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、文献综述（一般都包含以下三部分：即前言、主题、总结。不少于1000字。文献综述是针对某一研究领域或专题搜集大量文献资料的基础上，就国内外在该领域或专题的主要研究成果、最新进展、研究动态、前沿问题等进行综合分析而写成的、能比较全面的反映相关领域或专题历史背景、前人工作、争论焦点、研究现状和发展前景等内容的综述性文章。）前言部分，主要是说明写作的目的，介绍有关的概念及定义以及综述的范围，扼要说明有关主题的现状或争论焦点，使读者对全文要叙述的问题有一个初步的轮廓。主题部分，是综述的主体，其写法多样，没有固定的格式。可按年代顺序综述，也可按不同的问题进行综述，还可按不同的观点进行比较综述，不管用那一种格式综述，都要将所搜集到的文献资料归纳、整理及%
我写的是这样的西方对计算机内部控制的研究大概始于70年代，美国执业会计师协会（AICPA）和EDP审计人员协会从1974年开始先后发表了一系列研究报告或相关的审计准则。这些文告或准则一方面肯定了计算机处理对内部控制的影响，强凋加强内部控制及其审计的必要性；另一方面则比较一致地将内部控制分为一般控制和应用控制两大类，并据此制定了一套EDP控制标准。我国财政部1974年发布的《会计核算软件基本功能规范》，集中在输入、处理、输出和安全四个方面对会计软件提出规范性要求，实质上涉及的都是内部控制的问题，即会计软件系统所应该实现的控制。而首次涉及计算机会计系统内部控制的审计法规则是1999年7月1日生效的《独立审计具体准则第20号——计算机信息系统环境下的审计》。但是论文老师还是嫌少呢
Electronic Data Processing (EDP) ManagersCalifornia Occupational Guide Number 348Interest Area 111995 THE JOBIn every industry there is need for managers to plan and direct the activities of all organizational Industries that use computers employ ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING (EDP) MANAGERS to control the various activities related to the operation of the firm's mainframe computer or its client-server network, as well as all of the peripheral Major users of EDP systems are banks, public utilities, transportation and insurance companies, large manufacturing firms, and government and educational Computer equipment manufacturers and independent computer service firms also operate computer centers on a fee or contract While the EDP unit often operates as an independent center, serving all departments of the establishment under an executive officer, it is often attached to another department, such as In some firms, an EDP Manager may be responsible only for computer production: data entry, data control, equipment scheduling, and quality In such firms, another EDP Manager takes care of programming, program maintenance and systems analysis Frequently, however, the EDP Manager is in charge of all of these As head of computer production units, EDP Managers plan and direct the operation of the electronic data processing equipment, and select, train, supervise and evaluate the work of the computer operations In planning the work of the department, EDP Managers evaluate the relative importance of various projects and determine job They review the requirements of each project, assign machine time and personnel to complete it, and coordinate all projects to produce a continuous work flow and meet deadlines established by management of user Since idle machines are expensive to the organization, one of the prime responsibilities of the EDP Managers is the effective utilization of all data processing equipment through When their departments encompass programming and systems analysis, EDP Managers generally review and approve all systems charts and programs prior to their They may also spend much time with the analysts working out the requirements of a proposed job, defining the problem and developing the If the EDP Manager is not directly responsible for new programs, he/she is usually consulted about the data operations or other aspects of a new program, and may confer with programmers and analysts regarding program problems that arise during a machine WORKING CONDITIONSEDP Managers work in well-lighted and well-ventilated However, the temperature where the data processing equipment is located is kept lower than normal in order to counteract the heat generated by the machine EDP Managers are exposed to noises in the room from the low hum of the tape or disc drives to the high-speed sound of the Meeting deadlines, satisfying the demands of user departments, and solving personnel problems are potential causes of stress in this occupation; therefore, EDP Managers should have emotional stability and patience as well as organizational Effective job performance generally requires that EDP Managers be able to stand and move about with ease and have mobility of arms and Good vision is essential since this job demands considerable reading and other close EMPLOYMENT OUTLOOKThe following information is from the California Projections of Employment published by the Labor Market Information D It includes Engineering, Mathematical and Natural Sciences MEstimated number of workers in 1990 53,040Estimated number of workers in 2005 64,830Projected Growth 1990-2005 22%Estimated openings due to separations by 2005 14,230(These figures do not include self-employment nor openings due to )Even though more organizations are acquiring computers or enlarging their existing facilities, refinements in equipment and production methods which increase the output of the machines, may actually lessen, rather than increase the need for The trend of large firms to consolidate their activities into regional service centers will also limit the growth of this However, because of industry expansion, there will continue to be a need for EDP Managers, especially those who stay abreast of technological Most of the openings that will occur will be filled from within the WAGES, HOURS, AND FRINGE BENEFITSEDP Managers' salaries tend to vary widely in line with such factors as the nature and size of the employing establishment, the level of the position and the degree of responsibility Salaries also vary depending upon the type of installation, , utilizing a single computer manufacturer's line or using various computers manufactured by different Beginning salaries start at approximately $2,500 to $4,000 per Those with experience may earn from $3,700 to $6,500 or more per Highly experienced individuals may earn up to $8,500 or more per Managers working for the State of California start at about $4,000 per month, and may promote to manager IV, which has a maximum salary of $6,404 per Those who have the higher salaries are generally responsible for directing programming and systems analysis as well as EDP The work week is nominally 40 hours; however, most data processing managers find it necessary to work overtime to handle peak workloads and to compensate for unavoidable delays in the regular Fringe benefits usually include paid vacation a year, paid holidays, sick leave and health Some organizations provide a retirement and profit-sharing ENTRANCE REQUIREMENTS AND TRAININGMost employers require EDP Managers to have a bachelor's degree in business administration, engineering, or computer Three to five years experience in data processing is usually required of EDP M Demonstrated supervisory ability, along with the required experience and training is highly Managers should be familiar with program languages such as COBOL or FORTRAN In most establishments, a broad knowledge of the firm's activities, gained through experience in accounting production, inventory control, or other specialized activities is considered an asset when combined with EDP ADVANCEMENTBecause of the evolving nature of EDP programming and equipment, it is important that the EDP Manager engage in continuing self- Several lines of advancement may be open to the EDP Manager depending on the organizational structure of his Where systems and procedures functions are separate from machine operations, management of this overall planning unit may constitute a If the EDP unit is a part of the accounting department, the manager may advance to chief accountant or controller provided he has the necessary accounting Elsewhere, the EDP Manager may be in line for promotion to other managerial or administrative posts since directing data processing activities provides the opportunity to become familiar with most of the firm's Furthermore, as the job of the EDP Manager grows in complexity and scope, these constitute an upgrading in itself with no reassignment of
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百度学术上看看，把你的关键词翻译成英文搜索，下载或求助。就可以了，我下了10来篇