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把你QQ给我吧，我把自己的给你！虽然没有读过这部小说，改但可以关键信息嘛！
好的论文答辩ppt尽量做得简洁、漂亮、得体。答辩自信、表达流利、有理有据。这样才能吸引人。选个模板会方便好多
毕业论文答辩模板
链接： 提取码：rchu
论文答辩PPT模板精选总有一款适合你
先说主要内容，再介绍这本小说，最后总结，这属于四段式，你也可以加一段关于这本书的又来，也可以说自己的读书心得，当然，要注意详略得当。
英语毕业论文答辩稿范文（精选8篇）
一段忙碌又充实的大学生活要即将结束，我们毕业前都要通过最后的`毕业论文，毕业论文是一种比较重要的检验学生学习成果的形式，快来参考毕业论文是怎么写的吧！下面是我帮大家整理的英语毕业论文答辩稿范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
Good morning, all appraises committee members. I am XXX and my supervisor is XXX.
With his constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper.
Now it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Comparative Study between English and Chinese idioms.
With the developing globalization, communication demand precise language.
Idioms are not a separate part of the language, we cannot omit. Studying the similarities and differences between English and Chinese idioms would be helpful to cross-cultural understanding and it’s also a good advance to our future if we can learn well.
For the above facts, I select the subject of “comparative study between English and Chinese idioms” as the title of my paper.
In the main part of this paper, I divide it four parts.
Part one presents general introduction to the basic concept and the studying purpose.
Part two presents overview of the Chinese and English idioms; it concludes similar origins and similar functions. Part three emphasize differences between English and Chinese idioms.
Through contrast analysis of well-known Chinese and English language, found the differences cultural discrepancy and the translation of animal words. Part four draws some conclusions that characteristics of English and Chinese idioms. And it is helpful to cross-culture .It’s necessary for a better understanding of international promotional communication. OK, that’s all. Thank you.
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense.
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members. I’m Zhang Da and my supervisor is Professor Zhang Jingcai. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. First of all, I really want to be a teacher, so during the four years, I have read many books about how to become a good teacher. Secondly, when I was a freshman in the summer of 2008, I was chosen as a teaching assistant of the summer camp which was organized by the New Oriental English School in Shijiazhuang. In the summer camp, I rewrote a script of an English drama to be one of the programs of the open ceremony. It was very popular among those students. They thought it was very interesting. In 2010, I was practiced as an English teacher at Chenguantun Middle School in Qinhuangdao, I found that the students have little interest towards English learning, so I hoped I could help them. So I use the Drama Method as my teaching method. Almost all of the students were highly motivated by the interesting teaching method and they have made great progress in the exam one month later. So the research proved that the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. For the above facts, I select the subject of On the Significance of Drama Method in the Improvement of English Learning in Chinese Rural Junior High School as the title of my paper. I hope by studying this topic we can find an effective teaching method to help all the students’ English learning in junior high school.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to identify the major problem of junior high school students’ English learning problems
Part two overviews all relevant researches in drama application in teaching oral English.
Part three is the research design, the research hypothesis, the subjects of the research, the research methods and the research procedures are conducted.
Part four is the findings from research data. After analyzing the data with Excel 2007, pedagogical findings and implications are delivered before the conclusion of the thesis.
Part five draws some conclusions about the research. As what has been shown in the research, there are a lot of benefits from drama performance; the Drama Method can be used as an effective teaching method. In addition, there are some suggestions for forthcoming researches.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel，that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of“on transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.the way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.so when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.next, it is an outline of my paper. in the main part of this paper, i divide it into five parts.part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. there are transformed english words into chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. it is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. in addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.ok! that is all. thank you!
Good morning,Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. （或Welcome to attend the oral defense.） :I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points（Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van ）The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》。 I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.Angela Carter （1940-1992） is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist matriarchy.And her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.OK! That is all. Thank you!
Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. I’m *** and come from class *. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. Li.With his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.
Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.
Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.
Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.
For the above facts, I select this title.
Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.
The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.
The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholars’s main views.
The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.
The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.
The last part is the conclusion.
I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.
When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.
That’s all. Thank you.
论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点，并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。
论文陈述包含以下内容：
1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点
陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想，并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题，需思考：
2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由
理由要写清楚，一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。
3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点
一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以，同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。
论文陈述写作示例：
1、首先，从一个问题开始。例如：互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?
2、其次，表明你对这个问题的立场。例如：互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。
3、最后，发展你的答案。例如：互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消：互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点，以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。
留个邮箱我发给你或者直接去怪人网上下载我的答辩PPT就是在怪人网上下载的怪人网上有很多不错的毕业答辩PPT模板自己需要哪个下哪个关键是不要钱
你的专业是英语还是你的硕士论文答辩要求使用英语？我觉得第一页肯定要放的是校徽LOGO，论文题目，副标题，作者。一般简洁为主吧。有很多模版的。我不知道英语专业有什么特别要求吗，但是整个PPT能把你的研究目的和过程、结果以及答辩组老师想知道的问题讲清楚就行了。
必过论文】毕业论文答辩PPT模板.rar免费下载
链接:
幻灯片模板即已定义的幻灯片格式。PowerPoint和Word、Excel等应用软件一样，都是Microsoft公司推出的Office系列产品之一，主要用于设计制作广告宣传、产品演示的电子版幻灯片，制作的演示文稿可以通过计算机屏幕或者投影机播放；利用PowerPoint，不但可以创建演示文稿，还可以在互联网上召开面对面会议、远程会议或在Web上给观众展示演示文稿。随着办公自动化的普及，PowerPoint的应用越来越广。
关于答辩PPT的制作，有很多不同的说法，有的人觉得很简单，而对于有些人来讲却很有难度，别人轻轻松松就能搞定的PPT，自己花了很多时间，却做得还不咋样，其实，不管做什么样的PPT展示内容，一定不能喧宾夺主，那么我们应该怎样才能做一个简单漂亮的PPT呢？
1、首先要对论文答辩的要求做一个了解，一般答辩PPT都会有明确要求的，知道要求自然就能很好的把握学校的标准，然后开始制作PPT。
一般答辩大会通常是由各院系论文辅导老师组成的，可以借鉴一下各老师们日常上课的PPT风格，以及他们PPT色彩的搭配是怎样的。答辩大会通常都是在院校的会议室举行，跟日常上课所用的设备相差无几，只要稍微看起来是比较舒服，一般不会有什么大问题。
2、要确定答辩PPT的主题，在通过答辩对象和环境的分析，我们可以确定PPT的主题，背景的颜色可以使用白色，这样就非常的简单，并且可以利用学校的校徽作为主色，字体就使用微软雅黑，也可以尝试下思源黑体、冬青黑体。
3、可以按学校要求制作PPT，如果学校没有要求，那可以根据自己的喜好来制作，只要倾向于学术研究一般问题不大，但是，大部分学校都是有PPT参考模板的，也就是学校的PPT封面、目录、过渡页，封面上面，除了一些常用的字体外，一般还会放一个学校的logo就去，或者是学校的一些具有标志性的图标；目录的话可以使用上下排版的方式，把下面的部分分成两排，因为你的目录如果超过五个部分的话只有一排就会显得太拥挤，为了平衡可以加上第六点，所以这种环绕型的排版适用于偶数的分块目录页；过渡页其实起了一个承上启下的作用。
4、答辩PPT要注意的东西，理清你的论文结构是否制作PPT的前提必要工作，如果使用了特殊字体的话，可以把字体嵌进PPT里面，但是这样就无法修改了，也可以把字体和PPT一起安装到答辩的设备里面去，这样就可以进行修改。答辩PPT一定要提前的去调试，导出来一份图片版的PPT会更加的保险。
想了解更多论文查重的知识请关注papertime官网~网页链接
就用ppt自带的模版 越素越好 推荐蓝底白字或白底黑字 字都加粗在ppt中不要出现句子 顶多是词组大概15页左右第一页写题目 作者 导师第二页写 outline 讲的时候注意介绍各部分的逻辑关系第三页写 literature review 或者叫 theoretical basis 几句话带过就行 这个不重要第四页开始写主体部分 多用表格 最后是conclusion 要写limitations 答辩一般是十到十五分钟 千万别超时
答辩ppt要包含的内容如下：
一、首页的内容要求具体如下：
1、论文题目一定要有，不能遗漏或者写错字、漏字等问题。
2、学校系院、论文指导老师、答辩人姓名也要一一填写呈现，此外答辩时间根据需要决定是否写上，若写上答辩时间一定要精准。
3、首页布局上一定要记得插入学校的logo。
二、中页是整个答辩PPT的核心，其主要内容从目录页开始呈现，主要如下：
1、选题背景：撰写自己论文写作背景，语言简洁明了，条理清晰。
2、选题原因；建议可以分为两个方面进行分点阐述：
个人方面：个人专业相关和兴趣喜好。
社会方面：主要从理论研究方面对社会痛点进行阐述，2-3句话即可。
3、选题意义：论文的选题意义可从以下两个方面进行阐述：
理论意义：本文从XX角度出发，研究XX，是对XX理论的补白和细化。
实际意义：通过针对XX的研究，能够解决掉当下XX方面的难题，且为后续的进一步研究和发展奠定了更为丰富的理论基础，进而能够为未来的发展提供更加具有价值的可参考研究。
论文答辩PPT需要注意
PPT的顺序应该跟论文保持一致。首先论文答辩，论文答辩，是对论文进行答辩。你在答辩之前会打印几本毕业论文，尤其是本科生，你在上面讲，老师在下面翻着你的毕业论文，相同的逻辑顺序，有利于加深老师们的印象。
每一页PPT要设置页数，方便老师记录，针对你PPT的内容，评委老师，可以具体到某一页某个问题，进行提问，PPT最好是4:3的形式，这样大多数投影仪可以最大化显示你的幻灯片。而且做PPT，两侧上下一定要留一点点的白，既好看，又能保证投影仪歪了等问题不影响你内容的完整体现。
没翻译的，留邮箱，发给你吧
作文常用句式总结开头 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近,…问题已引起人们的关注. Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. 互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题. Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了. It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that… 人们一般认为… Many people insist that… 很多人坚持认为… With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that… 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为… A lot of people seem to think that… 很多人似乎认为… 引出不同观点: People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that…. 人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为．．． People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解. Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. There are different opinions among people as to… 关于…. 人们的观点大不相同. Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同. 结尾 Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that… 把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论… Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that… 考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论… Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that… 因此,我们最好得出这样的结论… There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点. All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题. 提出建议: It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of … 该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了. There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of … 毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视. Obviously,…. If we want to do something… , it is essential that… 显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是… Only in this way can we… 只有这样,我们才能… It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到… 预示后果: Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger. 很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that… 毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会… It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展. 论证 From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点…. Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边. I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信… In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do…. 在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why… 给出原因: This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, … Why did… ? For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is… 为什么会…? 一个原因是… 令一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是…. I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下: 列出解决办法: Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议. The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是… People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题. 批判错误观点和做法: As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,… It was obvious that… 很显然,…. It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that… 可能…是对的,但这并不意味着… It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that… 认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视…. There is no evidence to suggest that… 没有证据表明… 如何连接 强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 列举 for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步 although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 图表作文常用句型 As is shown in the graph… 如图所示… The graph shows that… 图表显示… As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出… From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知… All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即… The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%. ….在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况.
高中英语实用模版1.书信开头：How nice to hear from you again.Let me tell you something about the activity.I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th.I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit.I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.结尾：With best wishes.I’m looking forward to your reply.I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.二、口头通知呼语及开场白部分：Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.正文部分：All the teachers and students are required to attend it.Please take your notebooks and make notes.Please listen carefully and we’ll have a discussion in groups.Please come on time and don’t be late.结束语部分：Please come and join in it.Everybody is welcome to attend it.I hope you’ll have a nice time here.That’s all. Thank you.三、议论文模板1.正反观点式议论文导入：第1段：Recently we’ve had a discussion about whether we should... （导入话题）Our opinions are divided on this topic.（观点有分歧）正文：第2段：Most of the students are in favour of it.（正方观点）Here are the reasons. First... Second... Finally...(列出2~3个赞成的理由)第3段：However, the others are strongly against it. （反方观点）Their reasons are as follows. In the first place... What’s more... In addition...(列出2~3个反对的理由)结论：第4段：Personally speaking, the advantages overweigh the disadvantages, for it will do us more harm than good, so I support it.（个人观点） オ2.“A或者B”类议论文模板：导入：第1段：Some people hold the opinion that A is superior to B in many ways. Others, however, argue that B is much better. Personally, I would prefer A because I think A has more advantages.正文：第2段：There are many reasons why I prefer A. The main reason is that ... Another reason is that...(赞同A的原因)第3段: Of course, B also has advantages to some extent... (列出1~2个B的优势)结论：第4段: But if all these factors are considered, A is much better than B. From what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that ...(得出结论) オ3.观点论述类议论文：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某个决定作为议论的话题As a student, I am strongly in favour of the decision. （亮明自己的观点是赞成还是反对）The reasons for this may be listed as follows. （过渡句，承上启下）正文：第2段：First of all... Secondly... Besides...(列出2~3个赞成或反对的理由)结论：第3段：In conclusion, I believe that... （照应第1段，构成"总—分—总"结构）4."How to"类议论文模板：导入：第1段：提出一种现象或某种困难作为议论的话题正文：第2段：Many ways can help to solve this serious problem, but the following may be most effective. First of all... Another way to solve the problem is ... Finally...(列出2~3个解决此类问题的办法)结论：第3段：These are not the best but the only two/ three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take action to...(强调解决此类问题的根本方法)四、图表作文写作模板The chart gives us an overall picture of the 图表主题. The first thing we notice is that 图表最大特点 . This means that as (进一步说明).We can see from the statistics given that 图表细节一 . After 动词-ing 细节一中的第一个变化， the动词-ed+幅度+时间(紧跟着的变化) . The figures also tell us that图表细节二 . In the column, we can see that accounts for (进一步描述).Judging from these figures, we can draw the conclusion that (结论). The reason for this, as far as I am concerned is that (给出原因). / It is high time that we (发出倡议).五、图画类写作：1.开头Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...2.衔接句As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.3.结尾句In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...
① 网上聊天越来越流行 ② 有人反对它，有人赞同。 ③ 我的看法 With the development of IT, online chatting is becoming increasingly popular with many people. However, people’s opinions about it vary from person to person. Some think that it has more problems than benefits. First, it is a waste of time, energy and money as it doesn’t produce any useful information and products. Second, it is misleading to its users because cyberspace is actually an imaginary space where things are unreal or fictional. But the advocates of online chatting support it because it is another way of recreation which is both exciting and relaxing. Besides, it helps them release their emotions and worries freely and safely. To them, it is very useful and wonderful. As far as I am concerned, whether online chatting is good or bad depends on the person who does it. So long as we can keep ourselves under good control, we can use it scientifically and properly without its bad effects. 议论文范文 2 As students, we always have a lot of exams/tests every term. Tests are used nowadays to check/examine/measure how well /effectively students study. Exams are a very useful and important educational tool of measurement. However, exams have some side effects of their own. First, some exams can’t reflect the real progress students make. Second, too difficult or too many exams force students to cheat in exams. Too many exams force students to study for the sake of exams only, to name just a few. In my opinion, advantages of exams far outweigh their disadvantages. Despite their side effects, exams can on the whole check and show how well students study scientifically and accurately. At least so far there has been not any method that take their place in education. Besides, exams seem to be fair to all students as they are objective and everyone is equal before test results. To conclude, exams may continue to exist in our education for a long time before they are replaced by some better measurement methods. 记叙文范文 Eye-witness account of a traffic accident 假如你在某日某地某时目击一起车祸，就此写一份见证书。见证书如下： 1. 车祸发生的时间和地点 2. 你所见到的车祸的情况 3. 你对车祸原因的分析 I witnessed a traffic accident on the street at about 5p.m. yesterday. Here is my account of it. It happened at 5p.m. yesterday at the Xiao Zai intersection when I was on my way back to my school. A taxi ran into a cycling boy riding across Chang An Road near the crossroad. When the taxi pulled up abruptly after the driver realized what had happened, the boy was already lying on the ground, bleeding and crying aloud. In 5 minutes, an ambulance came and took away the wounded boy. There is no knowing how it came about. But I suppose it was because the boy ran the red light and the taxi driver took it for granted that there would be no pedestrian or cyclist would cross the road at that moment. This accident warns us of the danger of ignoring traffic regulations. 图表文范文 1. 描写该图并用数字说明 2. 分析其原因及未来的趋势 3. 结论 With the rapid economic growth in China, there has been an increasingly great demand for fuel resources. Among them, natural gas is clean, convenient and inexpensive. The above graph shows the output of natural gas in China between 1991 and 1995. As can be seen from the graph, there had been a steady increase in its output since 1991. In 1991, there was only 15.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas produced in China. After that, almost every year witnessed a steady increase by 0.5 billion cubic meters. By 1995, the output had increased to 17.5 billion cubic meters, an increase by about 13% over that of 1991. There are many factors leading to this sharp increase in its output. To name only a few, the greater industrial demand, demands from daily life, convenience and cleanness in itself, etc. stimulate its output increase. In conclusion, we can safely predict the output will continue to increase in the foreseeable future because of the greater demands for it. Sample 5. A Letter of Complaint Directions: Write a letter of no less than 120 words to your neighbour, who lives above your apartment in the same building and makes a lot of noise recently at night. Your letter should be polite but tell him or her clearly that you want him/her to stop making noise at night and why. Write a letter in the space provided on the Answer Sheet.Dear Sir/Madam: I am your neighbor living downstairs under your apartment in the same building. I am writing you to make a complaint to you./I am writing you to complain of the noise you make during the night. Recently you are making noise during the night that has disturbed my rest. Almost every night, there comes some noise from your apartment just as I go to bed and am on my way to a dream. I wonder what the noise is. Are you repairing your furniture? Are you doing physical exercises? However, whatever you do at that time of the night, you have to take your neighbors and their rest into consideration. In a word, you are disturbing both your other neighbors and me. Therefore/So, please stop making noise at night. Take care. Yours friendly neighbor Sample 6. Natural Gas Output in China With the rapid economic growth in China, there has been an increasing demand for fuel resources. Among them, natural gas is clean, convenient and inexpensive. The above graph shows the output of natural gas in China between 1991 and 1995. As can be seen from the graph, there had been a steady increase in its output since 1991. In 1991, there was only 15.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas produced in China. After that, almost every year witnessed a steady increase by 0.5 billion cubic meters. By 1995, the output had increased to 17.5 billion cubic meters, an increase by about 13% over that of 1991. There are many factors leading to this sharp increase in its output. To name only a few, the greater industrial demand, demands from daily life, convenience and cleanness in itself, etc. stimulate its output increase. In conclusion, we can safely predict the output will continue to increase in the foreseeable future because of the greater demands for it. Sample 7. The Importance of Interpersonal Communication. 1. 人人需要与他人交流 2. 人际交流的重要性 3. 结论 Entering the 21st century, man is now in an age of information and knowledge. In such an age, interpersonal communication plays an increasingly important role and all people have to communicate with others. Why is interpersonal communication so important? First, it helps people understand each other better. Second, it helps people get more information and knowledge. Third, without interpersonal communication, our life would become a desert of emotion and friendship. Last but not the least, communication between people makes our life lively, interesting and lovely. In a word, humans, as social animals, have to communicate with each other, the importance of which can never be overemphasized. Why is interpersonal communication so important? Interpersonal communication is just like a bridge of understanding between people. For example, it helps students to learn more effectively if one can communicate more with his teachers and classmates. In a family, communication makes the family members understand each other better and get closer. In the workplace, communication between the employer and the employed creates a friendly and helpful working environment.Sample 8 How to Study Effectively As students, we have to study almost every day. However, how can we study effectively? Probably not everybody knows. Have a look at the following graph and we may know better about this. This graph shows the relationship between the amount of study efficiency and the hours spent in studying in a day. From it, we can see that more hours of study do not necessarily result in better or higher study efficiency. In the graph, the best amount of efficiency or the optimum of efficiency comes when one has studied for about 5.5 hours. However, the efficiency begins to drop as he studies longer than 5.5. By the time when one has studied for 10 hours in a day, his efficiency of study may become nothing or zero. In conclusion, there is always a maximum of efficiency and time for study in a day. More time spent in study doesn’t always mean better efficiency. This may tell us how we can study effectively.
英语翻译教学在高校英语教学中起着重要作用,它直接影响了学生的英语使用能力。尤其在经济全球化不断发展的当今社会,加强英语翻译教学不仅关系着大学生的就业前景,更与我国经济发展密切相连。下面是我为大家整理的英语翻译论文，供大家参考。
英语翻译论文 范文 一：中西方 文化 在英语翻译方面的差异性
一、中西方文化在英语翻译方面的差异性
(一)地理环境因素
“一方山水养一方人”，不同的地域和环境必然造就不同的民族文化。中国是一个幅员辽阔、地大物博、物产丰富的农业大国，这就使我国形成了一种典型的农耕文化。中国人注重人与自然、人与人之间的和谐与统一，故在许多 成语 中都与土地有关，如“土豪劣绅”“、土生土长”和“土崩瓦解”等。而英国则是一个典型的岛国，其四面被海水环绕，故其航海技术一直处于世界领先地位，这也促使其所形成的文化中都与水或航海有一定的联系，如在比喻一个人挥霍金钱的时候，会用“Spendmoneylikewa-ter”(挥金如土)来加以描述;在形容一个人的形体单薄、虚弱的时候则用“asweakaswater”(弱不禁风)来加以描述;而在告别友人的时候则会用“haveagoodsailing”(一路顺风)来加以描述等。因此，只有掌握了中西民族文化之间的差异性，才能够正确对语句进行理解和翻译。
(二)宗教信仰因素
宗教文化也是众多文化中的一种表现形式，其也会因信仰的不同而产生一定的差异。中国的宗教门派众多，但是主要的可以分为道家、佛家和儒家这三个主要的流派。不同的教派具有不同的教义，如中国道家主张人和神仙是可以相互转化的;佛教则主张佛祖则是至高无上的神，其法力无边，这也可以从我国古代语言中明显看出。汉语中有“天命不可违”、“借花献佛”和“不看僧面看佛面”等的语言表达。而西方则主要以基督教为主，他们只承认上帝是万事万物的主宰，其无所不能，这在西方语言中也可以明显的看出来。如“Manproposes,Goddisposes”(谋事在人，成事在天)、“GodiswhereHewas”(上帝无所不在)和“Heavenisaboveall”(上帝高于一切)等。因此，为了达到翻译忠实原意的目的，我们必须要充分了解中西宗教文化的差异性。
二、提高高校英语翻译质量的策略
(一)导入异国文化
中西翻译的差异性。因此，为了提高学生对于英语翻译的认识度和理解度，教师需要在英语翻译教学的过程中为学生们导入到量的异国文化。通过将英语翻译与文化学习二者进行有机地结合来提高学生们英语翻译的水平。但是特别需要注意一点就是，教师在导入异国文化的过程中要始终本着由易到难、由浅入深的原则。此外，教师除了要为学生们普及一些西方文化知识外，还需要为学生们普及一些西方文化习俗的来源。例如，英语中有“raincatsanddogs”的习语，这句话用汉语可以表述为“倾盆大雨”，但是如果按照直白的翻译就会理解为“下猫跟狗”，这样就明显偏离了翻译的本意。这句习语主要来源于北欧的神话 传说 ，传说猫跟狗对于风和雨等天气具有很强的预测能力。又如“asstrongasahorse”(壮如牛)，但是如果单纯的按照意思来理解则成了“壮如马”了等。如果学生对于这个文化背景不了解，则会出现上述可笑的误译现象。
(二)介绍英汉语言结构上的差异性
英语结构区别于汉语结构，其重视主题句和主体结构的构成以及 句子 结构连接过渡词的作用，并且侧重用介词和连词来表示句子和词组之间的逻辑关系，这种现象在汉语中则很少用或几乎不用。另外，英语表述中特别忌讳重复，如果出现重复的问题，通常用省略、替换或代词的形式来加以表示，但是我们汉语中常用重复来表示强调。
(三)讲解一些常用的翻译技巧
在学生掌握了上述英语翻译的基本知识之后，教师需要为学生讲解一些常用的翻译技巧，从而让学生们学会如何通过删减或增加词语来使语句变得更加通顺。常用的翻译技巧主要包括词类转换、增删词语以及拆分语句等手段。首先，词类转换作为一种有效的翻译手段，其主要是将那些由动词转化来的名词或具有动作意义类型的名词后接of的形式按照汉语中动宾 短语 来进行翻译即可。其次，英语和汉语之间的结构表述有所不同，只有通过增加或删减词汇才能够使意思更加忠实原文的含义。
三、结语
总之，中西文化差异性对于英语翻译具有重要的影响。为了提高学生英语翻译能力，教师必须要在教学实践中让学生充分地了解西方的文化传统，从而使学生做到“知己知彼”，然后并要在基础上教授给学生英语翻译的一些技巧，从而达到提高高校翻译教学质量的目的。
英语翻译论文范文二：生物 医学英语 翻译得体性原则
1得体性原则及在翻译中的适用性
“得体”一词在《现代汉语词典》中的释义如下:“(言语、行动等)得当;恰当;恰如其分。”其他词典的解释与此大体相类。这是一种宽泛意义上的解释。难以确切理解其内涵，不大好把握，运用起来常常带有不同程度的盲目性、随意性。从修辞学理论的高度来衡量，离规范性、科学性相距甚远。王希杰先生在《修辞学通论》中则指出:语言的“得体性指的是语言材料对语言环境的适应程度。脱离了特定的语言环境，就没有得体不得体的问题。”他说:“修辞的原则只有一条，那就是得体性原则。一切其他的原则都从属于这个原则，都是这个最高原则的派生物。这个最高原则制约着和控制着一切其他的原则。”[1]王先生的定义简洁、明确，认为得体是语用的最高原则。聂炎[2]在《得体性原则两题》一文中对语言表达如何适应语体进行了 总结 :“每一种语体一般来说都有表现自己本身特点的不同的语料和表达手段，即常常有自己的专用词语、专用句法结构和篇章结构、语言风格等等，这是该语体区别于彼语体的重要之点。言语思维主体在选词 造句 时只有同语体和谐一致，即得语体之“体”，才可能有良好的表达效果。”翻译是一种跨文化、跨语言的交际活动，翻译过程可以定义为理解原文并创造性地运用另一种语言再现原文的过程，即语言使用的过程。[3]而得体又是语用的最高原则。因此，得体性语用原则在翻译中的适用性不言而喻。翻译的语用问题，归根到底，强调的是语言信息所采取的形式，必须由使用该语言的环境来决定，其根本是语言表达切合语境的得体性。[4]
2生物医学英语的特征及得体性翻译原则的具体内涵
从广义上来说，得体性语用原则适用于一切译作，但是，根据原作的文体不同，在具体要求上就各有侧重。生物医学英语属于科技文体的范畴。典型的科技英语是“专家与专家”交流的涉及学科的研究和发展的书面性英语。[5]其功能主要是述说事理、描写现象、推导公式、论证规律，其特点是结构严谨、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词准确，技术术语正确，修辞手段较少。[6]针对这些特点，科技英语翻译中的得体表现为忠实和通顺。所谓忠实，就是要完整地、准确地表达原作的思想内容，同时还需保持原文风格。这是对科技翻译的首要的、也是最起码的要求。原作的内容和风格是客观存在的。译者的任务，就是要把这种客观存在原封不动地传达给非原文读者。翻译虽然是语言的一种再创作，但毕竟和纯粹的创作有着本质的区别。译者必须忠实于原作，决不可自作主张，对原作进行随意的篡改、增删。所谓通顺，对科技翻译来说，虽然不像翻译文学小说那样要求雅致优美、姿态横生，也不像翻译诗歌那样要求抑扬顿挫、押韵合辙，但至少应保证译文语言符合汉语的语言规范和修辞习惯，文从字顺、明白流畅，而不能生造一些不伦不类的词句，或对原作拘泥太过，以致译文出现文理不通、结构混乱和拖泥带水的现象。在翻译实践中，若“忠实”和“通顺”二者不可兼得的情况下首先要考虑前者，即忠实、准确、规范地传达原作的意思，因为科学的灵魂是“真”，科技翻译的灵魂是“准确”。在医学文献翻译中，一字之差就可能断送病人性命;在工程技术翻译中，一个数据之误可能导致重大的技术事故。因此，“忠实”是科技翻译的根本和前提，而“通顺”是实施科技翻译达到完美的一种手段和途径。[7]
3得体性翻译原则在生物医学英语翻译中的具体运用
要实现生物医学英语翻译的篇章译文得体，就必须在词、词组、句子、段落等各语言平面上对译入语可能有的几个同义而结构不尽相同的语言形式精心选择，选择除了涉及语言结构因素(如词性、词语搭配、上下文)之外，还与文体有关。选择的目的是使译文得体，得语言和文体之体。以下通过辨析不同译文以具体说明如何实现生物医学英语各语言平面翻译的得体。
3.1词的得体
3.1.1表达规范
《现代汉语》指出:科技语体讲究论证的逻辑性，要求语言规范。[8]例1Electroporationisusedtomakesmall，temporaryholesinthemembranesoDNAcanpassin.译1:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成小的獉獉、暂时的孔洞獉獉獉獉獉从而使DNA通过。译2:电穿孔用来在细胞膜上形成瞬时微獉獉獉孔獉从而使DNA通过。例2Thesefindingssuggestthatoralim-munemodulationmayrepresentanattractivether-apeuticapproachtoatherosclerosis.译1:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种诱人的獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新 方法 。译2:这些结果表明口服免疫调节剂代表了一种引人注目的獉獉獉獉獉治疗动脉粥样硬化的新方法。以上两例中的“小的、暂时的孔洞”以及“诱人的”用语不正式，且读来疲软。而译2中的“瞬时微孔”及“引人注目的”用语平稳、凝重、冷穆，符合科技英语的特征。
3.1.2用词准确
例3PolymeraseChainReaction(PCR)isamolecularbiologicalmethodforamplifyingDNAwithoutusingalivingorganism，suchasE.colioryeast.译1:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩大獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译2:聚合酶链式反应是一种无需在活体(如大肠杆菌或酵母)内扩增獉獉DNA的分子生物学方法。译文1把amplify译成“扩大”，但根据生物学知识判断，这里的amplify是“creatingmultiplecopies(产生多个克隆)”的意思，所以译成“扩增”更准确。
3.2词组得体
3.2.1精炼、符合汉语表达习惯
例4Theabilityofmonoclonalantibody(mAb)tospecificallylocalizeintumortissuesinvivooffersanattractivetherapeuticapproachforcancertherapy.However，treatmentwithmAba-lonehasonlyachievedverylimitedsuccessintheclinic.译1:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上取得了非常有限的成功獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:体外实验中单克隆抗体(mAb)特异定位于肿瘤组织的能力为癌症治疗提供了一种引人注目的治疗方法。然而单独使用mAb治疗在临床上收效甚微獉獉獉獉。例5Asimmunologybecomesbettercharac-terized，immunomodulatorhasprovenasoneofthemostprevalentareasinthedevelopmentofnewpharmaceuticals.译1:随着免疫学变得更富特征獉獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个最流行的领域獉獉獉獉獉獉。译2:随着免疫学的进一步发展獉獉獉獉獉，免疫调节剂已成为药学研究中的一个 热点 獉獉。以上两例中译2优于译1之处在于:译2表达正式规范有力，且更符合汉语习惯。由于英汉词组的构成和功能差异较大，所以总的要求是在“信”的前提下，既要充分表达原意，又要符合译入语语言形式上和修辞的和谐。科技英语中存在大量惯用和非惯用的四字词组，如asshowninfigure(如图所示)，withoutlossoftime(不失时机)，convertwastesintousefulmaterials(废物利用)等。合理使用这些四字词组，能起到精确紧凑，简洁明晰的效果，为译文增色不少。
3.2.2专业规范
例6Thespleenmayaddbloodtothegen-eralcirculationtomakeupforwhathasbeenlostinthebody.译1:脾脏能给总循环獉獉獉增加血液，以补偿獉獉獉身体的损失獉獉獉獉獉。译2:脾脏能给周身循环獉獉獉獉增加血液，以补獉獉偿身体所失去的血獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉。在医学中，“总循环”不如“周身循环”专业规范，而且“补偿身体的损失”过于笼统，所指不明。所以译2更得体。
3.3句子得体
句子是语言平面中上下运转的轴心，也是翻译过程的主要着力点。句子同义手段的选择应该做到对应题旨要求，适应行文递接，切合语体特点以及依从声韵协调。[9]具体到生物医学英语的句子翻译，应该做到:
3.3.1体现信息中心
每一句话、每一句群和每一语段都有一个最核心最关键的内容或意旨需要得到强调突出，以利于接受主体准确地把握其语意焦点，了解其着意传输的信息，此语意焦点成为信息中心。[9]应尽量把原语的信息中心译成汉语的信息中心，使两者相对应。例7Nucleicacid，originallyisolatedbyJohannMiescherin1871，wasidentifiedasaprimeconstituentofchromosomesthroughtheuseofthered-stainingmethoddevelopedbyFeulgenintheearly1900s.译1:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并被证实为是染色体组最基本的组成，这是由Feulgen在20世纪初通过使用红染色方法证实的。译2:核酸最初是由JohannMiescher在1871年分离成功，并在20世纪初由Feulgen通过使用红染色方法证实为染色体组最基本的组成。译1采取直译的方法，虽然把原文的意思表述清楚了，但是把信息中心置于句中，未予突出。而原文中的isolated和identified为本句的信息中心，译成“分离”和“证实”。译2通过语序颠倒使信息中心突出，自然流畅，符合汉语表达习惯。英汉表达方式不同，许多汉语句子往往把信息中心置于句尾，来突出重点;而多数英语句子则经常将信息中心置于句首，以突出主题。这就形成了“信息中心首位”(beginningfocus)，其他信息后置的句式结构。汉译英时要注意把英语句法结构的这个规律运用到翻译中去。而出于汉语表达的需要，译者要反复推敲，甚至可以跳出原文的框框，合理使用翻译技巧，对原文句子成分、结构形式进行必要的调整，按照汉语的习惯组织译文。
3.3.2体现逻辑关系
例8Lamivudine(Epivir-HBV)isapotentantiviralagentwithminimalimmunemodulatorca-pacity.译1:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，有獉着最低獉獉獉的免疫调节能力。译2:拉米夫定是有效的抗病毒药物，却獉很少有獉獉獉免疫调节能力。译1中没有反映前后两句内含的转折关系，读来有句子堆砌之感，而译2通过“却”一词使语段内含的转折关系得以彰显。
3.4语段得体
语段是比句子高一级的语法单位，通常是由两个或两个以上的句子构成的语义整体。衔接是语段的重要特征，衔接的优劣，关系到话语题旨或信息是否被接受者理解和接受[10]，译文若不能正确反映原文中的衔接关系，就反映不出生物医学英语的逻辑性和条理性。例9ThebiosynthesisofRNA，calledtran-scription，proceedsinmuchthesamefashionasthereplicationofDNAandalsofollowsthebasepairingprinciple.(5)Again，asectionofDNAdoublehelixisuncoiledandonlyoneoftheDNAstrandsservesasatemplateforRNApolymeraseenzymetoguidethesynthesisofRNA.(6)Afterthesynthesisiscomplete，theRNAseparatesfromtheDNAandtheDNArecoilsintoitshelix.译1:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，以獉和獉DNA复制的相同的模式进行獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基 配对 原理。DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，只有一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，DNA再次形成双螺旋结构。译2:RNA的生物合成，也称为转录，和獉DNA复制的模式大致相同獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉獉，同样也遵循碱基配对原理。同上所述獉獉獉獉，首先獉獉，DNA双螺旋的一段解螺旋，其中一条链作为RNA聚合酶引导RNA合成的模板。在合成完成后，RNA从DNA上分离，同时獉獉，DNA重新形成双螺旋结构。译2通过许多连接词(如同上所述、首先、同时)清晰流畅地讲述了DNA转录的过程，较之译1更富有条理性和整体感。
4结束语
生物医学英语翻译与文学翻译在语言的运用上，在修辞手段的选择上，是有区别的。文学作品个人风格明显，感情色彩较强，翻译时多注重形象思维，讲究语言上的形象和表达上的生动;而生物医学英语个人风格较少，感情色彩罕见，翻译上注重 逻辑思维 ，讲究语言上的规范和表达上的准确，在选择译文语言时，译者的游刃余地是不大的。得体是语用的最高原则，但在不同文体中侧重不同，生物医学英语翻译的得体性表现为忠实于源语的内容和风格，同时符合汉语的表达习惯。同时生物医学英语翻译也同 其它 文体的翻译一样，是一种既具艺术性，又具创造性的艰苦的脑力劳动。它要求创造性地运用中外文两种语言知识和专业知识。而要达到这一点，只能靠大量的实践和不断的探索，别无捷径可走。
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当英语论文，或其他重要的英文文书的初稿撰写完成后，在提交给相关读者阅读之前，必须要经过润色才比较保险。找北京译顶科技，性价比高，我就是在那边做的。你可以加速去知道了解下
翻译是一门语言的艺术，下文是我为大家整理的关于2017英语翻译论文 范文 的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考! 2017英语翻译论文范文篇1 学翻译中意境的传递 关键词：意境 传递 模糊 语言 摘 要：意境是中国传统美学的核心范畴，具有情景交融、虚实相生的特点，使读者浮想联翩，如临其境，感同身受。意境的传递受到多种因素的影响，如译者的审美能力和 文学再创造能力、语言差异和 文化 差异。意境的核心内容是模糊美，译者需要巧妙运用模糊语言来传递原文的意境。 一、引 言 意境是中国传统美学的核心范畴，凝结了中国人的 哲学 智慧和 艺术 经验 。道家的本无之论和佛禅的空观是意境诞生的哲学前提，意境的提出受到了佛、道、禅的影响，美学正是在与宗教、哲学的区别中找到了自己的独特规定。(刘成纪，2006：87，92)根据《辞海》(1999年版)的解释，意境是文学作品中所描绘的客观图景与所表现的思想感情融合一致而形成的一种艺术境界。具有虚实相生、意与境谐、深邃幽远的审美特征，能使读者产生想象和联想，如入其境，在思想感情上受到感染。中国的古典文论独标境界，以意境之高下来衡量作品的艺术价值。优秀的文学艺术往往能使情与景、意与境相交融，塑造鲜明生动的艺术形象，产生强烈的感染力。 茅盾曾为文学翻译下过一个定义：“文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发，感动和美的感受。”(茅盾，1984：10)不少人认为文学翻译是以意境的传达和再现作为自己的最高目标。意境的营造已属不易，而要在翻译中用一种语言再现另一种语言所烘托的意境就更是难上加难。“意境由意象群组合而成，它浑融诸意象，而超越于意象之和。”(吴战垒，1991：41)刘禹锡曾说：“义得而言丧，故微而难能;境生于象外，故精而寡合。”这说明“意境产生于意象又超越于意象，可意会而不可言传”(龚光明，2004：38)。翻译时译者要如何处理这种不可言传性，在译文里再现原文的意境，对自身无疑是一种高难度的挑战。其实，意境再现是一种翻译的理想境界，有时很难实现，毕竟不同国家和不同民族在语言、文化和思维等方面存在许多差异。不过，译者可通过自身的努力，用另一种语言来传递原作的意境。 二、影响意境传递的主要因素 意境的传递受到许多因素的影响。既然是翻译，就一定会涉及原文和译文、译者和读者。意境属于美学范畴。“翻译美学的研究对象是翻译中的审美客体(原文、译文)，翻译中的审美主体(译者、读者)，翻译中的审美活动，翻译中的审美判断，审美欣赏，审美标准以及翻译过程中富有创造性的审美再现等等。”(毛荣贵，2005：7)意境的再现或传递要求译者在翻译时“不仅要达意，还要传情，要引起读者身临其境的审美冲动”(陆洋，2005：50)。译者的审美能力和文学再创造能力是影响意境传递的主观因素，而语言差异和文化差异则是影响意境传递的客观因素。 1.译者的审美能力和文学再创造能力 译者的审美能力决定了译作的美感层次。译者从事翻译活动时是“由多种 心理要素及其功能关系组合而成，这些心理要素通力合作，才能保证译者审美经验(美感)的最终实现”(屠国元、袁圆，2006：25)。文学翻译的艺术性强调了译者对原作的思想内容与艺术风格的审美把握，要求译者以再现原作的艺术美为旨归。因此文学翻译的过程可以简单表述为“感受美—体验美—理解美—表达美”。译者要再现或传递原文的意境，自己就必须能够感知原文的意境美、体验并理解这种美，然后在译文中再现或传递原文的意境。 “意境的创造要求达到物我水乳交融，即意与境浑，心与物共。”(孙迎春，2002：87)作者是意境的创造者，他的主观心灵与客观事物相融合而产生某种意境。译者首先是原文的读者，需要细心品味文中之境，让自己如身临其境般去体验作者的审美情感，之后通过再创造将原文的意境传达给译文的读者。文学作品通常蕴涵丰富的思想内容和艺术技巧，因此译者要具备一定的文化修养和人生经历才能比较全面深刻地理解原作的意境，才能将译文读者带到原文的意境美中去。 郭沫若曾说：“翻译是一种创造性的 工作，好的翻译等于创作，甚至还可能超过创作。这不是一件平庸的工作，有时候翻译比创作还要困难。”(郭沫若，1984：22)翻译的创造性性质属于二度创造，也就是再创造。译者需要深入了解原文作者艺术创造的过程，把握原作的精神，然后用适当的语言在译文里再现或传达原作的内容、风格和意境等。文学再创造不是词对词、句对句的转换，译者为了再现或传递原作的意境，不应拘泥于原文的形式框架。“译者的创造不是指语义内容层面上的变化，而是指艺术心理的发挥。”(姜秋霞，2000：260)译者首先要感知原作的意境，再通过审美心理要素的作用，使心物交融，获取审美意象，然后用另一种语言再造象外之意的意境。 2.语言差异和文化差异 翻译需要进行语言文化的对比研究，认识差异并寻求穿越差异的 方法 。就汉语和 英语 而言，两者属于不同的语言体系，这就注定它们之间的翻译不能完全对等。比如中 英文 诗歌的互译就常常遇到难题，因为汉语的平仄和英语的十二音节诗句的韵律效果是不同的。汉语是一种意境语言，“只要排列出奇，组合得当，三言两语就能出景、出情，情景交融”(毛荣贵，2005：220)。而英语则注重逻辑分析，少了“虚”和“意”，更多的是“实”和“境”。例如：余冬日往视，但见衰柳寒烟，一水茫茫而已。此汉语 句子 里有“意”——衰、寒、茫茫，有“境”——冬日、柳、烟、水，可以说是情景交融，让人充满联想和感触。试比较林语堂的英译：I went there, however, on a winter day and saw only a stretch of cold water against some sparse willow trees and a frosty sky. 虽说林译切合原文，也传达了原文的情与景，但由于英语没有汉语那么多产生朦胧美的词，使得译者无法完全再现和传递中文原句特有的意境。 文学翻译并不是发生在真空中，当两种语言发生碰撞时，它们是在两种文化传统的背景下进行的。由于不同的文化会有不同的表达特色，所以每一种文化都存在于与另一种文化相互作用的 环境中。(王宁，2006：46，48)中国文学作品，特别是中国古典诗词，常常具有一词多义、象征性、审美意象和隐喻等特征，字里行间别有一番韵味和意境。要 体会和理解其中的深意，需要读者具备一定的 中国 文化修养和 文学功底，因此，译者要向另一种文化背景的读者传递原文的意境的确是不易。“文化具有一贯性、持久性，渗透于 社会生活的各个方面。 语言是文化的载体，具有深刻的文化内涵，因此不同的文化中很难找到意义完全对等的词语。”(廖七一，2002：276)例如，唐朝诗人孟郊的《古离别》：“欲去牵郎衣，郎今去何处?不恨归来迟，莫向临邛去!”许渊冲的英译是：I hold your robe lest you should go /Where are you going, dear, today? / Your late return brings me less woe / Than your heart b Eing stolen away.文中的临邛不仅指地名，更是一种文化意象，出自司马相如与卓文君的 故事 。“莫向临邛去”意思是不要效仿司马相如另寻新欢。由于临邛所承载的文化意象对英译本读者来说比较陌生，无法用简练的诗歌语言翻译出来，所以许渊冲不得不进行再创造，把原文隐含的意境直接用 英语 表达出来。 三、模糊语言与意境的传递 语言模糊性是语言自身的特点之一，具有较高的审美价值。语言文字构成文学作品，作家用语言文字来传达文学形象。“文学审美中的非物质形态即意象、情感、意境、风格等这些非表象要素代表文学作品的气质，虽然可感，但又因难以捉摸、不可计量而模糊。”(毛荣贵，2005：230)文学语言的模糊化是作家对语言做 艺术 处理的结果。美学意义上的所谓“模糊语言”，是指语词具有朦胧而又广远的语义外延。从一定意义上说，就是不穷自己所欲言，不“嚼饭与人”，不无视或低估受众的能动;而是让读者独立思考，让读者驰骋想象，让读者享受咀嚼。(毛荣贵、范武邱，2005：11)模糊语言调动了审美主体，扩大了审美客体，从而扩大艺术空间，增加阅读美感。意境理论最核心的内容就是模糊美，或者说含蓄美、朦胧美。 意境是中国古代文论的核心范畴，它的产生和流传是中国影响外国，有着中国的特色。汉民族善于由具体到抽象的联想综合，在文字表达中强调整体的表达，主张藏而不露，欣赏似是而非、只可意会的意境。汉语表达注重整体感应，是一种意境性语言，讲究意合意会，不注重分析和逻辑;而英语则讲逻辑、重分析、求形合，欣赏客观描述，漠视整体感应。汉英翻译的憾事之一就是眼睁睁地看着汉语模糊美感的磨蚀。由此可见，在文学翻译中要完全再现原文的意境是多么困难，在很多情况下只能力求传达或传递原文的意境。 四、结语 中国传统美学崇尚意境美，追求实境与虚境的和谐统一。作者通过形象化的艺术描写手法，将读者引入一个充满想象的艺术境界。意境的基本特点是情景交融，虚实相生，具有较强的审美冲击力，使读者如临其境，感同身受。意境产生于意象又超越于意象，具有可意会而不可言传性，文学翻译中意境的传递受到多种因素的影响，因此要再现原文的意境十分困难。为了更好地向译文读者传递原文的意境，译者必须提高自身的审美能力和文学再创造能力，把握两种语言的语言差异和文化差异，巧妙运用模糊语言来传递意境，体现出意境的核心内容——模糊美，即含蓄美、朦胧美。 参考 文献 ： [1] 龚光明.翻译思维学[M].上海：上海社会 科学 院出版社，2004. [2] 郭沫若. 论文 学翻译 工作[A].翻译研究论文集(1949-1983)[C].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1984. [3] 姜秋霞.佳境生象外——文学翻译的美学随想[A].翻译思考录[C].武汉：湖北 教育 出版社，2000. [4] 廖七一.当代西方翻译理论探索[M].南京：译林出版社，2002. [5] 刘成纪.重谈中国美学意境之诞生[J].求是学刊，2006：(5). [6] 陆洋.论“美译”——林语堂翻译研究[J].中国翻译，2005：(5). 2017英语翻译论文范文篇2 论文学翻译中的再创造 摘要 翻译是一门语言的艺术，文学翻译更是如此，与其他文本类型相比较，文学翻译具有其独特的创造性。本文探讨了文学翻译再创造的必然性以及译者在对文学作品进行再创造时要考虑的四个层面：历史层面、宗教层面、文化层面和语言结构层面。 关键词：文学翻译 再创造 层面 中国的翻译可谓源远流长，有两千多年的历史传统。随着翻译这一门学科的不断发展，人们对翻译理论的探讨也不断深化。各种翻译理论层出不穷，释道安的“五失本”，玄奖的“喻俗”，严复的“信达雅”，到鲁迅提出的“宁信而不顺”，傅雷的“神似”，钱钟书的“化镜”，再到我们现在通用的“忠实、通顺”等等，都对翻译作过精辟的论述。但文学翻译却有别于其他文本的翻译，具有其独特性。它是一种跨文化的语言艺术，要求把一种语言所表达的思想内容和风格特色用另外一种语言准确地重新表达出来。译者在翻译的过程会受制于诸如历史、文化等外部因素，使得翻译活动与前人所提出的“忠实”背道而驰。“忠实”的翻译原则似乎不能给文学翻译以有效的指导，在文学翻译中究竟要采取什么样的翻译策略，如何跨越不同文化之间的鸿沟去理解与再现他国的文学作品，这些都是文学翻译面临的挑战。 一 文学翻译再创造的必然性 译者是原文和译文之间的“媒人”，原文经过译者的加工而转换成译文。从翻译活动的开始到翻译活动的结束，原文是译文的出发点，离开了原文，翻译便无从谈起;而译文却是原文的归宿，翻译活动的最终目的是把原文转换成译语读者能读懂的信息。当一种语言环境下产生的作品被移植到另一语言环境中时，译者要让译文在译入语环境中产生与原文最为相似的效果，在这一过程中，译者的重要性不言而喻。中国传统翻译理论强调“忠实”而忽视“创造”。在过去如果有人提出翻译的创造性，就往往会被指责为误译、滥译、胡译。这实际上是曲解了创造性的真正含义，错误地把创造性当作了任意性，不能把握译者在翻译过程中主观能动性的“度”。 “过度”的创造确实会歪曲原作的内容，破坏原作的意境，但是“适度”的创造在表达原作方面起着积极的作用。好的文学作品的翻译离不开译者的再创造，忠实只是再创造的基础，但忠实的译文并不等于好的译文，太过“忠实”的译文不能满足译入语读者的期待，这好比是给译者套上了沉重的枷锁，禁锢了译者的思想，忽略了译者的主观能动性，在难译和不可译的地方，只能采取“死译”，因而与翻译的初衷背道而驰。再者，文学翻译除了要传递原文的意义外，还要涉及到复杂的审美活动。文学作品包含了作者的思想感情，是情与景交融的产物，译者在理解原文的过程中也会不可避免地受到价值评判标准、文化修养、生活阅历及审美情趣等因素的影响。因此，“再创造”这种主观的能动参与是无法避免的。 茅盾先生说过文学翻译是用另一种语言把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受。在文学翻译的过程中，只有根据实际情况酌情对原文进行再创造，才有可能译出好的译文。当有人把“The man is the blacksheep of family.”译成“那人是家里的黑羊”时，确实让人啼笑皆非了一把。这就是典型的“忠实”的翻译。译文确实以最大程度呈现出了原文的字面意思，但是译得很失败。译者完全陷入了所谓的“忠实”翻译，译得一字不差，但却译得不知所云。如果对原文进行创造性翻译，考虑到喻体在中国人心中的形象，将blacksheep译成“害群之马”，问题便迎刃而解。还有些译文不是对与错的关系，而是合适与不合适的关系了。 培根在《论读书》中的第一句话可谓是众所周知了，“Sdudies serve for delight,for ornament and,for ability”。如果根椐字面意思译为“读书可以让人们感觉很愉快，可以增添光彩也能增长才干”，确实让人大跌眼镜，原文的美感全无，原文的排比结构也无从体现。故王佐良先生在理解的基础上对原文进行了再创造，将其译为“读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才”，成为了精典译作。由此可见，文学翻译确实有其自身的特点，需要艺术性地进行再创造。 二 文学翻译再创造的层面 1 历史层面 不同的国家和民族都经历过其自身的历史演变，而作为历史文化载体的语言在这一过程中发挥着重要的作用。民族历史的差异造成了语言的差异，这种差异在文学作品中有不同的表达方式。因此，在翻译过程中，必须顾及到不同文化在历史中的积淀、 思维方式 及表达情感的方式等不同民族的习惯。毛泽东的《七律?送瘟神》里面有一句：“春风杨柳万千条，六亿神州尽尧舜。”有人译为： “Spring winds move willow wands,in tens of million:Six hundred million we shall all be Yao Shun.” 这是不合适的译文，汉语诗句中的意思不难理解，“神州”指的就是中国，“舜尧”则是中国古代两位最英明的帝王，这里引申为圣贤之人，这是译入语读者不知晓的信息，显然不能直接音译。只能进行再创造： “Spring winds move willow wands,in tens of million:Six hundred million we shall all be Sage-Kings.” 这样一来，译文中的“Sage-Kings(贤明之主)”更忠实于原文。《红楼梦》第三回有一段文字用来描写林黛玉的“稀世”之美： “两弯似蹙非蹙蹙烟眉，一双似喜非喜含露目。态生两靥之愁，娇袭一身之病。泪光点点，娇喘微微。闲静时如娇花照水，行动处似弱柳扶风。心较比干多一窍，病如西子胜三分。” 霍克斯(David Hawks)译为： She had more chambers in her heart than the martyred Bi Gan;and suffered a tithe more pain in it than the beautiful Xi Shi.(David Hawks,1973) 国外的读者理解不了上面的表达，因为比干、西施是中国历史上著名的人物，前者代表着智慧和忠诚，后者代表着绝世的美艳。此处如果不采取加注的方式对原文进行再创造，译文的失败在所难免。 2 宗教层面 宗教在文明社会的形成和发展中起着重要的作用，是人类文化的重要组成部分，它指的是由民族的宗教信仰、意识形态等所形成的文化。中国的三大宗教在中国民众心中有深远的影响。而在西方人心目中，耶稣的位置不可替代，____贯穿了社会生活的各个领域，成为西方文化的主体特征之一。由此演变出很多与宗教相关的词汇，它们承载着特殊的涵义。在宗教文化的影响下，有些词语的长期使用，其含义已远远地超出了原来宗教词语的含义，随着词语使用环境的不同，其含义也有所不同，如果不进行再创造，往往不能传达这些词的全部含义，造成文本的信息丢失。在《红楼梦》的第六回，刘姥姥说：“谋事在人，成事在天。” 英国翻译家大卫?霍克斯(David Hawkes)将这句话译为“Man proposes,God disposes”。他用英语 谚语 来对译汉语 成语 ，似乎是神形兼备。“天”译为God”。而“God”的意思是____中的上帝，原句中的“天”却是一个道教概念。这使得东方道教和西方基督____的文化差异和宗教渊源无从体现。西方读者会以为《红楼梦》里的人物信奉着基督____样作品的原汁原味就丧失了。翻译家杨宪益先生将这句话译为：“Man proposes，Heaven dosposes.”他将“天”直译为“Heaven”，保存了原文中的道教色彩，使原作的文化特色得以再现。 3 文化层面 文化是指人类社会历史实践过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和。不同的国家、不同的民族都有自己的文化，这些文化特征又在不同程度上体现在一个民族的文学作品中。在翻译的过程中灵活地采取不同的翻译方法来排除文化差异，以达到文化再现的目的。由于不同民族的文化背景各不相同，致使相同的表达在不同语言文化中所传递的内涵也大不一样。英汉语分属两个截然不同的语系，受语言和文化的特殊性的影响，不同的国家赋予词汇的意义也各不相同，在翻译时若一味“对号人座”、望文生义，不仅令人费解，而且也不能准确地表达原文真正的涵义，因此只能采用意译法恰当地进行翻译，以再现原文的神韵和意境。这方面的例子不胜枚举。例如：“Bush eats no fish and plays the game”，如果把它译成“布什不吃鱼还玩游戏”则让人莫名其妙。 查阅相关资料，了解到在伊丽莎白女王时代，教徒们为了表示绝对的忠诚，反对罗马天主教在星期五只吃鱼的习俗，所以有了“不吃鱼”这个说法，此处我们把“不吃鱼”创造性地译为“忠诚”;而“play the game”义同“play fair”，大体上是指公平地比赛，根据具体的语境在此处译为为人正直。所以上面的句子若能译为“布什既忠诚又正直”则更为达意。此外，中西文化中的“龙”也是很好的例证。在中国文化中，“龙”象征“权力、地位”，古代的皇帝都坐喜欢坐在龙椅上大概就是这个原因了;而在西方文化中，“龙”却是邪恶的象征，是一种不讨人喜欢的喷火的动物。因此，在翻译时就要准确地把握该词所在的语境。 4 语言结构层面 英语和汉语是两种不同的语言，属于不同的语系。英语隶属于印欧语系，而汉语则是汉藏语系;英语采用26个字母为其语言的表达符号，而汉语则在象形文字的基础上传情达意;汉语是螺旋式思维，而英语是直线式思维;英语重形合，而汉语重意合。这些差异使得译者在翻译过程中必须得斟词酌句、深思熟虑。如果把“The coat is nice and cheap”译为“这件外套漂亮和便宜”就失去汉语的意味了，因为原句中“nice”和“cheap”的搭配可谓是相得益彰，符合以英语为母语的读者们的审美观，但在翻译的过程中忽略了汉语语言的特点，失去了原文的“美”，若能此处译为“这件外套物美价廉”，则带给中国读者完全不同的感觉。译文充分考虑到了汉语语言结构特点，采用四个字的成语表达，符合中国人的思维，最自然最贴切地再现了原文。在英译汉的过程中，有些时候还要转换词语的词性，译文若采取与原文同样的词性，可能会造成“只可意会，不可言传”或是译文晦涩难懂的局面。如：“Independent observers have commented favourably on the achievements you have made in this direction.”翻译成了“有独立见解的观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了很好的评价。”译文把句中的动词“commented”译为了名词“评价”，而原句中修饰动词的副词“favourably”也相应地转译成汉语的形容词。 三 结语 文学翻译是一门艺术，而创造是表现这门艺术的唯一途径。翻译比写作更难，这是因为作家可根据自己的经验随意进行发挥、自由创作，而译者的翻译受原作内容与艺术意境的制约，可供译者驰骋的空间只有方寸之地。即使对那些“文化空白性”事物的翻译也不是任意的，既要使原文的艺术意境能顺利地“化出”，又要能为本族语的读者所接受，除了进行恰当的“创造”与“叛逆”，译者恐怕也别无他法。所谓百分之百的忠实只能是一种错觉。译者在翻译中必须借助自身的文化修养和经验水平，在“忠实”和“再创造”之间找到一个平衡点;只有这样，才能翻译出优秀的作品。 参考文献： [1] 中国翻译工作者协会翻译通讯编辑部：《翻译研究论文集》，外语教学与研究出版社，1984年版。 [2] 常敬宇：《汉语词汇与文化》，北京大学出版社，1998年版。 [3] 臧克家讲解，周振甫注：《毛主席诗词十八首讲解》，中国青年出版社，1957年版。 [4] 谭晓鸣：《文化差异与文学翻译障碍》，《科技信息》，2008年第28期。 [5] 黄顺红：《文学翻译中的文化差异与信息求真》，《焦作大学学报》，2008年第1期。 [6] 孟健、王春：《比较之中出鉴别――文学翻译中风格的传达》，《湖南医科大学学报》，2009年第1期。