发布时间：
你要是找国涛期刊，就不会出现这种问题了好不好？1．题名规范 题名应简明、具体、确切，能概括论文的特定内容，有助于选定关键词，符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则。2．命题方式3．撰写英文题名的注意事项 ①英文题名以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成；短语型题名要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准。
是完整的 有
是完整的 有
工程技术问题，我来写，明确分析
随着科学技术的发展，构成建筑的基本物质要素——建筑材料也在发展变化。新型建筑材料是在传统建筑材料基础上产生的新一代建筑材料。现代新型建筑材料首先要具有时代性才能符合现代建筑的要求；其次要节能环保，符合生态化特点才能有利于社会的发展。 关键词：新型建筑材料 特点 生态 几千年来，建筑材料产品有了长足的进展，从最早的土坯发展到现在门类繁多，充满技术含量。各个历史时代都有代表各个时代风貌的建筑，也有与之相匹配的建筑材料。随着时代的变化，建筑物的风格、功能以及人们对它的要求都有很大的不同，因此新型的建筑材料也会相应的出现。 新型建筑材料是在传统建筑材料基础上产生的新一代建筑材料，主要包括新型墙体材料、保温隔热材料、防水密封材料和装饰装修材料。我国新型建材工业是伴随着改革开放的不断深入而发展起来的，从 1979—1998年是我国新型建材发展的重要历史时期。经过20年的发展，我国新型建材工业基本完成了从无到有、从小到大的发展过程，在全国范围内形成了一个新兴的行业，成为建材工业中重要产品门类和新的经济增长点。经济建设的迅速发展和人民生活水平的不断提高，给新型建材的发展提供了良好的机遇和广阔的市场。目前，全国新型建材企业星罗棋布，在市场需求的带动下，已经形成了全国范围的建材流通网；大部分国外产品我国已能生产，三星宾馆所需的新型建筑材料国内已能自给；不同档次、不同花色品种装饰装修材料的发展，为改善我国城乡人民居住条件、改变城市面貌提供了材料保证。我国已形成了新型建材科研、设计、教育、生产、施工、流通的专业队伍。但是，一种现代新型的建筑材料应该具备怎样的特性才能让人们感觉更舒适，才能适合时代的要求呢？只有充分考虑了以下这些因素才能让新型材料得到有效发展。 一、具有时代价值 一位日本学者在讲学时曾经说过，最好的建筑材料是土坯，他是在分析了各种现有建筑材料功能的优缺点之后，不无感慨地做出了这样的评论的。土坯是人类从筑巢而居时就开始利用普通的黏土做建筑材料，兼有保温、吸湿、透气等特性，更适合人体要求，人住在土坯房屋里比住在混凝土房屋里或者砖房里舒适得多，所以这位日本学者的话具有一定的道理。 但是，虽然土坯具有这样的优点，可还是遭到了人们的抛弃。因为现代建筑已经不能仅仅满足居住的功能了，现代建筑是人类技术进步的集合体。除了保温、吸湿、透气这些功能要求之外，还有高强、轻质、防水、防火、防腐、采光、吸音、装饰性以及利于快速装配化施工等等其他重要要求向建筑材料提出来。因此，现代新型建筑材料首先就必须具备时代价值，必须适合现代建筑的要求以及现代人类的审美。现代建筑材料以不同方式进行组合、复合后可以达到比土坯更好的性能，更加适用于现代化建筑的要求!玻璃作为一种建筑材料就因为其适合时代的要求而普遍存在了。纵观历史，建筑物的形式和内容都是在不断改变着的过去。 “我国的建筑材料工业，长期以来处于品种单调、技术落后的状态。其标志就是小块实心黏土烧结砖在我国各类墙体材料中仍然占居近95%的高比例。我国是个人口众多的，可耕地面积相对较少的国家，保护耕地关系到子孙后代。我国推出了建筑材料改革系统工程，主要目标之一就是如何尽量限制小块实心黏土砖的发展，加速采用及开发新型建筑材料并改造建筑物的功能。”中国描写一座宏伟建筑的用词是青砖碧瓦、合抱大柱、雕梁画栋等等。在西方，石砌的古建筑表现出凝重高贵的风格。尽管今天每当人们看到这些建筑时仍不免衷心赞美，深深为当时建筑大师们付出的难以想象的繁重劳动而赞叹、敬佩。但是，事情仅此而已。今天没有人会再想去建造那样的房屋了，因为它只适合观赏，而不完全适合现代建筑。 二、绿色、环保 优良舒适的居住环境历来是人们孜孜以求的生活目标之一，丰富多彩的建材产品不仅使我们广厦万间的追求成为现实，更为人们从“居者有其屋”向“居者优其屋”的转变提供了坚实的物质基础。 然而，享受现代物质文明的同时，我们却不得不面临着一个严峻的事实：资源短缺，能源耗竭，环境恶化等问题正日益威胁着人类自身的生存和发展。而建筑材料作为能耗高，资源消耗大，污染严重的工业产业，在改善人居住环境的同时，对人类的环境污染负有不可推卸的责任。因而，如何减轻建筑材料的环境负荷，实现建筑材料的生态化，成为21世纪建材工业可持续发展的重要课题。 绿色建筑材料是指对人体及周边环境无害的健康型、环保型、安全型的建筑材料。与传统建筑材料相比绿色建材主要有以下特点：(1)生产原料尽可能少利用天然材料，尤其是不可再生材料。(2)低能耗的生产工艺和无污染的生产技术。(3)建筑产品生产过程不得添加使用甲醛、卤化物、芳香烃等，不得使用含汞及其化合物、镍、铬及其化合物的颜料和添加剂。 在日益发达的物质社会里，新型建筑材料的生态化考虑显得尤其重要。建筑材料所造成的环境污染建筑材料从原料采掘到生产使用直至废弃的全生命周期中造成大量的环境污染，在我国，每生产1t普通硅酸盐水泥熟料要排放1tCO2，74kgSO2向大气中排放130kg粉尘，建筑材料在生产和使用过程中还会产生噪声污染、水污染、玻璃幕墙的光污染、矿渣岩石的放射性污染、化学建材的化学污染、建筑物拆除后的建筑垃圾等多种环境问题。建筑材料与环境的协调性当然建筑材料与环境之间也有着某种程度的协调性。许多建筑材料本身就具有一定的环保性。例如抗菌建材、空气净化建材等。建筑材料也是消纳废弃物的大户，大部分固体废弃物都可用于建筑材料的生产中。例如粉煤灰、矿渣可作为水泥和混凝土的掺和料，煤矸石已普遍用于制作烧结砖，甚至于一些有毒可燃废弃物及垃圾可作为燃料用于煅烧。随利用建筑材料实现固体废弃物的再生资源化将成为环境保护的重要途径之一。 随着科学技术的发展、社会的进步，人类越来越追求舒适、美好的生活环境,各种社会基础设施的建设规模日趋庞大，建筑材料越来越显示出其重要地位。新型建筑材料发展也有了广阔的天空，只有掌握新型建筑材料的特点，才能有的放矢的研究、生产
去参考下（土木工程）里面的资料，找下自己的写作思路
Built structure建筑结构A structure usually refers to any large, man-made object permanently fixed to Earth's surface or in its orbit, as a result of These are divided into buildings and nonbuilding structures, and make up the infrastructure of a human There are also animal-built structures, such as anthills and beaver 结构通常指固定于地球表面或绕地球轨道运行的大型人造建筑物体。分为房屋结构和非房屋结构，两者共同构成人类社会的基础设施。此外还有动物建造的结构，比如蚁冢和海狸水坝。Structures built by humans are broadly divided into categories because of their varying design approaches and standards:人类建造的结构根据不同设计方法和标准可大致分为以下几类：• Residential buildings住宅• Commercial buildings and complexes商用建筑及综合体• Industrial buildings, sites and installations工业建筑、场所及设施• Civil constructions民用建筑• Network infrastructure constructions网络基础设施以上的building structure 和nonbuilding structure,infrastructure及最后的几类结构都是建筑专业词汇。
（建筑专业英语文章内容）Architecture, the art of building in which human requirements and construction materials are related so as to furnish practical use as well as an aesthetic solution, thus differing from the pure utility of engineering As an art, architecture is essentially abstract and nonrepresentational and involves the manipulation of the relationships of spaces, volumes, planes, masses, and Time is also an important factor in architecture, since a building is usually comprehended in a succession of experiences rather than all at In most architecture there is no one vantage point from which the whole structure can be The use of light and shadow, as well as surface decoration, can greatly enhance a The analysis of building types provides an insight into past cultures and Behind each of the greater styles lies not a casual trend nor a vogue, but a period of serious and urgent experimentation directed toward answering the needs of a specific way of Climate, methods of labor, available materials, and economy of means all impose their Each of the greater styles has been aided by the discovery of new construction Once developed, a method survives tenaciously, giving way only when social changes or new building techniques have reduced That evolutionary process is exemplified by the history of modern architecture, which developed from the first uses of structural iron and steel in the mid-19th Until the 20th there were three great developments in architectural construction—the post-and-lintel, or trabeated, system; the arch system, either the cohesive type, employing plastic materials hardening into a homogeneous mass, or the thrust type, in which the loads are received and counterbalanced at definite points; and the modern steel-skeleton In the 20th new forms of building have been devised, with the use of reinforced concrete and the development of geodesic and stressed-skin (light material, reinforced) See also articles under countries, , American architecture; styles, , baroque; periods, , Gothic architecture and art; individual architects, , Andrea Palladio; individual stylistic and structural elements, , tracery, orientation; specific building types, , pagoda, apartment Architecture of the Ancient World In Egyptian architecture, to which belong some of the earliest extant structures to be called architecture (erected by the Egyptians before 3000 BC), the post-and-lintel system was employed exclusively and produced the earliest stone columnar buildings in The architecture of W Asia from the same era employed the same system; however, arched construction was also known and The Chaldaeans and Assyrians, dependent upon clay as their chief material, built vaulted roofs of damp mud bricks that adhered to form a solid After generations of experimentation with buildings of limited variety the Greeks gave to the simple post-and-lintel system the purest, most perfect expression it was to attain (see Parthenon; orders of architecture) Roman architecture, borrowing and combining the columns of Greece and the arches of Asia, produced a wide variety of monumental buildings throughout the Western Their momentous invention of concrete enabled the imperial builders to exploit successfully the vault construction of W Asia and to cover vast unbroken floor spaces with great vaults and domes, as in the rebuilt Pantheon (2d AD; see under pantheon) The Evolution of Styles in the Christian Era The Romans and the early Christians also used the wooden truss for roofing the wide spans of their basilica Neither Greek, Chinese, nor Japanese architecture used the vault system of However, in the Asian division of the Roman Empire, vault development continued; Byzantine architects experimented with new principles and developed the pendentive, used brilliantly in the 6th for the Church of Hagia Sophia in C The Romanesque architecture of the early Middle Ages was notable for strong, simple, massive forms and vaults executed in cut In Lombard Romanesque (11th ) the Byzantine concentration of vault thrusts was improved by the device of ribs and of piers to support The idea of an organic supporting and buttressing skeleton of masonry (see buttress), here appearing in embryo, became the vitalizing aim of the medieval In 13th-century Gothic architecture it emerged in perfected form, as in the Amiens and Chartres The birth of Renaissance architecture (15th ) inaugurated a period of several hundred years in Western architecture during which the multiple and complex buildings of the modern world began to emerge, while at the same time no new and compelling structural conceptions The forms and ornaments of Roman antiquity were resuscitated again and again and were ordered into numberless new combinations, and structure served chiefly as a convenient tool for attaining these The complex, highly decorated baroque style was the chief manifestation of the 17th-century architectural The Georgian style was among architecture's notable 18th-century expressions (see Georgian architecture) The first half of the 19th was given over to the classic revival and the Gothic New World, New Architectures The architects of the later 19th found themselves in a world being reshaped by science, industry, and A new eclecticism arose, such as the architecture based on the École des Beaux-Arts, and what is commonly called Victorian architecture in Britain and the United S The needs of a new society pressed them, while steel, reinforced concrete, and electricity were among the many new technical means at their After more than a half-century of assimilation and experimentation, modern architecture, often called the International style, produced an astonishing variety of daring and original buildings, often steel substructures sheathed in The Bauhaus was a strong influence on modern As the line between architecture and engineering became a shadow, 20th-century architecture often approached engineering, and modern works of engineering—airplane hangars, for example—often aimed at and achieved an undeniable More recently, postmodern architecture (see postmodernism), which exploits and expands the technical innovations of modernism while often incorporating stylistic elements from other architectural styles or periods, has become an international Forms（翻译文章）建筑，艺术的建设中，人类的需求和建筑材料有关，以提供实际使用以及审美的解决方案，从而不同于纯粹实用的工程建设。作为一门艺术，建筑基本上是抽象的，抽象的，涉及操纵的关系空间，数量，飞机，群众，空隙。时间也是一个重要因素在建筑，因为建设是通常理解中的经验继承，而不是一次。在多数建筑没有一个高度，从整个结构是可以理解的。利用光影，以及表面装饰，可以大大提高结构。 在分析建设类型提供了一个深入了解过去的文化和时代。背后的更大的风格是不是一种偶然，也不是一个流行趋势，但一个时期的严重和紧迫的实验针对回答需要具体的生活方式。气候，方法的劳动力，提供的材料，和经济的手段强加其要求所有。每一个更大的风格一直帮助下发现新的施工方法。一旦制订，顽强生存的方法，让位只有当社会的变化或新的建筑技术，减少它。这是进化过程中所体现的历史，现代建筑，它开发的第一个利用结构钢铁中期19美分。 直到20美分。有三个巨大的发展，建筑施工，后和门楣，或trabeated ，系统;拱系统，无论是一致的类型，采用塑料材料硬化成一个单一的质量，或类型的主旨，其中负载收到并在一定的平衡点;与现代钢骨架系统。在20以上。新形式的建设已制订，使用钢筋混凝土的发展和大地测量，并强调皮肤（轻型材料，钢筋）结构。 又见条款的国家，如美国的建筑;风格，如巴洛克;期间，如哥特式建筑和艺术;个别建筑师，如安德烈帕拉迪奥;个人风格和结构性因素，例如，窗格，方向;具体建设类型，例如，大观园，一栋公寓楼。 建筑的古代世界 在埃及的建筑，其中一些属于最早的现存结构，被称为架构（竖立的埃及人在公元前3000年） ，后与门楣系统被完全和生产最早的石柱状建筑物的历史。该架构的W亚洲来自同一时代雇用同一系统，但拱形建筑也被称为和使用。该Chaldaeans和亚述人，取决于粘土为主要材料，建造拱形屋顶潮湿的泥土砖坚持以形成一个坚实的外壳。 经过几代人的实验与有限的各种建筑物的希腊人给的简单桩门楣系统最纯净，最完美的表达这是实现（见神庙;订单架构） 。古罗马建筑，借款，结合栏希腊和拱门亚洲，产生了各种各样的纪念性建筑在整个西方世界。他们的重大发明的具体启用帝国建设者利用成功的墓穴建造的W亚洲和覆盖广阔的完整楼空间巨大拱顶和穹顶，在重建先贤祠（二维的。广告;见先贤祠） 。 风格的演变中的基督时代 罗马和早期基督教还使用了木桁架的跨度屋面广泛的教堂大厅。无论是希腊，中国，日本建筑，也使用了跳马制度建设。然而，在亚洲司的罗马帝国，跳马发展继续;拜占庭建筑师尝试新的原则和发展了pendentive ，用出色的第6次以上。教会的圣索菲亚君士坦丁堡。 古罗马建筑的早期中世纪值得注意的是强有力的，简单的，大规模的形式和墓穴执行削减石头。在伦巴德罗马（第11次左右。 ）拜占庭浓度跳马重点是提高设备的肋骨和码头，以支持他们。这个想法的一个有机的支持和支撑骨架的砖石（见支撑） ，在这里出现的胚胎，成为振兴目标的中世纪建筑。在13世纪的哥特式建筑出现了完善它的形式，如在亚眠和沙特尔大教堂。 文艺复兴时期诞生的架构（第15次左右。 ）成立的时期数百年的西方建筑在此期间，多重的和复杂的建筑物现代世界开始出现，同时没有任何新的和令人信服的结构概念出现。饰品的形式和古代罗马人一次又一次复苏和被命令到无数新的组合，结构送达主要作为一种方便的工具实现这些效果。复杂的，高度是巴洛克风格装饰的主要体现17世纪的建筑美学。格鲁吉亚是建筑风格的显着18世纪的表现形式（见格鲁吉亚架构） 。上半年的19美分。给出了经典的哥特复兴和振兴。 新世界，新的体系结构 建筑师后19美分。发现自己的世界正在改变的科学，工业，和速度。一种新的折衷主义出现，如建筑的基础上高等美术学院，以及所谓的维多利亚式建筑在英国和美国。需要一个新的社会压力，同时钢铁，钢筋混凝土，电力中有许多新的技术手段，它们所掌握的。 经过超过半个世纪的同化和实验，现代建筑，通常被称为国际风格，产生了惊人的各种大胆和原始建筑，往往钢子护套在玻璃。包豪斯是一个强有力的影响，现代建筑。随着之间的界线建筑和工程成为一个影子， 20世纪建筑往往接近工程和现代工程的工程飞机机库，例如，通常都瞄准了，取得了一个不可否认的美感。最近，后现代建筑（见后现代主义） ，其中的漏洞，并扩大了技术创新的现代风格，而往往把内容从其他建筑风格或时期，已成为一项国际形式。能够帮到你吗！
China built environment the value of cultural significanceAbstract: This paper discusses the traditional Chinese culture in the built environment and value embodied in, and when the built environment and cultural traditions and modern analysis, elaborated on China built environment of the significance of cultural development for the traditional architectural culture and modern development of the bonding In the context of Chinese culture, China's built environment to show with the people and the natural environment for the financial - body balance each Key words:Construction,Environment,Traditional,Modern,CultureChinese ancient architecture has a brilliant achievement, in the palace, gardens, construction of space processing, architectural art and material structure of harmony and unity, , have excellent creativity and contribution to the formation of the regression of other buildings in the West of special character, in the human construction played an important role in the Today, the nature of architectural culture more and more attracted From the Great Hall of the People in Beijing after the founding of the end of the twentieth century buildings, hotels, and other Xiangshan inherited the traditional Chinese architectural art of the essence, but also a combination of modern Western art of architecture new concepts, new technologies, to become both fresh ethnic characteristics, strong characteristics of the times and the construction of cultural China's urban construction regardless of the ancient and contemporary, are in a particular space in cultural phenomenon, its richness and complexity of all the researchers can not be Since modern times, Chinese culture began the difficult process of From a traditional society to a modern social changes, but also depends on cultural If it is said that traditional Chinese culture in history and evolution of the track is more clear, then, the changes in modern times seem very China's vast territory, different parts of the larger cultural and economic In modern times, China and the western city undoubtedly follow a different path of development, not only to form their own political, economic and cultural systems, but also formed their own style of urban planning and architectural In modern times, with the intrusion of Western powers, as well as imported culture, including architectural culture of the Western urban culture, including the start of the Chinese have an enormous Because of this, including the China Architectural Culture urban culture, but also the beginning of the transition from traditionalism to modernization profound Today, in China's architectural theory and creative activity, people fond of tradition and modernity, inheritance and innovation, China and the West, such as a class of architectural culture and the phenomenon of comparison and controversy, it is But the debate of these issues should be made clear its purpose, that is, it should promote a culture of development and construction, and promote its progress, and not just be satisfied with the basis of these cultural phenomena to make objective and accurate Such as: During the discussion of traditional and modern, inheritance and innovation of the issue, many people keen on from the style, form or technology to argue their superiority, the wild, but it is not with the people from their survival and livelihood of the fundamental link go to explore their During the discussion of Chinese and Western architectural culture, people in the space of Chinese and Western concepts, behavior and attitude toward life and so a detailed comparison, based on the discovery and summed up the Chinese architectural concepts with Westerners differences and their respective characteristics, and then in creation and insufficient emphasis on theory and embody the characteristics of this, of course, is On the other hand, people are less human existence from the perspective of the state of traditional and modern, inheritance and innovation, Chinese and Western architecture to make further value Thus, the "tradition" of "modern" "inheritance" "innovation" "China" "Western" and so the purpose of turning themselves Building a culture of comparison and debate should therefore not achieve the purpose of architectural culture can not lead to real A long time, research in the field of architectural history, there is a "Western Center on" The view that the West is a historical tradition of urban construction, the East Building of non-historical In弗莱彻尔"comparative Architectural History" on the issue there is a "construction of the tree," with illustrations, the center of the tree trunk is marked with Greece, Rome, Lo Man-style, top of the six main branches are some European and American countries Gothic architecture, Renaissance architecture and modern But Egypt, India, Mexico, China and so before the following number of delicate young branches, the United States on the center of the tree trunk on top, great image to express the author's construction of "Western-centered" There is no denying that the Western Urban Architecture in the past few centuries is indeed developing rapidly, both in content and form, or in technology and theory, aesthetics are taking shape on the forefront in the However, "Western Center on the" point of view is no doubt there is a problem with the development of world architectural history, not just the West, and no hall, which has become more and more consensus building and cultural ① Western post-modernist theorists Architectural Culture Frampton that: traditional architecture, especially folk architecture is the formation of specific locations in the building system with a function and structure is Especially in dealing with a number of specific factors, such as ventilation, lighting, insulation, with excellent Therefore, we can not simply deny according to the location, physical geography of the specific cultural environment and human development of the local Traditional Chinese architectural culture research, is to open up a theoretical level, the health of Chinese architectural Building Cultural Studies is not confined to explain a variety of architectural culture phenomenon, it is to building a culture of value-oriented Therefore, the architectural culture should be critical and To provide value-oriented, we must make a value assessment, it is necessary to establish one set of Human beings are different from their own cultural backgrounds, different building events are also a certain degree of architectural culture But culture is also a double-edged On the one hand, are the essence of any culture coexist with the dross, even if it is the essence, but also often can not be separated from the specific conditions of time and space; On the other hand, both the traditional culture may be a heavy cross, stifle the creative potential of modern people can also be become a treasure house of wisdom and enrich our imagination, expand our scale of Reality and future requirements of the complexity of life, far from being mechanically copy a certain kind of traditional methods, approaches, they can be met, we must absorb, draw upon their strengths needed to pick up In addition, the creation of the characteristics is still a serious topic, require a combination of specific locations, conditions, on the design requirements for specific Creative methods, the use of "abstract inheritance, moved like a wonderful" principle, may find a new Wu Liangyong, a so-called "abstract inheritance" means from the construction of traditional Chinese traditional architectural design principles and the basic theory of the essence of part of the development, applied to the reality created in the And the traditional image of the most distinctive part of extracted through abstract and concentrate to improve as a motif, be innovative and creative design in order to inspire the current Formal At the same time, should touch the pulse of China's traditional culture, digging out of the traditional architectural art connotation of time and space, first of all, attention should be paid to the art of architecture and the restoration of cultural values and spiritual function, not only the architectural and artistic works as industrial products and daily necessities, more efforts should not only its immediate physical This kind of inheritance, is not a form of plagiarism or the old parts of the permutation and combination, both creative principle of the succession and development, and the image of the drawing and So that the design of both the spirit likeness seek, nor exclusive to some extent, the details of the shape of a key is based on the location, condition And "want to move too wonderful," "move to" is to their own imagination into the image of the object to, "Miao was" refers to grasp the true expression of the ② Extensive and profound traditional Chinese culture, architecture is the same We should not only from the perspective of the form, and from culture to understand the depth of the traditional, such as: the first level, the traditional beauty of classical architecture in the roof, brackets, shapes portico features, poetry, calligraphy and technology combined with the fitting-out forms , as well as all kinds of doors and windows Prism Grid, decorative patterns; second level, the courtyard-style layout of the space rhythm, natural and architectural environment of complementary design, poetic, full of the humanistic spirit of gardening art, shape, number of paintings, azimuth the appearance of a symbol and metaphor practices; the third level, "harmony between man and nature" of the nature and focus on environmental effects of "feng shui" of thought, yin-yang confrontation, interaction, and the corresponding philosophical thinking and the "body, mind, and gas" competent a concept of health, and so Of them contains a wealth of content, deep philosophy and ③ which states that the value of traditional to modern needs in our new building works to discover, to Therefore, we should try to find traditional, modern values, and carry forward in preserving the essence of their traditional at the same time, get rid of its backward, not suited to modern development of things, to seek traditional architectural culture and the modern development of the combination of points, reflect the traditional architecture and cultural respect Heaven and Earth,Humanistic, say the pro-and thinking of materialist Carry forward the tradition of architectural culture are also available from traditional architecture design principles, spatial composition, composition methods, ideas have inspired the expression, , have to inherit and use the development of innovation, continuous exploration of thinking of traditional architecture and modern architecture thinking, traditional technologies with modern technology, traditional and modern aesthetic of a combination of aesthetic consciousness, the outstanding traditional architectural culture into modern architecture Notes ①Chen Lixu urban culture and the spirit of the Southeast University P 2002, 142②Wu Liangyong broad architecture, Tsinghua University P 1989, the first 65-66 pages ③ Yang Y Building 100 words, China Building Industry Press, N 62中国建筑环境文化的价值意义内容摘要：本文论述了中国传统文化在建筑环境中的体现与价值，以及时建筑环境文化传统与现代的分析，阐明了中国建筑环境文化发展的意义，寻求传统建筑文化和现代发展的结合点。在中国的文化背景下，中国的建筑环境表现出了与人与自然环境融为—体，互为平衡。 关键词：建筑 环境 传统 现代 文化 中国古代建筑有着灿烂的成就，在宫室、园林、建筑空间的处理、建筑艺术与材料结构的和谐统一等方面，都有着卓越的创造与贡献，形成了迥别于西方建筑的特殊风貌，在人类建筑史上占有重要的地位。时至今日，建筑文化的特质愈来愈引起人们的重视。从建国后的北京人民大会堂到二十世纪末的香山饭店等建筑都继承了中国传统建筑艺术的精华，又融汇了西方现代建筑艺术的新观念、新技术，成为既有鲜活民族特色，又有强烈时代特征的建筑文化丰碑。中国的城市建筑无论古代、当代，都是在特定的空间中产生的文化现象，其丰富性与复杂性令所有研究者无法回避。 自近代以来，中国文化开始了艰难的转变过程。从传统社会向现代社会的转变，也是有赖于文化的转变。如果说中国传统文化的历史脉络和演变轨迹是较为清晰的话，那么，近代以来的转变似乎显得非常复杂。中国地域广阔，不同地区的文化和经济差异较大。 在近代以前，中国和西方城市无疑遵循着不同的发展道路，不仅形成了各自的政治、经济和文化制度，而且也形成了各自的城市规划风格和建筑风格。近代以来，随着西方列强的侵入以及文化的传入影响，包括建筑文化在内的西方城市文化，开始对中国产生巨大的影响。由此，包括建筑文化在内的中国城市文化，也开始了从传统到现代的深刻的转型。 当今，在我国的建筑理论和创作活动中，人们喜欢对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方等一类建筑文化问题和现象进行比较和争论，这是必要的。但是争论这些问题应该明确它的目的，那就是它应当促进一种文化的发展和建构，推动它的进步，而不是仅仅满足于依据对这些文化现象做出客观、准确的描述。如：在讨论传统与现代、继承与革新的问题时，许多人热衷于从风格、形式或技术等方面去争论它们的高下、文野，却不是从它们与现代人的生存和生活的根本联系上去探讨它们的意义。在讨论中西方建筑文化时，人们在对中西方空间观念、行为方式和生活态度等等进行详尽比较的基础上，发现和总结出中国人同西方人建筑观念的差异和各自的特点，进而在创作和理论中充分强调和体现这种特点，这当然是好的。但是另一方面，人们却较少从人的存在状态的角度对传统与现代、继承与革新、中国与西方的建筑做出更进一步的价值判断。于是，“传统”“现代”“继承”“革新”“中国”“西方”等等本身变成了目的。建筑文化的比较和争论因此就没有达到应有的目的，不可能导致建筑文化的真正进步。 长期以来，在建筑史研究领域中，存在着一种“西方中心论”的观点，即认为西方城市建筑是历史传统，东方建筑是非历史传统。在弗莱彻尔的《比较建筑史》上刊有一幅“建筑之树”的插图，树的中心主干标明是希腊、罗马、罗蔓式，上端的6根主分枝分别是欧美一些国家哥特式建筑、文艺复兴建筑和近代建筑。却把埃及、印度、墨西哥、中国等都摆在下面一些纤弱的幼枝上，把美国放在这棵树的中心主干的顶端，极为形象地表达了作者的建筑“西方中心论”思想。无可否认，西方城市建筑在近几个世纪以来确实发展迅速，无论在内容和形式上，还是在科技和理论上、美学形态上都走在世界的前列。但是“西方中心论”的观点无疑是有问题的，世界建筑历史的发展，决不只此西方而别无殿堂，这已成为越来越多的建筑文化史家的共识。①西方后现代主义建筑文化理论家佛朗普顿认为：传统建筑特别是民俗建筑是在特定地点形成的建筑体系，具有功能和结构上的合理性。特别是在处理一些具体因素，如通风、采光、保温等方面具有优良的特点。所以，不能简单否定依地点、体具体的地理情况和人文文化环境发展起来的地方风格。 对中国传统建筑文化的研究，是为了在理论层面上开拓一条中国建筑的健康发展之路。建筑文化学并不局限于解释各种建筑文化现象，它是要为建筑文化的发展提供价值导向。因此，建筑文化应该是批判的与实践的。要提供价值导向，先要作出价值评判，所以必须树立一种价值观。不同的人类都各有自己的文化背景，不同的建筑事件也都有一定的建筑文化影子。然而文化也是一柄双刃剑。一方面，任何文化都是精华与糟粕并存，即便是精华，也往往离不开具体的时空条件；另一方面，传统文化既可能成为一副沉重的十字架，扼杀现代人的创造潜能，也可以成为一座智慧的宝库，丰富我们的想象，扩大我们思维的尺度。 现实及未来生活的复杂要求，远非机械地搬用某一种传统方法、途径，就可以得到满足的，必须博采所长，取我所需。另外，对于本特色的创造仍然是一个严肃的课题，需要结合具体地点、条件，对设计要求作具体分析。在创作方法上，采用“抽象继承、迁想妙得”的原则，可能会找到一条新途径。吴良镛提出所谓“抽象继承”是指从建筑传统中，将传统建筑的设计原则和基本理论的精华部分加以发展，运用到现实创作中来。并且把传统形象中最有特色的部分提取出来，经过抽象，集中提高，作为母题，予以新意，以启发当前设计创作形式美的创造。同时应当摸到中国传统文化的脉搏，挖掘出传统建筑艺术的时间和空间内涵，首先是要重视和恢复建筑艺术的文化价值和精神功能，不能只把建筑艺术作品当作工业产品和生活用品，更不应当只抓其眼前的物质功能。这样的继承，并非形式的抄袭或旧零件的排列组合，既有创作原理的继承与发展，又有形象的借鉴与创造。使设计既求神似，也不排斥某种程度、某一细节的形似，关键是根据地点、条件的需要。而“迁想妙得”，“迁想”是将自己的想象力深入到对象的形象中去，“妙得”是指把握对象的真正神情。② 中国传统文化博大精深，建筑文化也是同样。我们应不仅从形式的角度，而且从文化的深度来理解传统，譬如：属于第一层面的，传统建筑中古典美的屋顶、斗拱、柱廊的造型特征，诗文、书画与工艺结合的装修形式，以及各式门窗菱格、装饰纹样；第二层面的，庭院式布局的空间韵律、自然与建筑互补的环境设计，诗情画意、充满人文精神的造园艺术，形、数、画、方位的表象与隐喻的象征手法；第三层面的，“天人合一”的自然观和注重环境效应的“风水”思想，阴阳对立、互动、相应的哲学思维和“身、心、气”合一的养生观，等等。它们之中蕴含着丰富的内涵、深邃的哲理和智慧。③这些都阐明，传统对现代的价值还需要我们在新建筑的创作中去发掘，去感知。 因此，我们应当努力去寻找传统的现代价值，在保存和发扬其传统精华的同时，摒弃其落后的，不适应现代发展的东西，寻求传统建筑文化和现代发展的结合点，体现传统建筑文化尊天地、重人本、讲亲和的唯物辩证思想。弘扬传统建筑文化还可从传统建筑的设计原理、空间组合、构图手法、意念表达等方面有所启迪、有所继承和运用、有所发展创新，不断探索传统建筑思维与现代建筑思维、传统技术与现代技术、传统审美与现代审美意识的结合方式，把优秀的传统建筑文化结合到现代建筑文化之中。 注释 ①陈立旭都市文化与都市精神．东南大学出版社．2002 第142页 ②吴良镛，广义建筑学，清华大学出版社．1989，第65—66页 ③杨永生．建筑百家言，中国建筑工业出版社，1998． 第62页 仅供参考，请自借鉴希望对您有帮助
摘要：结合实际工程，笔者就建设工程全过程质量管理这一话题，谈了自己的一些看法和建议，在具体工程实际操作中，具有一定的指导价值，可供参考。/html/Constructs/20091126/html
洛可可风格是一种建筑风格，主要表现在室内装饰上。18世纪20年代产生于法国，是在巴洛克建筑的基础上发展起来的。 洛可可风格的特点是：室内应用明快的色彩和纤巧的装饰，家具也非常精致而偏于繁琐，不像巴洛克风格那样色彩强烈，装饰浓艳。德国南部和奥地利洛可可建筑的内部空间非常复杂。 洛可可装饰的特点是：细腻柔媚，常常采用不对称手法，喜欢用弧线和 S形线，尤其爱用贝壳、旋涡、山石作为装饰题材，卷草舒花，缠绵盘曲，连成一体。天花和墙面有时以弧面相连，转角处布置壁画。 为了模仿自然形态，室内建筑部件也往往做成不对称形状，变化万千，但有时流于矫揉造作。室内墙面粉刷，爱用嫩绿、粉红、玫瑰红等鲜艳的浅色调，线脚大多用金色。室内护壁板有时用木板，有时作成精致的框格，框内四周有一圈花边，中间常衬以浅色东方织锦。 洛可可风格反映了法国路易十五时代宫廷贵族的生活趣味，曾风靡欧洲。这种风格的代表作是巴黎苏俾士府邸公主沙龙和凡尔赛宫的王后居室。洛可可式建筑风格（Rococo Style），于18世纪20年代产生于法国并流行于欧洲，是在巴洛克式建筑的基础上发展起来的，主要表现在室内装饰上。洛可可风格的基本特点是纤弱娇媚、华丽精巧、甜腻温柔、纷繁琐细。它以欧洲封建贵族文化的衰败为背景，表现了没落贵族阶层颓丧、浮华的审美理想和思想情绪。他们受不了古典主义的严肃理性和巴洛克的喧嚣放肆，追求华美和闲适。洛可可一词由法语ro-caille演化而来，原意为建筑装饰中一种贝壳形图案。1699年建筑师、装饰艺术家马尔列在金氏府邸的装饰设计中大量采用这种曲线形的贝壳纹样，由此而得名。洛可可风格最初出现于建筑的室内装饰，以后扩展到绘画、雕刻、工艺品、音乐和文学领域。 洛可可建筑风格的特点是：室内应用明快的色彩和纤巧的装饰，家具也非常精致而偏于繁琐，不像巴洛克风格那样色彩强烈，装饰浓艳。德国南部和奥地利洛可可建筑的内部空间显得非常复杂。洛可可装饰的特点是：细腻柔媚，常常采用不对称手法，喜欢用弧线和 S形线，尤其爱用贝壳、旋涡、山石作为装饰题材，卷草舒花，缠绵盘曲，连成一体。天花和墙面有时以弧面相连，转角处布置壁画。 为了模仿自然形态，室内建筑部件也往往做成不对称形状，变化万千，但有时流于矫揉造作。室内墙面粉刷，爱用嫩绿、粉红、玫瑰红等鲜艳的浅色调，线脚大多用金色。室内护壁板有时用木板，有时作成精致的框格，框内四周有一圈花边，中间常衬以浅色东方织锦 洛可可世俗建筑艺术的特征是轻结构的花园式府邸，它日益排挤了巴罗克那种雄伟的宫殿建筑。在这里，个人可以不受自吹自擂的宫廷社会打扰，自由发展。例如，逍遥宫或观景楼这样的名称都表明了这些府邸的私人特点。尤金王子的花园宫就是一个节奏活泼的整体，由七幢对称排列的楼阁式建筑构成，其折叠式复斜屋顶从中间优美匀称地传至四个角楼的穹顶处。上面有山墙的单层正厅具有几乎是中产阶级的舒适，两个宽展的双层侧翼则显示出主人的华贵，却又没有王公贵族的骄矜。两个宽度适中的单层建筑介于塔式的楼阁之间，而楼阁的雄伟使整个建筑具有坚固城堡的特点——总之，极为不同的建筑思想，却又统一在一种优雅的内在联系中。正是这种形式与风格简直相互矛盾的建筑群体漫不经心的配置，清楚地体现出了洛可可艺术的精神。
1、论点（证明什么）论点应该是作者看法的完整表述，在形式上是个完整的简洁明确的句子。从全文看，它必能统摄全文。表述形式往往是个表示肯定或否定的判断句，是明确的表态性的句子。A．把握文章的论点。 中心论点只有一个（统率分论点）⑴明确：分论点可以有N个（补充和证明中心论点）⑵方法①从位置上找：如标题、开篇、中间、结尾。②分析文章的论据。（可用于检验预想的论点是否恰当）③摘录法（只有分论点，而无中心论点）B．分析论点是怎样提出的：①摆事实讲道理后归结论点；②开门见山，提出中心论点；③针对生活中存在的现象，提出论题，通过分析论述，归结出中心论点；④叙述作者的一段经历后，归结出中心论点；⑤作者从故事中提出问题，然后一步步分析推论，最后得出结论，提出中心论点。2、论据（用什么证明）⑴论据的类型：①事实论据（举例后要总结，概述论据要紧扣论点）；②道理论据（引用名言要分析）。⑵论据要真实、可靠，典型（学科、国别、古今等）。⑶次序安排（照应论点）；⑷判断论据能否证明论点；⑸补充论据（要能证明论点）。3、论证（怎样证明）⑴论证方法 （须为四个字）①举例论证（例证法）事实论据记叙②道理论证（引证法和说理）道理论据 议论③对比论证（其本身也可以是举例论证和道理论证）④比喻论证 比喻在说明文中为打比方，散文中为比喻。⑵分析论证过程：①论点是怎样提出的；②论点是怎样被证明的（用了哪些道理和事实，是否有正反两面的分析说理）；③联系全文的结构，是否有总结。⑶论证的完整性（答：使论证更加全面完整，避免产生误解）⑷分析论证的作用：证明该段的论点。4、议论文的结构⑴一般形式：①引论（提出问题）―――②本论（分析问题）―――③结论（解决问题）。⑵类型：①并列式②总分总式③总分式④分总式⑤递进式。6、驳论文的阅读⑴作者要批驳的错误观点是什么？⑵作者是怎样进行批驳的，用了哪些道理和论据；⑶由此，作者树立的正确的观点是什么？7、常见考点①、议论文的论点考点：第一，分清所议论的问题及针对这个问题作者所持的看法（即分清论题和论点）。第二，注意论点在文中的位置：（1）在文章的开头，这就是所谓开宗明义、开门见山的写法。（2）在文章结尾，就是所谓归纳全文，篇末点题，揭示中心的写法。这种写法在明确表达论点时大多有。所以，总之，因此，总而言之，归根结底等总结性的词语。第三、分清中心论点和分论点：分论一般位于段首或有标志性词语：首先、其次、第三等第四、要注意论点的表述形式：有时题目就是中心论点。一篇议论文只有一个中心论点。第五、通过论据来反推论点：论据是为证明论点服务的，分析论据可以看出它证明什么，肯定什么，支持什么，这就是论点。②、议论文的论据考点：论据是论点立足的根据，一般全为事实论据和道理论据。1、用事实作论据。事例必须真实可靠，有典型意义，能揭示事物本质并与论点有一定的逻辑联系。议论文中，对所举事例的叙述要简明扼要，突出与论点有直接关系的部分。明确论据时，不仅要知道文中哪些地方用了事实论据，还要会概括事实论据。概括时，要做到准确，必须依据论点将论据本质特点把握住，然后用确切的语言进行表述。 2、用作论据的言论，应有一定的权威性，直接引用时要原文照录，以真核对，不能断章取义；间接引用时不能曲解原意。③、议论文的结构、层次考点：结构有：并列式结构、对照式结构、层进式结构、总分式结构。此考点的基本形式：作者如何证明论点的？
2000字数的建站类型的小论文，其实很好写的，如果不知道怎么写，建议你搜几篇相关的学术论文来看看，看下别人怎么写，你百度搜下：普刊学术中心，上面很多论文范文，各个领域都有，比较全面，还有很多写作方面的资料可以学习下