发布时间：
英语词汇学论文解决时间:2009-1-322:55我们学期末的论文,是有关词汇学的,就像什么近反义词区分啊,或者一个词在不同领域的不同应英语词汇学论文：
初中英语词汇教学存在的问题及对策论文
一、初中英语词汇教学存在的问题
1.教师没有意识到词汇教学的重要性
初中英语教学的主要目的是为了丰富学生的英语词汇量，但一部分英语教师并没有意识到英语词汇的重要性，以及其为学生今后学习所带来的深远影响，只知道一味地要求学生阅读理解英语短文，锻炼学生听、说、读、写的能力。这种不正确的教学方式，容易使学生失去英语学习的信心。其实，英语单词和应用语境不同于汉语，每一个单词均有不同的汉语意义。因此，在英语词汇教学中，教师应为学生详细地讲解单词的各种意义，并要求学生对单词进行延伸理解。对于意义较复杂的单词，教师应结合课本内容，进行等级划分，为不同层次的学生安排学习任务，减轻学生的学习负担。如“put”作动词时，有“放、表达、给予”的含义，延伸含义为“重视、信任”，教师可以讲解其基本含义和延伸含义，并引入“putforward”等相关词组，如“Someoneputitinabagandtookitaway.”的例句，从而拓展学生的知识面，加深学生对“put”一词的理解。
2.单一的教学方式
在刚学习英语词汇时，大多数初中生都缺乏学习兴趣，教师不但没有为学生创建相关的教学环境，反而枯燥地讲解课本上的单词，带领学生进行听力和阅读练习。这让学生很反感这种单一的教学方式，再加上陌生的英语词汇，学生难免会出现厌学情绪。因此，在讲解词汇时，教师应该为学生推荐单词速记法，或与学生分享记忆单词的妙招，对于长单词，可以为学生讲解单词的组成，方便学生记忆。如“pest”一词的基本译意是害虫，英语发音为[pest]，汉语发音可为“拍死他”，可意会为“人们面对有害的东西都想拍死他”。这样诙谐幽默的解释，有助于学生快速记住单词的意思和发音，值得教师学习。
二、初中英语词汇教学的对策
1.借助教学道具
初中生的好奇心强，教师可以利用教具，活跃课堂氛围，激发学生的学习兴趣。只要教师能掌握激发学生学习动力的方法，就能培养学生良好的学习态度，促使学生全身心地投入到英语学习中。
2.寻找相近单词
英语词汇成千上万，难免会有字母组合相似、发音相同的单词。教师可以充分利用学生对相似物的'兴趣，总结归纳英语单词，统一讲解有联系的单词，或者由单词组成的若干词组。如在教学“ally”时，教师可以延伸出更多形近的单词，如“ally、rally、allay、alley、alloy”等，供学生学习；在教学“some，one”这两个单词时，教师可以把它们组合起来，讲授“someone”的意义。
3.结合语境学习词汇
语境不仅指课本阅读文章的环境，更能反映当今社会发展的情况。词汇只有融入不同的语境，才能富有含义，所以教师应把语境理论与词汇学习结合起来，这有利于强化学生对词汇的记忆。此外，教师还要引导学生理解每个词汇蕴含的情感色彩，以便在不同场合灵活运用，使学生更好地掌握英语词汇，并培养学生的交际能力。如在教学“care”一词时，笔者延伸了单词的含义，并以与care有关的短语举例，让学生在不同的语境中理解care的用法。如“Youmusttakecareofyourselftheyneedasmuchcareasbabiesdo.”等句子。
三、结束语
英语词汇的重要性不容忽视，教师必须谨记自己的教学任务，充分利用专业知识，为学生展示更多的英语词句，创建恰当的教学情境，提高学生学习的动力。笔者相信，教师改变教学方法后，一定能提高初中英语词汇教学的质量，让更多学生爱上英语。
太多啦，最简单的就是英汉词汇对比啊，同一个词或同一类词在英语和汉语中的意思是有区别的，比如数词，颜色词，动物词，等等；也可以写词汇教学，比如中小学如何教授词汇的方法；比较难的是词汇构成，那个比较抽象。
小学英语词汇教学核心素养研究论文
摘要： 当今英语越来越受大家重视，对于英语教学对学生以及教师也有更高的要求。不仅仅要求学生对英语单词记忆理解，能够根据自然拼读的规则正确读出单词，还要培养学生的核心素养，培养学生的英语语言能力、思维能力等。在英语学习中的基础是英语词汇的记忆，自然拼读是一种重要的方法，有助于学生单词的记忆，从而培养学生学习英语的兴趣，促进小学英语的教学质量。本文对核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学的展开具体策略及意义进行了详细的阐述。
关键词： 核心素养；自然拼读；小学；英语词汇教学
自然拼读法是根据学生比较熟悉的汉语拼音的规律演化而成的，在不借助国际音标的条件下，学生根据单词的字母的组合就能准确读出单词，然后再进行拼写。是总结了26个字母的发音规律，学生熟悉掌握后看到单词就能够会读，听到单词就会快速准确地拼写出来。能够帮助学生学习英语单词的记忆和学生读单词时的发音，培养学生的核心素养。自然拼读法现在越来受广大师生的欢迎，能够帮助学生快速准确的记忆单词，提高学生自主学习的能力，帮助学生培养英语的听、说、读、写能力，提高学生的学习效率。并且还丰富了教师的教学方法，提高小学英语的教学质量，推动英语教育的发展，从而号召核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展。
一、核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展意义
(一)发挥汉语拼音的正迁移作用。由于各国的语言具有互通性，汉语拼音与英语的发音有很多相似的地方，可以根据汉语拼音来帮助学生对英语单词进行朗读记忆。对于小学生来说，在入学开始就进行汉语拼音的练习，能够让其熟悉掌握，在此基础上能够帮助学生记忆单词，在巩固汉语拼音的同时，还培养了学生的核心素养中的语言学习掌握的技巧。
(二)避免学习国际音标带来的干扰。虽然国际音标也有助于学生学习英语，但是国际音标必须要掌握48个音标，记忆量较大，对于小学生来说难度比较大，给学生带来负担。除此之外，它与学生已经掌握的知识联系不大，学习起来会花费学生大量时间。但是掌握自然拼读法就可以结合学生熟悉的知识，避免学习国际音标带来的干扰，减轻学生的负担。
(三)提高学生记忆单词的效率。核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的展开，改变了学生以往死记硬背的学习方法，使学生能够灵活的记忆英语词汇，锻炼学生英语的听、说、读、写能力，培养学生核心素养中的语言表达能力、学生的学习能力等。核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的展开有助于将学生词汇的读与写相结合、阅读与记忆相结合，从而提高小学英语的教学质量。
二、核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中开展的具体策略
(一)音形对应教学原理。英语教师在课上向学生传授自然拼读法时，首先要求学生结合汉语拼音的知识将44个因素之间的组合发音的一些规律以及规则都掌握，然后让学生结合简单的单词进行训练，开始能够读出单词，逐渐延展教学，帮助学生进行阅读理解。但是，在教学中教师应该注意适当的方法，根据小学生本身的特点可核心素养下自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展张飞乐(陕西省西安市雁塔区翠华路小学曲江分校710061)以适当的采取一些趣味教学方法。例如，教师可以设置适当的、符合教学内容的情境教学，让学生进行英语对话，教师再仔细观察学生的理解能力。学生因为感兴趣而能够积极踊跃的参加到教学中，并且在轻松愉快的过程中了解并掌握词汇，还培养学生的核心素养中的语言表达能力、沟通能力、逻辑思维等能力，提高学生学习英语的信心，促进英语教学的有效开展。
(二)趣味性教学方法。兴趣是学习一切的动力，教师在教学中采取趣味性教学的方法，让学生积极踊跃的投身到自然拼读法的学习中去，在轻松愉悦中学习，能够达到事半功倍的效果。根据小学生贪玩的特点，教师可以将自然拼读法融入到学习中。教师可以采用动作记忆的'方法、唱儿歌的方法、配图讲故事等方法。例如，在学习“a”的发音时，教师可以带领学生一起做动作，夸张动作，张大嘴发出“a、a、a”等声音，让学生感兴趣，积极参加练习。又如，教师在教小学英语“What’syourname?”一课时，教师可以利用多媒体为学生播放歌曲《Hello》，活跃课堂的学习氛围，利用轻松越快的歌曲可以消除学生学习自然拼读法的枯燥，集中学生的记忆力，在这种氛围下，教师再引导学生用自然拼读法去学习课文，记忆课文中的词汇，提高学生的学习能力，从而提高小学英语的教学效率。
(三)通过音形的理解展开拼读、拼写教学。自然拼读法是根据小学生已经熟悉掌握的汉语拼音演化形成的，所以教师在教学中也可以利用这一特点，通过开展拼读、拼写教学，将单词字母、读音相结合进行教学。学生在学习过程中要学会举一反三，通过一个拼读法能够根据规律来学习其他词汇的读法，让学生告别死记硬背的词汇记忆方法。例如，教师在教学生“u”的发音时，教师可以将单词进行分类，给学生举例说明，举例：book、look、good等单词，让学生朗读体会“u”的发音，鼓励学生大声朗读，教师也要及时纠正学生的错误发音，提高学生的学习效率，减少学生的负担。教师可以结合游戏进行教学，帮助学生记忆，并且及时进行复习，延缓学生的遗忘时间。
三、总结
综上所述，在英语的学习过程中，记忆单词的方法非常重要，教师应该引导学生掌握自然拼读法，让学生掌握有效、高效的记忆方法。学生在学习过程中能够熟悉掌握词汇，最终让学生能够在学习中灵活运用词汇，在学习中教师再结合一定的练习，及时巩固记忆词汇，让学生养成运用自然拼读法见到单词会读，听到词汇会拼写的能力，从而培养学生核心素养中的英语沟通能力、交流能力等。自然拼读在小学英语词汇教学中的开展，可以有效提高英语教学质量，促进英语学习效率。
参考文献：
[1]杨赛泳.小学英语自然拼读中核心素养的培养[J].新课程(小学)，2017(10):92+94.
[2]石霞，刘美秀.自然拼读法在小学英语教学中的应用探究[J].中学生英语，2018(02):37.
[3]巩悦.巧用自然拼读，点燃英语学习热情——浅论自然拼读法在小学英语教学中的应用策略[J].课程教育研究，2018(11):128.
《浅谈小学英语教育的现状分析》
摘 要：自2001年教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课，在这十五的教学过程中，英语教学对学生的综合能力发展及国民素质教育和综合国力的提升都起到了一定的推动作用，得到社会的认可。在基础教育的开端，对学生实行英语教学的必然性毋庸置疑，总体来看获得较高成效，但目前的小学英语教育具体操作起来仍存在一定的问题，本文对我国目前的小学英语教育现状进行分析，并且提出几点浅薄的建议，为研究小学英语教育的相关工作人员提供了参考性意见。
关键词：小学英语 教育 理论性研究
外语是吸取人类文明和对外交流合作的重要工具，外语学科作为我国学校中的一门基础学科，目前受到前所未有的重视[1]。随着我国经济的快速发展和社会的不断进步，教育越来越被人们所重视，特别学好英语对一个学生来说至关重要，尤其是英语。2001年秋季教育部决定在全国城市、县、镇小学开设英语课，将英语教育的起始阶段从初中转为小学，可以看出英语的重要性和我国对英语教育的重视程度，将英语教育开设在基础教育的开端，对学生来说有一定的好处。针对人在进行语言学习的研究，Lenneberg 指出，学习语言最好的时间段是在儿童时期，儿童从两岁起至青春期(10-12岁)之前，可以轻松的接受并且学习语言，因为受大脑中的语言习得机制的影响;而人进去青春期之后，大多数人的大脑发生了侧化，人脑已经发育成熟，神经系统不再有弹性，儿童的语言习得机制开始失去作用，语言学习也就越来越困难[2]。虽然在过去十多年的小学英语教育中各方面取得了很好的成绩，但我国目前的小学英语教育仍存在一些问题需要解决。
一、目前我国小学英语教育的现状分析
首先，小学英语教育工作日益完善。各级教育行政部门和教研部门重视小学英语教育，不断加大教育投资，逐步改善教学的硬件和软件，为教育质量的提高提供了有利的保障[3]。我国各小学都认识到在基础教育开端进行英语教育的重要性，基本在小学三年级就开设了英语教育课程，在英语教育方面加大了重视程度，不段的加大人力、物力的投入以保证小学英语教育的稳定进行。令人欣慰的是很多家长也认识到了这一点，他们也将英语和其它课程如语文、数学等一样要求孩子，家长对学生在英语学习方面的辅助帮助也是保证学生有效学习英语的一个重要因素。近年来，很多师范院校开设了小学英语教育专业，具备这种专业能力的青年教师毕业后进入小学教学，可以说给整个教学带来了新的教学理念加强了教学的可塑性，同时社会各个层次开展的在职英语教师培训也是提高小学英语教学的重要保障。在偏远的农村小学教育中却存在着很多问题，如教育理念落后、专业教师紧缺等问题。一般农村教师的教学思想都比较落后，有的教师甚至是为了教课而教课，没有掌握科学的教学理念与规律。很多甚至发音不标准，英语是一门语言，是交流的工具，不能精准发音，英语教学就是失败的，正确的读音和敢于说出英语的习惯正是要让学生在入门阶段修炼成功的，严重影响了学生英语的学习[4]。
其次，小学英语教育的研究。目前我国小学英语教育研究主要集中在可行性探讨、实践性研究和理论性研究等三方面[5]。可行性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育的目标，及通过小学英语的学习能否很好的和初中英语学习衔接起来;实践性研究的主要内容是小学英语教育所使用的教材、教案及教学思想理念;理性行研究的主要内容是对实际的教学工作进行总结，从中总结出构成小学英语教育各个要素及相关规律，以此来更好的科学指导教学的具体实践工作。
二、提高小学英语教育效果的措施
首先，加强小学英语教育的科学性。小学英语教育工作的开展时间不如语文和数学等学科时间长，所以小学英语教育工作很多方面还需进一步提高。要正确合理的分配英语和其它学科的课时，充分认识到英语教学的重要性，应建立科学和明确的教学目标和教学体系。鉴于我国多数学生缺少英语语言环境和儿童认知与记忆规律的特殊性，这就要求在给学生安排课程时，不要间隔时间太长，学生在课堂上进行操练语言的时间有限，接触英语的机会又少，这对学生语言的连续性学习和语言习惯的养成非常不利于。
其次，提高教师的综合能力。要从师范类高校引入专业的教师，专业英语知识底蕴是进行正确、有效授课的前提，同时青年教师会将最新的和最科学的教学理念带进学校与其他教师分享，对提高教师团队的整体综合素质起到促进作用。此外，要建立科学合理的测评方式，测评主要是针对教师授课效果，教师之间可以采取相互听课制，对教师的上课情况进行点评，以便于教师能够有效的发现自己的不足，以此来改正自己在教学中的缺欠，努力提高自己的授课综合能力。针对一些偏远农村的小学，相关部门应提高教师的待遇以此来吸引更多的优秀人才，定期将英语教师外送学习，使他们掌握并且吸纳新的教学思想和理念，要进一步增强培训工作的针对性，基础性、实践性、应用性和实效性，着眼于教师专业素质和教学技能的深化发展提高，注意理论培训与教学实践相结合，注意专业知识培训与教学技能培训相结合。一个合格的教师应该为学生提供语言学习和运用的过程，在这个过程中使学生掌握“学什么”、“如何学”和“怎么用”。
小学英语教育关系到学生以后的学习生涯，社会和学校应该对此给予高度重视，它经过了十多年的发展阶段，经历了从无到有，现在已进入稳定的、长足发展阶段，同时取得了很多的成绩，但良好发展的背后仍存在很多问题，这就给小学英语教育工作者提出了新的挑战，要求教师从实际出发，不仅要善于发现问题，还应该更善于解决问题，取长补短，付出自己的不懈努力，这样我国教学英语教育才能达到更高的一个水平。
参考文献
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姐姐支个招儿呗。。。
初中英语词汇教学存在的问题及对策论文
一、初中英语词汇教学存在的问题
1.教师没有意识到词汇教学的重要性
初中英语教学的主要目的是为了丰富学生的英语词汇量，但一部分英语教师并没有意识到英语词汇的重要性，以及其为学生今后学习所带来的深远影响，只知道一味地要求学生阅读理解英语短文，锻炼学生听、说、读、写的能力。这种不正确的教学方式，容易使学生失去英语学习的信心。其实，英语单词和应用语境不同于汉语，每一个单词均有不同的汉语意义。因此，在英语词汇教学中，教师应为学生详细地讲解单词的各种意义，并要求学生对单词进行延伸理解。对于意义较复杂的单词，教师应结合课本内容，进行等级划分，为不同层次的学生安排学习任务，减轻学生的学习负担。如“put”作动词时，有“放、表达、给予”的含义，延伸含义为“重视、信任”，教师可以讲解其基本含义和延伸含义，并引入“putforward”等相关词组，如“Someoneputitinabagandtookitaway.”的例句，从而拓展学生的知识面，加深学生对“put”一词的理解。
2.单一的教学方式
在刚学习英语词汇时，大多数初中生都缺乏学习兴趣，教师不但没有为学生创建相关的教学环境，反而枯燥地讲解课本上的单词，带领学生进行听力和阅读练习。这让学生很反感这种单一的教学方式，再加上陌生的英语词汇，学生难免会出现厌学情绪。因此，在讲解词汇时，教师应该为学生推荐单词速记法，或与学生分享记忆单词的妙招，对于长单词，可以为学生讲解单词的组成，方便学生记忆。如“pest”一词的基本译意是害虫，英语发音为[pest]，汉语发音可为“拍死他”，可意会为“人们面对有害的东西都想拍死他”。这样诙谐幽默的解释，有助于学生快速记住单词的意思和发音，值得教师学习。
二、初中英语词汇教学的对策
1.借助教学道具
初中生的好奇心强，教师可以利用教具，活跃课堂氛围，激发学生的学习兴趣。只要教师能掌握激发学生学习动力的方法，就能培养学生良好的学习态度，促使学生全身心地投入到英语学习中。
2.寻找相近单词
英语词汇成千上万，难免会有字母组合相似、发音相同的单词。教师可以充分利用学生对相似物的'兴趣，总结归纳英语单词，统一讲解有联系的单词，或者由单词组成的若干词组。如在教学“ally”时，教师可以延伸出更多形近的单词，如“ally、rally、allay、alley、alloy”等，供学生学习；在教学“some，one”这两个单词时，教师可以把它们组合起来，讲授“someone”的意义。
3.结合语境学习词汇
语境不仅指课本阅读文章的环境，更能反映当今社会发展的情况。词汇只有融入不同的语境，才能富有含义，所以教师应把语境理论与词汇学习结合起来，这有利于强化学生对词汇的记忆。此外，教师还要引导学生理解每个词汇蕴含的情感色彩，以便在不同场合灵活运用，使学生更好地掌握英语词汇，并培养学生的交际能力。如在教学“care”一词时，笔者延伸了单词的含义，并以与care有关的短语举例，让学生在不同的语境中理解care的用法。如“Youmusttakecareofyourselftheyneedasmuchcareasbabiesdo.”等句子。
三、结束语
英语词汇的重要性不容忽视，教师必须谨记自己的教学任务，充分利用专业知识，为学生展示更多的英语词句，创建恰当的教学情境，提高学生学习的动力。笔者相信，教师改变教学方法后，一定能提高初中英语词汇教学的质量，让更多学生爱上英语。
wine in, truth out.
小学英语教学毕业论文参考文献
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，众所周知毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种有计划的检验大学学习成果的形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我收集整理的小学英语教学毕业论文参考文献，希望对大家有所帮助。
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拓展：强化专业英语教学提高毕业论文的质量
毕业论文是大学本科教学最重要的环节，对培养合格的大学生有非常重要的作用。通过毕业论文要求培养学生具有综合运用所学知识、分析并解决理论和实际问题的能力及科学研究能力，实践证明，毕业论文工作的成效，对大学生综合素质和能力的培养至关重要。近年来，由于多方面的原因，毕业论文的质量有所下降，这已经成为共识。其中，专业素养和创新能力的培养方面反映的问题尤为突出。如何提高毕业论文的质量，满足大学培养人才的目标要求，是当前急需研究和解决的课题。本文从强化专业英语教学的角度，初步探讨理工科类大学提高毕业论文质量的方法和途径。
一、正确认识专业英语在毕业论文中的重要作用
根据修订后大学英语教学大纲，理工科类大学的专业英语必须注重读、听、说、写、译等方面能力的均衡发展，使学生不仅能顺利阅读各种英文专业文献，而且能用英语进行学术交流。因此，专业英语的落脚点在于“应用”；，这与毕业论文的目标是非常吻合的。目前，毕业论文的质量不如人意，与对专业英语的认识偏差有一定的关联。
专业英语教学对毕业论文的重要影响主要体现在以下方面：
1、提高学生的专业英语水平可以进一步提高毕业论文的专业素养毕业论文要求具有查阅文献资料的能力，搜集资料、获取数据的能力，并在专业方面具有综合、分析、概括问题的能力。专业英语的学习能有针对性地与毕业论文有机结合。具有良好的专业英语能力，就可以从国际互联网上及时获取和传递准确的专业等信息，从而进一步提高大学生的专业素养。
2、提高学生的专业英语水平可以有效地拓宽学生在做毕业论文前的学识视野现代科学技术的发展日新月异，然而专业课程的.许多内容由于种种原因还停留在二十世纪八十年代中后期水平的经典理论阶段。如果大学生的学识视野只停留在中文参考书，显然就会影响到大学生毕业论文质量。通过专业英语学习，一方面可以学习参考专业英语的思维方式和叙述方法；另一方面，专业英语中介绍最新的科学技术发展和本专业新研究成果和新技术的文章能有效地开阔学生的视野。
3、通过专业英语的学习可以有效地培养毕业论文中的创新思维创新思维是一个成功科技工作者必不可少的素质，毕业论文可以在大学阶段通过实践和训练充分地体现出来。掌握专业英语对于继承科技成果和研究成果的取得或创新实力的形成具有决定性的作用，因此，精通专业英语，可以培养和促进学生开放、创新品质的形成，从而使创新思维能力在不断学习和实践应用中提高。
二、着力专业英语教学效果，提高毕业论文质量
专业英语在工科院校是一门重要的课程，在促使学生将基础英语用于专业工程技术学习中起很大作用，对培养学生及时了解和掌握国外科技的最新发展和动态的能力是不可缺少的，也是贯彻外语教学“不断线”；的重要步骤。专业英语既涉及到基础英语，又涉及到专业内容。因此，专业英语教学的重要性在于它一方面是基础英语到应用英语的过渡，另一方面应该更注重其应用性，强调围绕着专业交流的实际需要。
1、着力明确专业英语的教学目标和毕业论文的有机内在联系明确的专业英语教学目标，有利于减少教学目的的不确定和随意性。专业英语与毕业论文的直接联系反映在毕业论文的英语摘要和查阅英语资料中，而实际上它们之间的联系更为广泛和深入。为了增强专业英语与毕业论文的内在有机联系，对于专业英语的教学宜安排在部分专业课之后毕业论文之前。时间在大学四年级上学期期末左右。这样既有利于提高专业英语总体的教学水平和教学效果；又有利于学生在了解毕业论文要求的基础上，增强专业英语学习的主观能动性，并增进学生对专业英语的学习信心。
2、着力加强专业英语教学效果，为毕业论文打下坚实基础众所周知，专业英语有别于基础英语，因此，专业英语教学有其自身的特点和方法。目前各个理工科类大学的专业英语的教学模式、教学方法、教材内容、教师情况均有所区别，无论采取何种形式都应该强调以教学效果为宗旨。其一，加强专业英语教学效果，必须着力加快从以“教”；为中心向以“学”；为中心的教学模式转变。专业英语课的教师在教学环境中应注重指导和示范，帮助学生建立学好专业英语的信心；开阔学生英语学习、专业学习的视野。其二，加强专业英语教学效果，必须着力加强教学方法和教学手段的改革和创新。要善于采用现代化和多功能的教学手段但又不迷信于多媒体教学手段，重在教学效果。
同时，注意优化教学手段，重点在于“参与式”；和 “互动式”；的教学方法，充分调动学生的学习兴趣和参与的主动性。最后，加强专业英语教学效果，教学内容应与各专业课程衔接。在教学过程中教学内容应该紧扣专业内容，学以致用充分挖掘学习潜能。补充或采用部分全英文教材内容， 介绍一些本学科的前沿知识和动态，以促进本专业学生的英语学习和实际应用。总之， 着力专业英语的教学效果的提高将为毕业论文奠定坚实的基础。
晕，我正好写过一篇.....白送给你吧......不然根本找不到的。Contrastive Studies on English and Chinese Animal OnomatopoeiaAbstract: There are some similarities and differences between English and Chinese onomatopoeia. The former mainly includes rhetorical functions and characteristics of absolute structures, and the latter mainly includes syntactic functions, motivations and changes in usage. As for the animal onomatopoeia, the English animal onomatopoeia has substantial content and can be divided into primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia. Different from the Chinese animal onomatopoeia which is rather simple and vague, the English version is more vivid and specific. Making comparative studies between the two will be of great significance to the accuracy of translation from one to the other.Key words: onomatopoeia, animals, similarities, differences Introduction: English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, both of them include copious onomatopoeias, though. English and Chinese onomatopoeias are all of the same in the rhetorical function, they both come from the imitation of the sound given out from some object and movement, or at least has some connection with it. Various sorts of sounds from animals can be heard everywhere, animal onomatopoeias emerge as the times demand. Animal onomatopoeias play an important role in English onomatopoeias, they are much more abundant than Chinese onomatopoeias. In Chinese onomatopoeias, we always use ‘jiao’ to express the sounds given out by animals, while, in English, there are some special onomatopoeias used to express different sounds given out by animals. This is because of the different historical and cultural background, the different expressing habits and different aesthetic judgment of the two different languages, etc.The similarities of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias The English writer Stephen Spond said: ‘Sometimes when I am writing, the music of the words I am trying to shape takes me far beyond the words.’[1](326) The music he mentioned here is the sound from some object, for example, animals, I think. That is, the words he mentioned are the animal onomatopoeias, probably. In English, animal onomatopoeias have two categories: primary onomatopoeia and secondary onomatopoeia.Primary onomatopoeia means the imitation of sound by sound.[2](313) Here the sound is truly an ‘echo to the sense’. For example, on hearing [mu:], we may think of the sounds ‘moumou’ of Chinese form from cows. In English, many words which express the sounds given out by animals fall into this category, in this aspect, English and Chinese onomatopoeias have much in common, especially in pronunciation. Taking the sound given out from cats for example, English onomatopoeia is ‘mew’, ‘miaow’, while in Chinese, ‘miao’ (喵) is used. As for the sounds of pigeons, ‘coo’is used in English while ‘gugu’ (咕咕) is used in Chinese. As for the sounds of the ducks, “quack” is used in English while ‘gugu’(呱呱) is used in Chinese. And as for the sounds given out from geese, ‘cackle’ is used in English while ‘gege’(咯咯) is used in Chinese. The animal onomatopoeias of this kind are only the imitation of sound by sound, just the same in both English and Chinese.Secondary onomatopoeia means that certain sounds and sound sequences are associated with certain senses in an expressive relationship.[3](67) In this form, the sounds evoke, not an acoustic experience, but a movement or some physical or moral quality, usually unfavorable. Example, the sounds [sn] may express three types of experiences: ‘breath-noise’ (sniff, snuff, snore, snort); ‘quick separation or movement’ (snip, snap, snatch), and ‘creeping’ (snake ,snail, sneak, snoop). The relationship between the sounds and the meanings happens in the Chinese onomatopoeias, too. For example, in Chinese, the sound of [s] reminds us of the sounds ‘sisi’ (嘶嘶) given out from snakes, and the shape of the letter ‘S’ can also remind us of snakes, too. In this aspect, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias are invented for the same purpose.The differences of English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias Basically, English and Chinese are of two different kinds of language systems, as a result, but for the similarities, there are many differences in the animal onomatopoeias. As for the sound of the same kind of animals, it may cause two absolutely different feelings because of the different ways of imitation. Subsequently, I will discuss the differences in three aspects: Firstly, Chinese animal onomatopoeias are more lifelike than English onomatopoeias. Chinese animal onomatopoeias are closer to the imitation of the sounds given out by animals, the way of the expression is more direct and flexible, too. For example, in English, “hum” is used to express the sound of bees while ‘wengweng’(嗡嗡) is used in Chinese . It is obvious that ‘wengweng’ is just the echo to the dogs, it is more lifelike and lively. So it is the same with the “bark” and ‘wangwang’(汪汪) . From these, we can see, Chinese onomatopoeias are more meticulous and copious than English animal onomatopoeias. Secondly, Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the pronunciation. First of all, different onomatopoeias of English and Chinese may express the same sound. For example, ‘cock-a-doodle-do’ and ‘wowowo’(喔喔喔) both represent the sound given by cocks. The next, the same onomatopoeias may represent different sounds. For example, ‘The girls clattered away at their luncheon.’ means ‘午餐时女孩们叽叽呱呱地谈个不停.’While in the sentence: ‘ The shutters clattered in the wind.’, ‘clatter’ means ‘劈劈啪啪’. Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias differ a lot in the structure of speech sounds，too. I want to take some examples to explain the difference. The first one is that, there are many mono-syllable words in English, however, not so many in Chinese. The second one is that, although the structure of AA and AB exist in both English and Chinese animal onomatopoeias, these words cover the most part in Chinese, while not many in English, and the structure of AA in English is only the simple repetition of ‘A’. Moreover, the structure of AB or AA is dependent and can not be separated. However, in English, the AA or AB structure animal onomatopoeias can be used dependently, etc. The last but not the least, the same animal onomatopoeias may have different usages. In English, animals’ different sounds have specially corresponding verbs and nouns to express. For example, ‘chirp’ is used for magpie, ‘crow’ for cock, ‘grunt’ for wild boar, ‘hiss’ for snake, etc. Also the same kind of animal can have several quite different kinds of expressing way. For example, all of the words like ‘bark，yap，yelp, bay, howl, growl, snarl, whine’ can be used to describe the sound of a dog’s barking, which actually has inevitable connection with notion’s culture.[4](256) Dog’s signified meanings in English and Chinese language do not have substantial difference. But they’re very different in the intensive meaning. In western countries, dogs are people’s pets, they take dogs as companion and friends, keeping dogs for happiness has already become a kind of social fashion; while in china, the treatment that dogs receive is quite different. They are usually kept for watching the house and they are human’s servants. From the idioms ‘gou ji tiao qiang’ (a cornered dog will do something desperate) and ‘gou zhang rellshi’ (1ike a dog threatening people on the strength of its master’s Dower— be a bully with the backing of a powerful person we can get a hint of it. So in Chinese we only have ‘wangwang’ for dogs’ barking. In addition, in English the same word for expressing animals’ sound can be used for different animals. For example, ‘howl’ can be used for lions, tigers,1eopards，jackals and wolves at the same time; while in Chinese animals’ sound is basically one for one. For example, gou fei, lang hao, he li, que zao, ma si, hu xiao, shj hou, niao zhuan, jiti. Certainly it does not mean that there is no situation of one for two, but very few. With the development and change of society, in modern Chinese especially in spoken language, the above specific words for expressing animals’ sound have been gradually discarded，and just taken place by simple words ‘叫’or ‘鸣’.Conclusion: Onomatopoeia is a kind of language phenomenon which is universal as well as very important. It can audio-visualize the objects which may just be understood superficially, at the same time, make them more figurative and more vivid through the power of the sounds. Therefore, by the comparison of Chinese and English animal onomatopoeias, we may have a better knowledge about the common character and the individuality of them. As a result, it will help us a lot on mastering and using the animal onomatopoeias correctly, in this way, we will make our writings more copious, lively and more persuadable. Hence, I want to contribute my small share to the research of animal onomatopoeias by this paper writing.Reference books:[1] 包惠南. 文化语境与语言翻译[M] .北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，2001.[2] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M] .上海：上海外语教育出版社，1999.[3]李国南. Secondary Onomatopoeia 与摹绘[J]. 外语与翻译,1999(2) .[4] McLaren, Margaret C. Interpreting Cultural Differences. Norfolk: Pete Francis Publishers , 1998.[5]
Earth humans and many animals are sons and daughters of mother earth. The earth is like riding a spaceship into outer space, humans and many animals live together in the ecological environment. But we human beings Zhanzhao own tall, smart, any destruction of the living environment of animals, so they are unable to survive. " Cherish the earth, protect animals" became a hot topic.The protection of animals, is we all have to do, a lot of people free to hunt animals, although people are said to protect animals, but there are still many stubborn people listen to, continue to hunt animals, humans and animals to watch, soup, made with animal skins coats ... ... But have you ever thought of, if you are an animal, but was hunting, how would you like that, would you, would you like to be hunted? You are not willing to, some people said:" I'm not animal." But have you ever thought of going to think animals do? Now humans killing a large number of animals, the animals will be reconciled? Never, never, never. They don't want to die in the hands of man. They are willing to be your hunting? No, they are not willing to one thousand, ten thousand to one hundred million, do not want to ... ...地球上的人类和许多动物都是地球母亲的儿女。地球好似一驾遨游太空的宇宙飞船，人类与许多动物共处在这个生态环境中。可我们人类占着自己高大、聪明，任意破坏动物们的居住环境，让它们无从生存。于是“珍惜地球，爱护动物”一时成了最热门的话题。 保护动物，是我们人人都要做到的，许多人任意去猎杀动物，虽然现在的人都说要保护动物，但是还有很多顽固的人不听，继续猎杀动物，人类拿动物来观赏、卖钱，用兽皮做大衣……但你们有没有想过，如果你是一只动物，却遭到了人类的猎杀，你会怎么想，你愿意吗，你愿意被猎杀吗？你绝对不愿意，有些人说：“我又不是动物。”但你们有没有想过动物们会怎么想吗？现在人类大量捕杀动物，动物会甘心吗？不，不会，永远不会。它们不愿意死在人类手里。它们愿意被你们猎杀吗？不，它们有一千个不愿意，一万个不愿意，一亿个不愿意……
一。The Development of English Vocabulary There are about one million English words in all. English is also an international language in this society. You can see English words almost every where, even in non-English-spoken countries. How does English come into being? Why it has so many vocabularies? In the following passage, I will give you a general picture about these two questions. The English people are of a mixed blood. The early inhabitants of the island we now call England were Britons, but in fact all the races were the invaders came from Europe. Nobody knows very much about Britain before the Romans came during the first century BC, but there had been at least three invasions before that. The first of these was by a dark-haired Mediterranean race called the Iberians. The other two were by Celtic tribes: one is Gaels, whose descendants are the modern Scots and Irish; another is the Britons, who gave their name to the whole island of Britain. These were the people whom the Romans conquered. The Romans gave the Britons a good deal of their civilization. Then at the beginning of the fifth century Britain was invaded by three tribes from the northern Europe: the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes. These three tribes merged into one people, and the three dialects they spoke naturally grew into a single language, the English language. But at first, the English word made up of only a small part of native words and some borrowed words. The native words were the core words of English. According to a kind of classification of language, English is classified as a Teutonic language, which is a Germanic language. To be more exact, English belongs to the low West Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. Because of the complex history of Briton, the language of English is of a mixed character. On one hand, it shares with West Germanic languages many common words and similar grammatical structures. On the other hand, more than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin and French. Besides, English has accepted words from other languages of the world in the course of its historical development. The history of English language is divided into three periods: 1. the old English period ( from 450AD to 1150 AD ) 2. the middle English period ( from 1150AD to 1500AD ) 3. the modern English period ( from 1500AD up to now ) As I mentioned above, in fact, that there is also a period we can call it the pre-old English period, which includes the Celts, the Scottish and Irish races and culture, and also Welsh race and culture were brought by the Celts. Then the Romans brought Latin alphabet and civilization to this land. After these two were the formation of the Anglo-Saxons people, which is the original English race and language. Old English consists mainly about the native language of Anglo-Saxons people. The period from 450AD to 1150AD is known as the old English period, and it is also been called Anglo-Saxons period. It is described as the period of full inflections, since during most of this period the case endings of the noun, the adjective, and the conjugation of the verb were not weakened. Also during this period, when the Norman Conquest in 1066AD brought French to England, and much of the English vocabulary was replaced by words borrowed from French and Latin. Old English is a synthetic language. (There are two classes of languages in the world: synthetic and analytic. A synthetic language is one which shows the relation of words in a sentence largely by means of inflections. An analytic language is one which indicates the relation of words in a sentence by means of word order, prepositions or auxiliary verbs, rather than by inflections.) Old English nouns and adjectives have four cases: the nominative case, the genitive case, the dative case and the accusative case. Apart from these four cases, Latin nouns have the ablative and locative cases. Middle English period is from 1150AD to 1500AD. During this period the inflections which had begun to break down towards the end of the old English period, became greatly reduced, and it is known as the period of leveled inflections. The Norman Conquer was the cause of this change. The change of this period had a great effect on both grammar and vocabulary. In grammar English has changed from a highly inflected language to an analytic language. In this period many old English words were lost, but thousands of words borrowed from French and Latin appeared in the English vocabulary. French influence on the English vocabulary is much more direct and observable. The number of French words that came into English was very numerous. More than half of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin. Modern English period is from 1500 to the present. A large part of the original inflectional system has disappeared, and it is known as the period of lost inflections. We may divide this period into two parts: the early Modern English period and the Late Modern English period. The early modern English period extends from 1500AD to 1700AD. The chief influence of this time was the great humanistic movement of the Renaissance. In this period the study of the Latin and Greek classics was stressed, so the influence of Latin and Greek on English was great. The late modern English period started after 1700AD. The eighteenth century in England was a time of stabilizing and purifying the English language. The publication in 1755AD of A Dictionary of the English Language edited by Samuel Johnson was a typical example of consolidating and purifying the English language in this period. He set a standard for using English words in spelling, meaning and usage. In the eighteenth century French greatly influenced English. The number of French words in the period from 1650AD to 1800AD increased rapidly. Such as: ballet, cartoon, champagne, cohesion, dentist, patrol, publicity, routing, etc. Meanwhile the territorial expansion of the English empire in this period resulted in the expansion of the English vocabulary. Thus, there are many words flow into English vocabulary, which includes American Indian words, Mexican words, Peru words, Brazil words, India and African words. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries are a period of rapid expansion for the English vocabulary in the history of the English language. In this period many changes have taken place. Especially the great development of science and technology is reflected in the English vocabulary. Besides, the great changes in industry, in political and social lives, in sports and amusements all have contributed a great deal to the English vocabulary. Since the Second World War the English vocabulary has been affected powerfully by social, political, economic, especially scientific and technical changes. The English vocabulary not only changes, but also changes quickly in this period. Thousands of new words are added, existing words acquire new meaning and old words die out. Till now, the English vocabulary is still changing, some words come out and some die out. In a word, as society is constantly in a state of development, so is language. Society depends on language for its existence. As society develops new objects are created that require the invention of new words and expressions. Therefore, the changing of English vocabulary is an endless changing process. Bibliography: 陆国强，published in 1999， Modern English Lexicology (new edition) Adams, Valerie, published in1982, An Introduction to Modern English Word-formation 戴炜栋，published in 2002， A New Concise Course on Linguistics for Students of English 朱永涛，published in 1997， The Society and Culture of Major English-speaking Countries 林承璋，published in 1987， An Introduction to English Lexicology也可以写广告中的词汇特点：The Lexical Features of Advertisement on NewspaperNewspapers are generally the cheapest way to reach a mess audiences,and the timing is fast.Adverments make an important part on English Newspaper.We live in a world of advertising.Advertising provides a valuable service to society and its members,because it defines for consumers the meaning and the role of products,services and institutions.Newspaper advertisements’ main text use words for the spread of vector,and must must be simple eye-catching,because of the layout of resources.To some extent,the newspaper advertisements content mainly rely on language to express.Advertising language ,playing a role of communication and persuasion,has developed its own features.Naturally,advertisements in English have become an important means of communicating ideas,demoinstrating a variety of linguistic features of its own.The present study discusses some lexical features of English advertisement texts.ⅠChoose the simple wordsAdvertiment language must be easily understood terms so that readers can get information as soon as possible.In advertising,simple words can win the consumers by their exact,effective expression an d a kind of closeness.E.g.① Take time.Any time.Continuous using two “time” can make the language simple and clear.② Once tasted,always loved.The article should be clearly and concisly understood in order to arouse the interest of customers on food which make them mouth-watering.③ My goodness!My Guinness!Common language facilitate people to memory and speak,this reproduce the scene of people driking the Guinness beer which is full of praise.ⅡFrequent Employment of Simple VerbsSimple verbs are frequently employed in English advertisements, which is an obvious wording characteristics of English advertising texts.Verbs are the most important part of language.It is a prominent feature in adervertising english that verbs are regularly used for the ultimate goal of advertising ,which is to enable consumers to buy their goods.So in terms of the using of words,dynamic and strong word will produce a better feeling effects.Verbs can be used to “touch”the consumer's heart.In this way,they will have impules to buy the goods.E.g.① Drink Coca-Cola.② I want you to sponsor a Rice Paddy Baby.③ For incredible speed and accuracy, try the Minolta 7000, the world’s first body-integral auto-focus SLR.In the above examples, “try”,”sponsor” and “drink”are to fulfill the “get action” requirement seem more euphemistic and even more attractive. ④ Get noticed. Get results.⑤ Feel the Hyatt Touch.⑥ Send today for your free sample, and try the new flavor.After reading the above ads, we feel encouraged to take buying action or make repeated purchases. The active voice doesn’t force people to take the passive action while it makes people feel that they do something of their own accord.Ⅲ. Adjectives⑴It is hard for us to think of any really persuasive message without the use of descriptive and vivid adjectives. Copywriters like to use a large number of adjectives not only to describe the quality and features of the products or services, but to a great extent to praise and beautify them.E.g.For people who care about their bodies, Dairy Farm brings fresh skimmed milk. With almost no fat, it keeps your body fit inside and outside, fresh skimmed milk. Fresh Dairy Farm. The adjective “fresh” in Example appears three times to emphasize how fresh the product is, making its quality particularly attractive. And the adjective “fit” points out the remarkable function of the product. ⑵The copywriter tends to select the superlative or comparative forms of adjectives that carry positive meanings so as to make a comparison and stress the wonderful qualities of the advertised product. E.g.① Using Dove, I do feel 20 years younger.“Younger” just emphasizes the magic power of the product.② Discover the season’s newest splendor.The word “newest” , which is an advertisement of a kind of perfume, means “fashionable to the highest degree”.Of course, the advertisers must make sure that the advertised goods or services are actually the best in the same category.Sometimes people do not know how superb the goods or the services are in quality. Anyhow, people tend to believe what is said in advertisements.Ⅳ.New Words Constantly AppearIn order to attract people’s attention, copywriters like to create some new words which are more active. The new words are mainly used for truthfulness, humor or emphasis in English advertising texts. E.g.① Surefit Shoe Ltd.“Surefit” is a new word which makes consurms thing of a sentence”Surely to fit your feet”.That means the shoes are fot for your feet.② Give a Timex to all, and to all a good time.The well-known watch brand “Timex” is a variation of “Time + Excellent”, which persuasively shows the merit of the watch brand. Thus, brand names get and retain a unique image. Ⅴ.PronousPronouns of the first and second person: we, I and you outnumber the other pronouns in advertisements. It is because that you, we and I help create a friend-like intimate atmosphere to move and persuade the audience. The audience will easily accept a product, a service or an idea as if a good friend recommended them.Sometimes,we use infinitive pronouns,such as all,everyone,none,nothing and so on in order to feflect the extraordinary characteristics of a particular commodity or it has been spending and receiving most of people.E.g.Our finest time.It is about a well-known red wine.A pair of lover drink together at romantic atmosphere.Ⅵ.Compound wordsA compound word is often a noun or an adjective made up of two or more words which are frequently used to express more information in limited space. Especially,compound adjectives are often seen in advertisements.E.g.Kodak Single-use-cameras take pictures where you wouldn’t normally take your camera.It used the compound word skillfully and describe the capability and function of the product incisively and vividly.Now we have briefly discussed the six wording characteristics of English advertisements. We have got to know that simple verbs and concise adjectives are very important words in English advertising, and that new words which are attractively used to stress the new and special qualities or functions of the advertised products. Language in advertising presents us with a colorful, interesting and wonderful world in order to serve the purpose of attracting advertising readers. Of course, besides the above features discussed in this study, there is much more for further study in advertising language.
小学英语词汇教学法浅探【摘要】文章从现时教学中存在的问题出发，阐述了对小学英语词汇教学的探讨及其应采用的几种教学法，从而培养学生主动参与的意识，探究发现以及语言交际能力。【关键词】小学英语；英语单词；词汇教学法词汇是语音的基本建筑材料，英语词汇教学是英语课堂教学的重要一环。小学英语词汇教学虽不如会话教学那么重要，要求四会的单词非常少，但也是必须掌握的知识。而且词汇教学是比较乏味的。如何有效地教授小学英语词汇，继而激发和保持学生学习英语的兴趣，是每位英语教师必须研究的重要课题。随着时代的发展、教学的深入，词汇教学当然也要因地因时、因人而异，其教法需要不断地改进或发展。一、 小学英语词汇教学中的存在问题（一）教师孤立教词，讲得过多孤立地教词、孤立地讲解，是以往词汇教学中普遍存在的一大弊病。这种教法让教师的讲解占用了过多时间,使学生记忆一堆互不联系的词义和用法例句。而实际上词汇是有规律、成体系的词汇，一方面与语音、句型、课文结合，另一方面在听、说、读、写之中体现，因此在词汇教学中应充分运用整体教学法，大幅度减少教师讲知识的时间，把时间还给学生，让学生自己去观察、思考，依据词汇内部的形、音、义、构造、用法的纵横联系掌握词汇。（二）学生与词汇接触少、吸收少不少词在初学时虽被记住，但以后则被渐渐地忘却。由于有计划、有目的地结合词汇教学进行听、说、读、写不够，而导致词汇重复少、吸收少；反过来，词汇量小又导致听、说、读、写难以大量进行。这种恶性循环导致中学英语教学步履艰难，不少学生英语难过关。由于害怕记单词而讨厌学英语。（三）不同词汇的教学主次不分，平均用力，负担过重在实际中不少教师经常不分主次而一律要求学生将所有词汇的音、形、义、用法全掌握，听、说、读、写都会用。结果是该达到的要求没达到，教师和学生双方都未在词汇的教和学上抓住主要矛盾，因而效果不佳。由此可见，小学英语词汇教学并没有我们以往想象的那么简单，实际教学中的诸多困难和问题还有待解决。作为英语教师，应该认真地研究和学习科学的教学理论并结合实际去付诸实施，最大限度地提高教学效率。二、词汇教学内容（一）读音和拼写的教学词的读音和拼写形式是词的存在基础，是各个方面相互区别的第一要素。音和形的教学历来受到重视，无论中学英语教学采取何种方法和路子，对此都不能忽视。在词汇的音和形的教学中，要注意音和形的统一与结合，通过一定的教学方法，使学生既能见形而知音，又能因音而记形。（二）意义和用法的教学教单词除了读音和拼写之外，还要让学生掌握词的意义和用法。在一些意义具体的单词教学中，要尽量使学生主动、积极地把多方面的感知活动加入词汇学习之中去。对于词的用法教学，则要注意与句型、会话教学紧密结合，在句型中练习词的用法，并强化词与词之间的纵向（一词多用）和横向（一义多词）联系，使学生更准确更迅速地掌握词汇。三、小学英语词汇教学中常用的几种教学法《英语课程标准》所提倡的“任务型”的教学途径以学生兴趣为出发点，以交际为目的，以任务为基础，充分体现了学生的主体性和语言的交际本质，强化了语言交际运用的过程。以任务为中心的教学思路把培养学生主动参与的意识和探究发现以及语言交际能力作为一个重要目标。学生在教师设计的教学活动中，通过参与、体验、思考、讨论、交流合作等方式完成学习任务。因此，要提高教学效果，必须将科学理论与实际需要相结合。在词汇教学中，我们应该根据教材中词汇反映的不同内容，根据学生的年龄特点精心组织教学，使学生学得快、记得牢。在训练中做到词不离句、句不离义。一般而言，词汇教学可采用以下几种方式进行。（一） 直观教学法直观教学法主要是通过实物、图片、手势、动作、表情等使学生建立形象思维，可大大提高记忆效果，这也是最常用的一种教学手段。1. 利用实物进行教学。主要用于实物名称教学，如钟表、杯子、苹果、桔子等，这些都是日常生活中常见的东西，极容易准备且面积不大，便于携带。上课时，教师可一边呈现物品一边将单词读出、板书，将单词的音、形、义一次性完成，既生动又形象。接着按照词不离句、句不离文的方法套入一些句型“What's this? It's a/an …”或 “I like …very much”引导学生进行操练，强化学生对单词音、形、义的统一意识。2. 利用挂图、简笔画、课件等多媒体手段进行词汇教学。对于那些不便于通过实物来进行教学的词汇，如家庭成员、日期、天气、动物等，可利用挂图、简笔画或电教媒体，如何运用视学校实际条件而行。在条件较差的学校，可利用简笔画或挂图来进行；在条件较好的学校，则可运用多媒体。通过这些教具，教师能轻易地将词汇的意、形、义呈现给学生。3. 借助手势、动作或表情进行教学。英语中有许多动词，我们可通过手势、动作、表情，使学生易于领会。如：sing 、run、jump、swim等，教师可以边做动作边说出英语单词，也可以请一些英语较好、领悟能力较强的学生按教师所示做动作，教师可先叙述，接着要求学生跟着单词及句型：run-He is running;jump-He is jumping等等，教师并将动词及相关句型板书，带领学生操练熟悉词汇。（二）创造情景法教师教词汇应尽量避免单调地直接板书单词到黑板上教学生认读，要努力地创造情景，用创造情景法进行词汇教学，把学生置于情景中学习掌握单词。如教授地点名词（如：hospital、station、cinema）时，教师可预先把地点名次分别简单地画在卡片或纸上，同时写上单词，上课时特定几个学生上台拿着。教师说：I want to go to Beijing. Where must I go？等等，并引导学生说出生词station等，同时请拿着相应单词的画的学生向前跨步展现该词的词形、词义。或者是教师设计一个情景，把两组间的过道当作街道，那些拿着画的学生为车站、医院等地点，教师引导学生在这一特定情景里把单词套入特定的句型中反复联系，直至能灵活运用为止。（三）对比教学法词汇教学的对比教学法可分为三种：一种是近（同）义词对比，一种是反义（相对）词对比，还有同音（异形）词对比。同义词对比：英语中大量的词汇都有与其意义相同或相近的词。利用同（近）义词代换或对比的方法讲授词汇是教学中常用的一种方法，如：glad-happy; enjoy-like等等，可帮助学生“温故而知新”。反义（相对）词对比：对比反义词或相对词有助于学生在学习过程中有联系地记忆。如：Now the shop is open. It isn’t closed.或It is not very cold. It is warm.这样的对比不仅便于熟记，还能使单词在句中一目了然，帮助学生准确地运用。同音异形词对比：教师在教生词时，可让学生把以前学过的同音词板书出来。如：no-know，week-weak等等，区别这些词书写和意义上的不同，并分别用这些词造句，促使学生深刻记忆，牢固掌握生词的读音、词性、意义、拼写。（四）词汇组织法随着学生词汇量的增加，教师可根据单词按照一定的范畴进行组织、归类，帮助学生发现记忆规律,利用词汇组织法帮助学生记忆单词。归类组织法：即根据同类关系来将单词归类，教师先提出一个概括词，让学生将学过的属于这一类的词归集起来。如，fruit：apple、banana、pear etc。这样的归类使分散的单词集中起来，便于联想和回忆。接近组织法：即根据接近联想的原理，将两个以上在空间和时间上很接近的印象联系在一起，这样只要想出一个，便会联想和回忆出与之接近的一种印象来。如想到天体，就会想到star、sun、earth、moon，进而想到plane，spaceship，再联想到astronaut、airman等等。（五）英汉释义法这种方法包含英语释义和汉语解释。首先是用英语来解释词汇，锻炼学生用英语想英语的思维能力。如：bank-a place for keeping money等。其次是用汉语解释词义。英语教学中应尽量避免母语的使用。但遇到一些表示抽象概念的词汇时，如air、traffic等，用英语解释可能中学生较难接受，此时教师可以直接用汉语解释，这样不仅可以节省课堂时间，而且意思清晰明了。（六）游戏、竞赛法青少年活泼、好强、好表现，教师应充分利用学生这一特点，努力在英语课堂上为学生创造说和做的机会，使他们处于学习的主人地位。把竞争机制引入课堂，把游戏搬进课堂，不仅拉近了师生间的距离，而且能使学生整个身心处于积极主动的学习状态。词汇教学中常用的游戏方法有“找朋友”，“猜测游戏”、“单词接龙”等；竞赛的形式也有多种，如“看谁举例多”、“看谁最快完成”等等。游戏、竞赛可用于词汇教学的各个环节，前面所介绍的几种教法中也可将游戏或竞赛渗透其中，但教师要注意合理控制时间，且要避免只追求趣味而忽略效果。（七）单词拼读规则法这种方法要建立在良好的语音基础上。英语作为拼音文字，字母和读音之间有一定的规律可循，这就是我们常说的读音规则。教师在教学词汇中应让学生熟练掌握读音规则，并通过大量的例句进行更直观、形象的讲解。如a在开音节中读[ei]：name、cake、late等，引导学生利用读音规则发音和记忆单词。这种方法可以培养学生的自学单词的能力。（八）探索法直接出示单词教学生发音是大多数教师过去常用的方法，它只注重传授知识本身，也就是我们常说的“认读法”。在词汇教学中也可以将它变为“探索法”，让学生自己去发现知识的规律。下面是一个词汇“bread”的教学实例。T(teacher): Do you know how to read it in English? ( Showing a picture of bread.)S(students): No.T: Please find out the words (that we have learned) with “ea”.S: (All the students begin to think and find out the following words: tea, teacher, head, please, meat, …)T: Now please read them and tell me how to pronounce“ea” in each word.S: tea[ti:], please[pli:z], meat[mi:t],head[hed],…T: Oh, wonderful! Now, you know, sometimes we may pronounce “ea”[i:], but sometimes we may pronounce “ea”[e]. Here“ea” in bread should be pronounced [e], the same as “head”.S: Ok, we can read it (bread) [bred].采用“探索法”，可以充分发挥学生学习的自主性和创造性。学生在教师的指导下学会了该单词的读音，掌握了读音规则，还学会了思考以及寻求知识的方法。这种学习不是被动地接受知识，而是通过自主地参与获得探究能力。它是一种“探究式” 的学习：它既重视结果又强调知识获得的过程，既关注意义建构又注重应用。因此， 它特别有利于素质教育、创新教育的有效实施。四、展望英语词汇的教学方式方法多种多样，以上所述只是最常用和常见的几种。常言道：教学有法，教无定法。英语词汇教学必须立足于时代和科学的发展，以一定的科学教学理论为依据，在实际中结合教学对象和教材的特点，设计出符合学生心理特点、遵循语言学习规律的教学方法，满足时代发展及学生的学习需要。从而激发学生学习的兴趣，提高教学效率，并不断关注和学习新的教育动态，收集和吸取成功的范例，结合实际，创造出新颖实用的教学方法。【参考文献】[1]张莺，付丽萍.小学英语教学法[M].长春：东北师范大学出版社，2000.[2]王笃勤.小学英语教学法——导学[M].北京：中央广播电视大学出版社，2003．[3]王电建，赖红玲.小学英语教学法[M].北京：北京大学出版社，2002．[4]车建琴.“直接拼读法”在上海浦东新区小学低年级的实践与研究[J].中小学英语教学与研究，2006．仅供参考，请自借鉴希望对您有帮助
迅雷搜索下载啊！然后整理一下不就得了，不就400字么
sample 1: 题目: English Vocabulary Learning Strategies (英语词汇学习策略) The mathematicians that study language and have lots of computing power are forming English language databases. These databases can be used for machine language translation, formulas to rank collocation, most used priority word lists, word grouping tendencies and other linguistics research. These frequency-based wordlists contain the words that are most used in English. Frequency-based wordlists can help you target specific English vocabulary by indicating which words you should try to learn first. Vocabulary analysis and summaries from the "Brown Corpus 1990". Table 1 Words - Percent of words in average text 86,741 - 99.99% 43,831 - 99.0% 15,851 - 97.8% 6,000 - 89.9% 5,000 - 88.6% 4,000 - 86.7% 3,000 - 84.0% 2,000 - 79.7% 1,000 - 72.0% 10 - 23.7% Table 1 shows us that in most written English just a few word types account for most of the English words in any text. Ten words account for 23.7 % of the words on any page and just 1000 word families account for more than 70% of the words used. The ESL in Canada English Immersion camps experimented with the 1000 word lists and used them for the core vocabulary for spelling, poetry writing and public speaking contests. The constant reinforcement and repetition with variable context was quickly absorbed by the beginner students and greatly increased their confidence when speaking or writing. Altavista's Babelfish or Google by Systran machine translation performs with an error rate of 20 to 30 percent. The large error rate is due to how a word's meaning varies with context. One example: "The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak" translated from English to Russian and back again only to yield "The vodka is good but the meat is rotten." So far Babelfish has 19 language pairs available and it has taken decades to develop language-pair rules for each of the 9,900 language word pairs. Some observations for language students and language teachers is the translation pool for just average translations is 9900 words. The big variable is context, which means that a word can be used in various formats: "formal, industry specific jargon, slang, idioms, act a different part of speech performing a different function within that particular meaning. If every word has an average of five context variables then the student really has to learn 50,000 items. As final conclusions: second language learning takes time and effort and there should be plenty of translation jobs for the next 20 years if you are willing to invest the seven to nine years to be proficient. In the following example the word "weather" can be used in about eight different contexts and be used to mean, define or explain about thirty different situations or conditions. To properly study vocabulary students require background information and context. "Weather" As a Noun Definition 1. the state of the atmosphere at a particular place and time as characterized by sunshine, moisture, temperature, precipitation, and other variables. Similar Words: elements, climate Definition 2. unpleasant, turbulent, or violent atmospheric conditions. Example: We needed shelter from the weather. Similar Words: gale, elements, blow, windstorm , storm As a Transitive Verb Inflected Forms: weathered, weathering, weathers Definition 1. to dry, season, or modify by exposing to weather. Similar Words: season , dry Definition 2. to discolor, deteriorate, or harm by exposing to weather. Similar Words wash , rot , erode, deteriorate Definition 3. to endure past the end of; survive. Example Their marriage weathered the hard times. Synonyms: withstand , survive, stand, outlast , endure , ride out Similar Words: overcome, surmount, outlive, sustain, brave As an Intransitive Verb Definition 1. to resist deterioration when exposed to weather. Example: The colour has been able to weather the intense sun shine. Definition 2. to display the effects of exposure (deterioration or change in color) Similar Words: rot, corrode, fade, deteriorate As part of Idiomatic Expressions Phrase used as an idiom: "under the weather" = sick or not well sample 2: 题目: Using the keyword method to learn vocabulary(重点记忆学习法) The keyword mnemonic is undoubtedly an effective means of learning the words of a foreign language How well you remember depends on how well you learned them, not on whether you have learned the words using a keyword mnemonic or rote repetition or some other method Even using a keyword mnemonic, you still need to rehearse the information to be learned The keyword mnemonic is not always the best method of learning particular words Skilled learners may be best to use the keyword mnemonic selectively, for particularly difficult words The keyword mnemonic requires individual instruction and practice, to use effectively Using a verbal (sentence) link is at least as effective as an image, and is easier for many people Whether using a sentence or an image, the critical factor is that the keyword interact with the definition or own-language word. sample 3: 题目: experience of learning vocabulary and grammar (英语词汇及语法的学习经验) I could say what I’ve been instructed is a focus on deductive ways. In junior high school, my teacher listed out the key rules of each lesson and would did the fill-in the blank exercise in the class. Since I was not a quick thinker, what I could do was merely imitate the examples given by the teacher. This meant that I didn’t know “why” I was supposed to make a sentence in this way. When days went to high school, the mode of instruction didn’t change much. The teacher would point out the crucial rules as well, but he didn’t do much practice in class. In the scope of vocabulary teaching, he just read through the words and sample sentences. You must be curious about how I could last my interest in learning English under this way of instruction? I think what prompt me to keep on learning is owing to my highly motivated attitude. Because I like the language and its culture, I’ll do my best to learn it well through self-study. Though the inspiration from teachers is essential in some ways, the attitude of learners will be the momentum to maintain a lifelong learning. I don’t like the ways I’ve been taught because I learn the rules by rote-learning. Actually, I didn’t object the use of rote-learning. But, it should be under the condition of meaningful practice so that I know “why” the rules are supposed to be used in this way. As for the ways how I will teach in the future, I’m still struggling to explore my answers. No matter what, I will put much emphasis on learner-centered aspects and inductive teaching.