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The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine. Turbofan Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being produced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a duct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners. Turboprop Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust produced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft. Turbo shaft Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil. Overall Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two. These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow. A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines. Explanation of the above cycle: * Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure. * As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system). * Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure. * Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases. The Compressor There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal. The Axial Compressor * The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors. * In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage. * On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency. * Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about (so after the first stage, the pressure would be above atmospheric, after the second it would be , , etc...). The Centrifugal Compressor * Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser. * Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to produce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical. - Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop. - An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight). - Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more. - Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion. - Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner. - A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust. - Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles. micro turbine - The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing. - A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second. - Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal! - The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this. Communications Technology Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help Right of Access The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to information about you. You can make an access request to any organisation or any individual who has personal information about you. For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with your affairs, or your employer. If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or "rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping the information has no good reason to hold it (. it is irrelevant or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data. In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data . to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for other purposes. If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have the right to have your details removed from that database. This right is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your request. Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to ensure that your rights are upheld. The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights: * with advice and information * by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not been given satisfaction * by taking action against those failing to fulfil their obligations. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY Ergonomics Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards, not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices exist. Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human factors or Human factors engineering in the ., and ergonomics is the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and, very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by ergonomists. [IMAGE] With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain. Codec 1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video data streams. The purpose of a codec is to reduce the size of digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio. The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the main CPU does the rest. When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV, analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing. LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure. The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically faster than WANs. The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. WAN WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols including and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs. Ethernet Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical transport mechanism. Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link) was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.
一：1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。论文摘要和关键词。2、论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。(参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。)8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势 【摘要】 详细介绍了全封闭制冷压缩机的发展趋势和前景。引用大量的数据证明各种压缩机的发展空间和必然性。从而为各行业使用制冷压缩机提供了可靠的数据和指导说明。 【关键词】 电磁振动式压缩机；电动式压缩机；发展趋势 0引言 发表职称论文，就找ABC论文坊： 制冷压缩机质量的好坏将直接影响着电冰箱、空调器等小型制冷设备的制冷效果、使用寿命、噪音和震动等多种性能。就制冷压缩机的工作原理与结构而言，形式多样，性能各异。现在生产的小型制冷设备采用的全封闭式压缩机，按其结构特性可分为电磁式和电动式两大类。而电动式又可分为往复活塞式、旋转活塞式和涡旋式3种类型。以上几种全封闭制冷压缩机的性能特点。 l 电磁振动式压缩机 电磁振动式压缩机有以下3种：11动圈式电磁振动型；2)动铁芯式电磁振动型；3)悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型。其中，动圈式在全封闭式制冷压缩机中被实际应用，它是利用通以交流电流的线圈产生的交变磁场与永久磁场之间相互作用，直接驱动活塞作往复运动的压缩 机。其特点是结构简单、零部件少、加工精度要求不高、容易制造。因此从20世纪50年代开始就用于容积较小的电冰箱。ABC论文坊但从另一方面，由于电源频率变化引起的制冷量变化大，且50 Hz和60 Hz不能通用，存在着因排气、吸气压力引起行程变化等问题，使活塞行程的长短随负荷的变化而改变，同时机内弹簧作高频谐振，易产生弹性疲劳，因此一般只适用于生产100 W 以下的压缩机。而动铁芯式和悬吊动磁铁式电磁振动型由于只在研究阶段还没有实际应用。故此不作介绍。 2 电动式压缩机 2．1 往复活塞式压缩机 按其结构分为滑管式和连杆式压缩机两类。 2．1．1 滑管式压缩机 滑管式压缩机产生于20世纪60年代，它是往复活塞式压缩机的一种类型。其特点是结构简单，工艺性好，成本较低，对零部件的加工精度要求不高，制造和装配都比较容易，所以发展较快。目前这类压缩机在国内外的电冰箱生产中应用比较普遍。缺点是活塞与缸壁间的侧力较大、磨擦功耗大、能效比偏低，因此目前滑管式压缩机正在进入衰退期，将逐渐被连杆式压缩机或旋转式压缩机所取代。 2．1．2 连杆式压缩机 连杆式压缩机也属往复活塞式，是电冰箱采用时间较早的一种。在20世纪5O年代以前生产的电冰箱几乎都是采用连杆式压缩机。其特点是运转比较平稳、噪声低、磨损小、使用寿命长、能效比较高、工作可靠、综合性能优良。但由于零部件形状复杂，加工精度要求较 高，工艺难度较大，因此其发展一度受到限制，在电冰箱及其它小型制冷设备中被滑管式和旋转式压缩机所取代。近几年来随着机械工业的不断发展，对其结构进行了多方面的技术改进。目前连杆式压缩机又成为电 冰箱压缩机的主导产品。总需求是有较大的提升【1_。近年来世界各电冰箱生产大国，尤其是日本、意大利、美国等国对往复式压缩机的制造技术进行了多方面的改造，从而使连杆式压缩机的各项性能都有了很大的提高。因此，有重新成为电冰箱压缩机主导产品的趋势。 2_2 旋转式压缩机 旋转式压缩机的电机无需将转子的旋转运动转换为活塞的往复运动，而是直接带动旋转活塞作旋转运动来完成对制冷剂蒸气的压缩。这种压缩机更适合于小型空调器，特别是在家用空调器上的应用更为广泛。如美国通用电器公司和沃普公司生产的旋转式压缩机都设计了较好的防过热和润滑装置。它采用把冷凝器处的部分制冷液用配管引至压缩室，使之在气缸内喷射的冷却方式，提高了冷却效果。为了防止把大量的制冷液直接吸人气缸内，产生液击，在吸气回路的压缩机前部设有气液分离器，润滑油和制冷液一旦进入器内 则制冷液在气液分离器内蒸发，压缩机吸人的是气体；润滑油从气液分离器下方的小孔中缓缓地连续 少量进入压缩机，用这种方法防止液击[21。油泵给油的方法是在转轴下端装设两个齿轮状的叶轮，它与转轴一同转动。对油施加离心力，从转轴中心孑L把油导向上方。另外，在轴的外表面上开有螺旋状的油槽，实现对轴承部位的给油。作为安全措施。在压缩机顶部装有过 负荷继电器，这种继电器是用感温板感受压缩机内部高压气体的温度，当达到一定的温度后，继电器动作，压缩机停止运转，用这种方法防止电动机烧毁，因此说旋转式压缩机是一种很有发展前景的压缩机。其主要优点是：由于活塞作旋转运动，压缩工作圆滑平稳，平衡性能好，另外旋转式压缩机没有余隙容积，无再膨胀气体的干扰，因此具有压缩效率高、零部件少、体积小、重量轻、平衡性能好、噪音低、防护措施完备和耗电量小等优点。缺点是压缩机对材质、加工精度、热处理、装配工艺及润滑系统要求较高，由于要靠运动间隙中的润滑油进行密封，为从排气中分离出油，机壳内须做成高压，因此，电动机、压缩机容易过热，如果不采取特殊的措施。在大型压缩机和低温用压缩机中是不能使用的。由于它比其它类型的压缩机有较明显的优势，所以它得到广泛了推广应用。如国产上菱BCD一180 W、阿里斯顿BCD-220 W 等电冰箱都采用了旋转式压缩机。尤其在家用空调器上的应用就更为普遍，从发展的趋势看旋转式压缩机今后有可能成为市场的主导产品。 2．3 涡旋式压缩机 涡旋式压缩机是20世纪8O年代发展起来的新型产品。它效率高，噪声低，体积小，重量轻，不需要排气阀组，工作的可靠性及容积效率都较高，允许气体制冷剂中带少量液体，输气效率高，气体泄漏少，可较好地运用于小型热泵系统、小型空调等。综上所述，几种压缩机的性能特点，我们不难看出经多年的技术改造，连杆式压缩机在一定的时期内仍有明显的优势，而旋转式压缩机则是一种新型的产品，特别是在空调器上的应用更为广泛，必将成为制冷产业的主导产品。通过对往复式和旋转式压缩机的性能试验比较可知，往复式和旋转式压缩机，启动后排气、吸气压力的时间变化特性不同，电动机上的负荷转矩由吸、排气压力的大小确定，在往复式的情况下，投入运转几分钟内至十几分钟后，排气压力出现峰值，对于电动机，为了承受这个尖峰负荷，需要比稳定运转时所需转矩大得多f2～4倍)[31。而旋转 式压缩机，由于不存在刚刚启动后的峰值，所以，只要有一般稳定运转时所需的转矩即可，因此可以实现电动机的小型化，这也是它今后发展优势所在。 参考文献 [1]胡鹏程，赵清．电冰箱、空调器的原理和维修【M】．北京：电子工业出版社．1995：1 14—148． [2]吴业正．制冷原理及设备【M】(第2版)．西安：西安交通大学出版社．2006． [3]赵春怡，王志强．活塞式单机双级制冷压缩JJL[M]．北京：机械工业出版社．2003．
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The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine. Turbofan Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being produced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a duct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners. Turboprop Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust produced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft. Turbo shaft Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil. Overall Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two. These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow. A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines. Explanation of the above cycle: * Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure. * As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system). * Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure. * Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases. The Compressor There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal. The Axial Compressor * The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors. * In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage. * On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency. * Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about (so after the first stage, the pressure would be above atmospheric, after the second it would be , , etc...). The Centrifugal Compressor * Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser. * Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to produce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical. - Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop. - An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight). - Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more. - Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion. - Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner. - A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust. - Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles. micro turbine - The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing. - A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second. - Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal! - The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this. Communications Technology Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help Right of Access The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to information about you. You can make an access request to any organisation or any individual who has personal information about you. For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with your affairs, or your employer. If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or "rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping the information has no good reason to hold it (. it is irrelevant or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data. In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data . to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for other purposes. If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have the right to have your details removed from that database. This right is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your request. Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to ensure that your rights are upheld. The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights: * with advice and information * by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not been given satisfaction * by taking action against those failing to fulfil their obligations. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY Ergonomics Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards, not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices exist. Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human factors or Human factors engineering in the ., and ergonomics is the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and, very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by ergonomists. [IMAGE] With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain. Codec 1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video data streams. The purpose of a codec is to reduce the size of digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio. The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the main CPU does the rest. When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV, analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing. LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure. The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically faster than WANs. The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. WAN WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols including and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs. Ethernet Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical transport mechanism. Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link) was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.
EQ3090自卸车的总体设计注塑模具闹钟后盖设计轿车的制动系统设计拉式膜片弹簧离合器设计液压伺服系统设计双梁起重机毕业设计论文轿车机械式变速器设计垫片级进模设计外罩塑料模设计推动架的钻床夹具设计透明塑料盒热流道注射模设计数控机械设计论文汽车起重机主臂的毕业论文汽车覆盖件及塑料模具设计拉式膜片弹簧离合器矿石铲运机液压系统设计机械手夹持器毕业设计论文及装配图机械加工工艺规程毕业论文立体车库设计滑座装配设计自动导引小车（AGV）系统的设计重庆长安CM8后地板工位焊装夹具设计变速拨叉零件的机械加工工艺及工艺装备设计拨叉（CA6140车床）夹具设计油壶盖塑料成型模具设计400型水溶膜流研成型机设计推动架夹具设计基于逆向工程和快速成型的手机外型快速设计某高层行政中心建筑电气设计螺旋输送机设计卷扬机传动装置设计带式输送机毕业设计冲压模具设计catia逆向车模处理与Proe实体重建超精密数控车床关键部件的设计注塑模-圆珠笔笔盖的模具设计电机炭刷架冷冲压模具设计 数控多工位钻床设计柴油机喷油泵的专用夹具设计齿辊破碎机详细设计齿辊破碎机详细设计带式二级圆锥圆柱齿轮减速器设计带式输送机的PLC控制典型零件的加工艺分析及工装夹具设计电子钟后盖注射模具设计风力发电机设计论文攻丝组合机床设计鼓式制动器毕业设计花生去壳机毕业设计活塞结构设计与工艺设计静扭试验台的设计矿井水仓清理工作的机械化冷冲模设计普通卧式车床数控改造传动剪板机设计汽车差速器及半轴设计切管机毕业设计清车机毕业设计清新剂盒盖注射模设计双螺杆压缩机的设计提升机制动系统填料箱盖夹具设计洗衣机机盖的注塑模具设计铣床的数控x-y工作台设计液压控制阀的理论研究与设计钥匙模具设计轴向柱塞泵设计组合件数控车工艺与编程五金-冲大小垫圈复合模圆锥－圆柱齿轮减速器的设计斗式提升机设计提升机制动系统设计双螺杆压缩机的设计液压起重机液压系统设计FX2N在立式车床控制系统中的应用万能铣床PLC控制设计
我可能可以帮忙
建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网 这个网站的论文都是以words的形式原封不动的打包上传的，网上搜索不到的，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 论文写作建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。写作资料也很多，下面给你一些范文资料网： 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 百万范文网： 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文网： 引文数据库： 社科类论文： 经济类论文： 论文之家： 范文网： 如果你是校园网，那就恭喜你了，期刊网里面很多资料 中国知网： 龙源数据库： 万方数据库： 优秀论文杂志 论文资料网 法律图书馆 法学论文资料库 中国总经理网论文集 职业经理人论坛 财经学位论文下载中心 公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所 中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心 论文商务中心 ' 法律帝国： 学术论文 论文统计
工程机械论文题目参考：车灯零件镀铝边界的研究星空顶衬的设计和出光效果研究破碎站入破检测系统的研究组合式地铁轨道电动小车轻量化设计与研究“双体式”万向联轴器的设计与应用电动振动台气隙磁通和台面漏磁优化研究基于模态分析的矿山防尘装置传动轴稳定性研究铝合金车体工件加工变形控制方法及应用研究太阳轮轴承支撑刚度对行星齿轮传动系统均载特性的影响规律一种带有安全阀的防火切断阀的设计基于PID控制的含能材料高精度压装技术研究弱刚性构件数字化预装配及自动钻铆技术应用研究基于MBD的设计工艺一体化技术实践应用航空发动机流体动压密封优化设计与验证基于支持向量数据描述的某型发动机性能监控研究一种预制盒装填烟包侧盖自闭式推出装置的设计分体式混动总成引起的轰鸣噪声源辨识与优化以上题目我是在机械工程与技术期刊上看到的，列举了一些给你，你参考吧。
机械类的毕业论文题目有很多，学术堂整理了十五个题目供大家进行参考：1、某型汽车发动机曲轴的加工工艺及测试研究2、舞台升降装置的设计研究3、按摩机器人控制器的设计与研究4、垂直升降式立体停车设备的结构设计5、CA6140普通车床纵向数控改装6、汽车电磁涡流减震器力学性能研究7、自动下料机的机械结构设计与研究8、智能清洁机器人的设计9、低破碎玉米脱粒机的设计与分析10、马铃薯连续式机械化去皮关键技术研究11、排气隔热罩的设计与研究12、汽车电动玻璃升降器结构设计13、胡萝卜自动削皮机虚拟样机设计14、山药全自动削皮机装置与控制系统研究15、自动化甘蔗削皮装置的研制
2000套solidworks～cad～ug机械自动化图纸，有削皮机～机械手～机床～有二维模型～有三维模型，可编辑哦
一：1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。论文摘要和关键词。2、论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。关键词是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。7、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。(参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名(外文可缩写)、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为：[编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。)8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
论文一般由题名、作者、摘要、关键词、正文、参考文献和附录等部分组成，其中部分组成(例如附录)可有可无。论文各组成的排序为：题名、作者、摘要、关键词、英文题名、英文摘要、英文关键词、正文、参考文献、附录和致谢。1.毕业论文格式的写作顺序是：标题、作者班级、作者姓名、指导教师姓名、中文摘要及关键词、英文摘要及英文关键词、正文、参考文献。2.毕业论文中附表的表头应写在表的上面，居中;论文附图的图题应写在图的下面，居中。按表、图、公式在论文中出现的先后顺序分别编号。3.毕业论文中参考文献的书写格式严格按以下顺序：序号、作者姓名、书名(或文章名)、出版社(或期刊名)、出版或发表时间。4.论文格式的字体：各类标题(包括参考文献标题)用粗宋体;作者姓名、指导教师姓名、摘要、关键词、图表名、参考文献内容用楷体;正文、图表、页眉、页脚中的文字用宋体;英文用TimesNewRoman字体。5.论文格式的字号：论文题目用三号字体，居中;一级标题用四号字体;二级标题、三级标题用小四号字体;页眉、页脚用小五号字体;其它用五号字体;图、表名居中。6.格式正文打印页码，下面居中。7.论文打印纸张规格：A4210297毫米。8.在文件选项下的页面设置选项中，字符数/行数选使用默认字符数;页边距设为上：3厘米;下：厘米;左：厘米;右：厘米;装订线：厘米;装订线位置：左侧;页眉：厘米;页脚厘米。9.在格式选项下的段落设置选项中，缩进选0厘米，间距选0磅，行距选倍，特殊格式选(无)，调整右缩进选项为空，根据页面设置确定行高格线选项为空。
大专毕业论文写作方法如下：
一、了解论文格式：
在撰写毕业论文之前要先了解学校对论文格式有什么要求，看看学校官网上是否有论文格式规范化文件。
一般情况下专科论文的字数在4000至6000字左右，大专毕业论文的查重率的要求不高于30%，大专毕业论文内容格式包括标题、摘要、关键词、目录、正文、结论、参考文献等。
二、确定选题，查阅相关资料：
由于大部分的专科院校对学生的学术水平要求并不高，因此毕业大专论文的选题可以是很小的范围，不宜多大过深，学生根据自己的实力进行选择即可。确定选题后，需要通过查阅大量的文献，收集需要研究的数据资料，一定要保证数据或资料收集的全面性。
三、拟定大纲，撰写初稿：
根据选题拟定论文提纲，提纲可以是简单提纲也可以是详细提纲，不管是什么样式的提纲都要将论文的要点列出来，这样写作时才能更加顺利。拟定好提纲后，根据所查阅的资料和数据完成论文初稿的撰写工作，专科论文的正文一般包括三大部分：开头、本论和结论。
四、论文修改，最终定稿：
毕业大专论文初稿完成之后，还需要经过几次修改才能最终定稿，学生在这期间一定要与导师多多沟通交流，并使用Paperray等论文查重系统对论文进行有效降重，直至最终定稿。
我有，你分太少了。
一、概述 可编程控制器（PLC）是一种新型的通用控制装置，他将传统的继电器控制技术、计算机控制技术和通信技术融为一体，专为工业控制而设计，具有功能强、通用灵活、可靠性强、环境适应性好、编成简单、使用方便、体积小、重量轻、功耗低等一系列优点。近年来，随着可编程控制器的日渐成熟，越来越多设备的控制都采用PLC控制器来代替传统的继电器控制，并取得了很好的经济效益。空气压缩机使矿山生产重要的四大固定设备之一，它生产压缩空气，用以带动凿岩机、风动装岩机等设备及其他风动工具。其能否安全运行直接影响着煤矿生产的产量和效益问题。影响其安全生产的要素主要有空压机的超温、超压、断水、断油等因素。随着煤矿现代化的发展，矿山对矿山设备的要求越来越高,建设本质安全性矿山已成为煤矿生产建设的核心。矿山设备不断更新，不断进步，可靠性、易操作性、可监视性、易维护性等已是最基本的要求了。用继电器搭成的控制电路具有可靠性差、不易维护、不易监视，已不能适应当前的要求。现在迫切需要可靠性高、易维护、易操作、可监视并且价格不高这样的控制器来代替继电器搭成的电路。随着电子技术、软件技术、控制技术飞速发展，可编程控制器（PLC）发展迅猛，性能很高，价格较为合理，与继电器搭的控制电路比具有非常大的优势。许多矿山设备已选用了PLC来代替比较重要的设备控制。传统的保护主要采用分离仪表，其可靠性差、集程度低、费用高，不能有效的满足矿山设备投入的经济性和安全性的要求。本文笔者采用可编程控制器（PLC）作为核心控制器，通过检测仪器为PLC提供控制中所需要的信号参数对空压机进行自动巡回检测控制。进行监控的主要参数有空压机高低压缸温度、润滑油温度、电动机温度、风包温度、出水温度；高低压缸压力、风包压力、润滑油压力；高/低压、中/后冷却水断水检测等参数。二、控制功能和控制原理1. 保护控制功能⑴、 电机电流和电压的检测。⑵、 一二级缸、油压、风包压力检测。⑶、 一二级排气温度、油温、电机温度检测。⑷、 电动机的延时启动。⑸、 电机的无水运转。2. 保护控制原理在启动主机之前先将水源电磁阀和放空电磁阀都打开，在冷却水压和流量达到规定值条件下，可以进行空压机的空载起动，然后延时自动关闭放空电磁阀，空压机进行正常运行。启动时允许低油压启动，设置一定时间后对油压进行监控。在停机时，按复位按钮放空电磁阀打开，经30秒延时后切断主电源。实现空压机的停机，同时关闭水源电磁阀和放空电磁阀。在保户状态时，以上监控参数有一个在设定范围内发生故障，产生报警信号，同时打开放空电磁阀，压缩机减载运行，延时30秒故障不消除自动机停机。 ⑴. 控制分布图1-1压缩机控制分布图⑵. 控制通讯原理现场总线PROFIBUS可以实现数字和模拟输入/输出、智能信号装置和过程调节装置与可编程控制器PLC和PC之间的数据传输，把I/O通道分散到实际需要的现场设备附近。PROFIBUS一方面覆盖了传感器/执行器领域的通信要求，另一方面又具有单元级领域的所有通信网络通信功能。他支持高速的循环数据通信，以满足了实时监控的要求。1-2系统控制通讯图三、信号采集S7-200为每个本机数字量输入提供脉冲捕捉功能。脉冲捕捉功能允许PLC捕捉到持续时间很短的脉冲。而在扫描周期的开始，这些脉冲不是总能被CPU读到。当一个输入设置了脉冲捕捉功能时，输入端的状态变化被锁存并一直保持到下一个扫描循环刷新。这就确保了一个持续时间很短的脉冲被捕捉到并保持到S7-200读取输入点。本设计需对下列参数进行采集： (1)、压力信号分别为1级缸、2级缸及储风缸压力、润滑油压力4点； (2)、温度信号为1级缸排气温度、2级缸进气温度、风包温度、油温、电机温度以及冷却水出口温度共6点； (3)、电量信号为主电机电流1点，电源电压1点，共2个点。(4)、流量检测有高低/压端2点，中/后冷2点共4点。采集参数总计为4+6+2+4=16个。 对上述参数采集后，首先判断有关参数是否异常，然后形成动态数据表格进行实时巡回显示，并存储起来而供以后进行随机查询。四、系统软件设计本系统主要是以保护为主，根据《煤矿安全规程》的要求和空压机的保护原理，其控制的软件设计流如下。五、结束语该系统主要是以S7-200 为核心控制器，PROFIBUS作为通讯桥梁，通过检测元件为控制其提供检测信号，以此达到保护控制的目的。在本文的编写过程中，得到了张集矿机电科多位领导的大力支持，在此致以诚挚的谢意！同时感谢西门子（中国）有限公司自动化驱动集团提供的大量资料。
The Basics A jet engine can be divided into several distinct sections: intake, compressor, diffuser, combustion chamber, turbine, and exhaust. These sections are much like the different cycles in a four-stroke reciprocating engine: intake, compression, power and exhaust. In a four-stroke engine a fuel/air mixture is is brought into the engine (intake), compressed (compression), and finally ignited and pushed out the exhaust (power and exhaust). In it's most basic form, a jet engine works in much the same way. * Air comes in the front of the engine where it enters the compressor. The air is compressed by a series of small spinning blades aptly named compressor blades and leaves at a high pressure. The pressure ratio between the beginning and end of the compressor can be as much as 48:1, but almost always 12:1 or more. * The air now enters the diffuser, which is nothing more than an area where the air can expand and lower it's velocity, thus increasing its pressure a little bit more. * The high pressure air at the end of the diffuser now enters the combustion chamber where it is mixed with fuel, ignited and burned. * When the fuel/air mixture burns, the temperature increases (obviously) which makes the air expand. * This expanding gas drives a set of turbine blades located aft of the combustion chamber. At least some of these turbine blades are connected by a shaft to the compressor blades to drive them. Depending on the type of engine, there may be another set of turbine blades used to drive another shaft to do other things, such as turn a propeller or generator. * The left over energy not extracted by the turbine blades is pushed out the back of the engine (exhaust section) and creates thrust, usually used to drive an airplane forward. The types of jet engines include: * Turbojet * Turbofan * Turboprop * Turbo shaft Turbojet The turbojet is the simplest of them all, it is just as described in "The basics" section. This style was the first type of jet engine to be used in aircraft. It is a pretty primitive style used mostly in early military jet fighters such as the F-86. Its use was discontinued, for the most part, in favor of the more efficient turbofans. Actually, I should clarify that. Each type of engine is most efficient under certain conditions. Turbojets are most efficient at high altitudes and speeds above the speed of sound. See the diagram at the end of this page for relative efficiencies of each style engine. Turbofan Turbofans make up the majority of jet engines being produced and used today. A turbofan engine uses an extra set of turbine blades to drive a large fan, typically on the front of the engine. This fan differs from a propeller in that there are many small blades and they are inside of a duct. The fan sits just in front of the normal intake, some of the air driven by this fan will enter the engine, while the rest will go around the outside. The amount of air that bypasses the engine is different for each type of airplane. The different styles are called high and low bypass engines. Bypass ratio is the ratio of how much air goes through the fan, to how much goes through the engine. Typical bypass ratios would be 1:1 for a low bypass and 5:1 or more for a high bypass. Low bypass engines are more efficient at higher speeds, and are used on planes such as military aircraft, while high bypass engines are used in commercial airliners. Turboprop Turboprops are similar to turbofans in that they incorporate an extra set of turbine blades used to drive the propeller. Unlike the turbofan engines, nearly all the thrust produced by a turboprop is from the propellor, hardly any thrust comes from the exhaust. These engines are used mostly on smaller and slower planes such as commuter aircraft that fly to the smaller airports. As you can see from the efficiency chart below, turboprops are very efficient over a fairly wide range of speeds. They would probably be used more often on large transport aircraft, except for one problem: they have propellors. The general public does not like propellors, as they appear to be old-fashioned and unsafe. However, the military knows better and uses them on several large transport aircraft. Turbo shaft Turbo shaft engines are very similar to turboprop engines, but instead of driving a propellor, they are used to drive something else. Many helicopters use them to drive their rotors, and airliners and other large jets use them to generate electricity. Also, the Alaska Pipeline uses them at the pump stations to pump oil. Overall Overall the big difference between these engines is how they take a chunk of air and move it. Newton's third law states that Force equals mass times acceleration. Applying this to turbine engines: the turboprop takes a large chunk and accelerates it a little bit, while the turbojet takes a small chunk and accelerates the heck out of it, and the turbofan is somewhere in between these two. These different methods of moving air also have to do with how much noise each engine makes. The turbojet makes the most noise because there is a large difference in velocities of the blast of air coming out the exhaust and the surrounding air. The air from the fan on a turbofan engine "shields" the blast in the center by having the slower moving air from the fan surround it. Then the turboprop is the quietest of all because the air it's moving is relatively slow. A pressure - volume diagram (or a P-V diagram) is a useful tool in thermodynamics. In this case, it relates the pressure and volume of the gas moving through the engine at different stages. A P-V diagram can also be helpful in finding the work output of an engine. Work equals the integral of pressure with respect to volume. Or is simpler form, work equals the area enclosed in the diagram above. The above cycle is the Brayton cycle, or the cycle used by aircraft gas turbine engines. Explanation of the above cycle: * Air enters the inlet at point 1 at atmospheric pressure. * As this air passes through the compressor (from point 1 to 2), the pressure rises adiabatically (no heat enters or leaves the system). * Now the air enters the combustion chamber (from point 2 to 3), is mixed with fuel, and burned at a constant pressure. * Finally, the air goes through the turbine and out the exhaust (point 3 to 4) where the gases expand and do work. Thus, the pressure drops and the volume increases. The Compressor There are two main styles for turbine compressors: the axial and the centrifugal. The Axial Compressor * The axial type compressor is made up of many small blades, called rotor vanes, arranged in rows on a cylinder whose radius gets larger towards the back (as can be seen from the above picture). These blades act much like small propellors. * In between these rotor vanes are stator vanes which stay in a fixed spot and straighten the air coming out of the previous stage of rotor vanes before it enters the next stage. * On some newer engines, the angle of these stator vanes can be adjusted for optimum efficiency. * Each stage (1 row of rotor and stator vanes) generally provides for a pressure rise of about (so after the first stage, the pressure would be above atmospheric, after the second it would be , , etc...). The Centrifugal Compressor * Air enters the centrifugal compressor at the front and center. The blades then sling the air radially outwards where it is once again collected (at a higher pressure) before it enters the diffuser. * Pressure rise per stage is usually about 4 to 8:1 (higher than axial). These can be sombined in series (that is the exit of the first leads to the entrance of the next) to produce a greater pressure rise. But more than two stages is not practical. - Jet engines are rated in "pounds of thrust," while turboprops and turboshaft engines are rated in "shaft horsepower" (SHP). This is because it is difficult to hook up a dynamometer (power measuring device) to the column of air coming out of a jet engine, while it is easy to hook one to the shaft of a turboprop. - An equivalent measure to horsepower is thrust horsepower (THP). THP = (Thrust x MPH) / 375. or THP = SHP x 80% in the case of turboprop engines (the 80% is because the propeller "slips" a little in flight). - Exhaust gases exit the exhaust at upwards of 1000 mph or more and can use 1000 gallons of fuel/hour or more. - Turbine engines run lean. Unlike gasoline engines, turbines take in more air than they need for combustion. - Fuel can be injected into the exhaust section to burn with this unused air for extra thrust. This is called an afterburner. - A water/methanol mixture can be injected into the intake to increase the air density, and thus increase thrust. - Turbine engines can be built on a small scale as well. The turbine pictured below has a diameter of 4mm and runs at 500,000 rpm. It was built by at MIT for purposes of powering an aircraft with a wing span of about 5 inches that was projected to fly about 35 - 70 mph with a range of about 40 - 70 miles. micro turbine - The ignition system on turbine engines is only necessary for starting, afterwards it is self sustaining. In jets, the ignition system is also turned on for added saftey in "critical" stages of flight, such as takeoff and landing. - A device similar to a spark plug is used for the ignition process, but it has a larger gap. The spark is about 4 to 20 Joules (watts/second) at about 25000 volts and occurs between 1 and 2 times per second. - Turbine engines will run on just about anything, they prefer Jet-A (AKA diesel, kerosene, or home heating oil), but can burn unleaded, burbon, or even very finely powdered coal! - The above snowmachine uses an Allison turbine engine, a very common engine in helicopters (such as the Bell 206 Jet Ranger shown below). A lot of horsepower can be put into a small package! Note the intake and compressor are at the front of the engine, then the two side tubes take the compressed air and bring it around back to the combustion chamber and turbine and the exhaust exits out the middle. There are many engines out there with strange configurations like this. Communications Technology Your Rights and what the Data Protection Commissioner can do to help Right of Access The personal information to which you are entitled is that held on computer or in a manual filing system that facilitates access to information about you. You can make an access request to any organisation or any individual who has personal information about you. For example, you could make an access request to your doctor, your bank, a credit reference agency, a Government Department dealing with your affairs, or your employer. If you find out that information kept about you by someone else is inaccurate, you have a right to have that information corrected (or "rectified"). In some circumstances, you may also have the information erased altogether from the database - for example, if the body keeping the information has no good reason to hold it (. it is irrelevant or excessive for the purpose), or if the information has not been obtained fairly. You can exercise your right of rectification or erasure simply by writing to the body keeping your data. In addition, you can request a data controller to block your data . to prevent it from being used for certain purposes. For example, you might want your data blocked for research purposes where it held for other purposes. If an organisation holds your information for the purposes of direct marketing (such as direct mailing, or telephone marketing), you have the right to have your details removed from that database. This right is useful if you are receiving unwanted "junk mail" or annoying telephone calls from salespeople. You can exercise this right simply by writing to the organisation concerned. The organisation must write back to you within 40 days confirming that they have dealt with your request. Right to complain to the Data Protection Commissioner What happens if someone ignores your access request, or refuses to correct information about you which is inaccurate? If you are having difficulty in exercising your rights, or if you feel that any person or organisation is not complying with their responsibilities, then you may complain to the Data Protection Commissioner, Mr Mead, who will investigate the matter for you. The Commissioner has legal powers to ensure that your rights are upheld. The Data Protection Commissioner will help you to secure your rights: * with advice and information * by intervening directly on your behalf if you feel you have not been given satisfaction * by taking action against those failing to fulfil their obligations. SEE APPENDIX 2 FOR CASE STUDY Ergonomics Ergonomics (from Greek ergon work and nomoi natural laws) is the study of designing objects to be better adapted to the shape of the human body and/or to correct the user's posture. Common examples include chairs designed to prevent the user from sitting in positions that may have a detrimental effect on the spine, and the ergonomic desk which offers an adjustable keyboard tray, a main desktop of variable height and other elements which can be changed by the user. Ergonomics also helps with the design of alternative computer input devices for people who want to avoid repetitive strain injury or carpal tunnel syndrome. A normal computer keyboard tends to force users to keep their hands together and hunch their shoulders. To prevent the injuries, or to give relief to people who already have symptoms, special split keyboards, curved keyboards, not-really-keyboards keyboards, and other alternative input devices exist. Ergonomics is much larger than looking at the physiological and anatomical aspects of the human being. The psychology of humans is also a key element within the ergonomics discipline. This psychological portion of ergonomics is usually referred to as Human factors or Human factors engineering in the ., and ergonomics is the term used in Europe. Understanding design in terms of cognitive workload, human error, the way humans perceive their surrounds and, very importantly, the tasks that they undertake are all analysed by ergonomists. [IMAGE] With video conferencing consideration should be taken in positioning of camera and screens so as to avoid neck strain. Codec 1. (COder/DECoder or COmpressor/DECompressor) Hardware or software that encodes/compresses and decodes/decompresses audio and video data streams. The purpose of a codec is to reduce the size of digital audio samples and video frames in order to speed up transmission and save storage space. The goal of all codec designers is to maintain audio and video quality while compressing the binary data further. Speech codecs are designed to deal with the characteristics of voice, while audio codecs are developed for music. Codecs may also be able to transcode from one digital format to another; for example, from PCM audio to MP3 audio. The codec algorithms may be implemented entirely in a chip or entirely in software in which case the PC does all of the processing. They are also commonly implemented in both hardware and software where a sound card or video capture card performs some of the processing, and the main CPU does the rest. When analog signals are entered into a computer, cellphone or other device via a microphone or video source such as a VHS tape or TV, analog-to-digital converters create the raw digital audio samples and video frames. Speech, audio and video codecs are typically lossy codecs that compress data by altering the original format, which is why "codec" means "encoder/decoder" and "compressor/decompressor." If a codec uses only lossless compression in which the original data is restored exactly, then it would not be a coder/decoder. This is a subtle point, but the two meanings of the acronym have been confusing. LAN A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a local area, like a home, office or small group of buildings such as a college. The topology of a network dictates its physical structure. The generally accepted maximum size for a LAN is 1000m2. LANs are different from personal area networks (PANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) or wide area networks (WANs). LANs are typically faster than WANs. The earliest popular LAN, ARCnet, was released in 1977 by Datapoint and was originally intended to allow multiple Datapoint 2200s to share disk storage. Like all early LANs, ARCnet was originally vendor-specific. Standardization efforts by the IEEE have resulted in the IEEE 802 series of standards. There are now two common wiring technologies for a LAN, Ethernet and Token Ring. Wireless technologies are starting to evolve and are convenient for mobile computer users. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. In this case DHCP is a convenient way to obtain an IP address rather than using fixed addressing. LANs can be interlinked by connections to form a Wide area network. A router is used to make the connection between LANs. WAN WANs are used to connect local area networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organisation and are private, others, built by Internet service providers provide connections from an organisation's LAN to the Internet. WANs are most often built of leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. A number of network protocols may use the basic physical transport mechanism including TCP/IP. Other protocols including and ATM. Frame relay can also be used for WANs. Ethernet Ethernet is normally a shared media LAN. All stations on the segment share the total bandwidth, which is either 10 Mbps (Ethernet), 100 Mbps (Fast Ethernet) or 1000 Mbps (Gigabit Ethernet). With switched Ethernet, each sender and receiver pair have the full using Ethernet the computers are usually wired to a hub or to a switch. This constitutes the physical transport mechanism. Fiber-optic Ethernet (10BaseF and 100BaseFX) is impervious to external radiation and is often used to extend Ethernet segments up to miles. Specifications exist for complete fiber-optic networks as well as backbone implementations. FOIRL (Fiber-Optic Inter Repeater Link) was an earlier standard that is limited to .6 miles distance.
建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。毕业论文以及毕业设计的，推荐一个网 这个网站的论文都是以words的形式原封不动的打包上传的，网上搜索不到的，对毕业论文的写作有很大的参考价值，希望对你有所帮助。 论文写作建议看看下面的资料网，在这里想要谁给现写一篇，可能不会有，因为z这里没人会为了这个区花费一些时间去写的，所以根据我搜集的一些网站来看，希望对你有所帮助，用心去做，不管毕业论文还是平时作业吗，我相信你都可以做好的。写作资料也很多，下面给你一些范文资料网： 如果你不是校园网的话，请在下面的网站找： 百万范文网： 分类很细 栏目很多 毕业论文网： 引文数据库： 社科类论文： 经济类论文： 论文之家： 范文网： 如果你是校园网，那就恭喜你了，期刊网里面很多资料 中国知网： 龙源数据库： 万方数据库： 优秀论文杂志 论文资料网 法律图书馆 法学论文资料库 中国总经理网论文集 职业经理人论坛 财经学位论文下载中心 公开发表论文_深圳证券交易所 中国路桥资讯网论文资料中心 论文商务中心 ' 法律帝国： 学术论文 论文统计