发布时间：
外文翻译，就是翻译一篇你参考的外文资料。文献综述，就是目前你研究课题的国内外研究情况的介绍、分析和存在的问题。当然，这些是建立在你查阅文献资料的基础上，要注意：文献综述要述评，而不能只是概括叙述别人的观点。
去学校图书馆外文电子数据库搜，“经济发展 就业增长”（用英语）
外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。
我这边很多篇的。
我们毕设都是上万方数据库、CNKI库找文献资料。参考外文都是那些文献后面的外文参考文献，难道还真自己翻？
找导师询问呀。
去学校图书馆外文电子数据库搜，“经济发展 就业增长”（用英语）
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
学校的数据库，中国知网应该都有，根据专业也可以选择国外比较有名的数据库，推荐几个我用过的吧ABI，ACM，ASTP，American Chemical Society ，Blackwell Science-Blackwell synergy EBSCO综合类，强烈推荐，Engineering Index 工科是离不开EI的，IEEE 电子类必备，HighWire Press，ISI学术权威 ，National Technical Information Service 个人比较喜欢的，推荐
The principle of fairness also said the principles of justice, the principles of justice, fairness principle that the law will always pursue and is pursuing a kind of values, is one of the fundamental principles of civil China's "General Principles of Civil Law" in a fair responsibility would like to express provision is made in line with the interests of the community and the broad masses of the people's will and "Contract Law" to the principle of equity determine the rights and obligations of the parties, made up for a lack of legislation in China in the field of the market economy has an extremely important First, the concept of the principle of fairness and responsibility for the contents include Fair purported fair and Fair responsibility principle is that the perpetrator and the victim are not at fault, the fact that damage has occurred in the circumstances, a fair consideration as a value judgment criteria, in accordance with the actual situation and possibilities, from the parties a fair share loss attribution It specifically includes the following aspects: (1) the parties voluntarily, equality, civil Ontology participate in the civil-tim moving to equal The two sides equal opportunity to participate in civil activities, the dominant position of equality, freedom of expression Not to Gender, age, status to the rights and obligations of the two (B) civil entities in the enjoyment of civil rights and obligations of civil commitment to equality, and not显失公平 The establishment of a socialist commodity exchange on the basis of equality, no country has the right not to pay the price obtained free of charge property of others, who do not improper means to be not equivalent to the "Contract Law" pursuit of the rights and obligations equivalent transactions, in the conclusion of the contract, it was stressed that the two sides equal obligations,显失公平behavior parties can apply for the people's court or arbitration body withdrawn, social morality will permit the parties in the signed contract, only no rights or obligations not only enjoy the right to undertake Embodied in contract law, namely, the balance of interests as a value judgment to adjust the standard contract between the main commodity exchange, the right to determine their contract Unequal rights and obligations, the economic damage to the interests of the disadvantaged did not originate from its own strength, but from man-made discrimination, and this is an obvious On the contrary, the other party by virtue of human factors and not pay the price can get asymmetric interests, this is not only contrary to public morality, but also prohibited by law, it will weaken the damage to the motives for 显失公平that exist between the interests of the parties "significant imbalance", which has destroyed the normal moral standards, contrary to good The principle of equivalence paid, resulting in the loss of the contract according to the requirements necessary for the entry into force of the "fairness" (C) civil entities in the civil liabilities to fair and Civil legislation to safeguard the principle of fairness, each person entitled to civil rights, regardless of whether fault, as long as there exist facts cause damage, they should share the civil liability according to the actual situation, and shared responsibility to be fair and reasonable, not arbitrary to blindly responsibility and the other party liability relief, not by race, rank all Fully embodies the principle of fairness, so that the parties can achieve genuine equality of opportunity, equal The rights and obligations of equality, shared responsibilities fair, reasonable, avoid abuse of the rights and obligations In real terms from the general fair to Second, the principle of the responsibility is different from the fair principle of the responsibility and fault unerring principle of the responsibility of a liability China's civil law system at the same time there are three principles of attribution principle that is at No-fault principle, fair principle of the Fair responsibility principle is the principle of an independent First, it is not from the perpetrator of the psychological state, that is not the perpetrator subjective fault people determine their liability, but based on the concept of socialist ethics and fair people living together rules and Secondly, the fact that in the event of damage there, according to the property status of the parties and other specific circumstances If a housing tenancy will be engaged in operations to B, B in the agreement with the consent of a housing for a certain decoration, the two sides agreed in the agreement: "contract termination, B housing will be returned to the owner within " both parties to fulfill the contract completed, a renovation that B should be free return, and B consider themselves into the housing decoration materials, wages, this should be a price Both sides have a The author believes that the imperfections of the contract on the renovation so that the two sides have a major misunderstanding on the return, B the right to apply for the relevant authorities to withdraw this In addition, the market economy, can be embodied in any acts of values, B input materials, provided labor, it should be If returned to a free decoration, it is bound to cause great losses to the B and A does not pay any price to get a substantial interest, which is clearly Therefore, B requested a compensation price of the decoration ideas should be Support B at the request of China's civil legislation in line with the spirit of fair is a concrete manifestation of the principle of the Third, the equity principle of the responsibility to make up for the shortcomings of tort law, the tort legislation is a Fair principle of the responsibility to people living together rules and the fairness of socialist ethics concept to the level of civil legal norms, in line with the broad masses of the people's will, The tort theory is the development and The theory of tort liability for mistakes made in the no-fault principle and the principle of the responsibility arising from the principle of responsibility before the Therefore, the principle of fairness in practice responsibility not fully This contract resulted in a party irreparable harm For example, A to B to help work for an accident should happen, to a physical injury, from the responsibility of the The two sides were not at fault, it had never had down-fault principle of the responsibility to look at the whole scope, the damage to a only a personal From the perspective of fairness, according to both property status and other circumstances, a fair and reasonable sharing of responsibilities, the loss will be a relatively reduced, and also embodies the moral aspects of the principle of There defects in the legislation, often from the moral values of equity, to supplement the inadequate China's "civil law principle" and "Contract Law" will be fair principle of the responsibility to clear and the principle of fairness as the rights and obligations of the parties premise of the legislation on tort added that Fourth, China's civil legislation will be fair principle of the responsibility to determine the liability for an independent principle, the existing legal basis, but also the needs of judicial "General Rules of Civil Law" Section 4 provides that: "the civil activities shall abide by the voluntary, fair, equivalent compensation, a principle of " The law also stipulates that显失公平the civil acts, a party may apply for the people's court or arbitration body to repeal or "General Rules of Civil Law" Section 132 provides that: "the parties are not at fault caused the damage, according to the actual situation by the parties share the civil " "General Rules of Civil Law" Section 133 provides that: "the guardian's responsibility to the guardianship may be appropriately reduce his civil " Embodied 132 fair principle of the Secondly, in judicial practice, both parties were not at fault tort damages, in the absence of the principle of a liability to be adjusted, so that the victims will not only suffer have to bear all the losses contrary to the spirit of Precisely for this reason, fairness in the judicial principle of the responsibility to practice fully reflected the spirit of the legislation is not only in our country, is the need of 6, the importance of the principle of fair Fair is the spirit of civil law, contract law but also the In implementing the principle of equity entered into a contract to Accountability, and other contractual relationship from start to The principle of the responsibility to establish a fair dual between the parties of the right and obligation to remedy the inadequate legal provisions, so that further legal ethics commodity economy, not only effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests, but also to promptly resolve disputes and prevent the incident from expanding and contradictions sharpening, promoting stability and unity, stability, social Practice has proved that the principle of fairness is the responsibility of our judicial practice needs, but also the common aspiration of the majority of the Fair fault with the principle of the responsibility to the principle of the responsibility, the principle of no-fault liability adjustment from different aspects of the tort damages arising from civil legal relations and resolving the different types of civil legal disputes in civil legal relations with its 公平原则也称公正原则、正义原则、公道原则，是法律始终奉行和追求的一种价值观，也是民法的基本原则之一。我国《民法通则》中对公平责任愿则作了明文规定，符合社会利益和广大人民群众的意志和愿望。《合同法》以公平原则确定各方的权利义务，弥补了我国立法上的不足，在市场经济领域有着极其重要的作用。 一、公平责任原则的概念及包括的内容 公平的本意是公平合理。公平责任原则，是指加害人和受害人都没有过错，在损害事实已经发生的情况下，以公平考虑作为价值判断标准，根据实际情况和可能，由双方当事人公平地分担损失的归责原则。它具体包括以下几方面内容： （一）当事人自愿、平等，民事本体参加民事恬动的机会要均等。双方参加民事活动机会平等，主体地位平等，意思表述自由。不以种族。性别、年龄、地位等来约定双方的权利义务。 （二）民事主体在民事权利的享有和民事义务的承担上要对等，不能显失公平。 社会主义商品交换建立在平等的基础上，谁也无权不付出代价来无偿取得他人财产，谁也不得以不正当的手段谋求不等价的交换。《合同法》追求权利义务的等值交易，在合同订立中，强调双方义务均等，对于显失公平的行为当事人可以申请人民法院或仲裁机构予以撤消，社会道德也不允许当事人在签订合同时，只享有权利不承担义务或者只承担义务而不享受权利。体现在合同法中，就是以利益均衡作为价值判断标准来调整合同主体之间的商品交换关系，确定其合同权利的义务。权利义务不对等时，利益受损方经济上的不利地位并非源自其自身的实力，而是来自人为的歧视，这是明显的不公平。相反，另一方凭借人为因素，不付出代价即可取得不对称利益，这不仅有悖于社会公德，而且也为法律所禁止，更会削弱受损方创新的动因。显失公平使当事人之间的利益存在“重大失衡”，破坏了正常人所具有的道德标准，违背了诚实信用。等价有偿的原则，以致于合同丧失了据以生效所必须要求的“公平”性。 （三）民事主体在承担民事责任上要公平、合理。 为维护民事立法的公平原则，每个享有民事权利的人，不问有无过错，只要有造成损害事实存在，就应当根据实际情况分担民事责任，且分担责任要公平合理，不能盲目地随心所欲地让一方承担责任而另一方减免责任，更不能受种族、级别诸因素的影响。充分体现公平原则，才能使双方当事人真正达到机会平等、地位平等。权利义务平等，分担责任公平、合理，避免权利滥用和义务加重。从一般公平到实质公平。 二、公平责任原则是不同于过错责任原则和无过错责任原则的一个归责原则。 我国民事法律制度中同时存在三个归责原则即过错原则。无过错原则、公平责任原则。公平责任原则是一个独立的归责原则。首先，它不是从行为人的心理状态出发，即不以行为人主观过错人确定其赔偿责任，而是依据社会主义道德的公平观念和人们共同生活规则的要求。其次，在有损害事实发生时，根据双方当事人的财产状况及其他具体情况裁判。如甲将房屋租赁给乙方搞经营，乙方在征得甲的同意后对房屋进行了一定装修，双方协议中约定：“合同终止时，乙方将房屋的内装修返还给甲方。”双方履行完毕合同，甲认为乙的装修应是无偿返还，而乙认为自己装修房屋投入了材料、人工，甲对此应该作价补偿。双方对此产生争执。笔者认为，合同的不完善使双方对装修返还上产生重大误解，乙方有权申请有关机关予以撤消此条款。另外，市场经济中，任何行为都体现价值观念，乙投入材料，提供了劳务，就应该得到报酬。如果装修无偿返还给甲，势必给乙造成很大损失，而甲却不付任何代价就得到一笔可观利益，这明显有失公平。所以，乙要求甲对装修作价补偿的主张应该得到支持。支持乙的请求符合我国民事立法精神，更是公平责任原则的具体体现。 三、公平责任原则弥补了侵权行为法理论的缺陷，是对侵权行为立法的一个发展。 公平责任原则把人们共同生活规则和社会主义道德的公平观念上升为民事法律规范，符合广大人民意志、愿望。也是对侵权法理论的发展和完善。侵权法理论中的过错责任原则及无过错责任原则产生于公平责任原则之前。因此，公平责任原则在实践中不能充分体现。这就导致合同一方当事人发生损害事实时无法弥补。例如甲给乙帮忙干活，因出现意外，使甲人身受到伤害，从过错责任来看。双方均无过错，从无过错责任原则凋整范围看，甲受到的损害只能由甲个人承担。如果从公平角度出发，根据双方的财产状况及其他情况，公平、合理地分担责任，甲的损失就会相对减少，也体现了道德范畴的公平原则。在立法上出现缺陷时，往往是道德观念起衡平作用，以补充立法上的不足。我国《民法原则》及《合同法》将公平责任原则予以明确并将公平原则作为双方当事人权利义务的前提，是对侵权立法的补充、发展。 四、我国民事立法将公平责任原则确定为一个独立的归责原则，既有法律依据，也是司法实践的需要。 《民法通则》第4条规定：“民事活动应当遵循自愿、公平、等价有偿、诚实信用原则”。法律也规定，显失公平的民事行为，一方可以申请人民法院或仲裁机构撤消或变更。《民法通则》第132条规定：“当事人对造成损害都没有过错的，可以根据实际情况，由当事人分担民事责任”。《民法通则》第133条规定：“监护人尽了监护责任的，可以适当减轻他的民事责任”。体现了132条的公平责任原则。其次，在司法实践中，对于双方当事人都无过错的侵权损害，如果没有一个归责原则加以调整，将会使受害人既蒙受损害又须承担全部损失有悖于立法精神。正因为如此，公平责任原则在司法实践中充分体现，不仅符合我国立法精神，是现实的需要。 六、公平责任原则的重要性。 公平是民法的精神，也是合同法的精神。公平原则贯彻于合同的订立、履行。责任的承担等合同关系的始终。以公平责任原则确立双力当事人之间的权利和义务，补救法律规定的不足，使商品经济道德规范进一步法律化，不仅有效地保护当事人的合法权益，又能及时解决纠纷，防止事态扩大和矛盾激化，促进安定团结，稳定社会秩序。实践证明，公平责任原则是我国司法实践的需要，更是广大人民的共同愿望。公平责任原则与过错责任原则、无过错责任原则从不同方面调整着侵权损害中产生的民事法律关系，解决着不同类型的民事法律纠纷，在民事法律关系中有着其重要性。
中国知网、elsevier等数据库里检索相关论文，学校网站里电子图书馆里都会有好多种数据库
呵呵 就是找一篇和自己的论文相关的外文，翻译成中文即可！ 呵呵
外文翻译要求：（1）选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。（2）选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。（3）外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。
毕业设计中的外文翻译就是内容提要，有一些导师会要求写成摘要，把内容提要的中文版翻译成英文即可。值得一提的是，内容提要下方的关键字也需要翻译成英文。内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。写作内容提要的目的在于：1．为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。2．为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，假如产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要啰哩啰唆抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。报道性提要，主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等，对文章内容的提示较全面。指示性提要，只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等)，对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。文献综述简称综述，是对某一领域，某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料，然后通过分析、阅读、整理、提炼当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议，对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。文献综述，一般都包含以下四部分：摘要、引言、主体和参考文献。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法、结果、动态和进展。
毕业论文外文翻译：将外文参考文献翻译成中文版本。翻译要求：1、选定外文文献后先给指导老师看，得到老师的确认通过后方可翻译。2、选择外文翻译时一定选择外国作者写的文章，可从学校中知网或者外文数据库下载。3、外文翻译字数要求3000字以上，从外文文章起始处开始翻译，不允许从文章中间部分开始翻译，翻译必须结束于文章的一个大段落。参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。外文参考文献就是指论文是引用的文献原文是国外的，并非中国的。 原文就是指原作品,原件，即作者所写作品所用的语言。如莎士比亚的《罗密欧与朱丽叶》原文是英语。译文就是翻译过来的文字，如在中国也可以找到莎士比亚《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的中文版本，这个中文版本就称为译文。扩展资料：外文翻译需要注意的问题1、外文文献的出处不要翻译成中文，且写在中文译文的右上角（不是放在页眉处）；会议要求：名称、地点、年份、卷（期），等 。2、作者姓名以及作者的工作单位也不用必须翻译。3、abstract翻译成“摘要”，不要翻译成“文章摘要”等其他词语。4、Key words翻译成“关键词” 。5、introduction 翻译成“引言”(不是导言)。6、各节的标号I、II等可以直接使用，不要再翻译成“第一部分”“第二部分”，等。 7、注意排版格式，都是单排版，行距25，字号小4号，等（按照格式要求）。8、里面的图可以拷贝粘贴，但要将图标、横纵指标的英文标注翻译成中文。 9、里面的公式、表不可以拷贝粘贴，要自己重新录入、重新画表格。
外文翻译是你上网上查询一篇文章，和你的设计题目相似的英文文章，然后自己翻译过来，这就是外文翻译，篇幅必须长一点，因为一般毕业设计都要有字数限制。文献综述一般就是把你所用到的资料都一一介绍一下，不要很具体，因为论文是文献综述的具体介绍，文献综述中还包括一些与设计题目有关的现实描述。
外文翻译就是在网上找一篇专业论文，要求跟你的涉及题目类似，然后自己翻译过来，翻译的字数要达到毕业设计的要求。文献综述就是把你用到的一些文献简单介绍下即可
毕业设计中的外文翻译就是内容提要，有一些导师会要求写成摘要，把内容提要的中文版翻译成英文即可。值得一提的是，内容提要下方的关键字也需要翻译成英文。内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里，作者以极经济的笔墨，勾画出全文的整体面目；提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。内容提要是正文的附属部分，一般放置在论文的篇首。写作内容提要的目的在于：1．为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时，先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解，知道研究所取得的主要成果，研究的主要逻辑顺序。2．为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要，就能大略了解作者所研究的问题，假如产生共鸣，则再进一步阅读全文。在这里，内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。因此，内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来，便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面，不要啰哩啰唆抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋，缺乏说明观点的材料。内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。报道性提要，主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等，对文章内容的提示较全面。指示性提要，只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等)，对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。文献综述简称综述，是对某一领域，某一专业或某一方面的课题、问题或研究专题搜集大量相关资料，然后通过分析、阅读、整理、提炼当前课题、问题或研究专题的最新进展、学术见解或建议，对其做出综合性介绍和阐述的一种学术论文。文献综述，一般都包含以下四部分：摘要、引言、主体和参考文献。这是因为研究性的论文注重研究的方法、结果、动态和进展。