发布时间：
对于不少医学工作者来说，发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足，医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧，希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中，“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图，即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前，故可使用过去时态；但是，在论文写作中，也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的，以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中，在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时，以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去；对结果的报道也使用过去时，以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见，以及对研究进行总结的地方，常用时态为一般现在时，以表示研究结果的客观性，如果用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况，不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响，不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号，导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号，但有些作者由于习惯影响，会在句子中使用顿号，如错误例子：The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字，应改为逗号，在英文学术论文写作中，无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非，但用英文标点符号时可就注意了，如错误例子： In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号，由于英文标点符号没有书名号，所以通常使用斜体字来表示，有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时，容易产生错误，首先举一个错误的例子：[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ，事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时，英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反，即圆括号在内外，方括号在内，因此上句应改为： ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )
主题是什么，有哪些要求呢？建议你去资讯一下那些专业的机构。
论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体。它通过列举事实材料和运用逻辑推理，来阐发，对事物的理解和认识，表明对问题的观点和态度。各行各业的人为了接受或表达思想，都需要经常阅读和写作这种文体。
（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。
对于不少医学工作者来说，发表医学论文其中一个难题就是翻译。由于英文水平的不足，医学工作者在翻译过程中常常遇到困境。今天我们就来谈谈医学论文翻译技巧，希望对各位同学有所启发。 一、时态问题 1、表达目的所用的时态 在医学论文中，“目的”通常指进行某项研究的原因、意图，即表明研究的目标。由于研究目标的制定通常在着手开始研究之前，故可使用过去时态；但是，在论文写作中，也通常使用一般现在时来表达目的，以表达研究目的是合理的、可重复等意义。 2、表达方法和结果所用的时态 在研究性论文中，在描述所使用的实验方法、技术时通常使用过去时，以表达相关的实验方法步骤发生在过去；对结果的报道也使用过去时，以表示已经得出了结果。 3、表达结论所用的时态 医学论文的结论部分为作者表达观点、意见，以及对研究进行总结的地方，常用时态为一般现在时，以表示研究结果的客观性，如果用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅仅适用于该研究过程中特定的情况，不具有普遍性。 二、词首字母大小写问题 关于地名和地理学术语如何正确大写的问题。因为中文不牵涉大写问题，所以中文母语的作者可能会有点迷惑。其实大写问题对于英语母语的作者而言也不太容易理顺。 三、标点符号问题 由于语言习惯影响，不少医学工作者会错误的使用英文标点符号，导致医学论文出现语言问题。下面我们列举几个英文标点符号常见的错误。 1.顿号使用错误 由于英文中没有顿号，但有些作者由于习惯影响，会在句子中使用顿号，如错误例子：The five concentrations of nitrogen in our study were 1、5、10、50、100 mg/L,respectively. 该句作者使用顿号隔开数字，应改为逗号，在英文学术论文写作中，无论是多个并行的数字、单词和短语都是用逗号来分隔。 2.书名号使用错误 对于书名、刊物名、影片、文章名在中文表达中使用书名号无可厚非，但用英文标点符号时可就注意了，如错误例子： In the book 《Pipeline Risk Management Manual》, the authorMuhlbauer W Kenr (.) grouped pipeline risk into 4 classes. 该作者错误的将句子中的书名使用了中文的标点符号，由于英文标点符号没有书名号，所以通常使用斜体字来表示，有时也可用引号、全部大写或在书刊名下划线来表示。 3.方括号和圆括号使用错误 方括号与圆括号并用时，容易产生错误，首先举一个错误的例子：[That was the colour (blue) she preferred] ，事实上在方括号和圆括号并用时，英文句子的使用方式与中文恰恰相反，即圆括号在内外，方括号在内，因此上句应改为： ( That was the colour [blue] she preferred. )
据学术堂了解，在医学英语论文写作的过程中，主要应该注意论文的题目、摘要及引言三个部分。题目：概括性强、体现创新性、精炼题目写作注意事项：英文题目以短语为主要形式，尤以名词短语最常见，即题目基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和（或）后置定语构成，例如The fabrication of…短语型题目要确定好中心词，再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要，词序不当，会导致表达不准摘要：与结论不重复，体现整个文章的结论和思想，包括研究工作的目的、方法、结果和应用等摘要写作注意事项： 摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论引言： 主要研究进展，有代表性的同行研究工作，自己与他人工作对比的优势和不足，前言的参考文献选取代表性的、重要的文献
论文是以议论为主要表达方式的一种文体。它通过列举事实材料和运用逻辑推理，来阐发，对事物的理解和认识，表明对问题的观点和态度。各行各业的人为了接受或表达思想，都需要经常阅读和写作这种文体。
医学论文是医学科学研究工作的文字记录和书面总结，是医学科学研究工作的重要组成部分。医学论文报道医学领域领先的科研成果;是医学科学研究工作者辛勤劳动的结晶，是人类医学科学发展和进步的动力。尤其是SCI论文，能使成果向国际上展示，并有可能被人采用和传播，为人类造福，因此，更具有意义与价值，那么一篇好的英文SCI医学论文改怎么写呢?今天小编就为大家一步步分析。英文SCI医学论文应注意的几大环节：写前准备Preparation， 论文结构 Structure， 论文文题Title， 摘要Abstracts， 引言Introduction， 文章主体Body of Paper， 结论 Conclusion， 和致谢Acknowledgement。1、Preparation就是收集资料，找出灵感和方向，主要依靠的是期刊和文献journal in library。2、Structure是重点，文章的结构应该：选题要宽，研究方向要窄，然后最后的结论又发散开来。在文章主体前后都必须有声明(declarativestatement)，用最少的字句表达出自己的观点，吸引读者。3、Title必须清晰简短(clear，short)，以提升读者的阅读兴趣，然而文题中切记不能出现缩略语和自己的结论。4、Abstracts 是文章的一个缩影，一定要简明扼要(可为一段文字，篇幅<200字)，按照文章顺序介绍主要研究对象(subject)、实验设计 (design)、实验步骤(procedures)以及最后结果(results)，这种介绍必须让非专业的人员能够看懂。5、引言同样要保证简短，顺序是一般背景介绍、别人工作成果、自己的研究目的及工作简介，其中介绍别人工作时只需介绍和自己最相关的方面，而对自己的工作介绍不用说明细节，因为这个要放到文章正文中去。不要忘记在介绍自己工作之前要有一个声明。6、Body部分可以分为方法methods、讨论discussion和结果result三个部分：(1) Methods，详尽的介绍自己的实验方案以便于他人能够重复自己的实验过程，对于通用的实验方案可以简略，重点要放到自己的独创方案上面，按照实验的先后顺序介绍，为了文章的阅读方便，不要使用过多层次的副标题subheadings。(2)Discussion，这个部分是为了以后的study ，在其中提出自己的 problem 或者是hypothesis，和别人的成果进行比较，暗示自己的主要收获，为后面的conclusion做准备。(3)Result，使用text、table、figure等手段表达出来，其中table不要使用过多，而 figure必须保证图线清楚、注解明确，必要的时候还要对于自己的结论进行解释说明。7、Conclusion中不要包含文章未涉及的信息，保持简洁;如果此文章只是项目的一部分，稍做说明。在写完之后回头看看是否有逻辑上的错误，是否考虑到了读者兴趣等。8、Acknowledgement，不要忘记，这个不仅反应了一个人的个人品质，还一定程度体现了研究水平。
英语论文答辩常见问题
在论文答辩时，不用太紧张，把老师问的问题认真回答就好，应该不会为难同学们的。
简单的问题：
What's the significance of your paper?
What's the originality of your paper?
这类问题很常见，你对自己的论文较熟悉就行。
难点的问题：
老师可能会挑出你写出来的某一点很细节的东西来问，比如说：别人认为这个人物是这样的，为什么你会认为是那样的，而这两种看法刚好相反?
我答辩的时候老师问我：我写的是的《纳尼亚传奇》。老师问：作者写的Narnia真的会实现吗?这就很难回答了，因为站在作者的观点是有可能的，从现实的角度看几乎不可能了。
答辩的时候，一般是不会翻论文的。因为你必须对自己的论文很熟悉，另一方面，老师问的问题，你读答案也不太好。除非老师说翻到某一页，你这一页有什么观点，解释一下为什么?这才会翻论文看。
老师有的.时候也不问什么难问题，只是指出你的论文那个地方修改，因为最后答辩后还要交终稿存档，所以会让你继续改改格式之类的。
建议：要对自己的Bibliography(参考文献)有一定的了解，有的老师会问某本文献里讲了什么观点，这类问题笼统回答一下就好，所以你得知道自己用了什么文献。
Good morning, professors and everyone. I come from JMU College. I am XXX and my supervisor is prof XXX. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.
The title of my paper is An Analysis of Ahab’s Personality Tragedy in Moby Dick. I choose this title as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this work as this is one of the texts in our American literature course . Last but not least , Moby-Dick is widely recognized as the summit not only of Melville’s art but of American nineteenth-centry fiction.
The purpose of this essay is to study Captain Ahab,the role in Moby-Dick, whose leg was bitten by the white whale in his process of the whaling. After losing his leg, he determined to revenge Moby Dick and tried to kill it. In order to revenge, Ahab ultimately dooms the crew of the Pequod (save for Ishmael) to death by his obsession with Moby Dick. By taking the comprehensive analysis perspective of Moby-Dick, this thesis will point out that the main characteristics of Ahab.
This paper consists of three parts. Part one presents an introduction to the Social Background and the life of the Author Herman Melvillehe ,Part two presents The Main Characteristics of Ahab. there are three aspects have been divided to analyze his characters: his monomania , his selfishness, and his individualism. Part three presents The Consequences of Ahab's Personality Tragedy.
OK, that's all. Thank you !
Questions :
1. 怎样运用理论去分析的
2. 针对你论文中的某个商标翻译而考你噢，所以要熟悉你论文中作为例子的翻译
3. 什么是monomania(偏执狂)?
4. 白鲸记的象征意义有哪些
5. 亚哈船长为何复仇
Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class * * * *, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》，thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements^. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational , I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point , I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist you very much!
英语论文答辩的常见问题指导
在毕业论文答辩会上，主答辩老师的提问方式会影响到组织答辩会目的的实现以及学员答辩水平的发挥。主答辩老师有必要讲究自己的提问方式。一起看看英语论文答辩中有哪些常见问题吧?
首先，你应该把你论文中涉及到的概念都弄清楚，它们的定义是什么，应该能用英语做简单的讲解。比如，礼貌准则 ， 这就是一个概念，老师可能会问，“什么是礼貌准则?”“礼貌准则起什么作用?”等;在这个基础上，把这些概念相联系的方面也准备一下： 比如，礼貌准则与日常交流、礼貌准则与英语教学等。
老师问的问题也是基于你的论文中探讨的东西，你只要对所讨论的题目清楚明了，把这些变成自己的话用自然流畅的英语表达出来，应该是没有问题的。有时候，老师可能提一些这样的问题，比如，“Where do you find this quotation?”"Do you agree with it? and why?"
在回答这类问题的时候，不能只给出一个简单的信息，要展开一下。例如，
I cited this from Dr. Samovar and Porter, from their book "Communication between Cultures", in a chapter in which they discuss the possibilities that cause communication find it supportive to my arguments here.
开场白里面简单地介绍自己的研究和论文的主题，为什么选择这个项目。简单说几句研究过程和方法。这里一定要给出一个Roadmap, 也就是说明你的论文有几部分，每一部分里面都探讨的什么问题。这一点很重要。
对于自己不清楚的问题，可以看看老师的问题和你的研究是不是有focus 上的差异，这样你可以强调一下这种差异，因不是你的研究重点，你没有过多在意。不会就是不会，可以让老师来回答这个问题。
注意答辩过程中和老师的目光交流。回答问题时要看着他们的'眼睛，声音要洪亮，这样才能表达出你的自信。
拓展阅读：
一般来说，在个人陈述的时候介绍一下，why did you choose this topic?然后整个论文的结构，分为几个部分，每个部分的大致内容~~
个人陈述的模版网上有，不过还是自己写的好，因为怕其他人也是在网上下的那个模版
一般来说，上台介绍自己的姓名，然后指明自己的supervisor是谁，"with his/her constant encouragement,I finished my paper..."等等
关于会问到什么问题，就要看你的答辩老师咯~有的老师估计会针对你论文中的某个商标翻译而考你噢，所以要熟悉你论文中作为例子的翻译。
主题是什么，有哪些要求呢？建议你去资讯一下那些专业的机构。
随着越来越多的学术论文涌向高影响因子期刊，语言问题成了影响学术成果传播的一个重要因素，在中国，每年因为语言表述不清,用词不当等语言问题被拒稿的仍然占总拒稿量的较高比例，高水平的研究成果能得到国际同行的认可与交流，语言关是首先要通过的。
查尔斯沃思论文润色编辑在润色中国作者稿件时总结出一些普遍存在的语言问题如下：
标题冗长、不准确、书写不规范
标题的重要性以前我们在文章中已经多次提过，在此不必过多强调，主要说作者常犯的错误。首先是字数太长，不简洁，这样不仅不利于期刊检索也会导致无法突出重点，过于笼统。
不同领域的学术期刊都有对标题的字数的限制，如JAMA（美国医学会杂志）规定不得超过42个印刷字符（一个英文字母占一个印刷符号、空格和标点占一个印刷符号）。英国皇家数学学会规定标题不超过12个单词。因此不要使用无信息量词汇，尽量做到简洁。
用词不当、错别字、缩略词
还记得去年3月份查尔斯沃思发表的文章《OA期刊 赞上帝 ,英语水平是硬伤》，就是因为一篇在PLOS ONE上有中国作者发表的文章，由于用词不当，中国作者将造物主理解为大自然也许没错，不过，在英文用词上就不能直译成 God，闹了把大笑话。
用词不当包括专业术语、语法、搭配等方面的使用不当，有些作者甚至会杜撰，如蓝藻（cyanophytes）又叫蓝绿藻（blue-green algae）,而有的作者会将其翻译成“blue algae”，完全是中国式英语。
另一个存在的问题是缩略词的使用，缩略词是为了方便信息的交流，但不能过度使用，有些缩略词由于存在一词多义的现象，如果使用这类缩略词往往会引起歧义，如AIS 既可表示自动识别系统也可表示会计信息系统和人工免疫系统，因此，在遇到这类缩略词时要用全称。
除了上述的几个问题外，还有许多语言方面的问题值得去说，这些我们将在以后的文章中讲解。
参考：查尔斯沃思论文润色网页链接
医学论文（medicalpapers）的定义医学论文是对整理和发表医学研究成果的一种特殊文本的总称，就其内容和文体特点而言科分为以下几种：1．医学科研论文（scientificpapers）2．调查报告（survey）3．综述（review）4．学位论文（theses）医学科研论文的格式医学科研论文必须具备以下几个部分：（1）标题（title）（2）摘要（abstract）（3）引言（introduction）（4）材料和方法（materials andmethods）（5）结果（results）（6）讨论（discussion）（7）致谢（acknowledgement）（8）参考文献（references）一、标题（一）要求1．简明扼要（short andconcise）（1）尽量控制在一行，但不是一个句子（2）不超过25个单词或120-140个字母（3）除DNA、RNA、CT等不用缩写2．信息丰富 (informative)3．便于索引（indexing）4．较长标题可采用副标题（二）标题写作中常用词组和表达方式1．用…（方法／手段）对…进行研究／分析／观察／评价：Study(analysis/observation/evaluation/assessment) of(on) … (by) using 方法 /with 工具）2．A 对 B 的作用Effort of A on BProtective effect of omeprazole on endothelin-inducedgastric mucosal injury3．A 与 B 的关系Correlation (relation/relationship) between A and BCorrelation of A with B and C常用修饰词：positively/negatively/significantly/insignificantly4．用…治疗…Use of …in the treatment of …( 病）in…（生物）Use of omeprazole in the treatment of gastric ulcer inthe elderly5．A是BA as B二、著录部分书写（一）姓名标准式：WANG Luowei，HUANGYingfeng，GUO Xiao’an（二）地址800 Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai 200433, （三）资助A project funded by the National “863” Program三、摘要的分类与格式摘要是作者要给读者的精华，分两大类：（一）指示性摘要（二）资料性摘要1．非结构式摘要缺点：段落不明，给编辑、审稿、阅读和计算机处理带来诸多不便2．全结构式摘要（八要素摘要）（1）目的（2）设计（3）地点（4）对象（5）处理（6）主要测定项目（7）结果（8）结论全结构式摘要的优点（1）观点更明确（2）信息量更大（3）差错更少（4）符合计算机数据库建立和使用的要求
据学术堂了解,医学类的Essay是医者展现自己临床医学经验的一种载体.医院基本上也都以论文的发表作为医者晋升的一种要求.所以医学论文的写作很是重要.在写作过程中,我们要注重其科学性、实用性.除此之外,还有一些内容上的要求.(1)论文结论是最终的、总体的结论,不是正文中各组成部分小结的简单重复.结论应准确、完整、明确、精炼.如不能导出结论或无结论应进行必要的讨论.论文要指出研究的局限性(或不足),并提出建议或展望或尚待解决的问题.(2)论文中如有与导师或他人共同研究的成果,必须明确指出;如果引用他人的结论、观点、方法、数据或成果等必须明确注明出处,并与参考文献一致,严禁抄袭剽窃.(3)论文一般采用篇末注(尾注),如有需要,引文可用脚注.(4)论文中的图,包括曲线图、构造图、示意图、图解、框图、流程图、记录图、布置图、地图、照片、图版等.图应编排序号,每一图应有简短确切的题名,连同图号置放图下,必要时可用图例说明,横排于图题下方.曲线图的纵横坐标必须标明"量、标准规定符号、单位".坐标上标注的量的符号和缩略词必须与正文中一致.照片图要求主题和主要显示部分的轮廓鲜明,便于制版.如用放大或缩小的复制品,必须清晰,反差适中,还应有表示目的物尺寸的标度.(5)论文中表的编排,一般是内容和测试项目由左至右横排,数据依序竖排.表应有自明性.表应有编排序号.每一表应有简短确切的题名,连同表号置于表上.必要时用表注对表中的符号、标记、代码及有关事项作出说明,横排于表题下或附注于表下.表的各栏均应标明"量或测试项目、标准规定符号、单位".表中的缩略词和符号,必须与正文中一致.表内同一栏的数字必须上下对齐,不宜用"同上"、"同左"和类似词,一律填入具体数字或文字.表内"空白"代表未测或无此项."0"代表实验结果确为零.如数据已绘成曲线图,亦可不再列表.(6)论文中的公式、算式或方程式等均应编排序号.序号标注于该式所在行的最右边.较长的式,可另行居中横排,如须转行,上下式尽可能在"="号处对齐.(7)论文中的计量单位必须采用1984年2月27日国务院发布的《中华人民共和国法定计量单位使用方法》,并遵照《中华人民共和国法定计量单位使用方法》执行.使用的各种量、单位和符号,必须符合国家标准的规定.单位名称和符号的书写方式采用国际通用符号.符号与缩写词也应符合国家标准的有关规定,如非公知公用的或不易被理解的,或作者自定的,应在第一次出现时加以说明.
毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版（通用6篇）
转眼间充满意义的大学生活就即将结束，我们都知道毕业生要通过最后的毕业论文，毕业论文是一种、有准备的检验大学学习成果的'形式，那么什么样的毕业论文才是好的呢？下面是我整理的毕业论文答辩自述稿英文版，仅供参考，欢迎大家阅读。
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction. The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation.
I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators.
So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices. OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) ： I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere grat-itude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies.
In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.
Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
good evening, all the appraiser committee members. i come from hust, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. i am and my supervisor is prof.***. with her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year"s hard work, i have finished my paper. finally, it is the show time. this evening i will present my efforts to you all and i gratefully welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. firstly, i am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. secondly, i am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and i have taught this text for more than 3 times . last but not the least ,as a female , i am keen on the study of feminism. for the above facts, i select the subject of a study of the causes of the gothic style in a rose for emily from a feminist perspective as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this short story we can know more about american southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
next , i will present it to you. here is an outline of my presentation. they are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
this paper consists of six parts. part one presents an introduction to the author william faulkner and a rose for emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and emily s attitude towards love. finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
ok, that"s all. now you may raise your questions ! i am ready! thank you !
today, the title of my paper is on the network novels. in recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. network novel is one of the fast of them. in the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels" addicts. for the above facts, i select the subject of on the network novels as the title of my paper.
the last part, the forecast. looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. if each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
good morning, all appraiser committee members. i am **** and my supervisor is ***. with her constant encouragement and guidance, i have finished my paper. now, it is the show time. i will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
the title of my paper is on transformation of parts of speech in translation. i choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. each language has its own special structure. and there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. in order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. so the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in english to chinese based on different characteristics of english and chinese. for the above facts, i select the subject of on transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.
i hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in english to chinese translation. through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation way of thinking and expressing is quite different between chinese and english. english is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. while chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often when we make translation in english to chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
stant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it's show time. You and I will work hard to welcome any correction.
The topic of my thesis is 《Angela carter to mythology research - the female archetype in “new eve passion”, for example》. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.
Angela Carter (1940-1992) is an outstanding feminist writer whose influence on Britishwomen's writing was “pivotal in this opening and transformation” [“23]. The year 2014 represents the 22”^ anniversary of Angela Carter's death. In those twenty-two years, her works have been widely taught internationally and brought about much critical debate. In a survey conducted by Cristina Bacchilega and Danielle M. Roemer [2],Carter is one of the most commonly taught women writers on North American programs. She has endowed us with an amazingly large number of legacies in her comparatively limited life, setting foot in various fields such as novels,short stories,children stories, dramas, non-fictions and so on. The acute observations with great insights,as well as the devastating wit and poignant mockery in Carter's works have made her stand out as an iconic figure in English literature. Many scholars and critics have devoted themselves to the research on Angela Carter from many perspectives,including gothic, magic realism, feminism,post-modernism and so on. As a prolific writer who is always ready to blur the boundaries between different genres, Carter has left us a wonderful world to delve into.
With the emergence of western women's movement as well as the development of feminist criticism in the 1960s,the feminist approach has become a potent weapon for those who are concerned with the emancipation and legal rights of women. Though women's social status has considerably improved due to the contribution made by countless predecessors,the fundamental problem still lingers on. Carter, with her versatile and avant-garde reputation, is best known as a feminist writer. Concerning the dilemmas and predicaments faced by women nowadays,it is very necessary for us to probe into her insightful and penetrating reflections on femininity as well as the relationship between two genders. The Passion of New Eve, as one of Carter's most representative works, is of great value in the research of her feminist thoughts and propositions.
Next, is my paper outline. In the main part of this article, I put it into five parts.
Chapter one is an introduction to the thesis, covering the research background, theobjective and significance as well as the organization of the thesis.
Chapter two presents a broad picture of Angela Carter's life and her works, as well as the background information about The Passion of New Eve. It also reviews previous studies on Angela Carter and her works at home and abroad, summarizing achievements in the past and pointing out new directions in the future.
Chapter three conducts a retrospective study on feminism and archetypal criticism. The author attempts to work out the origin and development of feminism, demonstrating the important role feminism plays in Carter's life. Then is the history of archetypal criticism,as well as those classic female archetypes in mythology. Regarding those fossilized and monotonous images as impediments to women's freedom and liberation,Carter endeavors to shatter them in her demythologizing strategy and appeals for a rational attitude toward heterosexual relationship.
Chapter four is the main body of the thesis. Through an in-depth analysis on The Passion of New Eve,it demonstrates Carter's demythologizing of “The Temptress,,,”Mother Goddess“and ”Eve“ respectively in the text. Leilah,the embodiment of Delilah,the famous temptress in the Bible,cannot escape the fate of being objectified by men and herself. By exposing”temptresses“ as mere victims rather than symbols of viciousness. Carter condemns the oppression and exploitation of women in a patriarchal society. ”Mother“ in Beulah serves as a severe satire on those mother goddesses in mythology. Carter smashes the legend by revealing the surgically-made essence of mother and the patriarchal values lurking behind her alleged matriarchal kingdom, warning against the peril and impracticality of extremist her most convincing example goes to Eve, the most important female character in the Bible, Her transformative journey from a chauvinist to a real woman in the story illustrates that gender, rather than a hereditary feature, is the result of social influence and unremitting imitations. Carter concludes the story with proposing ”androgyny“ as a solution to the current problems,implying that mutual respect and understanding is the only way to achieve the harmony between the two genders.
Chapter five comes to a general conclusion, summarizing the limitations of the theses as well as some suggestions for further study.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
英语论文答辩的常见问题指导
在毕业论文答辩会上，主答辩老师的提问方式会影响到组织答辩会目的的实现以及学员答辩水平的发挥。主答辩老师有必要讲究自己的提问方式。一起看看英语论文答辩中有哪些常见问题吧?
首先，你应该把你论文中涉及到的概念都弄清楚，它们的定义是什么，应该能用英语做简单的讲解。比如，礼貌准则 ， 这就是一个概念，老师可能会问，“什么是礼貌准则?”“礼貌准则起什么作用?”等;在这个基础上，把这些概念相联系的方面也准备一下： 比如，礼貌准则与日常交流、礼貌准则与英语教学等。
老师问的问题也是基于你的论文中探讨的东西，你只要对所讨论的题目清楚明了，把这些变成自己的话用自然流畅的英语表达出来，应该是没有问题的。有时候，老师可能提一些这样的问题，比如，“Where do you find this quotation?”"Do you agree with it? and why?"
在回答这类问题的时候，不能只给出一个简单的信息，要展开一下。例如，
I cited this from Dr. Samovar and Porter, from their book "Communication between Cultures", in a chapter in which they discuss the possibilities that cause communication find it supportive to my arguments here.
开场白里面简单地介绍自己的研究和论文的主题，为什么选择这个项目。简单说几句研究过程和方法。这里一定要给出一个Roadmap, 也就是说明你的论文有几部分，每一部分里面都探讨的什么问题。这一点很重要。
对于自己不清楚的问题，可以看看老师的问题和你的研究是不是有focus 上的差异，这样你可以强调一下这种差异，因不是你的研究重点，你没有过多在意。不会就是不会，可以让老师来回答这个问题。
注意答辩过程中和老师的目光交流。回答问题时要看着他们的'眼睛，声音要洪亮，这样才能表达出你的自信。
拓展阅读：
一般来说，在个人陈述的时候介绍一下，why did you choose this topic?然后整个论文的结构，分为几个部分，每个部分的大致内容~~
个人陈述的模版网上有，不过还是自己写的好，因为怕其他人也是在网上下的那个模版
一般来说，上台介绍自己的姓名，然后指明自己的supervisor是谁，"with his/her constant encouragement,I finished my paper..."等等
关于会问到什么问题，就要看你的答辩老师咯~有的老师估计会针对你论文中的某个商标翻译而考你噢，所以要熟悉你论文中作为例子的翻译。
do/did you choose this subject/topic?'s the meaning and purpose for you research/study? do you arrange the framework and basic structure in you paper?'s the logical relation among all the sections in your paper? you find any different ideas/perspective/views when you were doing your research? And what do you think about them?/What's your understanding/realization about them? How do you deal with/handle them? there any closely related issues/aspects that not included in your paper? there any problems that you haven't figured out/solved and haven't discussed/demonstrated/indicated thoroughly in this paper?'s the brief/main basis of arguments in your paper?祝你答辩顺利！