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强调句与从句的比较 强调句与主语从句的比较强调句将句子中的it is / was …that同时省去，句子仍然成立；而主语从句将that与后面部分代替it，成立。如：(1) It is Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street 你昨天在街上所见到的就是李蕾的兄弟。本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为：You met Li Lei’s brother in the street 句子同样成立，因此前面的句子是强调句型。(2) It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou V 我们成功地发射了神舟五号这件事情真令人兴奋。本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为：We have succeeded exciting in sending up Shenzhou V 显然句子错误，因此，前面句子不是强调句型，而是主语从句。 强调句与定语从句的比较◎强调句中的It没有实际意义，It be与that可同时被省略；而定语从句中的It是主语，It be与that不可同时省略；◎强调句型中be的时态须跟后面句子的时态相一致；而定语从句中主句谓语动词be的时态须由主句的时间确定(from )；◎强调句将句子中的that不能省略，并且即使前面的名词是事物时，也不能将that换成which；而定语从句中的that作宾语时可被省略，并且当先行词是事物时可用which代替。◎当it be后面的时间、地点名词作主语、宾语或表语时，引导词可用that / which；而作其他成分时，引导词须用when / which。如：(1) It is an English book (that / which) I bought 它是我昨天买的书。(本句是对What is that?问句的回答，that所引导的是定语从句，that可被省略) It was the English book that I bought 昨天我所卖的就是这本书。(本句相当于对I bought the English book yesterday中an English book进行强调) (2) It was a room where we used to have 它是我们过去常在开会的房子。(where 所引导的从句对前面的room进行说明，它是定语从句)It was in the room that we used to have 过去我们开会就在这间房子里。(in the room是被强调的部分，本句是强调句型) (3) It is a day when the people celebrate their 这是人们庆祝他们的胜利的日子。 (when所引导的从句对a day进行说明，是定语从句) It was on that day that people celebrated their 就在那一天，人们庆祝了他们的胜利。(强调on October 1, 1949) 3．强调句与状语从句的比较◎状语从句句首的It本身就是句子的主语；而强调句首的It不作任何成分也没有实际意义。◎状语从句的连接副词that及句子前面的It be不能去掉。◎状语从句的引导词可以是when / where，而强调句型中的that不能用其他词代替。如：(1) It is such an interesting book that we all like it very 它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都非常喜欢。(结果状语主从复合句) It is such an interesting book that we all like very 我们大家都非常喜欢的就是一本如此有趣的书。(强调such an interesting book) (比较：It is such an interesting book as we all like very 这就是我们大家都非常喜欢的如此有趣的书。定语从句)(2) It was already morning when he woke 当他醒来时，已经是早晨了。(时间主从复合句)It was the next morning that he woke 就在第二天早晨他醒来了。(强调the next morning)
动词不定式概述 一 不定式的体 不定式的一般式(to do)表示不定式的动作将要发生或与谓语动作同时发生 2 不定式的进行体(to be doing)表示不定式的动作正在发生 不定式的完成体(to have done)表示不定式的动作在谓语动作之前发生 二 不定式的逻辑主语 1 不定式的逻辑主语常不出现在句中 2 句子的主语,宾语有时是不定式的逻辑主语 3 不定式前"for+名词/代词"结构中的名词或代词也可以用来表示不定式的;逻辑主语 4 在"It+be+形容词+of+名词/代词+to do"结构中,名词或代词为不定式的逻辑主语该结构中的形容词通常用来表示人的品质例如:kind, good, nice, bad, cruel, honest, bold, thoughtful, right, wrong, wise, clever, silly, foolish, careless, rude等 例如:It's very kind of you to cal to tell me about the 三 不定式的否定式 不定式否定式由not/never +to do构成 四 不定式的句法功能 1 不定式做主语 1)To say something is one thing; to do it is 2)It is not a good idea to build houses along the lines where two of the earth's plates join 注:充当主语的不定式即可置于句首,位于谓语动词之前,也可作为句子的真正主语置于句末,用作形式主语 2 不定式作表语 3)Her uncle seems to be acting rather strangely towards her these 4)The purpose of the fence is to keep out a type of wild dog called a "Dingo" 5)One suggested answer is for farmers to limit the number of their 注:充当表语的不定式一般位于be ,seem等系动词后 3 不定式作宾语 6)Shylock agreed to lend Antonio money on one 注:充当宾语的不定式位于及物动词后常用不定式作宾语的动词有:agree, plan, determine, dare, refuse, hope, wish, expect, promise, choose, pretend, decide, manage, intend, offer, afford, 7)The dusty air makes it difficult to get a clear picture of 注:充当宾语的不定式如果有自己的表语,则可用代替只个不定式作为形式宾语,而作为真正宾语的不定式则放在表语之后以it作为形式宾语的这种结构常用在think, feel, find, make, consider等动词之后 big and 4 不定式作宾语补足语 8)The powder made from fish, blood and bones will make the cabbage plants grow big and 9)Portia told Bassanio to go to his friend at 注:在下列动词后作宾语补足语的不定式通常不带这些动词是observe, notice, see, hear, watch, have, feel, make, 但上述动词转换为被动语态时,其后的不定式须带例如:The cabbage plants will be made to grow 动词不定式(todo)是初中英语课的一个重点，也是中考要考查的一个项目。动词不定式属于非谓语动词的一种形式，很多同学经常把它和谓语动词混在一起，掌握起来有困难。下面我们对动词不定式的用法做简单归纳，帮助同学们记忆： 一、动词不定式在句子中不能充当谓语，没有人称和数的变化。 二、动词不定式是由“to+动词原形”构成(有时可以不带to)。动词不定式的否定形式是“not+动词不定式”(not不与助动词连用)。 三、动词不定式短语具有名词、形容词和副词等的功能，可在句中用做多种句子成分。 1、主语：常置于句末，而用it代替其做形式主语。 例：Togoinforsportshelpsyou (book4，L28)II 注：此句式中不定式逻辑上的主语可由for或of引出，逻辑主语由of引出时，表语的形容词为kind，nice，good，polite，clever，foolish，right，wrong等表示 评价的形容词。例：It’srightofhimtorefusethe (him为逻辑主语) 2、表语：O 3、动词宾语：此种情况可按固定搭配或句式去记。 例：wouldyouliketoseemyphotos?K(book4，L11) 和plan用法一样的词还有：start，want，agree，hope，begin，decide等。 Ifounditverydifficulttogeta (it为形式宾语)4、宾语补足语：(1)在多数复合宾语及物动词后要带to：例：I(book4，L2)(2)在表示感觉、致使等意义的动词 (see，watch，hear，feel，notice，observe， make，let，have，help等)后不带to。例：T 5、定语：动词不定式做定语放在所修饰的名词的后面。 例：Vinnyisthefirstdisabledper鄄(book4， L1)6、形容词补足语：在表示心理、感情、评价等的形容词后，对其进行补充说明。 例：W 7、状语：表示目的、原因、程度等。 例：Theybroughtinphotosoftheir (book4，L2) 8、“疑问词＋不定式”用法：不定式前可带what，who，which，where，when，how等疑问词，这种不定式短语在句中多用做宾语。 例：Hedidn’9、在初中阶段还涉及到“不定式被动语态一般式(tobe+过去分词)” 例：T 解读动词不定式作主语、宾语、定语、状语 在中学教科书中，动词不定式是一个非常重要的语法点；在历年高考中，动词不定式是频频考查的要点之一；在学生的学习实践中，动词不定式是琐碎、难学的语法项目之一。为了更熟练、准确、有针对性地掌握此项语法知识，下面把(N)MET对动词不定式作主语、宾语、定语及状语的考查点进行总结、归纳。 I 不定式作主语 不定式作主语时，常用it作形式主语，而将作主语的不定式放在句子后部。例如： It is good to help 帮助他人是件好事。 It is exciting to surf the I上网是件令人兴奋的事。 不定式作主语与V-ing形式作主语的不同：前者作主语时，常表示某一次具体的动作；而后者常表示习惯性的动作。例如： To teach the three children is my job this 教这三个孩子是今天下午我的工作。 Walking is a good form of 散步是锻炼的一种好方式。 简析: It's of to do 与It' for to do 当表语形容词说明不定式的逻辑主语具有某种品质时,常用"It'f to do "。例如： It's very kind / nice of you to help me。感谢你的帮助。 当表语形容词说明不定式具有某种特征时，应使用 "It's for to do "。例如： It's hard for the Chinese students to learn R 中国学生学俄语是很难的。 [高考题例] Is ________ necessary to complete the design before National Day? A this B that C it D he It was foolish ________ you to give up what you rightly A for B of C about D from II 不定式作宾语 学习不定式作宾语时，要注意掌握四种动词： 1) 后接不定式作宾语的动词。常见动词有： offer, decide, hope, promise, agree, plan, manage, refuse, wish, pretend, learn, want等。 2) 后接V-ing形式作宾语的动词。常见动词有： enjoy, mind, suggest, advise, finish, practise, imagine, admit, avoid, delay等。 3)后接不定式和V-ing形式作宾语均可，且没有大的区别的动词。常见动词有： start, begin, continue等。 4)后接不定式和V-ing形式作宾语均可，但意思不同的动词。常见动词及短语有:try, remember, forget, regret, stop, go on等。例如： Please remember to lock the door when you go 出去时请记住要锁门。 I don't remember lending you any 我不记得借过钱给你。 I regret saying what I I shouldn't have said 我后悔我所说过的话，我本不该说那些话。 I regret to tell you that you failed your driving 我很遗憾地告诉你，你没有通过驾驶测试。 The minister went on talking for two 部长的讲话持续了两个小时。 After discussing the economy, the minister then went on to talk about foreign 讨论完经济，部长接着谈论外交政策。 动词不定式在句中作宾语，如带有宾语补足语时，要先用it作形式宾语，而将该不定式后置。例如： I don't think it right to do it in that 我觉得以那种方式去做是不恰当的。 I find it hard to get along with 我发现与他相处不是件容易的事。 "疑问代词、疑问副词 + 不定式"常常用作动词或介词的宾语。例如： I don't know where to spend my 我不知该去哪儿度假。 Have you decided when to marry?你决定什么时候结婚了吗？ [高考题例] She pretended ________ me when I passed A not to see B not seeing C to not see D having not seen Little Jim should love ________ to the theatre this A to be taken B to take C being taken D taking -I usually go there by -Why not ________ by boat for a change? A to try going B trying to go C to try and go D try going -Was the test difficult? -Not at We found ________ A it very easy for doing B very easy to do it C it very easy to do D it very easy to do it -Do you know M Smith? -Y He's a strange We found ________ difficult to work with A us B it C him D you I don't think ________ possible to master a foreign language without much memory A this B that C its D it Last summer I took a course on ________ A how to make dresses B how dresses be made C how to be made dresses D how dresses to be made It is said in Australia there is more land than the government knows ________ A it what to do with B what to do it with C what to do with it D to do what with it III 不定式作定语 不定式作定语时，应注意使用不定式的正确形式。请看下列句子： I have a lot of work to do 我今天有很多工作要(自己)做。 I have a lot of work to be done 我今天有很多工作要(别人)做。 Do you have anything to take to your son? 你有什么东西要(自己)带给你儿子吗？ Do you have anything to be taken to your son? 你有什么东西(让别人)带给你儿子吗？ 简析：当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时，不定式使用主动式；当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语而不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时，不定式使用被动式。 IV 不定式作状语 不定式常常作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语等。不定式作状语时，要注意不定式的逻辑主语应与句子的主语保持一致。 [高考题例] To be a great scientist, ________ A maths is very important B maths is more important than other subjects C one must understand maths D maths is important to be understood "主语+系动词+形容词+ to do "句式中，当形容词说明主语具有某种特征时，不定式不使用被动式。例如： The naughty boy is hard to deal 那个顽皮的男孩很难对付。 [高考题例] Tom kept quiet about the accident ________ lose his A so not as to B so as not to C so as to not D not so as to
兄台…………勉勉强强吧…………Photographer 摄影师Photographers use their cameras to take photos with people,beautiful places and sent the photo to us A person who takes photos as their job or for They often travel around the world to take many beautiful photos of people or Of scenery policeman Policeman is an official body of men and women whose duty is to protect people and property, and to make sure that everyone obeys the Our country‘s police divide into the armed police and the People’s Policemusician 音乐家A person who performs on a musical Is engaged in music activity specially, brings the successful public figure to the human who beautiful doctor医生 a person whose profession is to treat sick At the beginning of SONG Dynasty ,people who live in the south-China usually called doctor ‘LANGZHONG’; people who live in the north-China usually called doctor “DAIFU”director 导演Someone who directs a play or film, deciding how it is performed and filmed Teacher 教师A person who teacher, especially at a school or scientist 科学家A person who works or studies in an area of science, especially chemistry, physics or biology