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隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
从 文化 的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。以下是我整理分享的东西方文化差异的论文的相关 文章 ，欢迎阅读!
东西方历史文化的差异
摘要：从文化的角度看世界，世界史其实就是一部民族与文化的交融史和碰撞史。受影响的西方历史文化和受儒佛道影响的东方历史文化，自古以来体现出很多相融和冲突的地方，两种文明带来了两种不同的辉煌灿烂。本文从文化特质、思想观念、宗教观念等方面谈一谈世界历史进程中东西方文化的差异。
关键词：东方文化 西方文化 宗教观念 伦理 文化差异
作者简介：沈树荣，女，汉族，生于重庆南充。现任重庆市铁路中学教师
【中图分类号】G04 【文献标识码】A【文章编号】1002-
从西方历史发展进程来看，西方历史的源头――古希腊文明，就是一部灿烂的文化史，被作为整个西方文明的深厚根基。从东方社会历史发展的进程来看，古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中国古代印度文化三大文化圈也成为中古东方社会的源头。世界史从原始部落、氏族斗争，到奴隶制社会，再到后来帝国主义社会、封建主义社会、资本主义社会和社会主义社会，展现出的就是一部博大的东西方文化交融与碰撞的艰难历史。下面，我将从文化、思想观念、宗教观念等几方面谈谈世界史所体现出来的东西方社会文化的差异。
一、东西文化各自的特质
1、东方文化特质。第一，东方文化呈现出多源性：古代埃及文化、古代两河流域文化、古代中印度文化，形成三大文化圈，成为中古东方的文化源头。第二，东方文化呈现出专制性、封闭性、保守性的特点。古代东方文化为大河文化、内陆文化和农业文化，文明成熟较早。马克思说过：“人类社会中有粗野的 儿童 ，有早熟的儿童，古代民族中有许多居于这一类，希腊人是正常的儿童。”东方民族属于早熟的儿童。早熟的原因。东方社会有较优越的自然条件，东方民族大都居住在大河流域，气候好，河流灌溉农田，农业和畜牧业得到发展，同时，东方民族勤劳勇敢，从而使东方社会最早进入文明社会。东方社会从奴隶制度发展到封建宗教社会制度，时间漫长。东方社会的国王大多是来自氏族贵族领袖，宣扬“君权神授”，他们是神的化身，如埃及法老。封建宗法社会以家族为本位，重家族，重血缘，压抑个性，灭人欲，形成东方社会的专制性(主义)。宗法社会的小农经济性质又造成了东方社会的封闭性、保守性。第三，东方文化具有浓厚的神秘主义色彩和宗教色彩。东方社会是犹太教、、印度教、佛教、等主要宗教的发源地。东方文化渗透了宗教思想，并形成不同的宗教思想价值体系。第四，东方文化崇尚尚自然，具有“天人合一”思想和追求“仁爱”“牺牲”的精神。
2、西方文化特质。第一，西方文化源头只有公认的一个：古希腊文明。马克思说，“古希腊人是人类健全的儿童。”古希腊文明成为整个西方文明的奠基。希腊文明富于自由活泼之精神、视宇宙全体为优美之调合，注重现实世界具体之事物。第二，西方文化呈现出重理性、开放性的特点。从古希腊文明开始，西方文化中的个人本位主义和理性主义、英雄主义体现得尤为突出，希腊人重视个人价值的实现、个人功勋的建立，追求个人本位、享乐、情欲。第三，宗教色彩浓厚。宗教是人类社会发展一定阶段的历史现象，马克思恩格斯认为宗教源于人们最初对自然神秘力量和社会神秘力量的盲目崇拜和信仰。费尔巴哈说宗教的本质是人的本质，是人自我异化的结果。西方社会受宗教神权思想影响极为深刻，上帝在他们心中拥有至高无上的地位，使其原罪观念特别泛滥。第四，西方人理性主义思想浓厚。西方人善用理智来思考问题，理性主义在西方泛滥，西方人思想观念里认为人与人之间的关系是建立在法治、实利、利益的基础上，东方人则比较感性，认为人与人之间的关系式建立在血缘、感情、道义的基础上。
二、东西文化的差异
东西文化的差异，表现在以下几个方面：
1东西文化的源头和宗教信仰不同，西方文化的源头是基督。中国文化的源头是孔子。东方人信仰佛儒道，西方人信仰。从宗教观来看，东方宗教是解脱之宗教，宣扬脱俗、解脱，相信宿命，主张清静、寂灭。西方宗教是救赎之宗教，提倡人道主义和创化、救赎，上帝这个救世主形象在他们心中有至高无上的地位，西方宗教主张从生活中寻找生命，教导人们发现新生命，创造新生命的道理，其教义也是劝人奋斗不息，才获解救。比如《圣经》所体现出的救赎思想，被作为西方现实世界永恒的经典和文化的象征，成为整个欧洲文化的源头。“浮士德”的永不满足，不断进取的精神，也成为西方精神的象征。
2东方主静，西方主动。西洋民族以战争、个人、法治、实利为本位，东方民族以安息、感情、家族、虚文为本位。中国人好古，循环往复，西方人力今，强调进化。
西洋民族好战是其天性，宗教之战，政治之战，商业之战构成欧洲文明史。西洋民族要求维护个人自由权利和幸福，思想言论的自由，个性的发展，法律之前人人平等。东洋民族自游牧社会进而为宗法社会，自酋长政治进而为封建政治。宗法社会以家族为本位而无个人权利，宗法社会讲求忠孝之道德。
3东方文化重视整体，而西方更重视个体。东方文化重 经验 、现实、功利的世界;西方神性与人性并重，追求超经验、超现实的真理和个人荣誉。东方文化的特色是重人际关系，重现实生活，不重形而上的问题。西方人则重视自己的权利、个人价值的实现，重形而上的理性生活。
4东西方自由观、发展观、中西民力、民智、民德不同。东方文化崇尚含蓄，而西方推崇直接开放。东方泛道德化，以德束人，而西方则法规化，重视个人权利而不是看重道德。东方人的伦理观以牺牲自我为本，西方则以满足自己为人生之本。因此东方的道德是以灭个性而维持，西方的道德是个性的解放。
5 思维方式 和处世态度不同，东方唯情，西方唯智，东方人讲求经验、感性，西方人重视推理、逻辑。东方人重感情、重道义，比较感性，像我们常说的意气用事及仁爱、宽容、忠孝、中庸的思想。而西方人讲究理性，用理智思考问题，追求理性主义和自我主义，重视个体价值的实现、理性胜于感性的思考问题解决问题。
6东方讲求艺术夸张，如敦煌莫高窟;而西方讲求科学，客观，提倡艺术真实，如蒙娜丽莎。梁漱溟认为西方是艺术科学化，东方是科学艺术化。
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浅谈中西方文化差异 语文是社会的产物，是人类历史和文化的结晶。它凝聚着一个民族世代相传的社会意识，历史文化，风俗习惯等各方面人类社会所有的特征。不同的文化背影和文化传统，使中西方在思维方式，价值观念，行为准则和生活方式等方面也存在有相当的文化差异。语文是文化的载体，词汇是文化信息的浓缩，是语言的重要组成部分，它反映着文化的发展和变化，同时也直接反映着文化的差异。在中国两千多年的封建社会历史的过程中，儒家思想一直占据着根深蒂固的弦统治地位，对中国社会产生了极其深刻而久远的影响。中国人向来以自我贬仰的思想作为处世经典，这便是以儒家的“中庸之道”作为行为的基本准则。“中”是儒家追求的理想境界，人生处世要以儒家仁、义、礼、智、信的思想道德观念作为每个人的行为指南，接人待物，举止言谈要考虑温、良、恭、俭、让，以谦虚为荣，以虚心为本，反对过分地显露自己表现自我。因此，中国文化体现出群体性的文化特征，这种群体性的文化特征是不允许把个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上的。西方国家价值观的形成至少可追溯到文艺复兴运动。文艺复兴的指导思想是人文主义，即以崇尚个人为中心，宣扬个人主义至上，竭力发展自己表现自我。“谦虚”这一概念在西方文化中的价值是忽略不计的。生活中人们崇拜的是“强者”“英雄”。有本事，有才能的强者得到重用，缺乏自信的弱者只能落伍或被无情地淘汰。因此，西方文化体现出个体文化特征，这种个体性文化特征崇尚个人价值凌驾于群体利益之上。正因为如此，中西两种文化在对某些单词所带有褒贬色彩上有差异。如：ambition一词，本身具有褒贬两种含义。中国人用其贬义，表示“野心勃勃”，而英美人则取其褒义，表示“雄心壮志”。Aggressive一词，中国人常用来形容某人“挑衅”“好斗”，而美国人则用来形容某人“进取上进，有开拓精神”。我国的群体性文化，非常重视家庭亲友关系，把它视为组成社会的细胞；而在西方国家，崇尚独立自主自强自立。中国人重视传统的君臣，父子，论资排辈，等级森严，而在英美国家，长辈与晚辈间地位平等，不计较老少界限，多以朋友相处。中国人的传统观念历来崇尚“四世同堂”“合家团圆”，自古就有“父母在，不远游”的良言古训；而在英美国家，18岁的子女仍住在家里依靠父母生活是不可思议的事情，他们必须依靠自己的双手去独立生活。同样，年龄大的父母即使失去了生活自理能力，一般也不会拖累子女，他们往往要住进老人院，由社会关照。文化的不同带来价值观念的在不相同。如lod一词，中国人历来就有“尊老敬老”的传统。“老”在中文里表达尊敬的概念，如老祖宗，老爷爷，老先生等。“老张”，“老王”，透着尊敬和亲热，“张老”“王老”更是尊崇有加。中国人往往以年龄大为荣。和别人谈话时，年龄越大，资格越老，也就越会得到别人的尊敬。“姜还是老的辣”。在我们看来，长者不仅是智慧的化身，也是威望的象征。然而，西方国家极少有人愿意倚老卖老而自称”old”。在他们看来，“old” 是“不中用”的代名词，是和“不合潮流”“老而无用”的含义连在一起的。英美人不喜欢别人说自己老，更不会倚老卖老。在西方文化中，他们把年龄作为个人极为重要的隐私看待。尤其是女士，更忌讳别人问自己的年龄。即使愿意谈论自己的年龄，也要别人猜测其年龄，而此时，他们的真正目的的期望别人恭维他们看上去比实际年龄小，是多么年轻。又如，英美人忌讳莫深的fat一词，见人说fat会令人沮丧不快而且反感。说到fatmeat（肥肉）多半会被认为是毫无价值的该扔掉的废物。而中国人见了小孩子说“胖嘟嘟”“胖乎乎”，表示对孩子的喜爱，对成年男子说fat有“发福”之义，对成年女子讲fat有“丰满”之义，都有赞美恭维之意。日常生活工作中，也经常听到人们说某种东西是块“肥肉”或某差使是个“肥缺”的话语，言下之意是不可多得的东西或是求之不得的位置。中国人不但不讨厌fat，而且对其赞美有加。同样的一件事物，不同的文化背影，看法大相径庭。中国人蔑视狗，因而有“走狗”“狗腿子”“狗东西”“赖皮狗”“狗急跳墙”“狗仗人势”“狗眼看人低”等说法。而在西方国家，人们则欣赏狗的勇敢和忠诚，对狗的赞誉也屡见不鲜，并把人比作狗。如aluckdog（幸运儿），loveme,love my dog（爱屋及乌），Every dog has his day.（凡人皆有得意日）。形容人“病得厉害”用sickas a dog.。“累极了”是dog—tired.与此相反，中国人十分喜爱猫，用“馋猫”比喻人贪嘴，常有亲昵的成份，而在西方文化中，“猫”被用来比喻“包藏祸心的女人”。中西方的文化差异除了表现在价值观，习俗差异等外，还与生存环境，宗教信仰，历史典故的不同有关。1、生存环境方面：语文的产生与人们的劳动和生活密切相关。英国是一个岛国，历史上航海业曾一度领先世界；而汉民族在亚洲大陆生活繁衍，人们的生活离不开土地。比喻花钱浪费，大手大脚，英语是spend money like lvater,而汉语是“挥金如土”。英语中有许多关于船和水的习语，在汉语中没有完全相同的对应习语，如to rest on one’s oars（暂时歇一歇），to keep one’s head above water（奋力图存），all at sea（不知所措）等等。在汉语的文化氛围中，“东风”即是“春天的风”，夏天常与酷暑炎热联系在一起，“赤日炎炎似火烧”，“骄阳似火”是常被用来描述夏天的词语。而英国地处西半球，北温带，海洋性气候，报告春天消息的却是西风，英国著名诗人雪莱的《西风颂》正是对春的讴歌。英国的夏季正是温馨宜人的季节，常与“可爱”“温和” “美好”相连。莎士比亚在他的一首十四行诗中把爱人比作夏天，shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more 、宗教信仰方面佛教传入中国已有一千多年的历史，人们相信有“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切，与此有关的语言很多，如“借花献佛”“闲时不烧香，临时抱佛脚”等。在西方许多国家，特别是在英美，人们信奉基督教，相关的有“God helps those who help themselves（上帝帮助自助的人）”Go to hell（下地狱吧）这样的诅咒。3、历史典故方面英汉两种语文中有大量的由历史典故形成的。这些习语结构简单，意义深远，往往是不能单从字面意义去理解和翻译。如“东施效颦”“名落孙山”“叶公好龙”等等。英语中Achilles’heel（唯一致使弱点），meet one’s waterloo（一败涂地），Penelope’s web（永远完不成的工作），a pandora’s box.。（潘多拉之盒――灾难，麻烦，祸害的根源）等。由于各种各样的原因，导致了中西方有诸如此多的文化差异，而文化差异又是跨文化交际的障碍。现代化的进程加速了精神和物质产品的流通，将各个民族纳入到一个共同的“地球村”中，跨文化交际成为每个民族生活中不可缺少的部分。一个企业若想让自己的产品畅销国际市场，不仅需要高超的经济和技术手段，而且需要深入了解对象国的文化，使该产品在包装设计和实用性方面符合对象国民众的心理需求。如，在中国，“龙（dragon）” 是我们的精神图腾，是吉祥和权力的象征，中国人也以作为龙的传人而倍感自豪，然而在西方人眼中，对“龙”就没有这份特殊的情感，甚至将“龙”理解为一种张牙舞爪的可怕怪物。如果某一企业家对此不甚了解，将印有“龙”图案的产品推向国际市场，试想这种产品能否刺激西方人的购买欲？能否给企业创造高效益。所以，克服文化差异造成的交际障碍已经成为整个世界共同面临的问题。作为中学阶段的英语老师，在英语教学中应重视语言能力的教学，特别要注意在日常教学中发展学生的交际能力，将语言的文化差异在英语教学中的作用作为一个重要问题对待。中西方的文化差异在中学阶段英语学习给学生带来的干扰主要表现在以下几个方面：1、称呼语汉语中的亲属称谓有泛化使用的倾向，常用于非亲属之间：年轻人对长辈称“叔叔”“阿姨”；对平辈称“大哥”“大姐”。但在英语中，亲属称谓不广泛地用于社交。如果我们对母语是英语的长辈称“Uncle Smith”“Auntie Brown”，对方听了会觉得不太顺耳。英语文化中只有关系十分密切的情况下才使用此类亲属称谓且后面不带姓，只带名，如“Uncle Tom”。又如学生知道teacher的含义是“老师”，也就相应地把“王老师”称为“Teacher Wang”。其实，英语中teacher只是一种职业；汉语有尊师的传统，“教师”已不仅仅是一种职业，而成为一种对人的尊称。由于这种文化上的差异，造成学生的简单理解：王老师＝Teacher Wang.此外还把汉语中习惯上称呼的“唐秘书”“张护士”称为Secretary Tang, Nurse Zhang, 英语国家的人听起来感觉不可思议。英语中称呼人一般用Mr., Miss,Mrs.等。2、感谢和答谢一般来说，我们中国人在家族成员之间很少用“谢谢”。如果用了，听起来会很怪，或相互关系上有了距离。而在英语国家“Thank you.”几乎用于一切场合，所有人之间，即使父母与子女，兄弟姐妹之间也不例外。送上一瓶饮料，准备一桌美餐，对方都会说一声“Thank you.”公共场合，不管别人帮你什么忙，你都要道一声“Thank you..”这是最起码的礼节。当别人问是否要吃点或喝点什么时（would you like something to eat / drink?），我们通常习惯于客气一番，回答：“不用了”“别麻烦了”等。按照英语国家的习惯，你若想要，就不必推辞，说声“Yes,please.”若不想要，只要说“No,thanks.”就行了。这也充分体现了中国人含蓄和英语国家人坦荡直率的不同风格。3、赞美在英语国家，赞美也常用来作为交谈的引子。赞美的内容主要有个人的外貌，外表，新买的东西，个人财物，个人在某方面的出色的工作等。通常称赞别人的外表时只称赞她努力打扮的结果，而不是她的天生丽质。因此赞美别人发型的很多，赞美别人漂亮头发的很少。对别人的赞美，最普通的回答是：Thank you.如，A: Your skirt looks nice. B: Thank 隐私中国人初次见面问及年龄，婚姻，收入，表示关心，而英语国家却对此比较反感，认为这些都涉及个人隐私。如在JEFC Book 1 Lesson 16 中有这样的对话：“How old are you,Mrs Read?”“Ah,it’s a secret!”为什么Mrs Read不肯说出自己的年龄呢？因为英语国家人都希望自己在对方眼中显得精力充沛，青春永驻，对自己实际年龄秘而不宣，妇女更是如此。再如中国人表示关心的“你去哪儿？”“你在干什么？”在英语中就成为刺探别人隐私的审问，监视别人的话语而不受欢迎。5、打招呼中国人日常打招呼习惯于问：“你吃饭了吗？”如果你跟英语国家的人这样说，他们认为你是想请他们吃饭，英语国家人打招呼通常以天气，健康状况，交通，体育以及兴趣爱好为话题。6、节日中国和英语国家的文化差异还显著地表现在节日方面。除中国和英语国家共同的节日（如,New Year’s Day）处，双方还各有自己独特的节日。中国有the Spring Festival, the Dragon Boat Festival, Mid—Autumn Day.等，英语国家有”Valentine’s Day（情人节），Easter（复活节），April fool’s Day（愚人节），Thanks Giving Day（感恩节），Christmas Day（圣诞节）等。中西方节日的风俗习惯也很不相同。在节日里，对于别人送来的礼物，中国人往往要推辞一番，表现得无可奈何地接受，接受后一般也不当面打开。如果当面打开并喜形于色，可能招致“贪财”的嫌疑。而在英语文化中，人们对别人送的礼品，一般都要当面打开称赞一番，并且欣然道谢。7、词汇的文化内涵英语词汇在长期使用中积累了丰富的文化内涵，所以在教学中要注意对英语词汇的文化意义的介绍，以防学生单纯地从词汇本身做出主观评价。比如red一词，无论在英语国家还是在中国，红色往往与庆祝活动或喜庆日子有关，英语里有“red—letter days”（节假日）。尤其在中国，红色象征革命和社会主义等积极意义，但在英语中“red”还意味着危险状态或使人生气，如“red flag”（引人生气的事）。还有当看到商业英语中的“in the red”，别以为是盈利，相反，是表示亏损，负债。在教学中，文化教育的方法是多种多样的，教师应该采用灵活多变的方法提高学生对文化的敏感性，培养文化意识，使他们能主动地，自学地吸收并融入新的文化环境中。比如：加强中西方文化差异的比较，将中西文化在称呼，招呼语等等谈话题材和价值观念等方面的差异自觉自然地渗透到教学中。又如：利用多种渠道，多种手段，吸收和体验异国文化。可以收集一些英语国家的物品和图片，让学生了解外国艺术，历史和风土人情等。总之，中西方的文化存在着很多差异，在英语教学中不能只单纯注意语言教学，而必须加强语言的文化导入，重视语言文化差异对语言的影响。只有这样，才能在实际中正确运用语言。
中文论文还是英文论文？
林语堂先生有篇散文，叫做《中国人与英国人》。你读一读，会对你有启发的，我个人认为，他老人家写得相当好！！你看完就不愁立提纲了，自己写出一篇好论文不是很好嘛！！！
中西方文化差异与英语学习一、自然环境在中国人的心目中，"夏日炎炎"、“火辣夏日”，夏天总与酷暑炎热联系在一起。而在莎翁的一首十四行诗中却有这样的诗句，Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?/Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(我能不能拿夏天同你相比?/你啊，比夏天来得可爱和照。) 诗人把情人比作夏天，可爱而温煦。"夏天" 带给中国人和英国人的联想竟是如此的迥异。原因就在于所处的地理位置不同，中国位于亚洲大陆，属于大陆性气候，四季分明，夏天最明显的特征便是骄阳似火，炎热难熬。而英国位于北温带，属海洋性气候，夏天明媚温和，令人惬意。当然还有很多这方面的例子，例如，在汉语中的 "东风" 使人想到温暖和煦，西风则叫人有种寒风刺骨的味道。而在西方则相反。原因也是一样，两地所处地理位置不同，带来感觉就不同 。二、 生产劳动英语中与水产、航船有关的词语非常多，如 fish in the air (缘木求鱼 )、an odd fish(怪人)、miss the boat (错过机会) 等。汉语中这类词语就少得多。原因在于英国四周环水、水产捕捞业和航海业在其经济生活中占有重要地位，故而多此类词语。而在中国只有沿海地区才有渔民结网捕鱼,所以该类词语相对较少。要表达“用体力负运东西" 的动词在汉语中有许多，如 "扛、 荷、挑、担、抬、背、驮、负、提、挎" 等，每个词都有一定的负运的东西与之相应(如，挑土、担水、提箱子)，真是细密之极。在英语中却只有--个 carry 来泛指这个动作。汉语之所以将这个动词细加区分，大概因为中国长期处于农业社会，体力劳动特别多的缘故。汉语中我们会遇到"像老黄牛一样干活" 、"气壮如牛 " 等词 ，英语中要表达同样的意思，会说 work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse 。为什么汉语用 "牛 " 而英语用horse 呢? 答案是中国人向来用牛来耕田种地，早期的英国人却用马来耕作。牛和马在生产过程中分别分成了两国人的好帮手，博得了人们的好感，词语中也就有了如上用法。三、风俗习惯1、称谓及称呼: 学习英语时，我们发现英语中的称谓名称比汉语中的要少得多。例如，英语中cousin一词，对应于汉语的表兄、表弟、表姐和表妹等。我们看到，汉语把表亲关系区分得非常严格，既要说出性别，又要分出大小，根本不像英语笼统一个词了事。这种语言现象的产生归因于中国二、三千年之久的封建统治。这种封建社会高度重视血缘关系，特别强调等级间的差异，提倡长幼、尊卑有序。亲属关系亲疏，长幼和性别等万面不同，权力和义务也随着出现区别， 故称谓区分得严格而细密。英语中的称谓为数不多 ， 除 dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle等几个称谓经常使用外，其它的几乎都不用。在英美国家，人们的相互称呼在中国人看来有违情理，且不礼貌，没教养。比如:小孩子不把爷爷奶奶称作grandpa和grandma,而是直呼其名 ，这种做法却是得体，亲切、合乎常埋的，年轻人称老年人，只在其姓氏前加 Mr, Mrs 或Miss。他们这些做法体现了西方人追求人人平等的思想，在他们眼中，称谓本身就意味着不平等。 2、敬语谦词: 像称谓一样，英语中的敬语谦词也远远少于汉语。在英语中，不管对方年龄多大，地位多高，you 就是 you，I就是 I，用不着像汉语那样用许多诸如 "您、局长、工程师 " 等敬语。汉语产生这种现象的原因之一还是中国封建社会等级森严的宗法制度。它要求人们跟长辈或上级、甚至同辈说话时，要用敬语，否则就认为用词不当而失礼，甚至显得高傲；谈及自己时则要用谦词，如不使用，也会被认为没有礼貌。另一原因，便是中国人几千年来的传统思想的影响，不愿突出自己，总认为"谦虚"是一种美德。而在英语中这类词较少的原因有两个:一是西方人喜爱追求平等，二是他们长期以来尊重个人价值，乐于表现自己，强调培养个人自信心。受以上观念的支配，中西方人接受赞扬、祝贺时的反应也明显有很大区别。中国人听此类话语后会说一类谦虚的话语，而西方人则会毫不犹豫地说:“ Thank you”我曾从报上看到过这样一则笑话，在一次舞会上，一位美国人赞扬一位中国女士说：“You look very beautiful today (你今天很漂亮) 。” 这位中国女士赶忙谦虚地说:“Where(哪里 ),where(哪里 )." 而这位美国人感到非常奇怪，然后只好说了句: “ everywhere(到处)。"根据西方人的习惯，当他们赞扬别人时，总希望别人以道谢或爽快接受的方式作答，否则他们会误解为对方对自己的判断力表示怀疑。而东方则比较谦虚、谨慎，即使心里非常高兴，也不会坦然认同或接受对方的赞扬。又如学术刊物上发表的文献或论文的标题。汉语文章的标题除说明文章的内容外，往往有表示谦虚的字眼。如"浅谈…… " 、"试论……" 、 "、“……初探" 等，而英语文章的标题常常是直截了当，不加任何修饰，如 Science andLinguistics (《科学与语言》) 。3、个人隐私: 对大多数西方人来说，向陌生人或不大熟悉的人提出 How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? 等谈及年龄、收入、婚姻状况、宗教信仰、家庭情况等问题的话题属个人隐私范畴，忌讳别人问及。西方人寒暄最频繁的话题是天气的状况或预测。如“It’s fine, isn’t it?“、 “It’s raining hard, isn’t it?”、 “Your dress is do nice!”等等。他们在初次见面或不太熟悉的人面前，从不问及有关别人隐私方面问题，以示对对方的尊敬。汉语里的寒暄有时还表示对对方的关心。如 "你今天气色不好，生病了吗? " "好久不见，你又长胖了 。" "你又瘦了，要注意身体啊。" 如西方人听到你说:“You are fat”或 “You are so thin”等话语。即使彼此间较熟悉，也会感到尴尬，难以回答，因这是不礼貌的。而中国人见面三分熟，在半小时内，对方的家庭情况、个人状况便了解得清清楚楚。这又是双方所处的不同文化背景在起作用。西方人特别注重个人隐私。他们认为个人的事不必让别人知道，更不愿让别人干预。而中国人千百年来住在一个村庄里，离得近，接触得多，个人生活或私事很难不被人知道或干预。再加上中国人团结友爱，互相关心，相互帮助，认为个人的事即家庭乃至集体的事。故而他们很愿意了解别人的酸甜苫辣，别人也愿坦诚相告。当然，现在在一些发达或沿海城市，人们也开始接受西方人的观点，说话不随便涉及对方隐私。四 宗教信仰汉英语言中涉及宗教的词语数目庞大，蔚为壮观。比如，"天公" 、"阴阳 " 、"菩萨" 等。语言是思想的直接反映，两种截然不同的宗教词汇是两个民族宗教观念迥异的真实写照。隋唐之前，儒道两教在中国居统治地位，汉语中涉及宗教的词语多与此相关，如"太极" 、"道" 等，其精神，如尊天命，行孝道、听天由命等也可见于 日常语言当中。隋唐时期，大量佛教传入，大量佛教词语随之而来，其轮回报应的思想被儒道思想所接受并被消化。这样儒、佛、道三教在中国占有绝对主导地位。在英国，则以基督教为主要宗教。 该教于597 年传入英国。在随后相当长的时间里，大量与此相关的词语陆续汇入英语行列 。这里既有古英语时期由拉丁语渗入英语的词 、如angel (天使)、monk (僧侣 ) 等，又有中古时期从法语借用的词 ，如 religion (宗教) 、dean(教长)等，还有现代英语时期从其他外来语中借来的大量的词， 结果英语中涉及宗教的词语远比其他语种来得多。五、 历史典故用典是每个民族日常交谈的一个重要组成部分，人们常常在不自觉间运用出于各自民族文化遗产的典故，比如中国人会说，"真是马后炮"、 "原来是个空城计啊 ! " 西方人则会讲 That all Greek to me.(我对此一窍不通。) 、He’s a Shylock (他是个守财奴)。一谈用典，对对方文化了解不多的外国人大多感到相当费解，显然这是因为各民族以化遗产不同的缘故。中国人的典故多源于《红楼梦》等古代四大名著、民间传说神话以及中国传统的体育娱乐项目，如象棋、戏剧等。前两个例子一个来自中国象棋，一个来自《三国演义》。而西方人的典故则多出于莎士比亚戏剧和以后英美文学中的许多其他人物或名称、希腊、罗马神话、《圣经》中的人物和事件以及传统的体育项目，如美国的棒球、橄揽球等。后两个英文例子便来自莎士比亚戏剧。六、思维方式英语注重运用各种具体的连接手段以达到语法形式的完整。这些句子组织严密，层次井然有序，其句法功能一望便知。比如 ，If winter comes, can spring be far behind?(冬天来了，春还会远吗？)一见到if,两句间的逻辑关系便一目了然。而汉语则很少使用连接手段，句子看上去松散混乱，概念、判断、推理不严密，句子间的逻辑关系从外表不易看出。比如，"打得就打，打不赢就走，还怕没办法?" 几个句子间无连接成分，好像大量动词杂沓堆上，句间关系外表上根本看不出，但句子的意思却把他们联系起。这就是人们所说的英语重形合，汉语重意合，这些差异反映了英汉民族思维方式的不同。英民族重理性，重视逻辑思维。而汉民族重悟性，注重辩证思维。七、个人主义价值观在西方文化中，与 " 自 我" (self) 相关的观念可以说是根深蒂固、 无所不在。在英语中就有许多以自我为中心的词汇，如 “self-absorption (自我专注 )、self-admiration(自我赞赏) 、self-cultivation (自我修养 ) 、 self-image (自我形象 ) 等等。故此西方社会盛行的是个体主义 (individualism)”，强调个人自由 、不受外来约束。而中方文化强调集体利益高于个人利益，"先国家，后集体，再个人，先利民，再利已"的话语随处可见。通过简单的言语就可从中了解两种截然不同的文化。通过语言对比了解中西文化的差异，人们会对双方文化有更深的理解，这反过来有助于我们掌握这两种语言。我们在学习英语时，应了解它的文化背景知识以及社会风俗习惯，随时将它与我们的母语进行对比，使自己自觉意识到不规范语言产生的根源和避免方法，进而增强使用规范语言的意识。
英美文化差异 British and American Culture 来源：BBC 作者： 发布时间：2007-10-24 、。。。:
好不好写要看你能不能找到相关的参考资料，论文中一个重要部分是引用前人的观念证明自己的论点，当然你要突破创新那应该要鼓励，不过这样论文写起来很可能没方向，给你一条建议，写前最好能找到5本以上能贴合你论点的书、杂志、报道、分析报告等，看完心里有底了，那样写起来比较顺
同学，答辩不要紧张，要熟悉你写的内容，一般如果是你的论文指导老师会问问题针对性强一点，其他老师会问一些general question。建议如下，供参考，1. 中西方有哪些传统节日存在差异并举例说明。（基本题，考察你是自己写的还是抄的）2. 这种差异会给文化交流带来哪些影响？正面影响，负面影响阐述3. 了解这种差异后有对解决实际问题有何帮助？4. 你自己如何理解这种差异，或者差异如何形成的？祝你好运！
你怎样看待中西文化差异？你认为中西文化差异根本在哪里？
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
Western novels in comparison First, Western novels in the history of the development of Western novels are based on myths and legends of its origin. In ancient times, science developed, out of fear of nature, the working people out of the imagination is the key to many of the world "God", describing the personification of God is a myth; who will describe the deified, that is legend. China opened the world's Pan story, the story of San Juan Five Emperors, the West Greek mythology, Roman mythology, Norse mythology, and so on are all typical works. East and West, the original novel, is closely linked with the history, as historical records complement the event. China Pre-Qin prose in the fable, the Han dynasty in the history books, biographies, the Wei and Jin Zhi, Zhi-person novel; the West of ancient Babylon, "the United States and Ji Jia disabilities epic", in ancient Greece, "Homer's epic," "Aesop's Fables "And so on, fall into this category, fiction, novels such novels have been about the characteristics of fiction, it is still not the literary creation, directly from the private collection record, so this type of fiction plot is relatively simple, writing rough comparison. Ban Gu said, "On the Street Lane words, hearsay are made of" is a novel kind of accurate assessment of the image. China's Tang Dynasty, the novel is only from history and literature become a creativity. Tang Dynasty culture has developed, the author's ideas are more open, the legend came into being at this time, Li Zhaowei "Liu Yi Chuan", Po Chu's "Everlasting Regret," Wolf's "Everlasting Regret Chuan" And so on, are made in accordance with the creation of the legend. For the fictional story of the Tang Dynasty more emphasis on imagination and literary talent, not just the history of the nature of things, but as the history of Zhi Zhi who is also the novel did not stop. The Legend of the Song Dynasty to the novel on a gradual decline, which followed the rise of this so that after processing will become a scholar so many novel and Romance novels such as "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Outlaws of the Marsh", "Journey to the West." The author of such novels is the use of private creative and re-created to describe the circumstances of the touching scenes of brilliant and vivid active in shaping the character known, there are obvious story-telling style of language. Here by the redevelopment, it will become an independent literary creation rather than things to come together with the civil process, the representative of this type is the "Golden Lotus", it was an open and ordinary life on the road, the reality is that literature has come a long way The development of the latter's "A Dream of Red Mansions" in ancient China Geng Shiba realism to the novels of the summit. "54" after the novelist began to learn from China's western fiction writing practices, and gradually out a new path. Western novels, is the "Renaissance" after the rapid development of mature. The development of the Middle Ages novel near-stagnation in the West, 14, the end of the century "Renaissance" to overthrow the literature of the Church of control, 15, appeared in the western end of the century to promote freedom of thought and the liberation of personality in order to describe the reality of life and portray characters from all walks of life for the content of the Humanist novels, is to tie in with this type of novel anti-feudal Europe at the time of arising at the same time it also set the novel in the West to human describing the tone of the main things. Jiaqiu Italy's "Decameron", Spain's Cervantes "Don Quixote" is the kind of representative works of fiction. The resulting novel is a classical, elegant favor of its national language to standardize the writing of this novel in 17th century France's most well-developed. As a note on behalf of Corneille's "Cid" neoclassical story of the rise of Western novels have been a language substantially improved. The beginning of the 18th century to promote popular science knowledge, enlightenment of the public consciousness for the purpose of the Enlightenment novels, of which there are relatively well-known German Goethe's "Faust", the United Kingdom Defoe's "Robinson Crusoe" and the Swift "Gulliver's Travels" and so on, this type of novel to the emergence of the bourgeois revolution at the time to mold public opinion. In the 19th century, romantic fiction, realistic novels and critical realism novel turn to occupy the leading position in the field of fiction. Romantic novels, such as France Victor Hugo's "Notre Dame de Paris", Goethe's "juvenile Witt of trouble" and so on, imaginative, unusual ideas, language and imaginative, strong feelings. Efforts to reflect the reality of the novel is the essence of life, and depict typical life of a typical phenomenon in the United Kingdom Dickens, France and Germany are of such novels as a representative of the writer. Critical realism novels exposed the efforts of the decadent feudal system and capitalist society, the dark, in-depth criticism of the reality of evil, France Balzac and Maupassant, the United Kingdom of Charlotte, Bronte,. Russia's Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, the United States of a large number of writers such as Mark Twain's works belong to this category. Value today, the three novels in the West is still the most important of the three types of literary fiction. East-West novel on the history of the development of more or less the case. Second, the characteristics of the novel in the West In addition to the basic characteristics of the novel, the story of the West also have their own characteristics are as follows: 1, the traditional Chinese novel attention to the characters, language and the details of the description, in contradiction to the conflict to display the images, but the character of a single, small changes in the absence of the main flu. Western novels are more people pay attention to the psychological description, stressed that mining figure in the subconscious mind, good at writing full, the changes in the strong sense of the main characters. Again, "coach Lin Feng Snow Mountain Temple" in the figure is only through dialogue and action leads to contradictions and conflicts, but Anna Karenina Wogui before a series of conflicts only with his description of the psychological will be able to express their clear; for poetry in Lin In the performance of her literary talent, and Paul with his inner monologue of the ideal; Zhang Zhong-Yong has only the character, but Jane Eyre's character is the brave, strong, warm, kind-hearted, and so many of the character and rubbing and Cheng's. In short, people in the area described in the West has its own unique features. 2, China compared with Western fiction novel plot twists and turns more and more complete story. Plot twists and turns, the story is complete fiction China's unique traditional arts. The Wei and Jin Zhi Zhi people on the novel twists and turns with vivid characteristics. Tang legend in the layout of many of the famous, magnificent anomaly, rigorous and clever, dramatic plot development. The contents of the Ming and Qing Dynasties novels scattered irregular, undulating waves, Cuoluoyouzhi, careful structure, an integral whole. "A Dream of Red Mansions", everywhere She Fu, Hui turning point, the story of Jia's best writing. Western plot in respect of the outstanding works, although there are many, but it can not be compared with the Chinese novel. 3, concise and lively Chinese language novel, rich in content and rich Western novels. Chinese folk artists absorbed the novel language, at the same time inherited the fine traditions of ancient prose, often a few words will be able to outline the incident or the people. Western novels in the author includes a broad range of knowledge, involve the community in many ways, so rich in content and rich people can gain knowledge in many areas. Engels said he was in Balzac's novel about 19th century France's domestic situation than he received any reports are more. Western novels have different characteristics, and also in the West different aesthetic concepts to a certain extent related. 4, Western novels have been the rule of the feudal culture of oppression destroyed. Chinese feudal culture makes the development of the novel is extremely difficult, Ming and Qing Dynasties more people to write stories for shame, so many great writers living, creating the conditions are not covered, many of the great works of authors who do not know. Western novels in the feudal culture makes almost the whole of the Middle Ages in the development of extremely slow, and many talented writers were forced to church services, wrote some of the religious nature of the article dry hole. Third, Western novels in the future prospects for the development of End of the Qing Dynasty, China and the West have begun to understand the other side of the system, the advantages of the novel in the West have been constantly learn from each other. Of course, due to historical reasons, the Chinese side of the draw a little more. To this day, the novelist in the West efforts are still two researchers in the novel's artistic charm, although the different languages of each other's appreciation of the arts to a certain extent, but the United States are interlinked. We have every reason to believe that in the near future, the novel art in the West will ultimately learn from each other and integrate, develop and reach new artistic heights. References: "Foreign Literature" Shanghai Translation Publishing House Zhou Xu Liang "Contemporary Literature election," Zhang Zhong, such as Beijing University Publishing House "Chinese literature history of the development of" Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House Liu Jie "Literary History of Europe" People's Literature Publishing House Yangzhou Han Wu Da-yuan Zhao Rui radish "Three high school language textbook used by the five dates of the" People's Education Press仅供参考，请自借鉴。希望对您有帮助。
同学，答辩不要紧张，要熟悉你写的内容，一般如果是你的论文指导老师会问问题针对性强一点，其他老师会问一些general question。建议如下，供参考，1. 中西方有哪些传统节日存在差异并举例说明。（基本题，考察你是自己写的还是抄的）2. 这种差异会给文化交流带来哪些影响？正面影响，负面影响阐述3. 了解这种差异后有对解决实际问题有何帮助？4. 你自己如何理解这种差异，或者差异如何形成的？祝你好运！
隐喻的中西方文化差异Abstract: Metaphor is not only a linguistic phenomenon but also a way of thinking, which is one of the basic methods for human survival and cognition. It is rooted in language, thought and culture. Through the analysis and comparison of the use and concept of metaphor in different countries, we find that its universality and commonality of the metaphor as a basic human cognitive activities. However, metaphor in different languages reflects a different way of thinking and behavior and different cultural patterns. Owing to the different two modes of thinking and culture, there are some differences in understanding and formation that can not be ignored. Therefore, this paper will discuss the questions : metaphor, cross-cultural differences, translation. 1. Preamble Metaphor is a common phenomenon, a large number of people use metaphor to express his feelings and ideas. British scientists rhetoric Richards (IARichards) once said, "We have day-to-day in almost every conversation in three sentences may be a metaphor." According to statistics, life around the use of 4,700,000 new metaphor, 2,140,000 stereotypes of metaphor. Research in recent years, there is a great metaphor. This article introduced in the definition of metaphor on the basis of summing up the similarities and differences between Chinese and Western metaphor, and that its culture, precisely because of the prevalence of metaphor, how to translate metaphor has become a very important issue in the latter part of the article is aimed at The translation of metaphor put forward a translation of the three strategies. This paper studies aimed at trying to comparative analysis of English and Chinese in a large number of day-to-day language of metaphor to express, find out the differences and similarities, in order to be able to accurately translate the article in good metaphor to explore a little. This article is about the metaphor from the point of view to explore the differences in the way Thinking allows us to a deeper understanding of language, culture, the relationship between thinking and can more clearly understand the different ethnic language, culture, way of thinking, and so on On the nature of translation. 2. Metaphors in Chinese and Western studies In 1980, Lakoff & Johnson (George Lakoff & Mark Johnson) made a "living metaphor" (Metaphors We Live By) of the book, a modern metaphor to open a new chapter in the school. Domestic academia on the "metaphor" This is also a review of the system, such as Lin Wu's book "Study abroad metaphor Looking at the" beam-setting "metaphor research," Li of China and India "The main subjects Metaphor" and so on. However, the Chinese metaphor for the academic study of rare. "Chinese scholars on the study of metaphor, I am afraid the real contribution should be through the metaphor of the Chinese characteristics of research and study, through the metaphor of the Chinese and other languages in the comparative study of metaphor, metaphor for the establishment of a more general theory of the strong, and even unique The basis. "Lin Wu in the book" metaphor of the basic research the status quo, and the focus of the trend "in the main text, put forward a model of cultural metaphors with the relationship:" The language of metaphor is the emergence of expression into the system, which not only reflects the psychological Structure, but also reflect the different cultural models also play a role. " metaphor in the relationship between Chinese and Western cultures relationship Correspond to (corresponding) refers to the relationship between the two languages, English and Chinese in the meaning and metaphor in the use of the same meaning in the culture and image, and so on and-one mapping. This is because the survival of mankind itself, as well as all the external conditions, including the geographical environment, climate change, and the whole of human society and cultural background are certain there is a common, which formed a common humanity of their own and the outside world on many issues. In the "angry" mood, the English are angry that physiological responses, such as: grind one's teeth. (Teeth), bare one's teeth. (Ziyaliezui) an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth), reflecting the Chinese culture on the basis of common experience. non-correspondence English-Chinese metaphor, after all, rooted in two different languages on the soil, resulting in very different cultural backgrounds, fully corresponds to the few metaphors, the vast majority do not have common cultural identity in order to form the corresponding non-(non-corresponding ) Relations. Non-relationship metaphor can be roughly divided into three categories: Vehicle counterpart, Yu Yi does not correspond to English and Chinese in some cases there is the same as a metaphor, but in their own language and culture in the meaning of the metaphor means is different, even different. Peacock in the Chinese culture is auspicious, a symbol of beauty, especially the Dai people to express jumped Pavaner desire to better their own. If the Chinese people will be likened to a peacock, it means that beautiful light. However, in English, peacock (Peacock) is a symbol of pride, often interpreted as arrogance, love to show off. For example, They were eager to take the young peacock down a peg. (They want to pressure a pressure that the arrogant young guy's momentum). counterpart Yu Yi, the vehicle does not correspond to English-Chinese two nations due to their differences, from different angles to look at things the same, it will be a different analogy. As a result both English and Chinese language there is a different vehicle, but Yu was referring to was basically the same as the meaning of the case, that is the same kind of non-correspondence. Such as: a person described as the hearts of anxious, restless, Chinese is "ants on the hot pan" and English is "a cat on the bricks". There are similar: To kick down the ladder. Guohechaiqiao. Yu Yu Yi and do not correspond to Some of the metaphors Yu-Yu has a meaning and it refers to the language and culture are closely related, in another culture often can not find corresponding Yu and Yu Yi, which resulted in a culture known as the default Phenomenon. For example: in English "my rib" I am referring to Yu's wife, it comes from the "Bible" story, that is, Adam (Adam)'s wife Eve (Eve) God is with a piece of Adam's rib made. The Chinese did not, "the Bible" cultural background, and there was no analogy with rib habit, so the formation of a corresponding gap. Similarly, "ugly duckling" (Ugly Duckling) refers to the metaphor will get ahead of Little, "early bird" refers to the diligent Yu, in the words into Chinese language, culture, as a result of the default, can not find a corresponding relationship between metaphor . Chinese and Western cultures in the common metaphor Metaphor and culture to a large extent, human beings have a common understanding, rooted in the people's own day-to-day experience. In this connection, often between different ethnic groups are the same. Both English and Chinese language in a lot of abstract thinking that the metaphorical expression is the same. For example: the human child in the period to form a position on the concept of input in that direction in the form of many of them easily understood, including the position expressed by metaphor, which has become a fixed pattern of thinking. For example: The term direction (up, down) to describe people's social status, physical, emotional, and other abstract concepts to the case when the good is up; Sad is down. We Chinese are also not difficult to find a similar sentence: "Gas Prices "," enhance the social status "and" vision "and" depressed. " Since the objective laws of nature with the relative unity of different cultures to understand the nature of the course is similar to the cognitive experience. in the metaphor of the difference between Chinese and Western cultures As the English-Chinese geographical and cultural differences, living in two different cultures in practice there are a lot of differences, and different life experiences and let people understand the objective world, a different language carries different nationalities Cultural characteristics and cultural information. Understanding of metaphor is not out of socio-cultural backgrounds. For example, social and cultural impact of the color words is deep-rooted, some color words in different cultures in an entirely different meaning, has a distinctive feature of our national culture. Such as: English, said in green "inexperienced" and "shallow knowledge", such as: "a green hand", "I was very green when I started working there." The Chinese like to express the meaning of the word is "yellow" Such as: "Huangmaoyatou" and "flower girl". Cultural background knowledge is the metaphor to create a rich source of thinking, as the Eastern and Western cultures are different, metaphors in English and Chinese applications there are also significant differences. The metaphor of the cross-cultural differences between Chinese and Western influence Language is a cultural change in the development of the complex, subject to political, economic, historical, environmental and other factors. Chinese and Western styles are different, but in many ways to infiltrate interaction and integration, language differences and cultural metaphor for the inevitable impact is complex and diverse. metaphorical expression of cultural conflict Different nationalities in the world to observe a different perspective and ideas, different cultures there are a lot of conflict or inconsistency metaphor. If the animal metaphors, in English Long (dragon) is a kind of evil, will belch out smoke monster. "Bible", the dragon is the devil, is a symbol of evil and terror, there is a terrible vicious meaning. The Chinese dragon is in power, the auspicious symbol of Chinese traditional culture, the Chinese have "Wangzichenglong", "descendants of the Dragon." The same analogy in different cultures, different meaning, of two cultures "Dragon" to give a different connotation. differences in living conditions caused by differences in metaphor In English is a lot of metaphor and marine-related, such as: all at sea (at a loss what to do); drink like a fish (drinking cow); fish in the air (Shuizhonglaoyue); give up the ship (give up). In Chinese, there are a lot of the horse or cattle pose a metaphor, such as: "a willing ox" (a willing horse) Gan means to serve the community; "old ox" (a working horse) refers to the hard work; "bragging "(Talk horse), and so on. This is due to different geographical location and natural environment caused by different cultural metaphor. Britain is an island, ultimately, dependent on the sea, and China is a large agricultural country, farming culture deeply feudal society. different religious and cultural differences arising from the metaphor Religious culture of human culture is an important part of it by referring to the nation's religious beliefs, such as the formation of the sense of culture, "the Bible" in the story, with its language and meaning has become a feature of daily life in the West in terms of . For example, power of the keys (the keys to the kingdom of heaven; the rights of the Pope), in the right church, but in the wrong pew (in general is right, but not the details), and so on. Chinese culture and Buddhism, Taoism and more affected by the impact of Confucianism, the Chinese, there are a lot of related argot. "Jiehuaxianfo"; "临时抱佛脚"; "做一天和尚撞一天钟" and so on. It is due to the diversity of culture, resulting in the differences between English and Chinese metaphor. This difference to the cross-cultural communication has brought the impact. As a foreign language students, do not understand the difference between metaphor and language will make mistakes, sometimes mistakenly made good as pleasant, caused by either one or both of the conversation unpleasant; also sometimes mocked as a praise. When a native language other operators do not understand the language contained in the cultural differences, it is often difficult for such language to accurately convey the meaning of the understanding, difficulty to the cross-cultural exchange. 3. Metaphor of the three methods of translation The translation of metaphor not only accurately and effectively convey the original language, but also loyal, accessible, complete reproduction of the original language and cultural connotation and significance. But in the West because of cultural differences and different, so the translation of metaphor in English on the need to consider not only its literal sense, and so on, but also in the West should pay attention to their cultural differences. American Eugene Nida said: "Translation is the exchange between the two cultures. The real success of the translation, even more familiar with the two cultures is more important to master two languages. Because only in terms of its role in the culture In the background will only be meaningful. "Therefore, the translation of metaphor to combining Chinese and Western cultures, and cultural backgrounds to leave the translation, can not be achieved between the two languages of the real exchange. Literal Translation The so-called "literal" is asked in the language when conditions permit, in the translation to maintain the original content, but also to maintain the original form, in particular, to maintain the original metaphor, the image of the nation, and other local color. In the literal translation method to maintain the original expression of the culture and at the same time, target enriched the vocabulary and expression, such as: "a Pandora's box" (Pandora's Box); "chain reaction" (chain reaction). In the original text and asked the information contained in the same culture, we should adopt the literal translation method. (1) You are my sunshine, my only sunshine. : You are my sun, my only sunshine. In Chinese and English, the sun is warm, beautiful, in both languages, they disseminate information on culture are the same. As a rule, and asked in the original text in the form of grammatical structure, similar to the style or color on basically the same, the law should adopt the literal translation. (1) He is another Shylock. : He is also a Shylock. (Note: Shakespeare's Shylock is "The Merchant of Venice" in a very harsh mean business People. ) (2) To carry coals to Newcastle. : Coal to Newcastle. (Note: "Newcastle" is a British coal, coal is superfluous here.) 4. Conclusion Metaphor as a way to figures of speech or skills, a unique feature of grammar, which features make the sentence more flexible and constructive, but the United States. Is a metaphor to express more complex ideas and things, a powerful tool. Wherever and whenever people in their daily lives are often used metaphor. As Mr. Lin Zhuang said: "The metaphor is no longer expanding his knowledge and understanding of a passive process. To help us in the form of new knowledge, the metaphor has played an active role so that we can better a better understanding of the objective world." In English and Chinese Metaphorical significance of the difference is due to cultural differences between East and West, that mode of thinking, moral values and sense of difference. However, different cultural impact of what is the concept of metaphor, it is still a need to examine and address the problem. At the same time, in the metaphor of the process of translation must pay special attention to cultural differences. The best translation is to be able to accurately reflect the true meaning of the author, as well as its cultural and stylistic characteristics of the translation, that is, the translation of metaphor to make as much as possible the original language and to achieve the target language culture, and so on.
1、 (英语系毕业论文)中西戏剧发展快慢对比及其原因 摘 要 中西戏剧都有悠久的历史，无论是西方戏剧还是中国戏剧，都起源于民间，并与原始人祭祀神灵，欢庆节日的仪式密切联系在一起的。回顾希腊戏剧产生形成的历史，它发展快，成就高，在世界上的影响很... 类别：毕业论文 大小：95 KB 日期：2007-07-14 2、 (英语系毕业论文)从中美管理方式的不同透析中西方文化差异与整合 摘 要随着全球化的来临，中国与外界的交流越来越频繁，特别是在商界。本论文主要探讨中美在管理上的交流。如今的商界，如同一个大家庭，参与者遍布世界各地。正是由于这个原因，各国的管理模式也趋于一体化。但是... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-26 3、 (英语系毕业论文)在经济全球化下中西方文化差异与跨文化管理 摘 要伴随着世界经济的快速增长,跨国公司的飞速发展, 全球商业活动的猛烈激增，同时伴随着在文化多样化环境下的相关管理问题的出现，跨国公司的人员必须与来自不同文化背景的人打交道，这种文化差异时而会造成... 类别：毕业论文 大小：96 KB 日期：2007-06-26 4、 (英语系毕业论文)中西服饰文化差异对语言的影响 摘 要中西服饰受其各自不同哲学和文化的影响体现出不同的特征：儒家思想和大陆文明使中国服饰呈现出繁冗，宽博的特征。它不注重外表的装饰，以宽松的衣服遮掩身体的曲线，在思想上追求人格的完美，以“谦谦君... 类别：毕业论文 大小：90 KB 日期：2007-06-25 5、 (英语系毕业论文)快餐食品对中西方传统饮食文化的影响力 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：88 KB 日期：2007-06-25 6、 (英语系毕业论文)从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性 摘 要自古以来，中国就是一个以礼待人的礼仪之邦。而在不同的国家、不同的地区，礼仪的形式也有所不同。本文主要从礼仪的角度谈论了礼仪与中西方文化之间的联系及相互影响，目的是为了消除不同国家之间的不同... 类别：毕业论文 大小：85 KB 日期：2007-06-23 7、 (英语系毕业论文)中西饮食文化及其差异 摘 要中国悠久历史5000年，西方世界五六百年的社会历程。中国有灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化；西方国家则有精巧专维、自成体系的饮食文明。民以食为天，中国有自己独特丰富的饮食文化底蕴。然而今天除了中国... 类别：毕业论文 大小：100 KB 日期：2007-06-21 8、 (英语系毕业论文)中西酒店文化比较及探讨 摘 要在经济蓬勃发展的今天，旅游业风风火火地发展起来了，作为与旅游业相配套的酒店业也相应的完善起来，且更加趋于国际化。中国已经入世，这更给中国的酒店业带来一个新的发展契机，但世界上酒店发展规模空前，...
随着我国学习年龄的提前，幼儿教育成为教育界研究热门，各种启蒙辅导培训班如雨后春笋，幼儿教育主要包括识字教学、幼儿数学、幼儿英语、幼儿音乐舞蹈等，下面小编整理了一些幼儿教育论文题目，供广大师生参考。1、浅谈幼儿识字教学2、电子白板助力“趣”动幼儿识字3、多媒体技术在幼儿识字教学中的运用研究4、浅谈幼儿早期识字阅读教育5、用愉快教学法开启幼儿识字大门6、幼儿教育时期识字阅读策略谈7、幼儿识字教学方法新探8、幼儿识字教学原则及方法的研究9、“审美与快乐”式幼儿音乐教育初探10、“线上幼儿园”网络课程建设的实践与研究11、3~6岁幼儿心理健康教育问题个案分析12、3-6岁幼儿健全人格发展的教育促进研究13、4岁幼儿攻击性行为的箱庭干预个案研究14、城乡一体幼儿教育信息化服务平台有效应用研究15、初探儿童行为实录的观察与评价16、创设中等职业幼儿教师女生群体积极心理磁场力的途径17、促进幼儿园教学的有效手段--多媒体教学研究18、单亲幼儿心理问题探析及教育对策19、电子白板在幼儿园诗歌教学中的作用研究20、动态课件在幼儿园教学活动中的运用21、多媒体教学在幼儿园教学活动中的作用22、儿童环境教育应该是人格素养教育--美国儿童环境教育一斑23、儿童自我调节水平的发展与培养--养育科学的视角24、父母的教育态度影响幼儿的性格25、父母教养方式对幼儿攻击行为的影响26、隔代家庭教育对农村留守儿童心理问题的影响研究27、关于从幼儿阶段开始建立学生心理成长档案的思考28、关于农村幼儿园教师远程培训的实践研究29、关注离异家庭幼儿的心理补偿教育30、积极心理学视角下促进3-6岁弱势幼儿群体心理发展的策略31、积极心理学视野下3~6岁幼儿心理健康教育的研究32、基于儿童心理行为的幼儿园建筑设计研究33、基于良好行为习惯对促进幼儿心理健康发展的研究34、基于人性关怀视角下的幼儿园活动室环境艺术设计研究35、家庭教养方式对幼儿性格发展影响的调查研究36、家庭教育中幼儿心理健康的引导37、家长育儿教育对幼儿情绪社会性发展的影响38、教师对幼儿消极情绪的反应方式研究39、解读幼儿入园焦虑--基于人格心理学视角40、借助童话故事优化幼儿心理健康教育41、林区幼儿教师心理压力问题及应对方式研究42、民办幼儿园突发事件对教师心理影响的调查43、农村留守幼儿同伴冲突行为的原因分析44、农村幼儿园留守儿童的现状与对策45、浅谈白板教学让幼儿园美术教学活动丰富多彩46、浅谈创编幼儿舞蹈的方法47、浅谈家庭教育与幼儿心理健康的关系48、浅谈巧用信息技术提高幼儿学习效率49、浅谈数字化资源在师幼互动中的运用50、浅谈现代教育技术优化幼儿园保育工作51、浅谈音乐教育对幼儿创造力的培养52、浅谈影响幼儿心理健康成长的几个因素53、浅谈幼儿的行为和心理特征54、浅谈幼儿舞蹈的指导方法55、浅谈幼儿舞蹈教育对幼儿成长的作用56、浅谈幼儿舞蹈培养的两种模式57、浅谈幼儿舞蹈兴趣的培养58、浅谈幼儿园多媒体辅助教学的优势59、浅谈幼儿园如何做好幼儿心理健康教育60、浅谈怎样做好幼儿心理健康维护61、浅析多媒体在幼儿园美术教学中的意义62、浅析二孩家庭幼儿的心理健康教育63、浅析沙盘游戏疗法及其在幼儿教育中的应用64、浅析心理健康教育在幼儿园教学中的渗透65、情境互动教学模式在幼儿心理学教学中的运用66、如何将信息技术适时引入幼儿教学活动中67、如何通过心理健康教育为幼儿营造自由的心理空间68、如何在音乐活动中促进幼儿审美能力发展69、上海校外教育活动中幼儿的任性表现及其疏导70、师生对话交流质量与幼儿心理状态理解能力的发展71、试论多媒体技术在幼儿园教学中的实施72、谈多媒体技术在幼儿教学运用中的利与弊73、谈现代信息技术对幼儿教育教学的影响74、探索信息技术与课程的整合培养幼儿的综合能力75、提高幼儿识字兴趣的APP设计探讨76、庭教养方式及父母情绪智力与幼儿情商相关性调查研究77、微课在幼儿教育中应用的可行性调查研究78、我国幼儿心理健康教育的问题及对策79、现代教育技术对幼儿教师教学思想的影响80、现代教育技术与幼儿教育改革探索81、小议宁波高桥幼儿园健康环境设计82、新课程视角下幼儿音乐教学例析83、信息技术对幼儿教育的影响初探84、信息技术环境下的幼儿园活动85、信息技术环境下幼儿园德育教育的新视角86、信息技术环境下幼儿园语言创新活动初探87、信息技术与幼儿教学的整合88、以“幼儿”为中心的教育软件交互设计研究89、音乐--调节小班幼儿情绪的良方90、用信息技术之匙开启幼儿教育精彩之门91、游戏型课件在幼儿活动应用中的注意事项92、幼儿道德教育因科技更生动93、幼儿告状行为之解析与应对策略94、幼儿教师的心理资本与职业幸福感的关系95、幼儿教育多媒体课件制作初探96、幼儿教育教学中整合现代教育技术的意义探索97、幼儿教育信息化素养的现代化创新思考98、幼儿社会退缩的师源性成因及其干预99、幼儿社会性和情绪发展的影响因素分析100、幼儿舞蹈启蒙教育的新理念101、幼儿心理健康教育的方法思考102、幼儿心理健康教育的有效路径探索103、幼儿心理健康教育浅谈104、幼儿音乐教学中的问题及应对策略105、幼儿园集体教学中数字化游戏运用模式的探讨106、幼儿园美术欣赏与信息技术整合探究107、幼儿园室内环境设计108、幼儿园室内环境设计的情感表达109、幼儿园小班电子绘本教学研究110、幼儿园游戏化主题教学中运用多媒体技术的利弊分析111、幼儿园语言教育中网络资源的利用112、幼儿注意力缺陷障碍的心理咨询研究113、幼儿自私行为的成因及对策114、幼儿自我控制能力的研究115、寓教于乐--幼儿园空间设计中的趣味性探究116、运用电教媒体开展幼儿高效音乐教育117、运用电教媒体指导幼儿音乐教育118、运用多媒体激发幼儿创意能力的探究119、运用微课教学提高幼儿能力120、运用现代教育技术设备进行幼儿教育教学121、运用现代信息技术训练幼儿语言表达技能122、运用音乐活动增强幼儿入园适应性的对策123、在幼儿活动设计中创编游戏型课件的策略性研究124、在幼儿活动设计中如何创编幼儿游戏课件125、在幼儿心理学教学中渗透心理健康教育126、中国传统音乐融入幼儿音乐教育课程的思考幼儿教育是学前教育或说早期教育的后半阶段，前面与0~3岁的婴儿教育衔接，后面与初等教育衔接，以上幼儿教育论文题目希望对大家有所帮助。小编推荐幼儿教育论文题目相关文章：学前专业毕业论文题目优秀幼儿英语论文题目2016年学前教育论文题目大全幼儿园课题开题报告范文幼儿教育论文范文
具体看你的方向而定1 、关于幼儿教师职业倦怠感的研究。 2 、关于幼儿争抢行为及其教育策略的研究。 3 、关于幼儿“告状”行为的研究及其指导策略。 4 、关于幼儿不良饮食习惯的教育研究。 5 、关于幼儿“人来疯”现象及其教育策略的研究。 6 、父母教养方式对儿童社会性发展的影响研究。 7 、幼儿教师工作压力现状的研究。 8 、幼儿教师社会支持的现状研究。 9 、幼儿教师家庭支持的现状研究。 10 、幼儿同伴关系对幼儿社会性发展的研究。 11 、幼儿园的奖惩制度与幼儿教师工作积极性的相关研究。 12 、幼儿教师心理健康状况及其影响因素的研究。 13 、关于幼儿学习兴趣的培养途径和方法的研究 14 、关于幼儿争抢玩具的现象及其教育策略的研究 15 、关于幼儿冲突行为及其干预策略的研究。 16 、关于父亲角色对幼儿社会性发展的影响的研究。 17 、关于幼儿欺负行为及其干预策略的研究。 18 、关于父母教育态度的一致性对幼儿社会性发展的研究 19 、关于幼儿园开展英语教育的可行性研究。 20 、关于某市师范学院学前教育专业本科毕业生就业取向的研究。21 、关于幼儿园的社会支持现状研究。 22 、关于家长选择幼儿园时的主导因素研究。 23 、关于家长对幼儿园教育期望的现状研究。 24 、关于家长在幼儿园教育活动中的配合现状研究。 25 、 35 岁以下年轻父母的早教观念的现状研究。 26 、关于父亲与母亲对于幼儿发展认识上的差异研究。 27 、关于幼儿教师离岗，跳槽现状的研究。 28 、关于家长对幼儿园开展双语教育的认识研究。 29 、关于幼儿教师对幼儿园开展双语教育的认识研究。 30 、关于小班幼儿教师与大班幼儿教师的工作压力的对比研究。 31 、关于男幼儿与女幼儿在师幼互动中的差异因素研究。 32 、关于小班幼儿性别认同的现状研究。 33 、关于大班男女幼儿对幼儿教师形象认识的研究。34 ．幼儿园各年龄班阅读材料的选择情况调研 35 ．幼儿园活动区材料的选择、开发和利用情况调研 36 ．幼儿园课程内容综合化情况调研 37 ．幼儿园园本课程开发情况调研 38 ．行动研究与幼儿教师的专业成长 39 ．学前教育本 ( 专 ) 科院校的培养规格与模式的研究 40 ．学前教育专业学生对课程设置满意度的调研 41 ．某市民办幼儿园教师发展现状及对策研究 42 ．某市主城区幼儿园安全教育实施现状研究 43 ．某市主城区家庭亲子共读现状研究 44 ．某市农村幼教事业发展的现状及对策研究 45 ．民间游戏在幼儿园课程实施中的个案研究 46 ．幼儿园男教师专业认同对其专业发展的影响研究 47 ．学前教育专业男生的心理问题及对策研究 48 ．幼儿教师专业自主发展问题研究 49 ．学习型幼儿园构建策略研究 50 ．幼儿园双语教学的个案研究 51 ．幼儿家庭闲暇教育的个案研究 52 ．提高幼儿园教师队伍稳定性的对策研究 53 ．农村幼儿园健康教育的现状、问题及其对策 54 ．幼儿园分享阅读教学活动实施策略研究 55 ．幼儿园与小学数学课程衔接的个案研究仅供参考
可以，如何 提供你？
学术堂整理了十五个新颖的学前教育专业论文选题：1、现代化教学的技术支撑——谈幼儿园多媒体技术运用的利与弊2、对当前幼儿读写算教育热的思考3、幼儿园教师的科学素养与幼儿园科学活动的开展4、传统游戏（或玩具）的教育价值探新5、家、园合作是幼儿教育发展的必然趋势6、班级中幼儿伙伴交往情况的观察分析7、幼儿同伴交往中混龄交往的研究8、教师对幼儿游戏指导策略和能力的调查9、乡土教育资源在幼儿园教育中的运用10、利用农村自然环境促进儿童主动发展的行动研究11、中班幼儿环保意识和行为培养的行动研究12、托幼机构“特色教育”的调查与思考13、幼儿园应不应该有“兴趣班”14、家长对幼儿园开展双语教育的认识研究15、幼儿园对家庭教育指导的实践与研究