ice.Today, as a famous female, Madam Curie is sill remembered by the whole world. People will remember her forever for her courage, determination and her spirit of sharing knowledge with others.【扩展阅读篇】所谓“感”可以是从书中领悟出来的道理或精湛的思想，可以是受书中的内容启发而引起的思考与联想，可以是因读书而激发的决心和理想，也可以是因读书而引起的对社会上某些丑恶现象的抨击、讽刺，英语读后感50字.读后感的表达方式灵活多样，基本属于议论范畴，但写法不同于一般议论文，因为它必须是在读后的基础上发感想.要写好有体验、有见解、有感情、有新意的读后感，必须注意以下几点：首先，要读好原文“读后感[1]”的“感”是因“读”而引起的.“读”是“感”的基础.走马观花地读，可能连原作讲的什么都没有了解，哪能有“感”？读得肤浅，当然也感得不深.只有读得认真，才能有所感，并感得深刻.如果要读的是议论文，要弄清它的论点（见解和主张），或者批判了什么错误观点，想一想你受到哪些启发，还要弄清论据和结论是什么.如果是记叙文，就要弄清它的主要情节，有几个人物，他们之间是什么关系，以及故事发生在哪年哪月.作品涉及的社会背景，还要弄清楚作品通过记人叙事，揭示了人物什么样的精神品质，反映了什么样的社会现象，表达了作者什么思想感情，作品的哪些章节使人受感动，为什么这样感动等等.其次，排好感点只要认真读好原作，一篇文章可以写成读后感的方面很多.如对原文中心感受得深可以写成读后感，对原作其他内容感受得深也可以写成读后感，对个别句子有感受也可以写成读后感.总之，只要是原作品的内容，只要你对它有感受，都可能写成读后感，你需要把你所知道的都表示出来，这样才能写好读后感.第三、选准感点一篇文章，可以排出许多感点，但在一篇读后感里只能论述一个中心，切不可面面俱到，所以紧接着便是对这些众多的感点进行筛选比较，找出自己感受最深、角度最新，现实针对性最强、自己写来又觉得顺畅的一个感点，作为读后感的中心，然后加以论证成文.第四、叙述要简既然读后感是由读产生感，那么在文章里就要叙述引起“感”的那些事实，有时还要叙述自己联想到的一些事例.一句话，读后感中少不了“叙”.但是它不同于记叙文中“叙”的要求.记叙文中的“叙”讲究具体、形象、生动，而读后感中的“叙”却讲究简单扼要，它不要求“感人”，只要求能引出事理.初学写读后感引述原文，一般毛病是叙述不简要，实际上变成复述了.这主要是因为作者还不能把握所要引述部分的精神、要点，所以才简明不了.简明，不是文字越少越好，简还要明.第五，联想要注意形式联想的形式有相同联想（联想的事物之间具有相同性）、相反联想（联想的事物之间具有相反性）、相关联想（联想的事物之间具有相关性）、相承联想（联想的事物之间具有相承性）、相似联想（联想的事物之间具有相似性）等多种.写读后感尤其要注意相同联想与相似联想这两种联想形式的运用.编辑本段如何写读后感格式一、格式和写法读后感通常有三种写法：一种是缩写内容提纲，一种是写阅读后的体会感想，一种是摘录好的句子和段落.题目可以用《读后感》；还可以用自己的感受（一两个词语）做题目，下一行是——《读有感》，第一行是主标题，第二行是副标题.二、要选择自己感受最。
其实英语的比语文的反而简单，因为英语的读后感考的不是你对电影的理解，而主要考的是你的英语水平，所以你可以从任何角度来写，比如你懂了什么，就其中一俩点来写就行了，重要的是注意英语的词汇、句型、语法的使用. 具体步骤可参考： （一）引。
指为“感”而引，引述阅读材料中与“感”有关的文字，以简洁、明快地提出观点、见解。以《读有感》为例，如果阐述“练好基本功的重要性”，可以这样引述：“达？芬奇是欧洲文艺复兴时期意大利的一位画家，曾创作了《最后的晚餐》《蒙娜丽莎》等不朽的名作。
可是，当我读完《画蛋》一文后，才知道这位艺术大师后来的艺术成就源自于画蛋。老师对他的第一次训练，并不是教他创作什么作品，而是让他画蛋，并告诫他说，不要以为画蛋容易，只有下一番苦功，反复练习，才能做到得心应手。
老师的教诲和达？芬奇后来的巨大成功，都说明了练好基本功的重要。”如果阐述“学习必须虚心踏实，不能好高骛远”，那么引述时就要突出“达？芬奇虚心接受老师的教导，经过长期的艰苦的艺术实践，终成一代宗师”这一点 （二）议。
指对“感”作直接的、初步的论证，宜运用常理、公理，结合对原文的分析进行，回答自己确立的观点“为什么”正确。就上例而言，阐述“练.好.基本功的重要性”，可作如下论述：“为什么练好基本功重要呢？俗话说：‘万丈高楼平地起。
’，没有坚实的‘地’，就不可能有万丈高楼的‘起’。没有画蛋练就的得心应手的基本功，就不可能有《最后的晚餐》等不朽之作。
画家达？芬奇的成功是这样，所有作家、科学家的成功同样是这样。” （三）联。
有两层含义。其一，联系实际。
以自己的观点为依据，既可以联系自己的思想实际，又可以联系社会实际。前者应该反映自己的切身体会，即具有某种个性，而不应流于空泛和俗套。
后者可以包括古今中外的事例，而主要的是指现实生活。是否善于联系实际，是读后感内容是否有深度的关键。
其二，联系原文。指发表感想时要住原作的有关内容，克服只是在开头提一下原文，下面就丢弃原文作发挥的毛病。
在语言表达上，可不时地把原文中的词句“点缀”在论述中，给读者以“开源见流”的良好印象 （四）结。指归纳看法，总结全篇。
这里也应注意“点缀”上原文的词句 “引、议、联、结”是读后感的一般结构，习作者可在熟练掌握的基础上灵活运用，适当变化，正所谓“文无定法”。但不管如何变化，都要做到“读”与“感”相交融，使全文成为一个严密的整体；同时，还要“感”得实在，“感”得有针对性。
例如： 小说设计了一个很光明的结尾.罗彻特的庄园毁了，他本人也成了一个残废..在这样的情况下，简爱不再在尊严和爱之间.而同时获得满足-------她和罗彻特的结婚是有尊严的，同时也是有爱的；小说告诉我们，人们最美好的生活就是尊严加爱.小说的结局按排的这是这样一种生活.虽然我觉得这样的结局过于完美，这样的完美有点浮浅..但我依然尊重作者对这种生活的美好理想.就是-------尊严加爱 The novel tells us that the best people to increase the dignity of life is love. Novels by the end of the row that ts is such a life. Although I tnk ts kind of oute is too perfect, so perfect .. a little superficial, but I still respect ts author The ideal of a better kind of life. ------- Is to increase the dignity of love In modern society, few people will like Jane Eyre, for the love for the character and abandon all, and without looking back.s Whole-hearted pursuit of pay, and pure like a glass of ice water 。
. 希望对你有帮助！。
怎么写英语读后感？其实写英语文读后感的思路和中文读后感是一样的，相差的只是对语言的驾驭能力你应该先概况你读的内容的中心思想，然后从总体上把握你对文章的感想，写出你真实的感受，你也可以细写其中某一段给你难忘的感受.最重要的是真实的感受，不要怕没文采，只要是你最真的感受，就能敢动人.看一篇英语读后感范文：History will never fet History will never fet -----after reading Whenever somebody mention the history of the modern china,we will feel it's really hard for chinese people to receive.At that time,China was weak,and was invaded by imperiali *** countries .The Chinese peo处敞边缎装等膘劝博滑ple was suffering the poverty,hunger and trepidation brought by war.However,what harm we most is not the pain of our bodies,but that our country is likely dying out.In many imperialiam countries that invaded China then,Japan is the country which gave China the most terrible damage. When I was still a middle school student,I had known the history about the invasion by Japan .I felt so sad and I hatedJapanese that time.But after reading the book called written by Yu jie,I have another feeling about history and the way we have to go in the future beeen the o countries,China and Japan. The writer gave us a lot of fact about that history,with many pictures.I felt a pain in my heart when reading this book.Many people died ,many lost their home and suffering hunger.Some women were raped by the soldiers of Japan,their body was hurt and so did thire spirit.When I saw a photo that a little boy sat on the ground cying ,because of losing his parents in an explosion at a train station,I felt as if losing my own family menbers.The solders of Japan did a lot evildoing to chinese people,we will never fet the history of that. Today ,after many years we won the war beeen Japan,the o countries have many munions,including the trade and the culture and so on.Even if that ,the people of o country still have unpleasantness.Expecislly after the premier of Japan paid honour to the Jingguo shrine many times,and the Diaoyu island event,the people beeen the o countries even hate each other more.The history of the war involving the emotion of us.But why we still can't put the animosity down and to be friends after many years?To contact normally,is what people really want. However what the Japanese did these years made us hard to treat them by our heart,we even can *** ell the militari *** is ing back.The really friendly neighborhood seems far away from us.In my opinion ,it need the o countries people to work hard together.Chinese need to put down the animosity,Japanese need to be more friendly,we need trust beeen us.China and Japan are both Asia countries,Chinese and Japanese are both the yellow race,it's better to be friends but not enemies.Of cause,the whole world people should be friends too. What I really want to say is ,we will never fet the history of that,but China need to be developed,and a better neighborhood is necessary.We can remember the history with another way ,but not just with animosity.And we should remember that the peace of the world is most important。
An Interesting Book The DA VINCI CODE is really a good book!
It's very interesting.Although I don't have the knowledge of religion,I am crazy about it!However,my foreign teacher told me that some people who believe in Jesus don't like this book.
They hold the opinion that the book tells them something wrong.Because I know nothing about religion,I am not sure if it is true.I think that everything has pros and cons,we should learn the good things from the book and don't care about the bad things.
We can benefit from reading.We can learn lots of knowledge from books.
Let's read.Books are the food of our spirit.
翻译
一本有趣的书
达文西密码是很好的一本书！
这是非常有趣的.虽然我没有宗教的知识，我想我是疯了！然而，我的英语老师告诉我，有些人相信耶稣不喜欢这本书.
他们认为这本书告诉他们错误的东西.因为我不知道什么是宗教，我不知道如果这是真的.我认为每件事都有利弊，我们应该学习好的东西从书和不关心的坏的东西.
我们可以从阅读中受益.我们可以从书本中学到很多知识.
让我们读.书籍是我们的精神粮食.
言的驾驭能力你应该先概况你读的内容的中心思想，然后从总体上把握你对文章的感想，写出你真实的感受，你也可以细写其中某一段给你难忘的感受.最重要的是真实的感受，不要怕没文采，只要是你最真的感受，就能敢动人.看一篇英语读后感范文：History will never fetHistory will never fet-----after readingWhenever somebody mention the history of the modern china,we will feel it\'s really hard for chinese people to receive.At that time,China was weak,and was invaded by imperiali *** countries .The Chinese people was suffering the poverty,hunger and trepidation brought by war.However,what harm we most is not the pain of our bodies,but that our country is likely dying out.In many imperialiam countries that invaded China then,Japan is the country which gave China the most terrible damage.When I was still a middle school student,I had known the history about the invasion by Japan .I felt so sad and I hatedJapanese that time.But after reading the book called written by Yu jie,I have another feeling about history and the way we have to go in the future beeen the o countries,China and Japan.The writer gave us a lot of fact about that。
Many people often use "mental illness" to scold one another. It is obversely that people always have some social prejudice on the "mental illness".
In many cases, psychopaths always refuse to be given medication. No one can deny that it is di *** eneficial to them,but the problem is not so simple.We must realize that the enforced behavior against the respondent's will ,such as injection of mind-altering drugs ,is highly offensive to their dignity and autonomy. To some sufferers, the word "normal" is so boring,they really hate this,and I have to say that they also own the right to stand on their dignity!
As a final ment, I should say that no matter how terrible the people may be, they should be entitled to make decision and there is on doubt that prejudice should be avoided in society.
《朝花夕拾》i read the book written by luxun .it is called zhaohuaxishi. it includes 10 short articles about the writers stories .they are based on his own experience , when i read this book ,i feel very happy to see luxuns childhood. it was diffrent from ours,so we may find it intersting and exciting. luxuns langange is very great but maybe difficult to understand . but through his words ,we can find his happiness in his heart . 《潘德尔的巫师》 17th century English related witchcraft superstition is extremelyserious, many everybody because are accused but to suffer in vain forthe sorcerer the fatal disaster. This *** all story is Zhan Nite abouther whole family pitiful bitter experience narration. Zhan Niespecially told this story the time is in 1634, at that time her onlythen 9 years old, because are actually accused to imprison for thesorceress in the Lancaster castle jail. Before this her maternalgrandmother, the mother and elder brother are all treated as thesorcerer to execute. 1苔丝读后感 Tess of the D'urbevilles 长篇小说《德伯家的苔丝》是英国著名小说家和诗人托马斯·哈代（1840-1928）的代表作 yesterday, I read the novel called "Tess of the D'urbevilles". written by a famous Englishwriter Thomas Hardy. The novel tells a story about a pretty and good girl called Tess, who lived in a village in Marlott. To her sadness, when she was seventeen, she was no longer a pure and untouched girl. She gave birth to a baby, which didn't live long. So Tess changed from a pure gir l to a grown —up. Because she was the eldest of the 7 children in the family, she found a job to support the whole family in a dairy.There she knew Angel and married him. But unluckily. when Angel knew her sad story, he left her and went to Brazil.Tess led a hard an d lonely life after that. Later when she knew Angel had retumed home and found out that she was living with the man who had given the damage to her before,Tess couldn't accept the fact and killed the man who was living with her. Then she escaped and spent together with Angel three days and nights. The police found them on the moming of the fourth day. A few days later, Tess was executed. Having read this novel, I like the heroine very much because of her purity, warmness, nobility and the spirit of devotion, She dared to fight against the evil, bravely seek and sturggle for the rights of love. Thomas Hardy was famous for the poetical novels. "Tess of the D'urbevilles"is one of this kind. The novel is so fresh that it is nearly like a poem. For nearly a century, it has been popular with the people all over the world.。
自我介绍 就是把自己的一些称呼、 爱好 等介绍给别人，让别人在简短的介绍后有所了解，这也是拉近距离的方式，那么你知道用英语怎么自我介绍吗？下面给大家分享一些关于大学生英语自我介绍 范文 5篇，希望对大家有所帮助。
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英语的自我介绍1
Good morning, my name is jack, which is indeed a great honor to have the opportunity to interview, I would like to answer you may increase and I hope I can become a good performance today, the final register for the prestigious The University in September. Now I will briefly introduce myself, I am 21 years old, born in Heilongjiang Province, northeast of China, I curruently senior students in Beijing are mainly two uni.my packaging engineering.and I received my bachelor's degree, I graduated june.in the past four years, I spent most of my time to learn, I have been through CET4 / 6, so as to alleviate. I have a basic knowledge of the packaging and publication in the theory and practice.
In addition, I also took part in some of the packaging exhibition held in Beijing, which is our advantage here to learn, I have taken to visit a number of large factories and companies. Through these I have a profound understanding of the domestic packaging industry. Compared to developed countries, such as us, unfortunately, although we have made remarkable progress since 1978, China's packaging industry is still underdeveloped, chaos and instability, which the staff in this regard The awkard. But I have full confidence in a brighter future, if only we can maintain the economic growth pace still.
I think you might be interested in the reasons for itch in accordance with the law, what is my plan during graduate study life, I have to tell you that my life-long pursuit of legal pursuit of the goal, I think I have a major packaging and I won "t give up If I can continue my master's degree, I will combine law with my education predecessor. I will work hard in the thesefields, patents, trademarks, copyrights, and on that basis I have many years of research department of p & P, my character ? I can not describe, but I know that I am very optimistic and self-confidence. Sometimes I prefer to stay alone, reading, listening to music, but I do not lonely, I like to chat with my fellow students, almost all the talking, my favorite Pastime is valleyball, playing cards or surf the Web. University through life, I learned how to balance learning and entertainment. By the way, I am an actor of our amazing drama club. I have a few glorious memory on stage. This is my pride.
英语的自我介绍2
I think that since the admission, the school has to comply with the rules and regulations, has a good ideological and moral quality, outstanding performance. Have a strong collective sense of honor and sense of responsibility, adhere to the principle of practical work for things.
I thought the correct Chikunailao can have lofty ideals and great goals, the importance of personal moral cultivation, the adoption of a healthy life style, helpful, concerned about national affairs.
In school, I have been studying hard and assiduously, through systematic study and master a solid foundation of knowledge.
After school hours, I actively participated in physical training, enhance physical fitness, loves labor and actively participate in the school's cultural and sports activities, to participate in social practice, inherit and carry forward the spirit of arduous struggle, also participated in the school's literature and calligraphy Association , Enriching the after-school life, in all its aspects have been improved accordingly.
"Bao Jianfeng from Grounding out, plum blossom-to the bitter cold," I firmly believe that through continuous learning and efforts to become a ideals, morality, culture, and discipline of students, with outstanding achievements meet the challenge, for the community I am a lifetime contribution to the construction of the power.
英语的自我介绍3
I'm --X class of --X, common household's daughter, my parents is assistant, life is general, also because of this, there may be little genetic relationship, my personality is quite introverted.
This year in September, I come to guangzhou college, this is my first time to leave my parents give far door. See side come and go, enthusiasm is bold and unrestrained, cheerful talkative classmates,
I am deeply into his own character of pressure, although I didn't think that my character to have what not good.
Because introverted, I introduce myself in class sound when very small, so that his classmates don't know me, Because introverted, I dare not and not too familiar classmate say hello, so I often come alone walking alone, Because introverted, I dared not participate in those who have an interview activity that I've lost self-exercise opportunities. I even worried, I later how to obtain employment? How to recommend myself?
There is no matter that can't be solved, also did not cross over the candy. The formation of character is accumulated, to solve it is never happen overnight, I must be patient. The university is a self-training, improve your own platform, there is a lot of classmates, for me an outside resident students, now turned into inside the resident students, should be a very good character training opportunities.
Let the past be the past, let now compose the future. University is the life of another a start, wish all of us as a freshman students can round their beautiful university dream, fulfillment metamorphosis.
英语的自我介绍4
hello.everyone.it is really good to see you here.i am.....,come from china.this is my first time to this beautiful country ,,i am so delighted to have the opportunity to be here with you guys .i just finished my study in high school ,and i would like to further my study here.but my english is not that good ,i need your help .anyway ,i hope we can enjoy ourselves being together .thank you
General Introduction
I am a third year master major in automation at Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P. R. China. With tremendous interest in Industrial Engineering, I am writing to apply for acceptance into your Ph.D. graduate program.
Education background
In 1995, I entered the Nanjing University of Science & Technology (NUST) -- widely considered one of the China’s best engineering schools. During the following undergraduate study, my academic records kept distinguished among the whole department. I was granted First Class Prize every semester,In 1999, I got the privilege to enter the graduate program waived of the admission test.
At the period of my graduate study, my overall GPA(3.77/4.0) ranked top 5% in the department. In the second semester, I became teacher assistant that is given to talented and matured students only. This year, I won the Acer Scholarship as the one and only candidate in my department, which is the ultimate accolade for distinguished students endowed by my university. Presently, I am preparing my graduation thesis and trying for the honor of Excel lent Graduation Thesis.
Research experience and academic activity
When a sophomore, I joined the Association of AI Enthusiast and began to narrow down my interest for my future research. With the tool of OpenGL and Matlab, I designed a simulation program for transportation scheduling system. It is now widely used by different research groups in NUST. I assumed and fulfilled a sewage analysis & dispose project for Nanjing sewage treatment plant. This was my first practice to convert a laboratory idea to a commercial product.
In retrospect, I find myself standing on a solid basis in both theory and experience, which has prepared me for the Ph.D. program. My future research interests include: Network Scheduling Problem, Heuristic Algorithm research (especially in GA and Neural network), Supply chain network research, Hybrid system performance analysis with Petri nets and Data Mining.
英语的自我介绍5
My name is --x from beautiful "jiangbei city"-liaocheng. Now study in hometown of Confucius-qufu normal university. My personality stable, also do not break again cheerful. Good at making friends, make more friends. My hobby is widespread: listen to music, photography, playing computer, of course, the most like or physical exercise,basketball, ping pong, football, and so on, this is why I choose the cause of professional sports.
Now in college, I want to in the university study hard, and actively participate in school activities and occasionally to doa part-time job. As for the future, after four years I may continue my professional, use professional knowledge to find work,perhaps I will choose my own business. In a word, I will use my hands and ability to create life without regret.
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当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
语言文化与翻译的论文
论文摘要： 语言和文化是密不可分的，语言有丰富的文化内涵，不具备文化内涵的语言是不存在的。跨文化的语言交际往往会受到文化差异的干扰。文化差异的存在常常成为翻译的障碍，译者必须处理好语言文化间的差异问题，使翻译真正成为传播文化的媒介。
论文关键词： 语言；文化；文化意识；翻译
翻译不仅涉及语言问题，也涉及文化问题。译者不仅要了解外国的文化，还要深入了解自己民族的文化，并要不断地把两种文化加以比较，对各自文化中的含义、作用、范围、感情色彩、影响等有正确的理解，以避免因文化差异而产生歧义，落入翻译陷阱。
一、语言、文化与翻译
文化是指一个国家或民族的历史、风土人情、传统习俗、生活方式、文学艺术、思维方式、价值观念等的总和。语言和文化是密不可分的，语言有丰富的文化内涵，不具备文化内涵的语言是不存在的。不同国家有着不同的语言、文化习俗，每种语言都反映着产生它的一种文化，因而任何形式的语言都具有某种文化的内涵。跨文化的语言交际往往会受到文化差异的干扰。因为语言对社会文化的发展十分敏感，任何变化都会在语言中有所反映。对社会文化的发展和变化不清楚，便不能透彻理解反映它的语言。从语言学角度看，语言作为一种符号系统，往往同一个特定的文化系统紧密地联系着。语言是文化的载体，文化又深深地植根于语言。语言既是文化的反映，又是掌握一种文化的直接有效的工具。如果对一特定的文化系统没有相应的认识和了解，将会影响对其语言的深入理解和恰当运用。
人类自有文化就有文化交流。交流又促进发展，一个国家、一个民族，只要不是由于主观或客观的种种原因，长期处于孤立、闭塞的状态之中，或多或少都可以从交流中得到好处。现代国际间的文化交流，更是以空前的规模、内容、形式和手段，在直接或间接地进行着。因此，可以说，在现代国家中，绝对不受外来影响的固有文化是不存在的。
跨文化的交流又必须通过翻译。没有翻译，就没有跨文化交流。各国、各民族之间的文化交流，既促进了各国、各民族自身文化的繁荣，也丰富了世界文化，促进了世界文明的发展。可见，语言、文化、翻译之间息息相关，密不可分。
二、文化差异——翻译的障碍
翻译作为一种语际间的交际，它不仅是语言的转换过程，同时也是文化的移植过程。译者，作为这个过程的主体，不仅应该精通原语和译人语这两种语言，而且应该通晓这两种语言所反映的文化。任何两个社会都有文化重叠现象。但是除了相似点以外，各种文化都有自己的特点。英语和汉语是两种截然不同的语言，两者之间的文化差异构成了交际的障碍。在跨文化翻译中，译者面对不同于他们母语的一种异族语言和文化，常常碰到一些用自己的语言、文化和社会价值标准无法理解或者无法解释的事、物或者观念，这种跨文化的困惑在翻译实践中是屡见不鲜的。如：英文电视台新剧集《高校风云》(bos—tonpublic)中有句对白“no，youdidn’tdisturbus．wewerejustchewingthefat．”chewtheaft不指嚼肥肉，真正的意思是“闲聊”。所以，此句应译为“不，你没有打扰我们。我们只是在闲扯。”又如：刚刚才发薪水，有人提议周末大家一起上馆子打牙祭。一位中国女士想要减肥，好穿新近买的一条短裙，推辞说：“no，idon’tthinkicanmakeit．1wanttotightenmybeh．”后来，朋友悄悄地问她：“如果你最近手头不方便的话，我能帮你什么忙么?”该女士被问得一头雾水，解释半天才弄明白。原来，“tightenmybelt”是经济拮据，必须节衣缩食度日。例如：“theharvestwasbadlastyear，weallhadtotightenourbelts．”(去年收成很差，我们必须节衣缩食度日。)
看来文化差异引起的麻烦还真不少，值得我们进一步分析研究。
1．文化差异影响听话人获得信息的原因，往往是说话人越过了话语字面意义，传递一种带有文化因素的暗含意图。例如：thatguy’sgotamidastouch．作为听话人，我们首先要懂得midastouch是什么。
尽管我们知道它来源于希腊故事，midastouch指的是希腊国王midas的点金术(thegoldentouch)，但仍不足以完全领会这句话的文化内涵，无法获得说话人要传达的信息。我们还需要结合社交语境(如商务活动)，最终推断出这句话的意图是说那人很会做生意，他无需花费太多气力，就会像点石成金那样轻松赚钱。
2．汉英两个民族在各自文化熏陶下衍生出不同的思辨方式和推理模式，这种差异会导致他们在语言中产生不同的联想。交际双方如不注意这种文化差异，就会使交际发生障碍，造成相互间的信息传递不畅。例如：英语中的adultbooks一词语，从字面上看，这个是“成年人”，一个是“书”，放在一起自然就意为“成年人用书”了。然而这样推理出来的答案只是它的字面意义。从文化内涵上讲，它实际上是“色情书籍(刊)”的代名词。原来在西方社会，淫秽书刊充斥市场，为了遮人耳目，这个委婉词便应运而生。再比如seniorcitizens一词，许多学生不假思索地说它所指的是“有社会地位的公民”。而实际上，这里的senior与社会地位并无任何直接联系。中国人有尊老的传统，人们也常常倚老卖老。而西方人谁也不愿意别人说自己老，更不想变老，老年意味着孤独，所以，就在“公民”前面冠以senior这一听起来堂而皇之的字眼。
对诸如此类的词汇，我们如果只注意字面意义，忽视其内涵或社会文化意义，就很难真正理解、正确运用。在跨文化的言语交际中，不了解语言所负载的这种“文化信息”，有效交际势必受阻。如有人将字面意义对等和文化对等之间随意划等号，把“milkyway”理解为“牛奶路”，那更是不懂天文学而贻笑大方。
3．东西方文化差异造成了词语的文化内涵不对应，形成了语言之间的文化空缺现象，出现了大量的“文化空缺词”。
例句：随着经济改革的日益深化，这座昔日被誉为远东金融、经济和贸易中心的城市正在促进长江流域的经济中发展起着龙头作用。
译文：withitsdeepeningeconomicreform，hiscity，formallycrownedasthefinancial，economicandradehubofthefareast．isplayingadragonheadroleinboostingeconomicdevelopmentintheyangtzeriverval—ley．
该句中把“龙头作用”译为“dragonheadrole”是不恰当的。因为在英文中，dragon一词的意思是：amvthicalmonster(thatresemblesalargefire—breezinglizard”柯林斯最新英语)，中国人把“龙”视为吉祥的神物，有不可思议的伟大力量，因而成为至尊无上的帝王的象征，甚至把它看做是光明的未来，而望子成龙”。可是英美却把“龙”视为喷烟吐火的凶残怪物。而这里所谓的“龙头作用”意指“引导、领头、先锋作用”。不了解这种文化差异就会造成误译。
应改译为：withitsdeepeningeconomicreform，thiscity，formerlycrownedastheifnancial，economicandtradehubofthefareastisplayingaleadingroleinboostingeconomicdevelopmentintheyangtzeriv—ervalley．
可见，文化差异会给理解和翻译带来诸多障碍和困难。有些东西在一种文化里是不言而喻的，而在另一种文化里却是很难理解的；同一个词或成语在不同国家人民中含义往往不同。如不了解其文化内涵，很难正确理解、正确翻译。因此，翻译决不能只着眼于语言转换，而应透过语言表层了解其深层内涵和文化含义。译者必须深谙所要交流的民族语言与文化。至于文化差异的可译性多高，则取决于译者的文化素养和语言的`功底，取决于译者的智慧和主观能动性。
三、提高文化意识，跨越文化鸿沟
文化意识即译者认识到翻译是跨越语言文字、跨越文化的信息交流，而文化的差异跟语言文字的差异一样，可能成为交流的障碍，译者在进行语言文字转换的同时，还要注意克服文化差异造成的障碍，以保证信息交流的顺利实现。为此，译者不仅要精通译出和译人语言，还要了解研究诸多语言背后的文化，不断地把两种文化加以比较，而且要在正确翻译观的指导下知道在每一具体情况下如何处理文化差异、文化障碍。缺乏文化意识的译者，可能只顾到字面上的转换而忽略背后的文化问题，或者用母语传授的文化经验去曲解信息。这就会导致误译。所以，我们说，翻译不仅仅是个语言活动，它更是一种文化活动。英国译学理论家苏珊·巴思内特曾把语言比喻为文化有机体中的心脏。因此，语言的翻译不仅是意义的转换，更是两种不同文化的相互沟通和移植，翻译既涉及两种语言，更涉及两种文化。
翻译者在处理文化因素时必须牢牢记住两点：一是如何正确地理解原作的意思；二是如何让译文的读者在其自身的文化框架中去正确地理解译文的意思，并尽可能多地吸收原语的文化养分。译者作为文化传播者，应尽力加强和增进不同文化在读者心目中的可理解性，尽量缩短两种语言文化问的距离，清除由于缺乏理解甚至误解而造成的障碍。有了这种态度，译者才能让翻译真正成为传播文化的媒介。
译者在翻译过程中，不仅要注意语言文化的差异性，还要善于发现语言的共通性。如：speakofthedevil，andheappears．(说到曹操，曹操就到)。不难发现，中英文在这一成语上有着惊人的异曲同工之处。汉文化中，曹操素有“奸雄”的称号，而英语中就使用了“devil”这个词。中英文用法上有惊人相似之处的还有：hethathasbeenbittenbyaserpentisafraidofarope．(一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳)。towamasnakeinone’sbosom讲述的正是我们汉文化中的“农夫和蛇的故事”。
翻译，无论是作为文化现象、思想运动，还是作为一种职业、一种知识技能，总与所处的时代背景密不可分。翻译的观念、方法、样式、标准、风格等特征无不与时俱进。观察一下世界范围和中国国内的翻译实践活动和理论研究，不难得出结论：翻译确实是人类精神文明中最富活力、最敏锐的领域之一。
由于文化具有独特的民族特点，是不同民族在特殊历史地理环境里的独特创造。因此，不同民族的文化间存在着众多差异，文化差异的存在决定了不同文化的读者对同一作品的反应不可能相同。不同文化中的读者对于自己所处的社会与文化有着独特的敏感性。读者的这一独特的文化敏感性正是作者在创作语言作品时的语用前提。因此，用某一种语言创作的作品只有生活在这种语言文化环境中的人才能做出作者所期待的反应，而且这种反应也只能是大致相同。俗话说得好，读《哈姆雷特》，一千个读者，就有一千个哈姆雷特。
可见，翻译者对文化因素的处理是一个十分复杂的问题。翻译既是语言之间的转换，更是文化之间的交流。从跨文化交流的角度看，原作和译作都是文化的产物。因此，文化交流中翻译不仅要克服语言的障碍，更要克服文化的障碍。只有充分地了解东西方文化差异，弄清词语的真实含义，把握好翻译的原因和尺度，既要考虑词语中的文化因素怎样在译文中得以体现，同时还要注意避免由于文化因素而产生误译，才能使得译文最切近而又最自然。
总之，译者只有提高文化意识，才能跨越文化的鸿沟。
英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言，对比其异同，对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。下文是我为大家整理的关于英汉翻译的论文的范文，欢迎大家阅读参考!
英汉语言的异同及其翻译策略
在英汉翻译中，两种语言在词汇方面的不同主要体现在词的意义，词的顺序和词的搭配能力三个方面;从句法方面来说，英语和汉语在句子结构，句子顺序和其他一些表达方式上则有各自的特点。下面笔者就从词汇现象和句法现象两方面来探讨英汉的对应程度如何，以及根据这些对比，在进行翻译实践时，应该运用哪些翻译技巧。
1、英汉语言的对比
1.1英汉词汇现象的对比
首先，从词的意义方面来看。词汇作为语言的三要素之一，相比于语音和语法，它的变化最快。随着社会和科学的不断发展和变化，在语言中一方面增加了新词，一方面旧词增添了新的意义。人类发明轮船以前，用的是帆船，英语“sail”一词原意为“帆”,短语“setsail”,就有张帆起航之意。但是随着社会的发展，帆船逐渐被用煤，柴油，甚至是用核动力的轮船所代替。自从潜艇出现后，“sail”这个词又增添了“潜艇指挥塔”的新含义。这就是词义的发展变化，我们在对比英汉语言时，应该明确它们的对应情况是随着时间的变迁和社会的发展而发展变化着的。英语词汇在汉语里的对应程度，大致可以归纳为四种情况。第一，完全对应。英语中的词所表达的意义，可以在汉语里找到完全对应的词来表达。如“computationallinguistics”(计算语言学)，“TheU.S.StateDepartment”(美国国务院)。这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词，术语和生活中常见事物名称等。第二，部分对应。英语中有些词和汉语中的词汇在词义上只能部分对应，体现在有广义和狭义之分。如“morning”(上午，早晨)，“gun”(枪，炮)，一个英语单词相对应有较多的汉语意义.第三,无对应。
英语中有些词或汉语里有些词在对方语言里找不到对应的词来表达。这主要是指一些新词以及反映社会特殊风俗和事物的词。如英语单词“beddo”(指的是一种多用途的床)，“plumber”(美国调查政府雇员泄密的特工)，“brunch”(为了休闲和放松,通常周日才吃的早午餐);汉语里如“八仙桌”,“太师椅”等在英语中都无法找到对应的词。最后，英语中很多词都是一词多义，分别与汉语中几个词对应。对于这些多义词的具体意义，要联系上下文来确定。比如“time”一词，在“havenotimetodosomething”中，它的意思是时间;在“Thetimesaredifferent.”中，意思为时代;在“Imetherseveraltimes.”一句中，它指的是次数。可见一个单词可能会有很多词义，意思随着不同的使用场合而不同。
其次，从词的搭配能力方面看。英语和汉语在词的搭配能力上有差异，一个英语单词往往可以搭配很多其他的单词，来表达不同的汉语意思。以单词“cut”为例，可以用于以下短语之中，如cutcake{切蛋糕},cutwheat(割麦子)，cutfingernails(剪指甲)。由此可见，cut的搭配能力很强，可以用于“cake,wheat,fingernails”,而汉语就需要分别用“切,割,剪”来搭配.在翻译时，要注意英汉语在搭配能力上的差异，译文选词要符合汉语的表达习惯。如“Sheworeapairofsunglassesandawhitedress.”一句中，wear分别搭配了两个名词“sunglasses”,和“dress”,应译为“戴太阳镜”和“穿连衣裙”.
最后，从词的顺序方面看。英汉句子中主要成分如主语，谓语动词，宾语的词序基本上是一致的。但是定语的位置和状语的顺序在英汉语中则有同有异，变化多样。例如，汉语句子“他们在教室里唱歌”,翻译成英语是“Theyaresingingintheclassroom.”,汉语中状语“在教室”是放在谓语动词的前面,而英语中状语“intheclassroom”,放在了谓语动词的后面。又如英语中时间或地点状语之间的排列顺序是从小到大，而汉语的顺序是从大到小。如“Shewasbornat8a.m.onthefirstofOctober,1990.”,译为“她出生于1990年10月1日上午8点。”另外，定语的位置在英语和汉语中也有差异，英语单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词的前面，但有时也后置，如“aninterestingstory”中，定语“interesting”是放在被修饰词“story”的前面;而“somethinginteresting”,当中定语“interesting”放在被修饰的词的后面。然而汉语的定语一般前置。
1.2英汉句法现象的对比
在翻译中，英汉句子结构有时不需要转换，有时则要根据情况进行转换，这要求我们正确处理好形式和内容的关系。英汉句法现象上的差异，主要就体现在句子结构和句子顺序两个方面。
句子结构的转换分以下几种情况，将英语简单句转换为汉语复合句，将英语复合句转换为汉语简单句，英语倒装句转换为汉语正装句，英语被动结构转换为汉语主动结构等。如“Shedoesn'tknowwhatlifemeanstoher.”这句话在译为中文时,可将英语中的主从复合句转换为汉语的简单句，译为“她不知道人生的意义”.在英语中，为了突出重点和上下文语气的需要，常常用倒装结构，而汉语一般不倒装，此时应将英语倒装句译为汉语正装句。
另外，英汉的句子顺序，这里指的是主句，从句的时间顺序和逻辑顺序也不完全相同，因此它们的先后位置也不完全一样。
现以英汉复合句中的时间顺序为例。英语主从复合句中，表时间的从句既可以放在主句之后，也可以放在主句之前，位置很灵活。而汉语则会按照比较严格的时间先后顺序，将先发生的事陈述，之后陈述后面发生的事。如“AfterIhadmydinner,IwatchedTV.”英语句中,不论动作发生的先后顺序,主从句位置可以互换。若将此句翻译为汉语句子，则应先说先发生的事：
“吃完晚饭后，我看电视”.表示因果的英语复合句也是一样，因果顺序较为灵活，而汉语的习惯表达是因在前，果在后。
2、英汉翻译技巧
通过以上对英汉两种语言的词汇和句法现象的对比，可以看出两种语言各有特点，在翻译时根据这些特点，可以运用一些翻译方法和技巧来表达语言形式的思想内容。英汉翻译常用的方法和技巧很多，如词义的选择，引申，词类转译，增词法，省略法，正反表达法，分句合句法，各种从句的译法，习语，拟声词的译法等。现根据上文提到的英汉差异，从分析语言的特点入手，着重选择几种翻译技巧加以说明。
2.1词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多义，一词多类的现象，同一个词往往有几个不同的词义，属于几个不同的词类。在英汉翻译的过程中就要根据英汉词汇的对应情况，选择和确定关键词的意义，有时还需要对词进行引申和选择其褒贬意义。选择词义可以从两方面入手，其一，根据词在句中的词类和联系上下文，看词在句中的搭配关系。如在“Likechargesrepel,unlikechargesat-tract.”一句中,根据分析词类,判断出“like”是形容词,汉语意思是“相同的”,全句翻译为“同性电荷相排斥，相异电荷相吸引”.
“like”除了作形容词外，还可以作动词和介词。如“Tomlikestoplayfootball.”中,“like”作动词“喜欢”讲.“Herhairisshininglikegoldinthesunbeam.”中,like作介词“像”讲.从以上例句可以看出要选择正确的词义，可以根据该词在句中的词类来确定。另一方面，英语中同一个词，同一词类在不同的语言环境中往往也有不同的含义，必须结合上下文再根据词的搭配来确定某个词在特定场合中的意义。如以下几句话中的“serve”一词，都作动词，但根据上下文，可以确定它的词义是不同的。“HehasservedforMs.Daisyfortwentyyears.”中译为“任职”;在“Histwodaughtersandasonservedinthearmy.”中译为“服役”;在“Itisyourturntoserve.”中，译为“发球”.
英语中，常用一个表具体形象的词来表示一种概念或一种属性，而汉语常用抽象的概念。在翻译时，要注意到英汉在表达习惯上的差异，不能逐词死译，应根据上下文和逻辑关系将该词的意义作进一步的引申.如,“Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns”中的“rose”(玫瑰)和“thorn”(刺)这两个具体形象不能直译，而要引申为“甜”和“苦”.整句话译为“每个人生都有自己的苦与甜”.又如，“Ihavealittlemoneyputasideforarainyday.”此句中的“rainyday”不能译为“下雨天”,而是一个抽象概念，指急需用钱之时。
2.2转译法
在英汉翻译中，由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能“一个萝卜一个坑”来死搬硬套，有些词在翻译时需要转换词类，这样才能使译文流畅自然。词类的转译法就是指将原文的词类转译为其他的词类，如英语名词转译为汉语动词，例句“Mysis-terisgoodatswimming.IthinksheisabetterteacherthanI.”中的“teacher”是名词“教师”,在翻译时可转译为动词“教”,本句译为“我想她会教得比我好”,如果译为“我想她会是比我好的教师”就显得死板生硬。形容词有时也可以转译为名词。英语中有些形容词加定冠词可以表示一类人，汉译时就要把形容词译为名词。如“Wewilldoourbesttohelpthesickandthewounded”中的形容词“thesickandthewounded”要译为名词“病人和伤员”.英语中还有一些形容词表感觉，情绪，如“angry,confident,afraid,aware,concerned,ashamed,thankful”等,这类形容词放在系动词后作表语用时，往往可以转译为汉语动词。
如“Heisawareofhismistakes.”此句中形容词aware应译为动词“知道”.英语和汉语比较起来，汉语中动词用得比较多。根据这一特点，英语中很多词类，尤其是名词，形容词，副词在汉译时往往可以转译成动词。
2.3增词法
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时，除了转换词类外，还可在词量上作增减。增词法就是根据意义和句法上的需要增加一些词使译文更加忠实于原文的思想内容。为了使句子更加通顺流畅，在翻译时可以增加动词，形容词，副词，名词等。如“Hewenthomeafterthebanquetsandconcerts.”如果直译为“在宴会和音乐会后，他回家了。”,意思似乎不够明确，但如果在名词前加上动词，译为“在参加完宴会和出席了音乐会之后”,这样就形成了两个动宾词组，句子就更通顺了。又如“Thecrowdsmeltedaway,”(人群渐渐散开了)。本句中，在动词前增加了副词“渐渐地”,使译文的表达更加确切。再如“Youshouldwashbeforemeal.”(你应该饭前洗手)。该句的宾语“手”其实是隐含在动词“wash”之后的，所以在翻译时要把宾语表达出来，在这里增加了名词。另外，英语中的数词往往能直接与可数名词连用，而汉语往往要借助量词来表达其形状，特征。如，abike一(辆)自行车,abaddream一(场)恶梦,aredsun一(轮)红日.
以上几个例子中，在汉译时都增加了量词，这样才符合汉语的表达习惯。
2.4省略法
前面提到的增词法是指增加一些词来使译文更通顺，省略法则是指原文有些词不需要译出来，删除一些可有可无，有之反而累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但省略并不是摒弃原文的思想内容，而是译文中虽无其词但明其意。现从语法角度和修辞角度分别举例加以探讨。第一，从语法角度看，可以省略代词，it,连接词，冠词，前置词等。根据汉语的习惯，前一句话已经出现主语，而后一句若是相同主语，则不需要重复使用。然而英语通常每句话都有主语，在翻译时应考虑到英汉在表达上的差异。如“Hewasthinandhelookedmiserable.”(他很消瘦，看上去很可怜)，第二句话中的主语在翻译时已省略掉。英语中的物主代词在汉译时往往也可以省略。如“Heshruggedhisshouldersandshookhishead.”中的物主代词“his”不需要译出来,该句译为“他耸耸肩，摇了摇头”.在英语中，it也是一种代词，它常常作非人称用，此时，往往省略不译。如Sheglancedathiswatch;itwas7.(她一看表，是七点了)。另外，汉语词语之间的连接词不多，其逻辑联系常常是暗含的，英语则不然，连接词用得比较多，因此，英汉翻译时不需要把连接词译出来。第二，从修辞角度看，英语句子有些短语反复出现，英译汉时可作适当省略。“Appli-cantswhohadworkingexperiencewouldreceivepreferenceoverthosewhohadnot.”译为“应聘者有工作经验的优先录取。”如果不作省略，译成“应聘者有工作经验的比没有工作经验的优先录取”就显得罗嗦。
英汉翻译还有很多方法和技巧，如重复法，正反表达法，反正表达法，分句合句法等，在此就不一一赘述了。英语和汉语是两种高度发展的语言，对比其异同，对于英语翻译教学是很重要的。本文对比研究了英语汉语在语言文字上最普遍最典型的特点和差异，提出几种适当的翻译方法和技巧供教师在翻译课教学时参考。当然，各种翻译方法和技巧在翻译时应根据原文的具体思想内容加以灵活运用，不应生搬硬套。总之，翻译是一种语言的创造性活动，经过实践积累总结的翻译理论和技巧之所以有价值，是因为它们可以用来指导和启发翻译实践，而翻译实践也是检验翻译理论是否正确的标准。作为英语教师，在进行翻译课的教学时，应注意到翻译理论和实践的辩证关系，做到既重视翻译实践，也不忽视必要的翻译理论。
参考文献：
[1]张培基。英汉翻译教程[M].上海外语教育出版社，1998.
[2]陈国强。现代英语词汇学[J].上海外语教育出版社，1998.
[3]方梦之。英语汉译实践与技巧[J].天津翻译出版公司，1994.
[4]范仲英。实用翻译教程[J].外语教学与研究出版社，1999.
英汉翻译中的“忠实”
摘要：随着国际化进程的不断加速，越来越多的人意识到英语的重要性，英文写作的重要性。但是由于中英文背景的巨大差异，思维方式的不同以及写作角度、方法、用词等的不同使得我们在英语写作中出现了很多错误。很多的实例证明，英语的学习言语错误与汉语干扰有直接的关系，即负迁移，也就是汉语之间的差异对外语学习造成的干扰以及与所学外语的某些特点、某些规则造成的干扰有关。
关键词：英汉翻译 表达方式 忠实 1 英文对同一事物的表达方式的不同造成的错误
1.1 词性错误
很多同学在英文写作时只注意所选词的词义，而忽视了该词的词性，造成用词错误的发生。
(1)My friend doesn’t afraid of dogs.
(2)His father adviced him not to fight with anybody.
例句1)把形容词误用为动词，而例句2)把名词误用为动词。这是由于基础不牢，对一些常用词不认真考证，导致用词的错误。
1.2 词形错误
在英文写作中经常会出现遗漏第三人称单数现在时形态，还有关于名词单、复数的错误，这是因为在汉语中，汉语的名词一般不分单、复数，也无可数、不可数之分，主谓间也不存在数的关系，谓语没有第三人称单数的问题，由于中英文用词这明显的区别，在英文写作时会写出这样的句子：
(1)There are many sheeps on the grassland.
(2)She look after 3 children.
例句(1)中，sheep被当作可数名词，其实它不可数名词。例句2)中，look应为第三人称单数looks。
1.3 虚词错误
英语虚词包括冠词、介词和连词，冠词和介词在汉语中根本就不存在，用错的几率很频繁，而唯一在汉语中可以对上号儿的连词显然起到了很是深远的负迁移的作用：
(1)He arrived Beijing yesterday.
(2)I bought the dictionary in 1980s.
(3)Although it is raining， but I go to school all the same.
在例句1)中，arrive是不及物动词，其后一定要用前置词in或at，所以arrive后应加in。例句2)中，英语中“…年代”前必须用定冠词，所以应改为“in the 1980s”。例句3)中，由于受到汉语“虽然…但是…”结构的影响而出错，所不同的是在英语中although…but只能用一个。
1.4 语境不同所选词也应不同，这是又一个易出错的地方
语境不同，用词也应不同，语境在很大的程度上制约着用词，因此在写作时必须要选用适合上下问的词语来选词，如不注意语境对选词的影响，就可能因用词不当而写出前后矛盾、不合逻辑的句子。
May I open the gate?The are in the room is too close.
此句从上下文看，说话者gate指的是房门，应该用door才合理，而gate指的是“院落的大门”，不符合上下文的表达。
2 翻译界在翻译的标准问题上很难达成共识，但有两条标准是大家所公认的忠实、通畅
所谓“忠实”，首先是指译文必须准确如实的传达原文的内容，对原文的意思既不能随意歪曲，也不能任意增减。内容除了指原文中所叙述的事实，说明的道理，描写的景物以外，也包括作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情。“忠实”还指对原文风格的如实传达。译者者不能随意改动原作的风格面貌，如原作是口语体，就不能译做书面体;原作是粗俗的文体，就不能译成高雅的格调，也就是说，译者不能用自己的风格去代替原文的风格。
2.1 有些译者过分拘泥于原文的字面形式，译文晦涩难懂，不知所云
汉英翻译中，“忠实原著”一向是第一要求，是多少年来翻译理论和实践一直围绕的中心。但是近年来，越来越多的呼吁想要告诉大家对翻译的仅仅“忠实”已经满足翻译要求。《外国语》1998年第3期所载《从梦想到现实：对翻译学科的东张西望》一文可以作为一个典型的例子。文中引勒菲弗尔语曰：“忠实只不过是多种翻译策略里头的一种，是某种意识形态和某种文学观结合之下才导致的产物。把它捧为唯一一种可能的、甚至唯―一种可容许的策略，是不切实际的、徒劳无益的。”文章作者据此及其他一些类似论点得出结论：“忠于原文不是理所当然的、唯一的标准，世界上没有永恒不变的、绝对正确的标准。”
2.2 译者可否选择百分之三十、五十、七十的忠实
翻译的出现是出于文化交流的需要。在这一点上，完全可以把它比之于向国人介绍西洋绘画、西洋音乐，或者相反，把中国画或者中国的民族音乐介绍到国外去。无论这种介绍活动的其他目的怎样，在一个首要的、根本的目标上它们是一致的：向文化的接受者呈现原作的本来面貌。在这个起点上要求的是绝对忠实，我们并没有“百分之三十、五十、七十”的选择。
这时“忠实”就意味着一个客观存在的对象完完全全、不多不少的再现。但是我们无法把翻译与介绍绘画、音乐的类比坚持到底，其根本原因在于，两者所使用的媒介不同。钱钟书先生早就指出，“我们该辨清，假使绘画的媒介(medium)是颜色线段，音乐的媒介是音调，那末诗文的媒介不就是文字，是文字和文字的意义;假使我们把文字本身作为文学的媒介，不顾思想意义，那末一首诗从字形上看来。只是不知所云的墨迹，从字音上听来，只是不成腔调的声浪。”
到这时“忠实”就成了一个非常主观的概念，缺乏客观性就缺乏可操作性。
但是，翻译的“忠实”标准并不是如此就能被轻易否定的。在实践中，人们可能牺牲一部分“忠实”，但这往往是为了保证更大部分的“忠实”能够实现，仍然是为了最大限度的“忠实”。事实上，―旦放弃对于忠实的主观追求，译者就没有理由停止在“百分之三十”，而会走向百分之十、百分之五甚至更少。对忠实的追求是维持原文与译文之间联系的纽带，这根纽带一旦被切断，也就无从被称之为译文，翻译也就随之不复存在。
3 结语
在翻译中，“忠实”固然重要，但只有忠实是远远不够的。翻译不是一字不落的复制，也不是不顾原著的表达肆意加上译者的思想随意篡改，翻译不仅要重现原文中所叙述的事实、所描述的景物更重要的还要重现作者在叙述、说明和描写过程中所反映的思想、观点、立场和感情及风格。
其实也只是考验一下你的英语能力不是特别的重要但是也是必须要翻译的只翻译一部分是不行的一般要求5000字以上主要目的也是锻炼一下另外这也是毕业设计的一个任务翻译一下有可能以后工作的时候会遇到类似的安排要你翻译了什么的锻炼一下还是挺不错的了解一下专业的英文论文是怎么写的大多人翻译的还是比较中文式的这不合规矩外文文献有外文的规定借此了解一下5000字两三天就搞定了认真的话可以多研究研究
本科论文要求没有那么严格，大体上可以就行了。
无所谓，一般摘要翻译翻译，正文不是外语专业的用中文足矣
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。
翻译要求：
1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。
2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。
3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
参考文献是在学术研究过程中，对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。
原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。
译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。
主要标准
翻译是语际交流过程中沟通不同语言的桥梁。一般来说，翻译的标准主要有两条：忠实和通顺。
忠实
是指忠实于原文所要传递的信息，也就是说，把原文的信息完整并且准确地表达出来，使译文读者得到的信息与原文读者得到的信息大致相同。
通顺
是指译文规范、明白易懂，没有文理不通、结构混乱、逻辑不清的现象。
实践产生理论，欧美许多国家的翻译理论是五花八门的。从大的方面来看，可以分为两大派：一派是翻译可能论，一派是翻译不可能论。其实，完完全全百分之百的可能是没有的，完完全全百分之百的不可能也是没有的。
世界上一切翻译活动都是在这两个极端之间进行的。欧洲许多著名的人物，比如马丁·路德、M.阿诺德、F.W.纽曼、J.B.波斯特加特、H.白洛克、Fr.R.诺克斯、V.那巴可夫等等，都对翻译提出了自己的理论。据《开塞尔世界文学百科全书》的意见，这些理论中有些是刚愎自用的。