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企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动，1但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？企业社会责任（ CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和 Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”， 和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。社会责任的措施和规章在公司和他们的利益相关者之间的对话中发展。 联合国全球契约是发展中的软规章框架的中心。它是自愿的，没有法律约束力的制裁。适用于没有遵守规章并被笼统制定的企业。它为理解条例提供许多余地，从而以适合它们自身情况和期待的某种方式，实现将规章转化为行动的改变。该倡议是建立在菜单上的书面原则基础上的国际宣言和协定的成员契约遵循。然而，契约本身并不是一个法律框架。此倡议依赖于承诺，信誉和能见度遵守，而不是对不符合原则的企业发出明确的制裁。全球契约从全球影响力和道德权威的联合国和增列角色创建社区发出的原则，增长其信誉。软规则，换言之，是嵌套在更广泛的监管范围（ Jacobsson和萨赫林-安德森，2006年）英文：Corporate social responsibility: a trend and movement,1 But what social responsibility is, what for?Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a global trend, involving national, international organizations and civil society But it is far from clear that the idea of CSR, there is no real trend, from where to start, where development, who are the main actors of the If you take it as a social movement, we must ask: What sports and who performs? Discussion helps us reflect national trends and how to manage certain features to expand rapidly and extensively around the world, and adds the following institutional changes, especially changes between countries, corporate and civil society organizations Relationship action between the Trend of corporate social responsibility in three ways: as a management framework for the new requirements, local businesses; as the mobilization of corporate behavior, to assist the country's development assistance; and as a management Each of these portraits suggest that certain behavior center, relationships, control team and My example shows that no one of these comments seem to be more accurate than others, but, activities include different interests norms contributing factor, the origin and Trends in these multiple identities can be partially describe their success as well as its argument, vulnerability and Many companies now have specific plans and sections deal with corporate social responsibility on its In the past, the soft regulations and guidance network, internationally accepted rules has been an important mechanism in companies, national and international organizations needs, for example, published guidelines and regulations of the In this context, the international organization is still important actors, they are seeking dialogue with multinational companies, rather than trying to control through the national corporate social International organizations for corporate social responsibility is not the regulatory body; and they are the most suitable candidate broker regulation and self-regulation initiatives The need for socially responsible behavior and monitoring of these acts increasingly to countries outside of these organizations for the channel, and emphasized in favor of a high proportion of self- Thus, we see a soft law (Morth, 2004) the emergence of, or Knill and Lehmkuhl (2002) said, "is self-regulated," and Moran (2002) summarized in the "fine" or "informal" I prefer the "soft law" and "soft regulation" argument, because they do not always Soft regulations often include formal reporting procedures and co- Also, from the co-ordination and administrative point of view, those regulations and still a far cry from the CSR measures and regulations in the development dialogue companies and their stakeholders The United Nations Global Compact is the center of the development of soft regulatory It is a voluntary, non-legally binding It failed to comply with applicable regulations and general development of the It provides a lot of room for understanding the regulations, which in some way appropriate to their own situation and expectations to achieve the regulatory change into The initiative is a member of the contract on the basis of international declarations and agreements in principle to establish written on the menu on the However, the contract itself is not a legal This initiative is dependent on the commitment, credibility and visibility of compliance, rather than sending a clear sanctions do not conform to the principles of Create Global Compact principles emanating from the global community influence and moral authority of the United Nations and the additional roles, increase its Soft rules, in other words, is nested within the broader scope of regulation (Jacobsson and Sa Helin - Anderson, 2006), an original source and the author: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VOL 6 NO 5 2006 Kerstin Sahlin-A
更英语翻译 载app: 尾巴翻译官 谢谢
外文文献可以用你们图书馆的外文数据库检索, 如, 自己去找吧 学校里面可以下载到的！英文关键词可以利用网站翻译～
企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动，1但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？企业社会责任（ CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和 Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”， 和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。社会责任的措施和规章在公司和他们的利益相关者之间的对话中发展。 联合国全球契约是发展中的软规章框架的中心。它是自愿的，没有法律约束力的制裁。适用于没有遵守规章并被笼统制定的企业。它为理解条例提供许多余地，从而以适合它们自身情况和期待的某种方式，实现将规章转化为行动的改变。该倡议是建立在菜单上的书面原则基础上的国际宣言和协定的成员契约遵循。然而，契约本身并不是一个法律框架。此倡议依赖于承诺，信誉和能见度遵守，而不是对不符合原则的企业发出明确的制裁。全球契约从全球影响力和道德权威的联合国和增列角色创建社区发出的原则，增长其信誉。软规则，换言之，是嵌套在更广泛的监管范围（ Jacobsson和萨赫林-安德森，2006年）英文：Corporate social responsibility: a trend and movement,1 But what social responsibility is, what for?Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a global trend, involving national, international organizations and civil society But it is far from clear that the idea of CSR, there is no real trend, from where to start, where development, who are the main actors of the If you take it as a social movement, we must ask: What sports and who performs? Discussion helps us reflect national trends and how to manage certain features to expand rapidly and extensively around the world, and adds the following institutional changes, especially changes between countries, corporate and civil society organizations Relationship action between the Trend of corporate social responsibility in three ways: as a management framework for the new requirements, local businesses; as the mobilization of corporate behavior, to assist the country's development assistance; and as a management Each of these portraits suggest that certain behavior center, relationships, control team and My example shows that no one of these comments seem to be more accurate than others, but, activities include different interests norms contributing factor, the origin and Trends in these multiple identities can be partially describe their success as well as its argument, vulnerability and Many companies now have specific plans and sections deal with corporate social responsibility on its In the past, the soft regulations and guidance network, internationally accepted rules has been an important mechanism in companies, national and international organizations needs, for example, published guidelines and regulations of the In this context, the international organization is still important actors, they are seeking dialogue with multinational companies, rather than trying to control through the national corporate social International organizations for corporate social responsibility is not the regulatory body; and they are the most suitable candidate broker regulation and self-regulation initiatives The need for socially responsible behavior and monitoring of these acts increasingly to countries outside of these organizations for the channel, and emphasized in favor of a high proportion of self- Thus, we see a soft law (Morth, 2004) the emergence of, or Knill and Lehmkuhl (2002) said, "is self-regulated," and Moran (2002) summarized in the "fine" or "informal" I prefer the "soft law" and "soft regulation" argument, because they do not always Soft regulations often include formal reporting procedures and co- Also, from the co-ordination and administrative point of view, those regulations and still a far cry from the CSR measures and regulations in the development dialogue companies and their stakeholders The United Nations Global Compact is the center of the development of soft regulatory It is a voluntary, non-legally binding It failed to comply with applicable regulations and general development of the It provides a lot of room for understanding the regulations, which in some way appropriate to their own situation and expectations to achieve the regulatory change into The initiative is a member of the contract on the basis of international declarations and agreements in principle to establish written on the menu on the However, the contract itself is not a legal This initiative is dependent on the commitment, credibility and visibility of compliance, rather than sending a clear sanctions do not conform to the principles of Create Global Compact principles emanating from the global community influence and moral authority of the United Nations and the additional roles, increase its Soft rules, in other words, is nested within the broader scope of regulation (Jacobsson and Sa Helin - Anderson, 2006), an original source and the author: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VOL 6 NO 5 2006 Kerstin Sahlin-A
摘要：战略管理会计(SMA)是近年来兴起的一支新的会计学分支学科，是企业战略管理理念与管理会计理论相结合的产物。它将对财务信息的使用占主导地位的管理会计扩展到一个注重前瞻性、长期性和关注企业如何适应、协调、利用瞬息万变外部条件与内部条件的关系以取得整体上更优的战略效果，帮助企业确立长久不衰竞争优势。战略管理会计的理论与应用在国际上还处于摸索阶段，在我国更是如此。为推动战略管理会计在我国的发展，本文介绍了其产生背景与主要内容。 Abstract: Strategic management accounting (SMA) is a relatively new developed approach to management accounting that address issues and concerns which are strategic It places management accounting in a much broader context beyond the use of purely financial information to develop superior strategies, in order to derive a means of achieving sustainable completive Compare to conventional management accounting, strategic management accounting is future focused, long-term focused and consider the external business The theory and applications for SMA are not well developed at present internationally and that is especially the case as it is in our This article introduces and analysis the background of SMA and the main contents of it, in the aim of support the developing of SMA in our C 关键词：战略管理会计、战略成本管理、战略管理会计信息系统、战略绩效评价 Key words: Strategic management accounting (SMA), Strategic cost management, strategic management accounting information system, strategic performance measurement 随着现代科技的进步和生产力的迅猛发展，顾客消费水平提高，世界经济趋于一体化，全球竞争日益激烈，加上政治、经济、社会环境的巨大变化，许多企业对其经营方式做出重大调整与创新。尤其是现代企业在管理理念上从 “职能管理”向“战略管理”理念的转变，对传统管理会计的理论与方法体系造成全面冲击。事实上，长期以来，管理会计理论与实践脱节这一问题一直没有得到根本性的解决。为适应企业战略管理的需要，英国学者赛蒙斯（Simmonds,1981）于上世纪80年代初提出战略管理会计(Strategic Management Accounting简称SMA)的理念，强调管理会计应与企业战略相结合，尤其指出企业的管理信息系统应为企业提供其竞争对手的相关信息，以适应日益激烈的竞争。
二、 战略管理会计的内涵 那么，什么是战略管理会计？由于战略管理会计属于一个新的研究领域，对于如何界定其概念以及如何进行操作等问题，均尚无统一定论。 “战略管理会计” 一词的首创者是被公认为战略管理会计之父的英国学者赛门斯（R R Simmonds）。在他1981年出版的《战略成本分析-从管理会计到战略会计的演进》一书中将战略管理会计定义为“对关于企业及其竞争者管理会计指标的准备和分析，用来建立和监督企业战略”。他对传统管理会计理论的挑战在于，他不再从企业内部效率的角度看待利润的增长，而是从企业在其市场的竞争地位这一视角，重新看待这个问题。布朗维奇 (Bromwich)等学者在其研究报告中着眼于最终商品市场，将战略管理会计定义为“对企业的产品市场和竞争者的成本和成本结构的财务信息进行的提供和分析，以及对企业及其竞争者一定期间内在这些市场上的战略所进行的监督”。Wilson在《战略管理会计》中则强调战略管理会计的外部指向（Outward looking）和前瞻性(Forward looking)。 我国在80年代就对管理会计的发展较为关注的余绪缨教授认为“战略管理会计”是为企业战略管理服务的会计，它从战略的高度，围绕企业、顾客和竞争对手组成的“战略三角”，即提供顾客和竞争对手具有战略相关性的外向型信息，也对本企业的内部信息进行战略审视，帮助企业决策层知己知彼地进行战略的制定和实施，借以最大限度地促进本企业“价值链”的改进与完善，保持并不断创造竞争优势，以促进企业长足、健康发展。 从不同视角研究战略管理会计的学者很多。关于战略管理会计的这些文献从不同的侧重点反映了人们对战略管理会计的多方面理解。有些观点主要着眼于美国学者迈克尔 波特（M E Porter）在1980年发表的《竞争战略》中所提出的五力战略分析模型与他在1985年发表的《竞争优势》中提出的成本优势、差异化与目标集聚三种基本竞争战略优势中的成本优势战略。有些学者如Wilson的观点则更侧重于产品寿命周期。即便如此，这些定义都有一个共同点，体现了战略管理会计的一些基本特征，即重视外部环境和市场，注重整体性和前瞻性，注重使企业长期发展，从而为企业的战略管理与决策提供信息。 三、现行的管理会计是否会被战略管理会计取代？ 对于传统管理会计不适应现代企业的决策，到底应该从传统的基础上稳步推进管理会计的发展，还是进行全面创新，这在学术界一直争论不休。这一争论基本分为两大派别。一派是“传统管理会计学派”以美国斯坦福大学的霍恩格伦教授（Charles T Horngren）、哈佛大学的安东尼教授（RN Anthony）、英国曼彻斯特大学的思盖本斯教授（RW Scapens）等为代表，主张一切以成本为中心，将数量方法及其它先进的管理方法，如战略成本管理方法引入管理会计体现，在传统的基础上稳步推进管理会计的发展。另一派以哈佛大学的罗伯特卡普兰教授（Robert S Kaplan）、太平洋路德大学的托马斯约翰逊教授（H Thomas Johnson）为代表的“创新管理会计学派”，主张以全方位创新为目标，注重学科间的交叉发展态势，通过不断创新改进现代管理会计的控制系统，建立各种数学模型，有效地控制、评价企业的绩效。 但是，不管理争论是否激励，双方学者都不否认应该建立适合战略决策需要的管理会计信息系统，都主张管理会计向战略管理领域的延伸和渗透。战略管理会计是以传统管理会计的基础为适应当代企业保持和创造长期竞争优势的决策要求而做出的新的改良与探索。尽管战略管理会计是为了弥补传统管理会计的缺陷而产生的，但这并不意味着传统管理会计已失去其存在的必要性。我们坚持现代管理会计应由战略管理会计和战术管理会计组成。传统管理会计注重内部控制，从战术的角度提高企业的内部效率；而管理会计则追寻高屋建瓴式的决策理念，站在全球竞争的角度，思考企业与其外部宏观与微观商业环境的关系，同时使用财务信息与非财务信息，采取长期性、全面性、前瞻性、外向性的理念，采用新的绩效评价方法，运用如“客户盈利能力分析（Customer profitability analysis）“产品赢利动态分析（product profitability analysis）”、价值链分析方法（value chain analysis）、成本动因分析方法(activity based cost analysis)、产品生命周期成本法(life cycle costing)，经验曲线（learning curve analysis）、成长与占有率矩阵（Boston consulting Group- growth and share matrix）等这些灵活多样的管理会计的新方法。因此，战略管理会计是管理会计从微观到宏观的扩展与补充，两者是相辅相成的。
cost much more because of the theoretical concept of Cooper Kaplan in 1987, in an article entitled "Cost Accounting System to distort what Qu product costs, "the article which first proposed the" cost drivers "(cost driving factor cost) theory that, in essence, is a function of or interaction with the various independent factors (variables) to drive So what factors are driving a cost, or what the motive force for the cost? Traditionally, businesses (eg, yield) as the sole cost driver (variables) At least that distribution plays a decisive role in restraining its cost, and other factors (motivation), both According to this thinking fluctuation, the full costs into variable costs and fixed two Based on this understanding, as a fundamental analysis and dependent on the volume of production costs in the budget management flexibility in the specific This can be regarded as an effective cost management However, the volume of business is not the only factor driving According to Cooper Kaplan's "successful action by the theory of" cost drivers can be grouped into five categories : number of factors which installment cause, products cause, motivation processing factories From this point of view, we should on the basis of analysis of the various cost drivers, open up and find new ways to control For example, According to activity-based costing (ABC --Activity Based Costing) Cost Driver analysis of the cost of doing business can be divided grounds driven by short-term changes in business motivation costs (such as direct materials, direct wages, and so on) and the motivation driven by the volume of long-term changes in operating costs (mainly indirect costs) Based on this understanding, management may consider in the cost of doing business through the appropriate scale of operation to effectively control costs, usually more conducive to large-scale small scale units to reduce product If procurement costs are not simply constrained by the volume of procurement, and the frequency of purchased large quantities of lower unit cost of procurement; Marketing costs to be incurred by sales volume are not simply restricted, The installment sales with a large number of domestic unit sales to reduce the burden of marketing In such cases, if the analysis of the motivation (variables) and the costs (variable), the relationship between The specific function of cost model can be further used mathematical methods to determine the optimal size of the Management accounting policy described in the optimal order quantity model is a concrete example of Through further analysis can be found, in addition to the objective factors driving Cost will be artificially driven by subjective factors, that is, cost function can be expressed as : cost = f (objective subjective motivation) It is precisely because people have the greatest motivation, man subjective motivation driving the cost of doing business is also an important For example, workers cost management, quality, collective consciousness and awareness of business ownership, work and responsibility, among workers and between workers and the leadership of interpersonal relationships, the level of subjective factors are affecting the cost of doing and thus may be considered as the driving cost From the point of view of cost control, people's subjective motivation has tremendous Practice shows that the responsibility for cost accounting center, controllable cost, the cost of research and analysis actively work to improve cost management in a practical In short, enterprise cost management, it should establish a motive theory based on more than the cost of management Based on the analysis of the establishment of such a fluctuation in the cost of management and often can be induced to produce new ideas and effective cost management
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ManualAccounting Versus Computerized AccountingProceedings of InternationalConference on Accounting Education Reform and Development Conference —James As many professional accountants andauditors state - accounting is a language of business which is accepted in alldeveloped and developing Every company applies accounting because itis generally accepted that companies have to reveal certain financial andmanagement information to the government and public users and of course becauseaccounting is indispensable tool in business decision-making With thedevelopment of information technologies there were developed many computerproducts (software) that make accounting as easy as ABC for those who From this point accounting can be divided into two basic categories:thosewhich apply manual accounting and those which prefer computerized This paper is targets the main features of manual and computerizedaccounting, their benefits and shortcomings, and their From the accounting theory it is knownthat accounting cycle includes the following steps: journalizing thetransactions, posting them to ledger accounts, preparing trial balance, makingadjustment entries, preparing adjusted to end-of-period trial balance ,preparing financial statements and appropriate disclosures, journalizing andposting the closing entries, and preparing after-closing trial balance at From the first look it is not very difficult and it is so indeed, but whenthere are thousands or millions of transactions the situation Lots of transactions that must be processed in the accounting cyclemake this process routine and even a little mistake or inaccuracy can cause allthe cycle from the very beginning in order to find and correct the Soas to shed some light on the matter lets examine accounting cycle Every transaction (event that change the financial resources orobligations of the company) must be recognized, classified and documented; inaddition there must be corresponding accounts identified and Thetransactions are recorded in appropriate journals (general journal, salesjournal etc) with transaction data, affected accounts? titles, debit and creditof each affected account and explanation specified in the journal Theabove procedure is used for each All the journal records must beposted to the ledger on a periodic basis (daily or weekly), which is a group ofaccounts put together and classified (assets, liabilities, revenue, expensesand equity) ? in other words general ledger summarizes all the transactionswithin a period of In addition there is a subsidiary ledger can be used,which is a more detailed source, where individual items comprised (inventory,accounts payable and accounts receivable) General ledger contains controllingaccounts which summarize the content of subsidiary At the end ofaccounting period with the help of general ledger there is a trial balancecalculated to make sure that debit and credit are in balance (if they are notequal it means that there is an error somewhere) Then there must beappropriate adjustments made like depreciation and income tax expenses,adjusted records posted to the ledger and adjusted trial balance After this there are financial statements should be prepared, which includebalance sheet, income statement, statement of retained earnings and statementof cash Then journal entries of temporary accounts are closed topermanent accounts and posted to the ledger, and at last after-closing trialbalance can In order to stay on top companies have toanalyze the performance of all organizational cells (starting from unskilledworkers and operating personnel, and finishing with top managers and other keypersonnel) and discover all the deviations from the plan, their causes, andfinally companies? management has to take corresponding measures to avoid suchdeviations in the These procedures are called internal controls andinclude the following five elements: control environment, risk assessment,monitoring, information and communication, which are assessed separately andput together a single rate of organization's Control environmentmeans the way of organization's internal control? which manager controls theemployees, how and whom does that manager reports next about the planperformance Risk assessment implies measures to determine all thepotential risks in advance, their causes, probabilities and counter-measures toavoid and manage them; how can those risks influence company's performance andfinancial state; how to minimize the costs of facing financial risks Monitoring implies quality control of company's operations and Information and communication element means the control over communication flowand the quality of information flow within the organization in order tominimize the time of communication and information Internal controlprocedures allow to keep companies? assets from dissipation and controlproductivity and usefulness of all Let's return to the main issue of Manual accounting implies that employees perform the whole accountingcycle manually on a periodic basis: they calculate trial balances, journalizetransactions, prepare financial statement reports and other Of courseit takes much time, resources and effort in large Computerizedaccounting implies that the only thing that employees do is recordingtransactions into the computer which processes the other steps of accountingcycle automatically or by a But this is a very simplified view on thecomputerized accounting because transaction is a complex category whichincludes not only sales or acquisitions, but depreciation, premiums and wagescalculation, dividends So computers provide accurate calculations andsmart reports but it takes much time, resources and effort too and it ' sdifficult to assess which accounting type is more fast and If manualaccounting requires qualified accountants to keep a record of businesstransactions, computerized requires accountants which can use specific softwareand thus they cost Computer software calculates faster but it does notknow what you need until you can clearly explain what exactly you Inaddition good computerized accounting system can cost thousands and evenmillions dollars, depending on the complexity and the size of Computerized accounting provides better internal control report system for anygiven period of time (computer can control thousands indicators simultaneouslyand create notifications to the appropriate departments or workers if someindicators do not correspond to the normal state), while manual control takesmore Among the advantages of manual accounting there are: comparatively cheapworkforce and resources, reliability, independence from machines, skilledworkers availability; the disadvantages include: reduced speed, increasedeffort of accountants, relatively slower internal control reporting, routinework and some Among the main advantages of computerized accounting thereare: high speed and mobility of reporting, reliability, no routine work,increased accuracy, internal control system of increased productivity, easyback up and restoration of records; the disadvantages include: extremely highcosts on developing, introducing and using the system, special trainings forpersonnel, increased personnel costs, dependence on machines Obviously bothcomputerized and manual accounting have advantages and disadvantages but theyperform the same task, and the final result is the The main differencesbetween them are the costs ,speed and Thus small and medium businesses usually prefer manualaccounting without detriment to quality while large corporations apply complexaccounting systems which cost millions dollars but the effect from theirapplication exceeds all the 还有中文翻译，2100左右，是经济学家詹姆斯撰写的手工会计与电算化会计会计教育改革与发展—第四届会计与财务问题国际研讨会论文集
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企业的社会责任：一种趋势和运动，1但社会责任是什么，是为了什么？企业社会责任（ CSR ）已成为一个全球趋势，涉及企业，国家，国际组织和民间社会组织。但这远远不能清楚CSR的主张，有什么真正的趋势，是从哪里开始，在哪里发展，谁是项目的主要行动者。如果把它作为一种社会运动，我们必须要问：什么运动和谁执行？讨论有助于我们反思形成的趋势和如何管理某些特点来迅速和广泛地在全球各地进行扩展，并增加了以下体制变革,特别是对变化中国家之间、企业法人和民间社会组织关系之间的界限的作用。企业社会责任的趋势在三个方面：作为一个管理框架，新的要求，地方企业;作为动员企业行为，以协助国家的发展援助;和作为管理趋势。每一个这些画像表明，中心的某些行为，关系，驾驭团队和利益。我的例子表明，没有人对这些意见似乎比别人更准确，而是，活动包括规范的不同利益、作用因素、起源和轨迹。这些多重身份的趋势可以部分描述其成功以及它的争论，脆弱性和流动性。许多公司现在有具体的计划和小节在其网站上处理企业社会责任。在过去，软条例和指导网络，国际公认的规则一直是一种重要机制，作用在公司、国家和国家间组织的需求，例如，发布指导方针和条例的公司。在这背景下，国际组织仍然是重要的行动者，他们正在寻求与跨国公司进行对话，而不是试图通过国家控制企业社会责任。各国际组织不是对企业的社会责任监管机构;而他们却是监管和自我约束的倡议之间的经纪人的最合适人选。对社会负责行为和监测这些行为的需求越来越多地以国家以外的这些组织为渠道，并强调赞成高比例的自律。因此，我们看到了软法律(Morth, 2004)的出现，或者是Knill 和 Lehmkuhl (2002) 所说的“被规管的自律”， 和Moran (2002)所归纳的“精细”或“非正式”规章。我更喜欢“软法律”和“软规章”的说法，因为他们并不总是非正式的。软规章常常包括正式报告和统筹程序。还有，从统筹和行政的观点来看，那些规章和精细还是相去甚远的。社会责任的措施和规章在公司和他们的利益相关者之间的对话中发展。 联合国全球契约是发展中的软规章框架的中心。它是自愿的，没有法律约束力的制裁。适用于没有遵守规章并被笼统制定的企业。它为理解条例提供许多余地，从而以适合它们自身情况和期待的某种方式，实现将规章转化为行动的改变。该倡议是建立在菜单上的书面原则基础上的国际宣言和协定的成员契约遵循。然而，契约本身并不是一个法律框架。此倡议依赖于承诺，信誉和能见度遵守，而不是对不符合原则的企业发出明确的制裁。全球契约从全球影响力和道德权威的联合国和增列角色创建社区发出的原则，增长其信誉。软规则，换言之，是嵌套在更广泛的监管范围（ Jacobsson和萨赫林-安德森，2006年）英文：Corporate social responsibility: a trend and movement,1 But what social responsibility is, what for?Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a global trend, involving national, international organizations and civil society But it is far from clear that the idea of CSR, there is no real trend, from where to start, where development, who are the main actors of the If you take it as a social movement, we must ask: What sports and who performs? Discussion helps us reflect national trends and how to manage certain features to expand rapidly and extensively around the world, and adds the following institutional changes, especially changes between countries, corporate and civil society organizations Relationship action between the Trend of corporate social responsibility in three ways: as a management framework for the new requirements, local businesses; as the mobilization of corporate behavior, to assist the country's development assistance; and as a management Each of these portraits suggest that certain behavior center, relationships, control team and My example shows that no one of these comments seem to be more accurate than others, but, activities include different interests norms contributing factor, the origin and Trends in these multiple identities can be partially describe their success as well as its argument, vulnerability and Many companies now have specific plans and sections deal with corporate social responsibility on its In the past, the soft regulations and guidance network, internationally accepted rules has been an important mechanism in companies, national and international organizations needs, for example, published guidelines and regulations of the In this context, the international organization is still important actors, they are seeking dialogue with multinational companies, rather than trying to control through the national corporate social International organizations for corporate social responsibility is not the regulatory body; and they are the most suitable candidate broker regulation and self-regulation initiatives The need for socially responsible behavior and monitoring of these acts increasingly to countries outside of these organizations for the channel, and emphasized in favor of a high proportion of self- Thus, we see a soft law (Morth, 2004) the emergence of, or Knill and Lehmkuhl (2002) said, "is self-regulated," and Moran (2002) summarized in the "fine" or "informal" I prefer the "soft law" and "soft regulation" argument, because they do not always Soft regulations often include formal reporting procedures and co- Also, from the co-ordination and administrative point of view, those regulations and still a far cry from the CSR measures and regulations in the development dialogue companies and their stakeholders The United Nations Global Compact is the center of the development of soft regulatory It is a voluntary, non-legally binding It failed to comply with applicable regulations and general development of the It provides a lot of room for understanding the regulations, which in some way appropriate to their own situation and expectations to achieve the regulatory change into The initiative is a member of the contract on the basis of international declarations and agreements in principle to establish written on the menu on the However, the contract itself is not a legal This initiative is dependent on the commitment, credibility and visibility of compliance, rather than sending a clear sanctions do not conform to the principles of Create Global Compact principles emanating from the global community influence and moral authority of the United Nations and the additional roles, increase its Soft rules, in other words, is nested within the broader scope of regulation (Jacobsson and Sa Helin - Anderson, 2006), an original source and the author: CORPORATE GOVERNANCE VOL 6 NO 5 2006 Kerstin Sahlin-A