发布时间：
就是参考文献中的第二、第三以及后面的著者都要列出，不能省略，参考文献的顺序按照英文字母升序排列
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观赏昆虫学的研究感想摘 要：本文是作者对观赏昆虫和观赏昆虫学课程内容的介绍以及作者对于观赏昆虫学课程的感想。同时也简要介绍了观赏昆虫学的研究方法、昆虫的采集与捕捉及标本制作等方面的内容。 关键词：观赏昆虫、观赏昆虫学、感想、昆虫资源、采集昆虫在我国，观赏昆虫有着十分悠久的历史，早在唐代就已有了蓄养蟋蟀、听鸣观斗的活动。而历代文人墨客也似乎对这些小虫有着特别的偏爱，吟诗作画常以昆虫为对象，留下不少传世佳作。人们以虫寄情，以情赏虫，充分展现了中华氏族特有的浪漫与博爱，形成了中国独特的虫文化。近年来，随着人民物质生活水平的提高，文化活动日趋丰富多彩，观赏昆虫这一活动越来越受到人们的欢迎和喜爱。鉴于此，我们尝试将民间观赏昆虫的经验总结与现代科学理论相结合，写成本文，目的是使大家对观赏昆虫有个基本了解，并通过观赏昆虫的活动增加知识、开阔视野、陶冶性情，充分领略大自然的奇妙。一、观赏昆虫学课程简介我们学校的观赏昆虫学课程由生物安全科学技术学院开设，肖铁光教授主讲。这是一门选修的课程。为30个学时。使用教材为中国农业出版社出版的《观赏昆虫大全》一书。课程全部采用多媒体教学，课程安排中除在教室上课外，还有两个学时的参观校标本馆。课程结束后，学生须上交10只捕捉的昆虫作为标本。课程由有趣的昆虫外部结构、错综复杂的昆虫体内世界、昆虫的生物学、观赏昆虫的分类、昆虫疾病、昆虫人工饲料、虫—食品、药品、毒品、虫文化赏趣、方寸之中话昆虫、空中“骄龙”—蜻蜓、乡谣俱乐部—鸣虫、忠勇无敌大将军—蟋蟀、大自然的舞姬― 蝴蝶、独角仙、田园番独特景观。台湾开发的“虎山溪观萤”,日本每年6月上旬举办的“萤火虫祭”,吸引了众多游客。也可在宾馆、舞厅等娱乐场所,集萤火虫于特制的玻璃瓶中,当娱乐达到高潮时,突然断电,释放萤火虫,萤光闪闪,似流线舞动,另是一番景象。中国人对昆虫鸣声的注意和欣赏已有2000多年的历史了,在唐朝前的很长一段时期,人们仅仅是欣赏各种野外昆虫优美动听的鸣声。从唐朝开始,人们则将鸣虫作为宠物蓄养在各种笼器内,以便随时随地聆听这一独特的音乐。在蓄养鸣虫的过程中,人们发现有几种蟋蟀不仅善鸣,而且好斗,从此斗蟋便成了一项相当普遍的娱乐活动。如果将这些善鸣、好斗昆虫,集中饲养,适时对外开放,使人们在工作之余,细细倾听这一独特的虫国乐章或观看斗蟋的激烈场面,将是又一奇妙享受。昆虫不仅与人类的衣、食、住、行密切相关,而且与人们的精神生活休戚相关,从文字到语言,从神话到传说,从绘画到诗篇,从战争到政治,从恋爱到婚姻,从娱乐到破案,从邮票到服装,从塔碑到航天……几乎无处不有昆虫的身影,无处不渗透着与之相关的知识。如果能建一处昆虫馆,聚昆虫趣味、知识于一室,将会拓宽人们的知识视野,激发人们热爱大自然的情操。观赏昆虫能给人以美感，可供赏玩、娱乐以增添生活情趣，开阔视野，陶冶性情，从而有益于身心健康。观赏昆虫还有益于增加人们对自然资源的保护意识，维护生态平衡，保护昆虫多样性，特别是对珍稀、濒危资源昆虫的保护和合理开发利用，并使之产生较大的经济效益。（三）开发和利用中存在的问题目前群众对观赏昆虫资源尚缺乏一定知识，对昆虫的乱捕滥杀或以商业经销标本为目的大最捕采屡有发生，造成观赏昆虫资源的严重破坏。所以在观赏昆虫活动中，应有正确的娱乐观;合理适度开发利用观赏资源昆虫，开发与保护并重，以保护促开发，使观赏昆虫这类自然资源更好地为人类服务。八、湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆兴建于2001年，原址在老图书馆三楼，只有80余平方米，馆藏标本多为农业害虫。随着学校规模的扩大，为了满足教学与科研的需要，后来在老图书馆一楼扩建了新馆，现已形成占地面积140多平方米，馆藏昆虫20余万只，包括昆虫世界、蝴蝶王国、多媒体放映厅三大场馆在内的综合性科普教育基地。标本馆自建成以来，先后接待了包括长沙市教育局等20多个团体在内的数以万计的校内外人士参观、访问和学习，在校学生的参观人次更是难以胜数。曾先后受到湖南卫视、湖南经视、湖南教育频道、经贸频道以及东方新报等多家大型媒体的关注、报道，并于2004年被授予“湖南省科普教育基地”称号。昆虫馆场馆面积158㎡，馆藏标本20多万号。 静态昆虫展出标本1700多种，8000余号，其中数目较多的有鞘翅目39个科；鳞翅目38个科；膜翅目31个科；同翅目14个科；半翅目12个科；晴蜒目9个科；双翅目8个科；直翅目6个科；等翅目1个科；螳螂目1个科；革翅目1个科；脉翅目1个科；拈翅目1个科等。以教学、科研为主，对校内外各界人士免费开放。建馆以来，在为教学科研提供支持的同时，也为昆虫爱好者进行经验交流提供了场所，激发了参观者热爱昆虫，研究昆虫的热情，在加强广大学生自然观、生态观宣传教育方面发挥了积极作用。后期开展的昆虫知识讲座更是吸引了众多人员前来参观学习，人们在参与欣赏昆虫艺术展（蝶画、翅画、蝴蝶工艺品）当中，开阔了视野，陶冶了情操。现在，新的昆虫标本馆正在建设中，我们观赏昆虫学课程的同学们有幸作为第一批人员参观了新的标本馆。首先我们来到了位于老图书馆一楼的肖铁光老师的昆虫标本制作室，这里制作出来的标本正在源源不断的向新标本馆迁移。新的标本馆位于文渊阁的四楼，同在四楼的还有我们学校的动物标本馆、土壤和岩石标本馆。昆虫馆的新馆实际上是原来农业生物图书书库，不过现在经过装修后已经焕然一新，新馆的面积更大，展位更多，因为还在建设中，许多标本还没有摆上展台，但是单单就摆上展台的这些标本来说，就已经让我们连声惊叹了。希望还有机会去参观！九、结束语我的论文不长，简单的介绍了许多关于昆虫和观赏昆虫的知识，希望大家在读后能够增长一下对观赏昆虫的认识。学了这门课，收获很多，可不仅仅是弄清了一个区别而已，只是不知该怎么说。湖南观赏昆虫资源丰富,应在做好开发利用的宣传、教育工作的基础上,加强管理,科学规划,在保护的前提下合理地加以利用,并在利用的同时尽可能加以保护,以保证湖南观赏昆虫资源的可持续利用。参考文献 [1] 王音 周序国.《观赏昆虫大全》[M]，北京：中国农业出版社，1996[2] 李鹏翔.观赏昆虫[J]. 科学大众(中学版)，2001年12期[3] 龙中伟. 观赏昆虫采捕加工法[J]. 农村新技术，2000年06期[4] 郑立军 靳桂敏 杨新廷;. 观赏昆虫刍议[J]. 野生动物，2001年03期[5] 吴福泉. 观赏昆虫资源的开发利用[J]. 广东蚕业，1999年03期[6] 朱巽. 湖南观赏昆虫资源的利用研究[J]. 湖南第一师范学报，2007年04期[7] 高卫红. 另类宠物欣赏——观赏昆虫[J]. 畜牧兽医科技信息，2004年06期
研究昆虫控制的文章Athenix and Monsanto Announce Collaboration on Research for Insect ControlRESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. and ST. LOUIS, June 20 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Athenix Corp. and Monsanto Company today announced they have entered into a three-year research collaboration for insect control on a key class of insects that affects a number of Monsanto's major crops of interest. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. "We are pleased to work with the market leader in crop genetics to bring our technical capabilities to commercialization," said Mike Koziel, chief executive officer for Athenix. "Working with Monsanto to discover novel genes for controlling insect pests increases options for farmers and allows Athenix to demonstrate the power of its integrated discovery platforms for new biotech traits," said Nick Duck, vice president of research at Athenix. Athenix will apply its expertise in microbial screening and genomics to facilitate gene discovery intended to help protect crops such as cotton, soybeans and corn against a common class of insects known as Hemipterans. Hemipteran insects include Lygus, a pest of cotton, and stinkbug, a pest of soybean. "This collaboration will work to offer an essential benefit to our farmer customers by providing insect protection in crops such as corn, cotton and soybeans against the piercing and sucking insects. Insect tolerant crops allow growers to spray less pesticide, making their operations more efficient and at the same time stewarding the environment," said Robert T. Fraley, Ph.D., Monsanto executive vice president and chief technology officer. "We're excited to collaborate with Athenix to help broaden grower's options for insect control." About Athenix: Athenix is a leading biotechnology company that develops novel products and technologies for agricultural and industrial applications, including biofuels and bioconversions. Athenix has established an outstanding intellectual property portfolio and market access ability around enhanced plants, microbes, genes, enzymes, and processes with emphasis on two major markets: 1) novel agricultural traits for growers such as insect resistance, nematode resistance, herbicide tolerance, and their use for the crop production industry; and 2) the discovery of genes and proteins for use in the sustainable chemical industry with a focus on biofuels like ethanol and other natural products.Biological control of locusts New weapons for old enemiesDuring the 1988 desert locust plague, swarms crossed the Atlantic from Mauritania to the Caribbean, flying 5 000 kilometres in 10 days.Scientists were stumped because migrating swarms normally come down to rest every night. But locusts can’t swim, so how could it be? It turned out that the swarms were coming down at sea – on any ships they could find, but also in the water itself. The first ones in all drowned but their corpses made rafts for the other ones to rest on. Since the dawn of agriculture more than 10 000 years ago mankind has had to deal with a resourceful and fearless enemy, Schistocerca gregaria, the desert locust. Normally loners, every so often these natives of the deserts from West Africa to India turn into vast, voracious swarms that leave hunger and poverty behind them wherever they go. Throughout history, farmers and governments have made attempts to repel the bands and swarms of locusts by collecting insects, creating noise, making smoke and burying and burning the insects. But all of this had little effect. With swarms sometimes extending for hundreds of kilometres, and containing billions of individuals, they conquered by sheer force of numbers. Health concernsIt has long puzzled humans where these animals came from and where they survived. Only in the mid-20th century was it realized that the light brown solitary desert-dwelling insect was the same species as the red and yellow locusts of the plagues. Only when its biology was understood and chemical pesticides and aerial spraying became available a few decades ago, could efforts be made to control the insect. But large-scale pesticide use also raised real concerns for human health and the environment. On the seventh-floor Emergency Centre for Locust Operations (ECLO) at FAO Headquarters in Rome, Keith Cressman, FAO's locust forecaster, checks current environmental conditions and locust population data from the three computer screens on his desk. The last big locust upsurge ended early in 2005 and the current alert level is green or calm. The experts at FAO’s ECLO are readying to fight the next round in the age-old battle against locusts – wherever and whenever that may be. “The next time,” says Cressman, “we’ll fight with new tools”. New bio-control agents Recent advances in biological control research, coupled with improved surveillance and intelligence, could make a big difference when the next round in the battle is fought. Such products could make it possible to sharply reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used. One promising avenue is research currently under way at the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi. An ICIPE team headed by a Zanzibar-born chemical ecologist, Ahmed Hassanali, has identified and synthesized a specific locust pheromone, or chemical signal, that can be used against young locusts with devastating effect.Phenylacetonitrile, or PAN for short, normally governs swarming behaviour in adult males who also use it to warn other males to leave them in peace while they mate. But, Hassanali found it has startlingly different results on juvenile wingless locusts, known as hoppers. Hopper bandsJust as adult locusts form swarms, hoppers will, given the right conditions, stop behaving as individuals and line up in marauding bands up to 5 kilometres wide. They are only slightly less voracious than adults, who eat their own weight of food every day. In three separate field trials – the most recent in Sudan last year – Hassanali’s team showed that even minute doses of PAN could stop hopper bands dead in their tracks and make them break ranks.PAN caused the insects to resume solitary behaviour. Confused and disoriented, some lost their appetite altogether, while others turned cannibal and ate one other. Any survivors were easy prey for predators. What makes PAN particularly attractive is that the dose needed is only a fraction – typically less than 10 millilitres per hectare – of the quantities of chemical or biological pesticides. This translates into substantially lower costs – 50 cents per hectare as opposed to US$12 for chemical pesticides and $15-20 for other bio-control agents.That is clearly a major consideration in the countries in the front line – many of them among the world’s poorest. Green Muscle A different, but also highly effective biological approach is Green Muscle ®, a bio-pesticide developed by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture’s biological control centre in Cotonou, Benin, and manufactured in South Africa. Green Muscle ® contains spores of the naturally occurring fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, which germinate on the skin of locusts and penetrate through their exoskeletons. The fungus then destroys the locust's tissues from the inside. This is definitely not good news for locusts, but the fungus has no effect on other life forms. A product similar to Green Muscle ® is already successfully used in Australia, but the latter's introduction in Africa and Asia is being slowed by several factors. These include a need for further large-scale trials, official approval of the product in several countries, and a relatively short shelf-life in its normal ready-to-spray liquid form. One drawback is that it takes days to kill the locusts. It is also relatively expensive and large-scale production would need to be organized. A solution would be to store the product in powder form and dilute it just before use. Hassanali’s team has also shown that, if used in combination with a small amount of PAN, only a quarter of the normal dose of Green Muscle ® is needed.Insect Growth RegulatorsAlso being readied for the modern locust fighter’s armoury is a class of products known as Insect Growth Regulators, or IGRs, which influence the ability of hoppers to moult and grow properly. They have no direct toxic effects on vertebrates. IGRs are effective for several weeks after application and can be used in so-called barrier treatments. In this method only narrow swathes of the product are applied, perpendicular to the direction of the marching hopper bands. Only 10 percent of the amount used in blanket treatment is needed. After marching over one or two barriers the hoppers absorb enough product to die while moulting. As with PAN and Green Muscle ®, however, IGRs need to be aimed at locusts at an early stage in their lives, before they take to the air. That, in turn, requires an advanced level of surveillance and intelligence-gathering to make sure that any locust concentrations are nipped in the bud. eLocust2Although back at ECLO Keith Cressman has satellites, computers and mathematical models at his disposal, the weak link in the chain has been the time it takes to get good information from the field.The mobile ground teams whose job it is to keep tabs on locust populations have to work in some of the world’s remotest, hottest and sometimes (for environmental and security reasons) most hostile places. A week or more might go by before a report from, say, the central Sahara, reached Cressman’s desk. By that time the locusts – “They don’t need visas,” he says – would quite likely have moved to another country or continent altogether. This will soon change however. Field teams are now being issued with special hand-held devices to record vital locust and environmental data and relay them back to their own headquarters and on to Rome in real time. Developed by the French Space Agency CNES, the eLocust2 device is able to bounce the information off communications satellites and have the data arrive in the National Locust Control Centre in the affected country a few minutes later, from where they are passed on to Cressman for analysis. In case of unusually heavy hopper concentrations, immediate action can be taken to make sure that the locusts never grow old enough to swarm. Back to the fieldWriting in Science magazine, locust expert Martin Enserink gave the following graphic description of a locust population gone out of control:“On a beautiful November morning (in Morocco) it’s clear, even from afar, that something’s terribly wrong with the trees around this tiny village. They are covered with a pinkish-red gloss, as if their leaves were changing colour... "As you get closer, the hue becomes a wriggling mass; a giant cap of insects on every tree, devouring the tiny leaves. Get closer still and you’ll hear a soft drizzle: the steady stream of locust droppings falling to the ground.” Such nightmare visions, and locust plagues with them, may one day be a thing of the past.
《昆虫学报杂志》 《昆虫杂志》 《台湾昆虫》 《SCI》 《昆虫》 《昆虫知识》 《中国生物工程杂志》 美国《化学文摘》 英国《剑桥科学文摘》 《昆虫学文摘》 英国《农业科学数据库 《农业科学年评》 《动物学记录》 俄罗斯《文摘杂志》采纳哦
国内：《昆虫学报》，《应用昆虫学报》，《昆虫分类学报》，《动物分类学报》，《西北农业大学学报》。
国外：《Bulletin of the Natural History Museum. Entomology Series》（自然历史博物馆公报，昆虫版），《Ecological Entomology》（生态昆虫学）。
《International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology》（昆虫形态学和发育学国际杂志），《Journal of Insect Physiology》（昆虫生理学杂志），《Physiological Entomology》（生理昆虫学）。
《昆虫学报》办刊成果
1、研究发表
据2018年3月中国知网显示，《昆虫学报》共出版文献6198篇。
2、收录情况
据2018年3月中国知网显示，《中国管理科学》被CA化学文摘（美）（2014）、JST日本科学技术振兴机构数据库（日）（2013）、Pж（AJ）文摘杂志（俄）（2014）、CSCD中国科学引文数据库来源期刊（2017-2018年度）（含扩展版）等收录。
3、影响因子
据2018年3月中国知网显示，《昆虫学报》总下载922663次、总被引77392次、（2017版）复合影响因子为1.370、（2017版）综合影响因子为0.822。
1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码2、 专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码3、 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期
1、国内：《昆虫学报杂志》、《昆虫杂志》、《台湾昆虫》、《SCI》、《昆虫》、《昆虫知识》、《中国生物工程杂志》。
2、国外：美国《化学文摘》、英国《剑桥科学文摘》、《昆虫学文摘》、英国《农业科学数据库农》俄罗斯《文摘杂志》。
3、《昆虫学报》创刊于1950年，是由中国科学院动物研究所和中国昆虫学会共同主办的昆虫学学术刊物。 据2018年3月《昆虫学报》编辑部官网显示，《昆虫学报》编辑委员会拥有编委58人，责任编辑1人，编辑助理1人。
据2018年3月中国知网显示，《昆虫学报》共出版文献6198篇、总下载922663次、总被引77392次、（2017版）复合影响因子为1.370、（2017版）综合影响因子为0.822。
1、《德国化学文摘》于1969年因经费拮据而停刊，并入《美国化学文摘》。《俄罗斯化学文摘》由于索引速度较慢，在我国化学界适用不够广泛。
2、《美国化学文摘》是目前比较重要的检索工具之一，在世界各国有一定影响，并且在我国使用最多，所以作重点介绍。
参考资料：百度百科-昆虫学报
图书的格式——徐子方.明杂剧史[M].北京:中华书局，2003年 马克思恩格斯全集[G].第42卷.北京:人民出版社，1979年期刊论文的格式——程朝翔.从元杂剧看中国文人[J].北京大学学报，1989，4:120-128
就是参考文献中的第二、第三以及后面的著者都要列出，不能省略，参考文献的顺序按照英文字母升序排列
1 、期刊作者．题名〔J〕．刊名，出版年，卷(期)∶起止页码2、 专著作者．书名〔M〕．版本(第一版不著录)．出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码3、 论文集作者．题名〔C〕．编者．论文集名，出版地∶出版者，出版年∶起止页码4 、学位论文作者．题名〔D〕．保存地点．保存单位．年份5 、专利文献题名〔P〕．国别．专利文献种类．专利号．出版日期
昆虫学报的格式：作者,年份. 题目. 杂志名, 卷数(期数): 起始页-终止页. 标点符号用英文格式，标点后空一格。不同杂志格式不一样，可以查看具体发表文章。
观赏昆虫学的研究感想摘 要：本文是作者对观赏昆虫和观赏昆虫学课程内容的介绍以及作者对于观赏昆虫学课程的感想。同时也简要介绍了观赏昆虫学的研究方法、昆虫的采集与捕捉及标本制作等方面的内容。 关键词：观赏昆虫、观赏昆虫学、感想、昆虫资源、采集昆虫在我国，观赏昆虫有着十分悠久的历史，早在唐代就已有了蓄养蟋蟀、听鸣观斗的活动。而历代文人墨客也似乎对这些小虫有着特别的偏爱，吟诗作画常以昆虫为对象，留下不少传世佳作。人们以虫寄情，以情赏虫，充分展现了中华氏族特有的浪漫与博爱，形成了中国独特的虫文化。近年来，随着人民物质生活水平的提高，文化活动日趋丰富多彩，观赏昆虫这一活动越来越受到人们的欢迎和喜爱。鉴于此，我们尝试将民间观赏昆虫的经验总结与现代科学理论相结合，写成本文，目的是使大家对观赏昆虫有个基本了解，并通过观赏昆虫的活动增加知识、开阔视野、陶冶性情，充分领略大自然的奇妙。一、观赏昆虫学课程简介我们学校的观赏昆虫学课程由生物安全科学技术学院开设，肖铁光教授主讲。这是一门选修的课程。为30个学时。使用教材为中国农业出版社出版的《观赏昆虫大全》一书。课程全部采用多媒体教学，课程安排中除在教室上课外，还有两个学时的参观校标本馆。课程结束后，学生须上交10只捕捉的昆虫作为标本。课程由有趣的昆虫外部结构、错综复杂的昆虫体内世界、昆虫的生物学、观赏昆虫的分类、昆虫疾病、昆虫人工饲料、虫—食品、药品、毒品、虫文化赏趣、方寸之中话昆虫、空中“骄龙”—蜻蜓、乡谣俱乐部—鸣虫、忠勇无敌大将军—蟋蟀、大自然的舞姬― 蝴蝶、独角仙、田园番独特景观。台湾开发的“虎山溪观萤”,日本每年6月上旬举办的“萤火虫祭”,吸引了众多游客。也可在宾馆、舞厅等娱乐场所,集萤火虫于特制的玻璃瓶中,当娱乐达到高潮时,突然断电,释放萤火虫,萤光闪闪,似流线舞动,另是一番景象。中国人对昆虫鸣声的注意和欣赏已有2000多年的历史了,在唐朝前的很长一段时期,人们仅仅是欣赏各种野外昆虫优美动听的鸣声。从唐朝开始,人们则将鸣虫作为宠物蓄养在各种笼器内,以便随时随地聆听这一独特的音乐。在蓄养鸣虫的过程中,人们发现有几种蟋蟀不仅善鸣,而且好斗,从此斗蟋便成了一项相当普遍的娱乐活动。如果将这些善鸣、好斗昆虫,集中饲养,适时对外开放,使人们在工作之余,细细倾听这一独特的虫国乐章或观看斗蟋的激烈场面,将是又一奇妙享受。昆虫不仅与人类的衣、食、住、行密切相关,而且与人们的精神生活休戚相关,从文字到语言,从神话到传说,从绘画到诗篇,从战争到政治,从恋爱到婚姻,从娱乐到破案,从邮票到服装,从塔碑到航天……几乎无处不有昆虫的身影,无处不渗透着与之相关的知识。如果能建一处昆虫馆,聚昆虫趣味、知识于一室,将会拓宽人们的知识视野,激发人们热爱大自然的情操。观赏昆虫能给人以美感，可供赏玩、娱乐以增添生活情趣，开阔视野，陶冶性情，从而有益于身心健康。观赏昆虫还有益于增加人们对自然资源的保护意识，维护生态平衡，保护昆虫多样性，特别是对珍稀、濒危资源昆虫的保护和合理开发利用，并使之产生较大的经济效益。（三）开发和利用中存在的问题目前群众对观赏昆虫资源尚缺乏一定知识，对昆虫的乱捕滥杀或以商业经销标本为目的大最捕采屡有发生，造成观赏昆虫资源的严重破坏。所以在观赏昆虫活动中，应有正确的娱乐观;合理适度开发利用观赏资源昆虫，开发与保护并重，以保护促开发，使观赏昆虫这类自然资源更好地为人类服务。八、湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆兴建于2001年，原址在老图书馆三楼，只有80余平方米，馆藏标本多为农业害虫。随着学校规模的扩大，为了满足教学与科研的需要，后来在老图书馆一楼扩建了新馆，现已形成占地面积140多平方米，馆藏昆虫20余万只，包括昆虫世界、蝴蝶王国、多媒体放映厅三大场馆在内的综合性科普教育基地。标本馆自建成以来，先后接待了包括长沙市教育局等20多个团体在内的数以万计的校内外人士参观、访问和学习，在校学生的参观人次更是难以胜数。曾先后受到湖南卫视、湖南经视、湖南教育频道、经贸频道以及东方新报等多家大型媒体的关注、报道，并于2004年被授予“湖南省科普教育基地”称号。昆虫馆场馆面积158㎡，馆藏标本20多万号。 静态昆虫展出标本1700多种，8000余号，其中数目较多的有鞘翅目39个科；鳞翅目38个科；膜翅目31个科；同翅目14个科；半翅目12个科；晴蜒目9个科；双翅目8个科；直翅目6个科；等翅目1个科；螳螂目1个科；革翅目1个科；脉翅目1个科；拈翅目1个科等。以教学、科研为主，对校内外各界人士免费开放。建馆以来，在为教学科研提供支持的同时，也为昆虫爱好者进行经验交流提供了场所，激发了参观者热爱昆虫，研究昆虫的热情，在加强广大学生自然观、生态观宣传教育方面发挥了积极作用。后期开展的昆虫知识讲座更是吸引了众多人员前来参观学习，人们在参与欣赏昆虫艺术展（蝶画、翅画、蝴蝶工艺品）当中，开阔了视野，陶冶了情操。现在，新的昆虫标本馆正在建设中，我们观赏昆虫学课程的同学们有幸作为第一批人员参观了新的标本馆。首先我们来到了位于老图书馆一楼的肖铁光老师的昆虫标本制作室，这里制作出来的标本正在源源不断的向新标本馆迁移。新的标本馆位于文渊阁的四楼，同在四楼的还有我们学校的动物标本馆、土壤和岩石标本馆。昆虫馆的新馆实际上是原来农业生物图书书库，不过现在经过装修后已经焕然一新，新馆的面积更大，展位更多，因为还在建设中，许多标本还没有摆上展台，但是单单就摆上展台的这些标本来说，就已经让我们连声惊叹了。希望还有机会去参观！九、结束语我的论文不长，简单的介绍了许多关于昆虫和观赏昆虫的知识，希望大家在读后能够增长一下对观赏昆虫的认识。学了这门课，收获很多，可不仅仅是弄清了一个区别而已，只是不知该怎么说。湖南观赏昆虫资源丰富,应在做好开发利用的宣传、教育工作的基础上,加强管理,科学规划,在保护的前提下合理地加以利用,并在利用的同时尽可能加以保护,以保证湖南观赏昆虫资源的可持续利用。参考文献 [1] 王音 周序国.《观赏昆虫大全》[M]，北京：中国农业出版社，1996[2] 李鹏翔.观赏昆虫[J]. 科学大众(中学版)，2001年12期[3] 龙中伟. 观赏昆虫采捕加工法[J]. 农村新技术，2000年06期[4] 郑立军 靳桂敏 杨新廷;. 观赏昆虫刍议[J]. 野生动物，2001年03期[5] 吴福泉. 观赏昆虫资源的开发利用[J]. 广东蚕业，1999年03期[6] 朱巽. 湖南观赏昆虫资源的利用研究[J]. 湖南第一师范学报，2007年04期[7] 高卫红. 另类宠物欣赏——观赏昆虫[J]. 畜牧兽医科技信息，2004年06期
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。（短篇论文不必列目录）3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文：（1）引言：引言又称前言、序言和导言，用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图，说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2）论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：a.提出-论点；b.分析问题-论据和论证；c.解决问题-论证与步骤；d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页，标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文：标题--作者--出版物信息（版地、版者、版期）：作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是：（1）所列参考文献应是正式出版物，以便读者考证。（2）所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
研究昆虫控制的文章Athenix and Monsanto Announce Collaboration on Research for Insect ControlRESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. and ST. LOUIS, June 20 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Athenix Corp. and Monsanto Company today announced they have entered into a three-year research collaboration for insect control on a key class of insects that affects a number of Monsanto's major crops of interest. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. "We are pleased to work with the market leader in crop genetics to bring our technical capabilities to commercialization," said Mike Koziel, chief executive officer for Athenix. "Working with Monsanto to discover novel genes for controlling insect pests increases options for farmers and allows Athenix to demonstrate the power of its integrated discovery platforms for new biotech traits," said Nick Duck, vice president of research at Athenix. Athenix will apply its expertise in microbial screening and genomics to facilitate gene discovery intended to help protect crops such as cotton, soybeans and corn against a common class of insects known as Hemipterans. Hemipteran insects include Lygus, a pest of cotton, and stinkbug, a pest of soybean. "This collaboration will work to offer an essential benefit to our farmer customers by providing insect protection in crops such as corn, cotton and soybeans against the piercing and sucking insects. Insect tolerant crops allow growers to spray less pesticide, making their operations more efficient and at the same time stewarding the environment," said Robert T. Fraley, Ph.D., Monsanto executive vice president and chief technology officer. "We're excited to collaborate with Athenix to help broaden grower's options for insect control." About Athenix: Athenix is a leading biotechnology company that develops novel products and technologies for agricultural and industrial applications, including biofuels and bioconversions. Athenix has established an outstanding intellectual property portfolio and market access ability around enhanced plants, microbes, genes, enzymes, and processes with emphasis on two major markets: 1) novel agricultural traits for growers such as insect resistance, nematode resistance, herbicide tolerance, and their use for the crop production industry; and 2) the discovery of genes and proteins for use in the sustainable chemical industry with a focus on biofuels like ethanol and other natural products.Biological control of locusts New weapons for old enemiesDuring the 1988 desert locust plague, swarms crossed the Atlantic from Mauritania to the Caribbean, flying 5 000 kilometres in 10 days.Scientists were stumped because migrating swarms normally come down to rest every night. But locusts can’t swim, so how could it be? It turned out that the swarms were coming down at sea – on any ships they could find, but also in the water itself. The first ones in all drowned but their corpses made rafts for the other ones to rest on. Since the dawn of agriculture more than 10 000 years ago mankind has had to deal with a resourceful and fearless enemy, Schistocerca gregaria, the desert locust. Normally loners, every so often these natives of the deserts from West Africa to India turn into vast, voracious swarms that leave hunger and poverty behind them wherever they go. Throughout history, farmers and governments have made attempts to repel the bands and swarms of locusts by collecting insects, creating noise, making smoke and burying and burning the insects. But all of this had little effect. With swarms sometimes extending for hundreds of kilometres, and containing billions of individuals, they conquered by sheer force of numbers. Health concernsIt has long puzzled humans where these animals came from and where they survived. Only in the mid-20th century was it realized that the light brown solitary desert-dwelling insect was the same species as the red and yellow locusts of the plagues. Only when its biology was understood and chemical pesticides and aerial spraying became available a few decades ago, could efforts be made to control the insect. But large-scale pesticide use also raised real concerns for human health and the environment. On the seventh-floor Emergency Centre for Locust Operations (ECLO) at FAO Headquarters in Rome, Keith Cressman, FAO's locust forecaster, checks current environmental conditions and locust population data from the three computer screens on his desk. The last big locust upsurge ended early in 2005 and the current alert level is green or calm. The experts at FAO’s ECLO are readying to fight the next round in the age-old battle against locusts – wherever and whenever that may be. “The next time,” says Cressman, “we’ll fight with new tools”. New bio-control agents Recent advances in biological control research, coupled with improved surveillance and intelligence, could make a big difference when the next round in the battle is fought. Such products could make it possible to sharply reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used. One promising avenue is research currently under way at the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi. An ICIPE team headed by a Zanzibar-born chemical ecologist, Ahmed Hassanali, has identified and synthesized a specific locust pheromone, or chemical signal, that can be used against young locusts with devastating effect.Phenylacetonitrile, or PAN for short, normally governs swarming behaviour in adult males who also use it to warn other males to leave them in peace while they mate. But, Hassanali found it has startlingly different results on juvenile wingless locusts, known as hoppers. Hopper bandsJust as adult locusts form swarms, hoppers will, given the right conditions, stop behaving as individuals and line up in marauding bands up to 5 kilometres wide. They are only slightly less voracious than adults, who eat their own weight of food every day. In three separate field trials – the most recent in Sudan last year – Hassanali’s team showed that even minute doses of PAN could stop hopper bands dead in their tracks and make them break ranks.PAN caused the insects to resume solitary behaviour. Confused and disoriented, some lost their appetite altogether, while others turned cannibal and ate one other. Any survivors were easy prey for predators. What makes PAN particularly attractive is that the dose needed is only a fraction – typically less than 10 millilitres per hectare – of the quantities of chemical or biological pesticides. This translates into substantially lower costs – 50 cents per hectare as opposed to US$12 for chemical pesticides and $15-20 for other bio-control agents.That is clearly a major consideration in the countries in the front line – many of them among the world’s poorest. Green Muscle A different, but also highly effective biological approach is Green Muscle ®, a bio-pesticide developed by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture’s biological control centre in Cotonou, Benin, and manufactured in South Africa. Green Muscle ® contains spores of the naturally occurring fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, which germinate on the skin of locusts and penetrate through their exoskeletons. The fungus then destroys the locust's tissues from the inside. This is definitely not good news for locusts, but the fungus has no effect on other life forms. A product similar to Green Muscle ® is already successfully used in Australia, but the latter's introduction in Africa and Asia is being slowed by several factors. These include a need for further large-scale trials, official approval of the product in several countries, and a relatively short shelf-life in its normal ready-to-spray liquid form. One drawback is that it takes days to kill the locusts. It is also relatively expensive and large-scale production would need to be organized. A solution would be to store the product in powder form and dilute it just before use. Hassanali’s team has also shown that, if used in combination with a small amount of PAN, only a quarter of the normal dose of Green Muscle ® is needed.Insect Growth RegulatorsAlso being readied for the modern locust fighter’s armoury is a class of products known as Insect Growth Regulators, or IGRs, which influence the ability of hoppers to moult and grow properly. They have no direct toxic effects on vertebrates. IGRs are effective for several weeks after application and can be used in so-called barrier treatments. In this method only narrow swathes of the product are applied, perpendicular to the direction of the marching hopper bands. Only 10 percent of the amount used in blanket treatment is needed. After marching over one or two barriers the hoppers absorb enough product to die while moulting. As with PAN and Green Muscle ®, however, IGRs need to be aimed at locusts at an early stage in their lives, before they take to the air. That, in turn, requires an advanced level of surveillance and intelligence-gathering to make sure that any locust concentrations are nipped in the bud. eLocust2Although back at ECLO Keith Cressman has satellites, computers and mathematical models at his disposal, the weak link in the chain has been the time it takes to get good information from the field.The mobile ground teams whose job it is to keep tabs on locust populations have to work in some of the world’s remotest, hottest and sometimes (for environmental and security reasons) most hostile places. A week or more might go by before a report from, say, the central Sahara, reached Cressman’s desk. By that time the locusts – “They don’t need visas,” he says – would quite likely have moved to another country or continent altogether. This will soon change however. Field teams are now being issued with special hand-held devices to record vital locust and environmental data and relay them back to their own headquarters and on to Rome in real time. Developed by the French Space Agency CNES, the eLocust2 device is able to bounce the information off communications satellites and have the data arrive in the National Locust Control Centre in the affected country a few minutes later, from where they are passed on to Cressman for analysis. In case of unusually heavy hopper concentrations, immediate action can be taken to make sure that the locusts never grow old enough to swarm. Back to the fieldWriting in Science magazine, locust expert Martin Enserink gave the following graphic description of a locust population gone out of control:“On a beautiful November morning (in Morocco) it’s clear, even from afar, that something’s terribly wrong with the trees around this tiny village. They are covered with a pinkish-red gloss, as if their leaves were changing colour... "As you get closer, the hue becomes a wriggling mass; a giant cap of insects on every tree, devouring the tiny leaves. Get closer still and you’ll hear a soft drizzle: the steady stream of locust droppings falling to the ground.” Such nightmare visions, and locust plagues with them, may one day be a thing of the past.
catchinginsects(现在进行时)catchinsects(一般形态)
1.闵亮, 谭亮魁, 王文凯.湖北省烟粉虱的发生动态及防治研究进展.长江大学学报(自然科学版)2008, 5(3), 9-122.袁海山，王文凯，谢广林，闵亮.我国天牛的进出口检疫现状及处理对策.安徽农学通报，2009，15(17), 140-1433.孟祥钦，闵亮，万方浩，周忠实，王文凯，张桂芬. 西花蓟马的SCAR分子检测技术. 昆虫学报. 2010. 52(3): 323-330.4.谢广林，王文凯.后河国家自然保护区直翅目昆虫初步研究.长江大学学报(自科版)，2006，3（1）：110-112.5.王文凯.瘦天牛科天牛科.见李子忠、金道超主编.《梵净山景观昆虫》，贵阳：贵州科技出版社，2006.4：291-299.7.王香萍，王福莲，王文凯. 不同防治措施对甘蓝田昆虫天敌动态变化的影响.安徽农业科学,2006,(06).8.王文凯，劳水兵.鞘翅目，天牛科.见杨茂发主编.《贵州大沙河昆虫》，贵阳：贵州科学技术出版社，2005.6. 237-244.9.Nobuo Ohbayashi,Tatsuya Niisato & Wang Wen-kai. Studies on the Cerambycidae(Coleoptera)of Hubei Province,China, PartⅠ.Elytra,Tokyo,2004,32(2)451-470.10.王文凯，谢广林.湖北后河国家自然保护区天牛科昆虫初步名录.见湖北省昆虫学会编《华中昆虫研究》第二卷，中国农业出版社，2003：4-7.11.王文凯（副主编）《昆虫分类学》.见雷朝亮主编普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材、面向21世纪课程教材《普通昆虫学》中国农业出版社，2003.8.12.王文凯（参编）《普通昆虫学实验指导》.见荣秀兰主编普通高等教育“十五”国家级规划教材、面向21世纪课程教材《普通昆虫学实验指导》，2003.8.13.王文凯，郑乐怡.海南皱鞘天牛属一新种（鞘翅目：天牛科）. 昆虫学报,2002,45(3)：377-379.14.王文凯，蒋书楠，郑乐怡.中国脊筒天牛属分类研究（鞘翅目：天牛科）.动物分类学报, 2002, 27(1):123-128.15.王文凯，蒋书楠. 中国污天牛属二新种记述（鞘翅目：天牛科）.动物分类学报，2000，25（2）：183-186.16.王文凯，蒋书楠. 沟胫天牛族三新种记述. 动物分类学报，2000，25（1）：76-80.17.王文凯，蒋书楠..中国天牛科二新记录属二新种记述.昆虫学报, 2002,45(增)：50-52.18.王文凯，蒋书楠. A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS PSACOTHEA GAHAN（COLEOPTERA：CERAMBYCIDAE）FROM CHINA.昆虫分类学报,2002,24(3):177-179.19.王文凯，蒋书楠. 中国泥色天牛属Uraecha Thomson分类研究（鞘翅目：天牛科：沟胫天牛亚科）.昆虫分类学报，2000，22（1）：45-47.20.王文凯，郑乐怡. A new species of the genus Cyanagapanthia Breuning (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from China. Entomologia Sinica.2002,9(3):79-82.21.王文凯，蒋书楠，郑乐怡.中国楔天牛族二新种记述.动物学研究,2002,22(2):145-148.22. 王文凯. 云斑天牛的学名及有关问题的讨论. 昆虫知识，2000，22（3）:191-192.23. 王文凯. 天牛总科.见吴鸿等主编《天目山昆虫》. 科学出版社，2001年12月.350-368.24. 王文凯.中国星天牛属12种的系统发育关系探讨.见李典谟主编《走向21世纪的中国昆虫学--中国昆虫学会2000年学术年会论文集》，北京：中国科学技术出版社，2000年10月.38-41.25. 王文凯. 沟胫天牛亚科雌性生殖器的比较解剖研究. 见张雅林主编《昆虫分类区系研究》，北京：中国农业出版社，2000.9：152-158.26.王文凯，尹新民，沟胫天牛亚科族级系统发育关系初探.河南农业大学学报,2002,36(1):11-14.27.王文凯，蒋书楠，郑乐怡.TWO NEW SPECIES OF OBEREA (COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE:LAMIINAE) FROM CHINA.中南林学院学报,2002,23(3):74-76.28.王文凯，蒋书楠. 沟胫天牛亚科后翅脉序及其在分类上的意义. 湖北农学院学报，2000，20（2）：120-125.29.王文凯，蒋书楠. 中国楔天牛类15属支序系统学的研究. 华中农业大学学报（增刊），2000，31：1-3.30.王文凯.中国天牛科四新记录种. 湖北农学院学报，2001，21（2）：117-119.31.王文凯，孙桂华,杨春旺.中国虎天牛族新记录.天津自然博物馆论文集（18），2002：19-21.32.王文凯.脊虎天牛属雌雄生殖器的分类研究.湖北农学院学报,2002,22(3):202-205.33.王文凯.天牛科系统分类研究进展.湖北农学院学报,2002,22(2):187-192.34.王文凯. 南开大学馆藏天牛科分类.天津农学院学报，2002, 9（2）:1-8.35.王文凯，绿虎天牛属雌雄生殖器的比较研究.中国森林病虫,2002,21(5):3-7,21.36.王文凯. 鞘翅目：天牛科. 见李子忠主编《贵州茂兰昆虫》，贵阳：贵州科学技术出版社，2002.12：320-327.37.王文凯.天牛总科高级阶元系统发育关系研究.华中昆虫研究(Ⅰ),中国农业科学技术出版社2002:9.4-9.38.王文凯. 昆虫资源的开发利用及其对策. 湖北农学院学报，2000，20（1）：90-95.39.王文凯. 发挥高校科技优势，服务农业经济发展.中国青年农业科学学术年报,2002.6：562-564.40.王文凯，蒋书楠. 中国纳天牛属二新种记述（英文稿）.昆虫分类学报，1999，21（3）：213-216.41.王文凯，蒋书楠. 中国沟胫天牛亚科一新属一新种.昆虫分类学报，1999，21（2）：119-122.42.王文凯，蒋书楠. 云南天牛科三新种记述. 动物学研究，1998，19（6）：458-462.43.王文凯，蒋书楠. 西藏锐顶天牛一新种记述. 华东昆虫学报，1999，8（1）：12-14.44.王文凯，蒋书楠. 四川星天牛属一新种. 西南农业大学学报，1998，20（4）：334-336.45.王文凯. 天牛总科雌性生殖器解剖结构及标本制作方法. 森林病虫通讯，1999，18（5）：2-3.46.王文凯. 天牛总科雌性生殖器高级阶元分类. 西南农业大学学报，1999，21（5）：22-25.47.王文凯. 污天牛属雌性生殖器分类研究. 西南农业大学学报，1998，20（3）：249-252.48.王文凯，蒋书楠. 尖天牛和坡天牛雌雄生殖器的比较研究. 湖北农学院学报，1999，19（1）：17-21.49.王文凯. 中国天牛总科综合分类研究进展.昆虫知识，1999，36（1）：53-57.50.王文凯. 湖北锈色粒肩天牛一新亚种记述.湖北农学院学报，1999，19（2）：125.51.王文凯，蒋书楠.木天牛属Xylariopsis Bates一新种记述. 湖北农学院学报, 1998，18 （3）:232-233.52.王文凯. 普通昆虫学教学的探索与思考. 湖北农学院学报，1998，18(增刊)：65-67.53.王文凯. 中国天牛科新记录. 西南农业大学学报，1998，20(6) ：597-600.54.王文凯. 湖北省天牛总科昆虫初步名录. 湖北农学院学报，1998，18(4)：305-310.55.王文凯（参编）.湖北省昆虫名录. 湖北科学技术出版社，1998.2.56.王文凯. 天牛科沟胫天牛亚科中国新记录.西南农业大学学报，1997，19（5）：438-44.57.王文凯. 食用昆虫资源的开发利用. 资源开发与市场，1997，13（4）：161-164.58.王文凯. 湖北农学院馆藏天牛科分类. 湖北农学院学报，1997，17（2）：97-99.59.王文凯. 花天牛的形态分类学研究. 湖北农学院学报，1995，15（2）：91-95.60.王文凯. 中国花天牛亚科昆虫名录（续）. 湖北农学院学报，1995，15（1）：20-24.61.王文凯，蒋书楠.中国花天牛亚科新种及新记录. 昆虫分类学报，1994，16（3）：192-196.62.王文凯. 中国花天牛亚科昆虫名录（续）. 湖北农学院学报，1994，14（4）：23-25.63.王文凯. 中国花天牛亚科昆虫名录. 湖北农学院学报，1994，14（2）：31-38.64.王文凯. 中国金绿花天牛属新记录. 湖北植保，1993，增刊（2）：1-2.65.蒋书楠，陈力，王文凯.中国长颊花天牛属及新种记述. 昆虫分类学报，1993，15（1）：53-58.66.王文凯. 中国花天牛花天牛亚科分类研究. 湖北农学院学报，1992，12（2）：43-51.67.龚信文，孟国铃，李传仁，王文凯等. 湖北烟仓害虫调查.中国烟草，1990，（3）：26-30.68.龚信文，孟国铃，李传仁，王文凯. 微波防治烟草仓储害虫实验初报. 商品养护技术，1987（1）：8-11.69.王文凯. 浅谈植物保护学的地位和作用. 农业高教研究，1997，（1）：42-45.青 春 璀 璨张晓明 康群王文凯，1985年7月毕业于原湖北农学院植保专业，1991年7月西南农业大学硕士研究生毕业，1997年获博士学位。为中国昆虫学会会员、湖北省农学会理事、湖北省植保学会理事、湖北省昆虫学会常务理事、湖北省青年科协理事。湖北省新世纪高层次人才工程第二层次人选，享受湖北省政府专项津贴。2002年1月被湖北省人民政府授予首届十佳“优秀博士后”。现任长江大学农学院院长。昆虫，随处可见，研究昆虫，人谓雕虫小技！可他，却一直醉心于与昆虫为伴，近20年来，他孜孜不倦的从事着中国天牛科昆虫的分类区系和系统发育研究，成为该领域知名的中青年学者。他就是我校农学院院长王文凯博士。王文凯1964年4月出生于湖北荆州。1982年9月，怀揣远大抱负，他迈进了原湖北农学院的大门，开始了他三年的大学生涯。作为植保专业的学生，在大学里，王文凯第一次从书本上了解了昆虫，并开始接触昆虫，进而对昆虫产生了浓厚的兴趣。1985年7月，王文凯大学毕业，品学兼优的他成了湖北农学院的一名青年教师。初为人师，除了激动和欣喜，他更多的却是冷静的思考。从学生到老师，不只是简单的角色转换，而是一个新的人生起点。想到这些，王文凯心里充满了信心和力量。从此，无数个不眠之夜，他孜孜以求的在各种文献中查找、采摘；多少个薄雾飘漾的清晨，他从堆积如山的资料中抬起头来。不懈的追求，持之以恒的努力，终于使王文凯的知识积累厚实了许多，很快，他脱颖而出，成了深受学生欢迎的好教师。他主讲的《普通昆虫学》等课程也获得了首届讲课比赛三等奖。他被列为学院首批中青年教师重点培养对象。日子如水般流逝，慢慢地，在视野渐宽的同时，王文凯却感到授课有些力不从心，特别是对他喜爱的昆虫研究，他更是有了一筹莫展的感觉。“不行，自己的知识结构必须丰富和完善。”于是，1988年，他走进西南农大，如愿以偿地做了著名的昆虫分类学家蒋书楠教授的学生。有了名师的指导，王文凯更奋力地遨游于昆虫学的海洋。被人熟视无睹的各种天牛于他看来却有着特别诱人的斑斓色彩，他凝神静气，真正进入了昆虫的领域。作为一名硕士研究生，他参加了国家自然科学基金的研究项目——天牛科分类方法和起源理论研究。1991年7月，王文凯满载而归，再度成为“传道、授业、解惑”之人。这次他有了游刃有余的感觉，厚实的知识积淀撑起了他的自信。他再一次参加国家自然科学项目研究，他所带领的昆虫教研室1995年被评为省级先进教研室，他在麻城科技扶贫期间，被省科委、扶贫办评为“科技扶贫开发先进个人”……然而，满载青春收获的他并没有满足。为了更深层的探究昆虫王国的奥秘，1995年，王文凯以优异的成绩再次拜在蒋书楠教授门下，成了一名博士研究生。两年后，他被西南农大评为“优秀博士研究生”。王文凯在虫国的探索极为勤勉。1985年至今，他先后参加2项国家自然科学基金项目、1项高校博士点基金项目、2项省科技厅攻关项目，主持国家外国专家局项目1项、省自然基金2项、省教育厅攻关2项及省教育厅教研项目2项。自1988年起，他主要从事中国天牛总科的分类区系及系统发育研究，已建立天牛科2新属，发现28个新种，7个中国新纪录属，35个中国新记录种。在《昆虫学报》、《动物分类学报》、《昆虫分类学报》、《动物学研究》、《Entomologia Sinica》、《昆虫知识》及《中国森林病虫》等期刊上发表天牛科论文50余篇。先后参与编著了《湖北省昆虫名录》（1992）、《昆虫分类区系研究》（2000）、《天目山昆虫》、《贵州茂兰昆虫》等；作为副主编参加“十五”国家级规划教材、面向21世纪课程教材《普通昆虫学》和《普通昆虫学实验指导》的编著（2003）。主持完成的研究成果“中国天牛科系统分类研究”获湖北省人民政府自然科学奖三等奖。1998年6月，王文凯又以其实绩叩开了南开大学生物学博士后流动站的大门，成为一名专职科研人员。如今，不负青春的他是中国昆虫学会会员、湖北省农学会理事、湖北省植保学会理事、湖北省昆虫学会常务理事、湖北省青年科协理事。2003年12月被选为荆州区人大代表。除了教学与科研，王文凯还是一个杰出的管理者，在他担任原农学系系主任三年多时间里，他创新思维，大胆改革，取得了令人瞩目的成绩：他主持完成了“作物栽培与耕作学”省级重点学科的申报获得批准并顺利通过省教育厅专家组的中期检查；完成了“农业昆虫与害虫防治”、“作物栽培与耕作学”两个学科的硕士点立项及“作物遗传育种”学科的博士点立项建设申报并获得批准；组织了“生物工程”新专业的申报并获得批准；创建农药生物测定中心，获得西校区首个国家级资格认证——农业部农药田间登记试验资格……如今，作为长江大学农学院的院长，王文凯感到肩上的担子更重了，但他没有丝毫的松懈，他和班子成员一起，为农学院的发展谋划好了未来：以学科专业建设为龙头，进一步加强师资队伍建设，搞好3个省部级重点学科、1个省级重点实验室及1个博士点立项、2个硕士点立项学科建设；把科研作为学院发展的重中之重，树立科研强院思想；加强湿地农业研究中心的领导与管理，把涝渍灾害与湿地农业研究中心真正建成长江大学的特色学科和优势领域，以湿地农业研究中心为平台，加强各学科的交叉与融合。他坚定的表示，乘坐长江大学之旗舰，依托湿地农业之特色，在校党委校行政的正确领导下，团结全院教职员工与时俱进，锐意进取，一定能够把长江大学的农科建设得更强、更特、更优。
研究昆虫控制的文章Athenix and Monsanto Announce Collaboration on Research for Insect ControlRESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, N.C. and ST. LOUIS, June 20 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Athenix Corp. and Monsanto Company today announced they have entered into a three-year research collaboration for insect control on a key class of insects that affects a number of Monsanto's major crops of interest. Financial terms of the agreement were not disclosed. "We are pleased to work with the market leader in crop genetics to bring our technical capabilities to commercialization," said Mike Koziel, chief executive officer for Athenix. "Working with Monsanto to discover novel genes for controlling insect pests increases options for farmers and allows Athenix to demonstrate the power of its integrated discovery platforms for new biotech traits," said Nick Duck, vice president of research at Athenix. Athenix will apply its expertise in microbial screening and genomics to facilitate gene discovery intended to help protect crops such as cotton, soybeans and corn against a common class of insects known as Hemipterans. Hemipteran insects include Lygus, a pest of cotton, and stinkbug, a pest of soybean. "This collaboration will work to offer an essential benefit to our farmer customers by providing insect protection in crops such as corn, cotton and soybeans against the piercing and sucking insects. Insect tolerant crops allow growers to spray less pesticide, making their operations more efficient and at the same time stewarding the environment," said Robert T. Fraley, Ph.D., Monsanto executive vice president and chief technology officer. "We're excited to collaborate with Athenix to help broaden grower's options for insect control." About Athenix: Athenix is a leading biotechnology company that develops novel products and technologies for agricultural and industrial applications, including biofuels and bioconversions. Athenix has established an outstanding intellectual property portfolio and market access ability around enhanced plants, microbes, genes, enzymes, and processes with emphasis on two major markets: 1) novel agricultural traits for growers such as insect resistance, nematode resistance, herbicide tolerance, and their use for the crop production industry; and 2) the discovery of genes and proteins for use in the sustainable chemical industry with a focus on biofuels like ethanol and other natural products.Biological control of locusts New weapons for old enemiesDuring the 1988 desert locust plague, swarms crossed the Atlantic from Mauritania to the Caribbean, flying 5 000 kilometres in 10 days.Scientists were stumped because migrating swarms normally come down to rest every night. But locusts can’t swim, so how could it be? It turned out that the swarms were coming down at sea – on any ships they could find, but also in the water itself. The first ones in all drowned but their corpses made rafts for the other ones to rest on. Since the dawn of agriculture more than 10 000 years ago mankind has had to deal with a resourceful and fearless enemy, Schistocerca gregaria, the desert locust. Normally loners, every so often these natives of the deserts from West Africa to India turn into vast, voracious swarms that leave hunger and poverty behind them wherever they go. Throughout history, farmers and governments have made attempts to repel the bands and swarms of locusts by collecting insects, creating noise, making smoke and burying and burning the insects. But all of this had little effect. With swarms sometimes extending for hundreds of kilometres, and containing billions of individuals, they conquered by sheer force of numbers. Health concernsIt has long puzzled humans where these animals came from and where they survived. Only in the mid-20th century was it realized that the light brown solitary desert-dwelling insect was the same species as the red and yellow locusts of the plagues. Only when its biology was understood and chemical pesticides and aerial spraying became available a few decades ago, could efforts be made to control the insect. But large-scale pesticide use also raised real concerns for human health and the environment. On the seventh-floor Emergency Centre for Locust Operations (ECLO) at FAO Headquarters in Rome, Keith Cressman, FAO's locust forecaster, checks current environmental conditions and locust population data from the three computer screens on his desk. The last big locust upsurge ended early in 2005 and the current alert level is green or calm. The experts at FAO’s ECLO are readying to fight the next round in the age-old battle against locusts – wherever and whenever that may be. “The next time,” says Cressman, “we’ll fight with new tools”. New bio-control agents Recent advances in biological control research, coupled with improved surveillance and intelligence, could make a big difference when the next round in the battle is fought. Such products could make it possible to sharply reduce the amount of chemical pesticides used. One promising avenue is research currently under way at the International Centre for Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) in Nairobi. An ICIPE team headed by a Zanzibar-born chemical ecologist, Ahmed Hassanali, has identified and synthesized a specific locust pheromone, or chemical signal, that can be used against young locusts with devastating effect.Phenylacetonitrile, or PAN for short, normally governs swarming behaviour in adult males who also use it to warn other males to leave them in peace while they mate. But, Hassanali found it has startlingly different results on juvenile wingless locusts, known as hoppers. Hopper bandsJust as adult locusts form swarms, hoppers will, given the right conditions, stop behaving as individuals and line up in marauding bands up to 5 kilometres wide. They are only slightly less voracious than adults, who eat their own weight of food every day. In three separate field trials – the most recent in Sudan last year – Hassanali’s team showed that even minute doses of PAN could stop hopper bands dead in their tracks and make them break ranks.PAN caused the insects to resume solitary behaviour. Confused and disoriented, some lost their appetite altogether, while others turned cannibal and ate one other. Any survivors were easy prey for predators. What makes PAN particularly attractive is that the dose needed is only a fraction – typically less than 10 millilitres per hectare – of the quantities of chemical or biological pesticides. This translates into substantially lower costs – 50 cents per hectare as opposed to US$12 for chemical pesticides and $15-20 for other bio-control agents.That is clearly a major consideration in the countries in the front line – many of them among the world’s poorest. Green Muscle A different, but also highly effective biological approach is Green Muscle ®, a bio-pesticide developed by the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture’s biological control centre in Cotonou, Benin, and manufactured in South Africa. Green Muscle ® contains spores of the naturally occurring fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum, which germinate on the skin of locusts and penetrate through their exoskeletons. The fungus then destroys the locust's tissues from the inside. This is definitely not good news for locusts, but the fungus has no effect on other life forms. A product similar to Green Muscle ® is already successfully used in Australia, but the latter's introduction in Africa and Asia is being slowed by several factors. These include a need for further large-scale trials, official approval of the product in several countries, and a relatively short shelf-life in its normal ready-to-spray liquid form. One drawback is that it takes days to kill the locusts. It is also relatively expensive and large-scale production would need to be organized. A solution would be to store the product in powder form and dilute it just before use. Hassanali’s team has also shown that, if used in combination with a small amount of PAN, only a quarter of the normal dose of Green Muscle ® is needed.Insect Growth RegulatorsAlso being readied for the modern locust fighter’s armoury is a class of products known as Insect Growth Regulators, or IGRs, which influence the ability of hoppers to moult and grow properly. They have no direct toxic effects on vertebrates. IGRs are effective for several weeks after application and can be used in so-called barrier treatments. In this method only narrow swathes of the product are applied, perpendicular to the direction of the marching hopper bands. Only 10 percent of the amount used in blanket treatment is needed. After marching over one or two barriers the hoppers absorb enough product to die while moulting. As with PAN and Green Muscle ®, however, IGRs need to be aimed at locusts at an early stage in their lives, before they take to the air. That, in turn, requires an advanced level of surveillance and intelligence-gathering to make sure that any locust concentrations are nipped in the bud. eLocust2Although back at ECLO Keith Cressman has satellites, computers and mathematical models at his disposal, the weak link in the chain has been the time it takes to get good information from the field.The mobile ground teams whose job it is to keep tabs on locust populations have to work in some of the world’s remotest, hottest and sometimes (for environmental and security reasons) most hostile places. A week or more might go by before a report from, say, the central Sahara, reached Cressman’s desk. By that time the locusts – “They don’t need visas,” he says – would quite likely have moved to another country or continent altogether. This will soon change however. Field teams are now being issued with special hand-held devices to record vital locust and environmental data and relay them back to their own headquarters and on to Rome in real time. Developed by the French Space Agency CNES, the eLocust2 device is able to bounce the information off communications satellites and have the data arrive in the National Locust Control Centre in the affected country a few minutes later, from where they are passed on to Cressman for analysis. In case of unusually heavy hopper concentrations, immediate action can be taken to make sure that the locusts never grow old enough to swarm. Back to the fieldWriting in Science magazine, locust expert Martin Enserink gave the following graphic description of a locust population gone out of control:“On a beautiful November morning (in Morocco) it’s clear, even from afar, that something’s terribly wrong with the trees around this tiny village. They are covered with a pinkish-red gloss, as if their leaves were changing colour... "As you get closer, the hue becomes a wriggling mass; a giant cap of insects on every tree, devouring the tiny leaves. Get closer still and you’ll hear a soft drizzle: the steady stream of locust droppings falling to the ground.” Such nightmare visions, and locust plagues with them, may one day be a thing of the past.
观赏昆虫学的研究感想摘 要：本文是作者对观赏昆虫和观赏昆虫学课程内容的介绍以及作者对于观赏昆虫学课程的感想。同时也简要介绍了观赏昆虫学的研究方法、昆虫的采集与捕捉及标本制作等方面的内容。 关键词：观赏昆虫、观赏昆虫学、感想、昆虫资源、采集昆虫在我国，观赏昆虫有着十分悠久的历史，早在唐代就已有了蓄养蟋蟀、听鸣观斗的活动。而历代文人墨客也似乎对这些小虫有着特别的偏爱，吟诗作画常以昆虫为对象，留下不少传世佳作。人们以虫寄情，以情赏虫，充分展现了中华氏族特有的浪漫与博爱，形成了中国独特的虫文化。近年来，随着人民物质生活水平的提高，文化活动日趋丰富多彩，观赏昆虫这一活动越来越受到人们的欢迎和喜爱。鉴于此，我们尝试将民间观赏昆虫的经验总结与现代科学理论相结合，写成本文，目的是使大家对观赏昆虫有个基本了解，并通过观赏昆虫的活动增加知识、开阔视野、陶冶性情，充分领略大自然的奇妙。一、观赏昆虫学课程简介我们学校的观赏昆虫学课程由生物安全科学技术学院开设，肖铁光教授主讲。这是一门选修的课程。为30个学时。使用教材为中国农业出版社出版的《观赏昆虫大全》一书。课程全部采用多媒体教学，课程安排中除在教室上课外，还有两个学时的参观校标本馆。课程结束后，学生须上交10只捕捉的昆虫作为标本。课程由有趣的昆虫外部结构、错综复杂的昆虫体内世界、昆虫的生物学、观赏昆虫的分类、昆虫疾病、昆虫人工饲料、虫—食品、药品、毒品、虫文化赏趣、方寸之中话昆虫、空中“骄龙”—蜻蜓、乡谣俱乐部—鸣虫、忠勇无敌大将军—蟋蟀、大自然的舞姬― 蝴蝶、独角仙、田园番独特景观。台湾开发的“虎山溪观萤”,日本每年6月上旬举办的“萤火虫祭”,吸引了众多游客。也可在宾馆、舞厅等娱乐场所,集萤火虫于特制的玻璃瓶中,当娱乐达到高潮时,突然断电,释放萤火虫,萤光闪闪,似流线舞动,另是一番景象。中国人对昆虫鸣声的注意和欣赏已有2000多年的历史了,在唐朝前的很长一段时期,人们仅仅是欣赏各种野外昆虫优美动听的鸣声。从唐朝开始,人们则将鸣虫作为宠物蓄养在各种笼器内,以便随时随地聆听这一独特的音乐。在蓄养鸣虫的过程中,人们发现有几种蟋蟀不仅善鸣,而且好斗,从此斗蟋便成了一项相当普遍的娱乐活动。如果将这些善鸣、好斗昆虫,集中饲养,适时对外开放,使人们在工作之余,细细倾听这一独特的虫国乐章或观看斗蟋的激烈场面,将是又一奇妙享受。昆虫不仅与人类的衣、食、住、行密切相关,而且与人们的精神生活休戚相关,从文字到语言,从神话到传说,从绘画到诗篇,从战争到政治,从恋爱到婚姻,从娱乐到破案,从邮票到服装,从塔碑到航天……几乎无处不有昆虫的身影,无处不渗透着与之相关的知识。如果能建一处昆虫馆,聚昆虫趣味、知识于一室,将会拓宽人们的知识视野,激发人们热爱大自然的情操。观赏昆虫能给人以美感，可供赏玩、娱乐以增添生活情趣，开阔视野，陶冶性情，从而有益于身心健康。观赏昆虫还有益于增加人们对自然资源的保护意识，维护生态平衡，保护昆虫多样性，特别是对珍稀、濒危资源昆虫的保护和合理开发利用，并使之产生较大的经济效益。（三）开发和利用中存在的问题目前群众对观赏昆虫资源尚缺乏一定知识，对昆虫的乱捕滥杀或以商业经销标本为目的大最捕采屡有发生，造成观赏昆虫资源的严重破坏。所以在观赏昆虫活动中，应有正确的娱乐观;合理适度开发利用观赏资源昆虫，开发与保护并重，以保护促开发，使观赏昆虫这类自然资源更好地为人类服务。八、湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆湖南农业大学昆虫标本馆兴建于2001年，原址在老图书馆三楼，只有80余平方米，馆藏标本多为农业害虫。随着学校规模的扩大，为了满足教学与科研的需要，后来在老图书馆一楼扩建了新馆，现已形成占地面积140多平方米，馆藏昆虫20余万只，包括昆虫世界、蝴蝶王国、多媒体放映厅三大场馆在内的综合性科普教育基地。标本馆自建成以来，先后接待了包括长沙市教育局等20多个团体在内的数以万计的校内外人士参观、访问和学习，在校学生的参观人次更是难以胜数。曾先后受到湖南卫视、湖南经视、湖南教育频道、经贸频道以及东方新报等多家大型媒体的关注、报道，并于2004年被授予“湖南省科普教育基地”称号。昆虫馆场馆面积158㎡，馆藏标本20多万号。 静态昆虫展出标本1700多种，8000余号，其中数目较多的有鞘翅目39个科；鳞翅目38个科；膜翅目31个科；同翅目14个科；半翅目12个科；晴蜒目9个科；双翅目8个科；直翅目6个科；等翅目1个科；螳螂目1个科；革翅目1个科；脉翅目1个科；拈翅目1个科等。以教学、科研为主，对校内外各界人士免费开放。建馆以来，在为教学科研提供支持的同时，也为昆虫爱好者进行经验交流提供了场所，激发了参观者热爱昆虫，研究昆虫的热情，在加强广大学生自然观、生态观宣传教育方面发挥了积极作用。后期开展的昆虫知识讲座更是吸引了众多人员前来参观学习，人们在参与欣赏昆虫艺术展（蝶画、翅画、蝴蝶工艺品）当中，开阔了视野，陶冶了情操。现在，新的昆虫标本馆正在建设中，我们观赏昆虫学课程的同学们有幸作为第一批人员参观了新的标本馆。首先我们来到了位于老图书馆一楼的肖铁光老师的昆虫标本制作室，这里制作出来的标本正在源源不断的向新标本馆迁移。新的标本馆位于文渊阁的四楼，同在四楼的还有我们学校的动物标本馆、土壤和岩石标本馆。昆虫馆的新馆实际上是原来农业生物图书书库，不过现在经过装修后已经焕然一新，新馆的面积更大，展位更多，因为还在建设中，许多标本还没有摆上展台，但是单单就摆上展台的这些标本来说，就已经让我们连声惊叹了。希望还有机会去参观！九、结束语我的论文不长，简单的介绍了许多关于昆虫和观赏昆虫的知识，希望大家在读后能够增长一下对观赏昆虫的认识。学了这门课，收获很多，可不仅仅是弄清了一个区别而已，只是不知该怎么说。湖南观赏昆虫资源丰富,应在做好开发利用的宣传、教育工作的基础上,加强管理,科学规划,在保护的前提下合理地加以利用,并在利用的同时尽可能加以保护,以保证湖南观赏昆虫资源的可持续利用。参考文献 [1] 王音 周序国.《观赏昆虫大全》[M]，北京：中国农业出版社，1996[2] 李鹏翔.观赏昆虫[J]. 科学大众(中学版)，2001年12期[3] 龙中伟. 观赏昆虫采捕加工法[J]. 农村新技术，2000年06期[4] 郑立军 靳桂敏 杨新廷;. 观赏昆虫刍议[J]. 野生动物，2001年03期[5] 吴福泉. 观赏昆虫资源的开发利用[J]. 广东蚕业，1999年03期[6] 朱巽. 湖南观赏昆虫资源的利用研究[J]. 湖南第一师范学报，2007年04期[7] 高卫红. 另类宠物欣赏——观赏昆虫[J]. 畜牧兽医科技信息，2004年06期
昆虫与人类昆虫与人类共同生活在同一个星球上，大家一起繁殖一起发展。随着人类科技的日益进步，人类的触角已经深入到了他们想要深入的地方，特别是工业革命以来，人类的生活生产对于地球的影响日益深远，人类以无可争议的态度成为了地球的主宰。有些人认为人类是最高无上的，为了我们的利益可以牺牲一切动植物的利益甚至它们的生命。人类把昆虫逐出它们的家园，并在那里建起了城市，建起了工厂…. 可是这样是对的吗？无数次的教训使得我们不得不重新思考，不得不重新为自己定位。到底人类是地球的其中一员还是高与一切的主宰？越来越多的人认识到只有和昆虫等一切自然物和睦共处，我们人类才能谋得更大的发展。因为人类只是地球村中的一员，我们并不比那些昆虫高明很多。人类出现在地球上的历史只是地球漫长历史中的一瞬，在人类都还没诞生的千百万年里，昆虫就已经是地球的主宰。昆虫对人类的生存有着深远的影响，是人类社会存在与发展的重要因素。这些因素中包括了有利的因素，当然也就不可避免的包括了有害的因素。我们可以从这两方面来阐述昆虫对人类的影响。首先我们来谈谈昆虫对我们人类的害处。一， 农业的大敌。据报导，全世界为害庄稼的害虫约六千多种。我国水稻害虫就有二百五十多种，果树害虫一千多种，玉米害虫五十多种，仓库害虫三百多种。像粘虫、蝗虫、稻螟虫、玉米螟、地老虎、棉蚜虫，小麦吸浆虫、蚜虫、叶蝉、飞虱、介壳虫等等，都是重要的害虫。害虫对农业生产造成的损失是相当惊人的，据估计，对野外生长的作物平均每年造成的损失串为l0％，室内贮藏物平均损失率为5％。就我国稻作害虫一项来说，1950年损失四千余万担。因此与害虫作斗争，从害虫口里夺回粮食是农业生产上极为重要的措施。例如松毛虫是毁坏森林的元凶。松毛虫属鳞翅目枯叶蛾科，其幼虫周身长满了长毛，专门取食松叶，故名。松毛虫是针叶林l0余种松树的大敌。我国从南到北都有松毛虫的危害，主要的松毛虫有6种，分别以其取食的松树命名，如马尾松毛虫、云南松毛虫、油松毛虫、赤松毛虫、落叶松毛虫等。已有浙江、山东、河北、广西等20余个省(区)市遭到其严重危害，大发生时，数日间即能将青山绿林变为秃枝残梗，远望如火烧，近看虫满树，虫粪盖满地。松树受害后，长势受损，甚至衰萎枯死。据1952年湖南零陵林管处调查，仅零陵、祁东等五县，被马尾松毛虫为害的面积即达253万余亩。l953年辽东长白山西部天然落叶松林，受害面积达43万余亩。松毛虫不但严重破坏森林资源，也使收割松脂的副业生产受到损失。改革开放前林区人民常靠松脂收入换取油盐粮米，那时林农常皱眉长叹说："松毛虫把我们的油筒、盐壶、米瓮都给敲掉了"。近期每年发生面积仍有3000万一4000万亩，仅木材一项约损失500万立方米。二， 居家生活的大敌。每个家庭居室或多或少都有害虫。那些隐藏于居室各个角落的害虫由于个体小或者数量少，因而没有引起你的注意。不然，只要你在久藏不常翻动的书籍或纸张里检查一下，你就会见到有小虫在爬动。请你再检查一下不常穿的毛呢衣服里有没有蛀孔？如果有的话，那肯定有蛀虫藏在衣箱里。甚至在久藏未食的白糖里也有虫，这种虫是肉眼难以看到的。至于庭园花木上有虫，那更是大家所常见的。例如我们所熟悉的蚊子，就是传播病源的罪魁祸首。 (1)疟疾 疟疾这种病是由疟蚊传染的。 疟疾又称瘴气。据1935年卫生署的调查，在瘴气盛行的区域里，居民血液内有疟原虫的占50％，患恶性疟疾的占72％。1936年江苏皋县因患疟疾死亡二万人左右，1876年开凿巴拿马运河时曾因黄热病及疟原死了无数的工人，以致1889年不得已而停工。后经昆虫学家解决了蚊子的问题才得以继续完成运河工程。1930年远东热带病医学会的报告指出：泰国每年死于虎口约50人，而死于疟疾者达五万人。（2）流行性乙型脑炎 这是一种由滤过性病毒引起的急性传染病，也是由蚊子传带的，这种病又叫日本乙型脑炎，普通都把它叫做大脑炎。患者有发烧、头疼、呕吐，抽风、昏睡、昏迷等现象。治疗上没有特效药品，所以病死率相当高。所以消灭蚊子是保证人的身体健康，避免疾病传播的关键。其次我们来谈谈昆虫对人类的益处。昆虫是一个重要的工业原料。例如（1）紫胶，它在工业上的用途很广，可制成胶片供工艺使用。它是一种高档的涂料，把胶片溶解在95％的酒精中，用以油刷高级家具和木制品以及装饰品。除此之外，紫胶还是塑料、导电绝缘体、橡胶填充剂、防湿剂等重要工业产品的原料，广泛应用于军工、电器、橡胶、油墨、皮革、塑料、钢铁、冶金、机械等工业以及木器、食品、医药等行业。例如（2）白蜡，它具有密闭、防潮、防锈、经久不腐、着光、生肌、止血止痛、补虚、续筋接骨等作用，是军工、轻工、化工、手工和医药生产上的重要原料。如金属品的防腐抛光，精密仪表机械的防潮、防锈及润滑。由于它融点高，制出的模型、教具在夏季高温情况下不软化、不变形。纺织工业上用于着光剂，造纸工业上的填充和上光剂，电容器的防腐，汽车蜡，地板蜡，化妆品的原料，名贵家具的抛光等，特别是军工、航天、科研等部门对白蜡的需求更是日益激增。 昆虫作为动物界中的一个纲，在中药材中占有重要的一席之地。在传世的文献中，最早记载昆虫药用价值的医学书籍首推《神农本草经》，它是中国古代研究药学时所用的药典。《神农本草》中有药365种，记载作为药用的“虫”（广义的）29种，其中属于昆虫的为21种。这21种虫药分上、中、下三品。上品无毒，有：石蜜、蜂子、蜜蜡、桑螵蛸；中品无毒或中毒，包括露蜂房、蚱蝉、白僵蚕；下品多毒，有：蛴螬、石蚕、雀瓮、樗鸡、斑蝥、蝼蛄、地胆、萤火、衣鱼、木虻、蜚虻、蜚蠊、虫。李时珍的《本草纲目》把广义的“虫”药扩充到106种，其中昆虫药为73种，分为“卵生”、“化生”和“湿生”三类。清代赵学敏在《本草纲目拾遗》中又补充动物药32种，其中属于昆虫的11种。 总计在动物药中，真正属于昆虫及其产品的，有l00余种，有些昆虫的药用价值还很高，对人类医病防病、滋补健身以及延年益寿起到了很重要的作用。例如我们非常熟悉的冬虫夏草。它是指蝙蝠蛾科昆虫的幼虫在秋冬季被虫草属的一种真菌感染死亡后，第2年夏天从幼虫头上长出一根虫草属的真菌角状子座，即为冬虫夏草。夏至前后挖取，去泥土后晒干或烘干。生用。具益肾补肺、止血化痰之功效。用于久咳虚喘、劳嗽痰血、阳屡遗精、腰膝酸痛等症。可单用浸酒服，也可以本品与鸡、鸭、猪肉等一起炖食，对病后体虚不复、自汗畏寒等有补虚功效。对肺癌等肿瘤也有一定的辅助治疗作用。同时昆虫含有十分丰富的营养物质，其中包括的有机物质：蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物等，还有大量人体所需的游离氨基酸和维生素；无机物质：各种盐类、钾、钠、磷、铁；钙等。据分析，每100毫升人的血浆，含有游离氨基酸24．4-34．4毫克，而每100毫升昆虫的血液中，含有游离氨基酸高达293．3-2430.l毫克，高出人血几倍。蚕蛹含有18种氨基酸，其中人体必需的氨基酸均高于大豆。昆虫体内的蛋白质含量也很高，据分析，烤干的蝉含有72．02％的蛋白质；黄蜂含有81％的蛋白质；白蚁体内的蛋白质含量比牛肉高，100克白蚁能产生500卡(2090焦)热量，100克牛肉只能产生130卡(544焦)热量。由此可见，昆虫才是名副其实的高蛋白食品。除了丰富的营养外，不少昆虫还有独特的保健作用，例如蝗虫可暖胃助阳、健脾运食，蝉可清热、息风、镇惊等。开发昆虫食品大有前途，已经引起各国的重视。有些国家正在开展研究、筛选、培养一些营养价值高的昆虫食品，作为补充人类食物的一个来源。据统计，目前世界食用的昆虫包括8类、63属373种。有一则新闻是这样说苍蝇的。你能想象要叫苍蝇成为人类的免疫保健食品吗? 在营养学家的测定下，发现蝇蛆干粉中粗蛋白质含量高达61．2％，粗脂肪含量23％，还含有丰富的钙、镁、磷等人体必需的微量元素，是一种优良的人类食品。而蝇蛆的生产又有价格低廉的优势。因为苍蝇生育周期短，繁殖力强。一对苍蝇一个夏季能生育出2660亿个蛆。人们可从蛆体内提取纯蛋白和脂肪，制成高级食品供人食用。据报道，经中国科学院50年人工驯化培养的小个体苍蝇，正在武汉一座"苍蝇工厂"内被利用来提取具有免疫作用的营养品。我国这一高科技项目，已处于国际领先之列。如今在"苍蝇工厂"里，人们用奶粉、豆粉喂养着数以亿计的"工程蝇"，大量的蝇蛆在用麦麸调制的营养基中，长得白白胖胖。科研人员可以从这些胖蛆身上，提取抗茵活性蛋白、复合氨基酸、蛆油、几丁质等具有广泛用途的物质。"抗茵活性蛋白"杀菌力特强，只要有万分之一的浓度，就足以杀灭各种病菌，这为研制高效抗菌素提供了极其珍贵的线索。昆虫还与我们科技的发展密切相关，很多科技发明的灵感都来源于昆虫。首先是蝇眼照相机的发明。昆虫的复眼是由千万个小眼组成的，由于小眼之间的相互抑制，使眼具有突出影像的边框、增大清晰度的功能。人们仿效苍蝇腹眼中小眼的蜂窝型结构制成了用于科研的“蝇眼照相机”，一次就能拍摄1329张照片， 其分辩率达4千条线。其次日光灯的发明也是来源于萤火虫。萤火虫的发光器官，生长在腹部的第六节和第七节之间；从外表看只是层银灰色的透明薄膜，如果把这层薄膜揭开在放大镜下观察，便可见到数以千计的发光细胞，再下面是反光层，在发光细胞周围密布着小气管和密密麻麻的纤细神经分支。发光细胞中的主要物质是荧光素和荧光酶。当萤火虫开始活动时，呼吸加快，体内吸进大量氧气，氧气通过小气管进入发光细胞，荧光素在细胞内与起着催化剂作用的荧光酶互相作用时，荧光素就会活化，产生生物氧化反应，导致萤火虫的腹下发出碧莹莹的光亮来。又由于萤火虫不同的呼吸节律，便形成时明时暗的"闪光信号"。人们经过研究，把其发光的过程，列一简单的公式，最终研制成了我们现在所使用的日光灯。昆虫还是侦破案件的好帮手，其中有一种昆虫的名字就叫做“法医昆虫”。 用法医昆虫"侦破"案例的典型实例不胜枚举。据报道，1984年11月25日这天，在一个僻静处，发现了加州一大学生被害。当时，难以判明确切的被害时间。然而，尸体上出现的昆虫使案情出现了转机。法医昆虫学家根据尸体上发现的丽蝇卵，确定被害人是在气温20℃以上的温暖天气被害的，因为丽蝇只有在气温高于20℃时才产卵。核查气象部门的报告，发现这名女学生失踪的第一天气温正好高于20℃。由此并汇集其他线索分析判断，该女生失踪当天即被害。随之案情真相大白，凶犯难逃法网。这起案例当时不仅引起了昆虫学界的关注，也震动了司法当局。从此，法医昆虫被美国司法部确立为判断人体死亡时间的有效工具之一。近期，发生在美国的另一起枪杀疑难案件，也由昆虫"告破"。有人在南卡罗来纳州的乡间平房中发现一具女尸，解剖证明被害人死于头部的小口径来福枪伤，同时发现尸体上有大量的蝇类幼虫，即蝇蛆。调查人员在取样中收集到142只蝇蛆和10只蝇蛹，经鉴定是红兴丽蝇和裸芒综蝇。研究人员根据这两种蝇的发育生物学和当地气象情况分析确定，被害人死亡时间是10月24日或25日。依据这个至关重要的判定进行排查，很快找到了嫌疑犯。最后凶犯招供，是10月24日下午用来福枪杀死被害人。小小昆虫被誉为"破案"小英雄，真是名不虚传。最后我们来谈谈昆虫与人类文化的关系。（1） 世界的地名与昆虫 世界上大大小小的地名多如牛毛，而地名的产生、命名及变更也各有其丰富的内容和深刻的涵义。很多地名都来源于当地独具的自然风貌、经济特征、传统的民族文化或宗教信仰，还有美妙的神话传说等等。当然，其中也不乏以珍奇的禽兽和花草来命名的，更有趣的是有些地名还确实与昆虫结下了不解之缘哩! 巴拿马是中美洲东南部的一个国家。著名的巴拿马运河就贯穿于该国境内中部的加通湖。据说很早以前，加通湖畔到处都是翩翩起舞的蝴蝶，又因其形态美丽，色泽鲜艳，远远看去，飞舞的蝶群恰似一片花的海洋 一一 蝶海！所以巴拿马有“蝴蝶国”之美称。此外还有很多很多的地名也是与昆虫有关的，在这里就不一一列举了。（2） 昆虫与民俗风情 在众多的昆虫种类中，有一些种类被喻为向往美好和吉祥的象征，其中蜜蜂和蚕是典型的代表。因为蜜蜂可酿蜜、产蜂蜡，蚕能吐丝织茧，是人们发家致富的好帮手。唐代李商隐的著名诗句“春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡烛成灰泪始干”，耐人寻味，常吟常新。因此，人们常将蜜蜂视为甜蜜和勤劳的化身，将蚕喻为无私的奉献者，并将两虫视为婚礼中的吉祥虫。如我国拉古族人有捕蜂制成蜂蜡烛的习俗，在举行婚礼时，一对新人一定要点燃两支蜂蜡烛，以喻示他们婚后生活充满光明、甜蜜与幸福。蜂蜡灯在拉古族人的婚礼中之所以不可缺少，据说源于一个古老的传说：“一对恋人因双方父母有矛盾而不同意他们的婚恋，无奈二人为情爱双双自杀而亡。后来二人坟上长出一棵七里香花树。不知为何两家长辈所养的蜜蜂都到这棵花树下来采蜜。双方家长吃了蜂蜜，又想念起亡故的儿女，悲悔莫及，不约而同来到这棵花树下握手言和了”。从此往后，晚辈们的婚恋不再受干涉了。人们把蜂蜡烛视为自由、光明和美好的象征。我国的另一少数民族京族人在举行婚礼之日，要有一系列的“歌宴”来欢庆，据说其中最精彩的是“结义歌”，其中男女对唱段“我俩犹如蚕虫，共吃一张桑叶，共一簇草吐丝”(男)；“我俩犹如蜜蜂，一在窝内一在窝外(女)”……，将象征婚姻的和和美美与甜甜蜜蜜的欢乐气氛推向高潮，增加了婚礼的情趣与热闹。（3） 为艺术添彩蝴蝶、甲虫、蜻蜓等昆虫由于色彩鲜艳，深受人民的喜爱。在历代艺术作品中，以蝶为题材的很多，如在明、清二代，蝶和瓜构成的图案代表吉祥。蝶和花卉配合使画面生动而自然，成对的蝴蝶代表爱情的象征。北京故宫博物院珍藏着不少的祖国历代名画，其中有一张宋代名画叫做《睦春蝶戏》图的。画面清晰生动，十多只彩蝶，色彩鲜艳，风姿秀丽。这幅画据说为南宋画家李安忠所作，画上的各种蝴蝶的大小比例、形态特征以及色彩斑纹等，大都酷似实物，栩栩如生。虽然时隔千年，仍然能辨明都是属于南宋产于国都临安（今杭州）附近的蝶种，个别种类还可明显无误地识别其雌雄。至于在织物、刺绣、邮票以及工艺品中能看到的蝴蝶图案就更多了。凤蝶是工艺美术品的最好材料，凤蝶标本可以展姿成各种形态与花草搭配后装入玻罩或相框中，做为茶几上的摆设及墙壁上的装饰，在欧美市场颇受欢迎。艺术家们利用美丽多姿的蝶翅拼贴成艺术价值很高的蝶翅画。有一幅仿照名画《百骏图》制做的蝶翅画 ,价值高达16700美元。 利用各种蝴蝶翅膀为原料，采取国画、油画及雕刻等表现艺术的长处，利用蝴蝶自燃天生的花纹而贴拼出山水、风景、人物、花卉、飞禽、走兽等图案。综上所述，我们可以看到昆虫对于人类社会的重要性。因此我们必须要改变对自己的定位，我们是自然界中普通的一员，我们不是大自然的主宰。