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园林论文外国英文文献

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园林论文外国英文文献

1\Designing your own panorama, could be each exciting and challenging. If you are contemplating such a mission, listed here are some practical ideas and suggestions. Planning the ProjectPlanning your landscape design is the first and most vital step. Take the time to assemble the data you will want to make your decisions on the weather you wish to include in your landscape design. Will you want a deck, patio, foot paths, walkways, a pond? What sort of plants, timber, flowers, and ground cover will you want to use? You need to research books, articles, and landscape design magazines that will help you make these decisions. It will pay off in the end by saving you cash, time, and frustration, enabeling you find yourself with a beautifully completed mission to be proud DesignThe landscape design is your subsequent step. You will need to make a structure of the realm to be landscaped, as close to scale as possible, and with accurate measurements. Many landscape design planning guides that provides you with step-by-step instructions can be found on the internet without spending a dime, and books or eBooks are abundant. As soon as your panorama design structure is done you’ll be able to started to position your components on the layout pad. This should be your first or preliminary plan and as you progess, modifications will be transfered to your secondary or updated plans. Altering your thoughts usually is simply fine. After all this is just on paper at this point and you haven’t spent any money or performed any labor yet. Experimenting with a few plans is critical before you come up the final landscape design. A properly planned landscape won’t ever look the same in numerous seasons. Plan your panorama design to change with the seasons. You must try to design your landscape as maintenance free as possible. Panorama Design Software programIf it is onerous for you to visualize your finished panorama design by simply taking a look at your format, there is some excellent landscape design software available. A lot of the landscape design software was originally developed for skilled landscapers, however since has been modified for the beginner who needs to do-it-themselves. There are a lot of do-it-yourslef panorama design software program applications out there today. Panorama design software permits you to see a digital picture of the landscape design and allows you to transfer gadgets round and see the changes you make come to life. Some software means that you can import a photograph of your property or constructing and designs the panorama across the photo. Most landscape design software packages offer advise on using and putting the numerous completely different components obtainable right now in your landscape design. A properly designed panorama will all the time change with time, abd a number of the landscape design software program obtainable will mean you can view your panorama because it matures. You may see what it’s going to seem like 5 or 10 years from now when the bushes have grown and the plants people prefer to incorparate a garden of their landscape design. Gardens may be tucked away in the nook of an space, or be the point of interest of the entire panorama design. Gardens can even be stragecly positioned among the plants, flowers and trees so they mix in with your entire landscape design. If you like to backyard, dont overlook all of the garden design possiblities when planning your landscape you want extra info with regard to landscape architect los angeles, pay a visit to Demitri Sanromartin’s internet site without delay2\We are all ready to invest large amounts of money on landscaping in order to give a face lift to our homes. But we didn’t prune enough or at all when our lawn needed it, making our prized lawns and gardens looking worse than ever. This is the best time to start getting ready and preparing your lawn for beautiful success. For your garden to have a longer life span, take the following tips into of individuals would love to have a garden that has a lot of stunning hydrangeas or azaleas growing beautifully. This particular goal takes a good deal of time and effort, nevertheless, so if you’re amongst those individuals who would like to achieve it, you’ll need to work very hard beginning right Garden LandscapingStarting small is without doubt the method to use, particularly if you happen to be a beginner in this particular craft. One of the things you should focus on to start with will be the choice of plants you want to cultivate, . flowers, trees, or maybe even vegetables. It is clearly sensible to decide on plants that do not need an excessive amount of maintenance but when you are confident enough in relation to your gardening skills, roses, orchids, and bonsai trees offer great the soil ready is very important to ensure that you will be able to grow beautiful things in your garden. Using organic fertilizers often is the preferred strategy to use since they will not present any kind of threat to the environment or to human health. Becoming acquainted with different kinds of organic fertilizers such as horse manure or steer manure can enable you to do a good job in preparing the garden soil for great growing and DecorNaturally, a vibrant and nicely decorated lawn is really what you’ll want which involves various garden landscaping options including water fountains, fencing, and lighting. The strategy is to integrate as much of your own personality into your design so as to make it a little haven that is not just lovely to view but also is a quintessential reflection of furniture is a very common garden landscaping feature which also happens to be very useful. When you have the area to hold a complete set, you might as well go for it, especially when you want to have a proper place for your guests during the day if the sun is out but it is not too and Garden Lighting FixturesAdequate illumination can be a large part of designing your garden. The patio is where it all begins so you might wish to buy a good set of sconces or wall lights which illuminate the area and highlight its naturally beauty. Garden lighting is encouraged not just for functional purposes but also for displaying the best features of the space even at be able to continue to keep the garden in excellent shape, it is crucial to understand its needs like routine and controlled watering, tilling, mowing, and weed removal. Watering needs to be season and weather appropriate because gardens that are way too dry or too wet will never flourish so make sure that you adjust Vaccaro researches and writes extensively on the best practices in online marketing. Some articles that I recommend reading can be found on the topics of path to financial responsibility and learning spanish

如果你是在学校,去图书馆(网上)的数据库查询吧。 否则去 中文关键词:绿化+工厂+(园林) 英文关键词: Greening + factory + (Landscape)(仅供参考) 我也不知你具体要哪方面的,哪种内容合适。你就自己去下吧 pdf文档可能更正式一点。下pdf的文档,加个filetype:pdf就可以了。 如:greeen factory landscape filetype:pdf ================================ 《Making a City Green 》一篇关于城市环境的文章 URL 仅仅提供一点思路,希望对你有点帮助……------------------------------------下面是英文的~但不是很多~就1篇agriculture, science and practice of producing crops and livestock from the natural resources of the earth. The primary aim of agriculture is to cause the land to produce more abundantly and at the same time to protect it from deterioration and misuse. The diverse branches of modern agriculture include agronomy, horticulture, economic entomology, animal husbandry, dairying, agricultural engineering, soil chemistry, and agricultural economics. Early Agriculture Early people depended for their survival on hunting, fishing, and food gathering. To this day, some groups still pursue this simple way of life, and others have continued as roving herders (see nomad). However, as various groups of people undertook deliberate cultivation of wild plants and domestication of wild animals, agriculture came into being. Cultivation of crops—notably grains such as wheat, rice, corn, rye, barley, and millet—encouraged settlement of stable farm communities, some of which grew to be towns and city-states in various parts of the world. Early agricultural implements—the digging stick, the hoe, the scythe, and the plow—developed slowly over the centuries, each innovation (., the introduction of iron) causing profound changes in human life. From early times, too, people created ingenious systems of irrigation to control water supply, especially in semiarid areas and regions of periodic rainfall, ., the Middle East, the American Southwest and Mexico, the Nile Valley, and S Asia. Farming was often intimately associated with landholding (see tenure) and therefore with political organization. Growth of large estates involved the use of slaves (see slavery) and bound or semifree labor. In the Western Middle Ages the manorial system was the typical organization of more or less isolated units and determined the nature of the agricultural village. In Asia large holdings by the nobles, partly arising from feudalism (especially in China and Japan), produced a similar pattern. The Rise of Commercial Agriculture As the Middle Ages waned, increasing communications, the commercial revolution, and the rise of cities in Western Europe tended to turn agriculture away from subsistence farming toward the growing of crops for sale outside the community (commercial agriculture). In Britain the practice of inclosure allowed landlords to set aside plots of land, formerly subject to common rights, for intensive cropping or fenced pasturage, leading to efficient production of single crops. In the 16th and 17th cent. horticulture was greatly developed and contributed to the so-called agricultural revolution. Exploration and intercontinental trade, as well as scientific investigation, led to the development of horticultural knowledge of various crops and the exchange of farming methods and products, such as the potato, which was introduced from America along with beans and corn (maize) and became almost as common in N Europe as rice is in SE Asia. The appearance of mechanical devices such as the sugar mill and Eli Whitney's cotton gin helped to support the system of large plantations based on a single crop. The Industrial Revolution after the late 18th cent. swelled the population of towns and cities and increasingly forced agriculture into greater integration with general economic and financial patterns. In the American colonies the independent, more or less self-sufficient family farm became the norm in the North, while the plantation, using slave labor, was dominant (although not universal) in the South. The free farm pushed westward with the frontier. Modern Agriculture In the N and W United States the era of mechanized agriculture began with the invention of such farm machines as the reaper, the cultivator, the thresher, and the combine. Other revolutionary innovations, ., the tractor, continued to appear over the years, leading to a new type of large-scale agriculture. Modern science has also revolutionized food processing; refrigeration, for example, has made possible the large meatpacking plants and shipment and packaging of perishable foods. Urbanization has fostered the specialties of market gardening and truck farming. Harvesting operations (see harvester) have been mechanized for almost every plant product grown. Breeding programs have developed highly specialized animal, plant, and poultry varieties, thus increasing production efficiency. The development of genetic engineering has given rise to genetically modified transgenic crops and, to a lesser degree, livestock that possess a gene from an unrelated species that confers a desired quality. Such modification allows livestock to be used as “factories” for the production of growth hormone and other substances (see pharming). In the United States and other leading food-producing nations agricultural colleges and government agencies attempt to increase output by disseminating knowledge of improved agricultural practices, by the release of new plant and animal types, and by continuous intensive research into basic and applied scientific principles relating to agricultural production and economics. These changes have, of course, given new aspects to agricultural policies. In the United States and other developed nations, the family farm is disappearing, as industrialized farms, which are organized according to industrial management techniques, can more efficiently and economically adapt to new and ever-improving technology, specialization of crops, and the volatility of farm prices in a global economy. Niche farming, in which specialized crops are raised for a specialized market, ., heirloom tomatoes or exotic herbs sold to gourmet food shops and restaurants, revived or encouraged some smaller farms in the latter 20th and early 21st cents., but did little to stop the overall decrease in family farms. In Third World countries, where small farms, using rudimentary techniques, still predominate, the international market has had less effect on the internal economy and the supply of food. Most of the governments of the world face their own type of farm problem, and the attempted solutions vary as much as does agriculture itself. The modern world includes areas where specialization and conservation have been highly refined, such as Denmark, as well as areas such as N Brazil and parts of Africa, where forest peoples still employ “slash-and-burn” agriculture—cutting down and burning trees, exhausting the ash-enriched soil, and then moving to a new area. In other regions, notably SE Asia, dense population and very small holdings necessitate intensive cultivation, using people and animals but few machines; here the yield is low in relation to energy expenditure. In many countries extensive government programs control the planning, financing, and regulation of agriculture. Agriculture is still the occupation of almost 50% of the world's population, but the numbers vary from less than 3% in industrialized countries to over 60% in Third World countries.

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已发送,请及时采纳哦~《Application of residential landscape design scheme evaluation based on fuzzy comprehensive and grey system methods》 Xiaohong Wang - 2009To reduce blindness and subjectivity in residential landscape design scheme evaluation at present, we attempted to use fuzzy ...

园林景观设计论文外国考文献

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已发送,请及时采纳哦~《Application of residential landscape design scheme evaluation based on fuzzy comprehensive and grey system methods》 Xiaohong Wang - 2009To reduce blindness and subjectivity in residential landscape design scheme evaluation at present, we attempted to use fuzzy ...

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中外园林论文

帮你找了一篇供你参考,你看下有用没:中国古典园林建筑设计原理在现代景观(建筑)设计中的应用研究——从古典园林私密性空间到现代城市开放性公共休闲空间刘振兴• 简介:以中国古典园林为例,以其空间处理手法在现代城市开放性公共休闲空间设计中的应用为基点,通过对浙江省龙游市江滨公园的景点空间分析,论述古典园林私密性空间到现代城市开放性公共休闲空间的联系与发展。• 关键字:空间处理;私密性;开放性;公共休闲1. 概述中国古典园林空间设计手法园林是物质环境,构成园林的物质要素称为构景要素。构景要素大体可以分为三大类,即山水、建筑物和动、植物。第二类建筑,广义的包括人工构筑的园林建筑、园路、广场雕塑和园林小品等[1]。在中国的古典园林造园中,与其说是造园,还不如说是建筑的布局和构造,因为建筑构成了整个园子,而其他要素的则作为建筑的附属部分。“天人合一”的思想在中国的园林设计中得到了充分的体现,园林构筑物与山水要素、动、植物要素达到了完美的融合,根据文人雅客对圆子的实用要求与艺术要求构筑了独具一格的东方造园艺术。中国传统园林空间处理手法:比例协调,尺度适应,高低变化,错落有致;即要能很好地运用光影明暗的变幻,虚实的对比,又能将各种空间彼此穿插、渗透,首尾相顾,前后呼应,互相因借,此外,还使静态空间流动,达到动、静结合[2] 。2.. 城市化加剧,现代城市景观设计开放性空间呼唤人性的场所近年来,我国越来越多的地区出现了“城市化”,城市整体所面临的建设环境范围的,速度快,甚至有许多大尺度的公共空间建设项目,都被要求在很短的时间内完成从立项、策划到设计的全过程。前写年的“疏林草地”,“喷泉广场”流行与全国,对外来艺术风格和视觉形象过分追求,布置大量的草地,反而减少了人的活动空间,吸引不到人们来使用[3]。现代人文地理学派及现象主义景观学派强调人在场所中的体验,强调普通人在普通、日常的环境中的活动,强调场所的物理特性、人的活动以及含义的三位一体性。这里的物理特性包括场所的空间结构和所有具体的现象;这里的人则是一个景中的人而不是一个旁观者;这里的含义是指人在具体做什么。因此,场所和景观离开了人的使用便失去了意义,成为失落的场所(placeless)(Ralph,1976)。现代城市公共休闲空间的关系应该是形式的,她是体验、是生活、是交流——人与人的交流,人与自然的交流[4]。3 案例分析 以浙江龙游市江滨公园为例 龙游市概述(一)悠久的历史文脉龙游,地处浙江西部,钱塘江上游,金衢盆地的中心,大约2500年前的春秋时期,龙游为姑蔑国都城,当时一直是浙西南一带的政治、文化、经济中心。公元222年秦始皇在全国首批设立县时,龙游为太末县治所,距今有2228年的建县历史。唐贞观八年(公元634年)更名为龙丘,五代时称龙游,一直沿用至今。历史文化积淀极其丰厚,境内有各种古遗址十七处,其中石器时代的古文化遗址有各种石器、陶土出土,透露了“浙西文明发源地”的信息。(二)得天独厚的条件龙游县城地理位置得天独厚,拥有“二山二江二滩”,鸡鸣山、凤凰山盘踞县城南北,衢江、灵山江穿城而过,衢江船厂沙洲、石窟沙洲于县城东西。优越的自然条件为创建“生态型文化旅游城市”和建设“没有围墙的景区”提供良好的基础。龙游物产丰饶,是文明的“中国笋竹之乡”、“中国黄花梨之乡”,气候温暖湿润,土地资源丰富,是发展现代农业的理想区域。近年来发掘的龙游石窟,位于龙游县城北三公里的凤凰山麓,是一处气势恢弘、瑰丽壮观的古代地下石窟群,被誉为“世界第九大奇迹”。石窟群的发现已越来越受到国内外考古、探谜、旅游爱好者的广泛关注和青睐,成为华东重要的旅游新亮点,目前正在积极申报世界文化遗产,其它如鸡鸣山明清民居苑,龙南竹海森林,白佛岩瀑布,三叠岩,唐代古刹招庆寺等风景名胜均为中外游客钟爱。 龙游江滨公园实地考察(一)概况位于衢江南岸临环城北路,东至交警大队办公室,西接城西公园,长约1800米,宽为35~250米间,总占地面积11万平方米,其中建筑占地4000平方米,绿化面积65000平方米,铺装面积35000平方米,水体面积6000平方米,总投资3000万元,整个公园由杭州园林设计院设计,上海市政园林工程公司负责施工,工程建设历时160天,内设童趣苑,明月湾,凝碧轩,天香斋,翠光阁,日晷台,磊园,清幽谷,百舸急流,遍地龙游等十大功能分区,是集休闲、文化、娱乐与一体的城市开放性公园。(二)主要景点分析(1)童趣苑与中国古典园林建筑设计不同,本身公园就是一个开放性的场地,主要面对对象是儿童,因此该场地建有迷宫、戏沙池、十二生肖、大双亭等设施。各设施由一条曲廊相联系,顶为木制花架,两册设有大理石石凳,可供儿童和家长休憩见(见附图1~2)。十二生肖石雕栩栩如生,程弧状排列在一小台地上,台地左边设有米高的铁制隔离墙,既防止儿童划入对面的水池游乐场,又起到“引景”的作用;右边挡土墙上方种有一片竹林,既为景墙,又有隔离空间的作用,这样,既有一定的私密性,又有一定的开放性,但是作为现代的公园,本质上它是一个开放性的,至少也是一半围合的空间。(2)明月湾该景点是一个宽窄变化无规律的人工湖,引衢江之水,设为岩间涌泉,流至主体湖。在此过程中设有流水落差,可听潺潺之声,湖畔置石与古典园林之法颇似,如仿自然之势,湖中种植睡莲、菖蒲以及本地的水草,虽由人作,宛自天开。湾内有一长42米,重1500多吨的天然溪滩石,上设涌泉、流水,四周配有雾森,喷雾是云雾缭绕,流水潺潺,如梦如幻。溪滩石一旁设有两列原石汀步,游人可踏汀步登上该石玩耍,同时汀步也形成水位落差,以观水之动感(见附图3)。在处理手法上更注重公共休闲,使得游人能够亲自登上所置之石,满足场所由人来参与的思想,这在古典园林里的假山那里是见不到的,从古典的假山发展到现在的“假山”,这不能不说是一种超越。在湾旁设有多处亲水平台,一满足游人的亲水的天性。(3)翠光阁一座小桥横卧于明月湾上,直通向临江的翠光阁。翠光阁是一仿古建筑,因与翠光岩隔江相望而得名。阁分6层(地下1层),高30余米,总建筑面积1285平方米,以波罗阁木材装饰,上雕有精美的龙凤图案,黑色亚光琉璃瓦,栏杆材料为雪花百花岗岩九龙壁浮雕,阁内摆设主要体现龙游地方文化(见附图4)。阁两旁还建有两道曲廊,不仅可供游人休憩,这样的布局还使得翠光阁显得更加的和谐,横与竖的结合充分体现了设计语言的表达。翠光阁虽为仿古建筑,但它与一般的仿古建筑有所不同的是,他的底座气势恢弘,30米高的阁,真如一座玲珑宝塔,登于阁上,其感觉犹如王勃当年登滕王阁,可观“落霞与孤鹜齐飞,秋水共长天一色”之景,在次美景之中也产生了“天高地迥,觉宇宙之无穷,兴尽悲来,识盈虚之有数”之感。此等借景手法与中国古典园林建筑设计中的手法如出一辙,使得自然与建筑合二为一,我国古代造园家对借景一直十分重视,并认为园林设计最关键的便是借景,如计成在《园冶》中说:“夫借景,林园之最重要者也。”接着,他对借景作了进一步的论述:“借者虽别内外,得景则无拘远近。晴峦耸秀,翰宇凌空,极目所至,俗则屏之,嘉则手之,不分町田童,尽为烟景,斯所谓巧而得体者也。”[5]阁以江面为背景,浩瀚无比,而高阁也成了江这一立面上的亮点,纵向的阁与横向的江面形成了鲜明的对比与统一的关系。而且,翠光阁作为全园的主体建筑,已经成为全园的中心和重心,同时,在阁中可以看到周围的景色,是全园的至高点,这种处理手法在古典园林里也是比较常见的,如颐和园中的佛香阁的布局,它处在园的中部最高处万寿山上,控制全园的风景,它既是颐和园的艺术构图中心,又可当作该园的标志(见图1—1) [6]。(4)凝碧轩(见图1—2)、天香斋轩、斋是中国见古典园林建筑里所特有的,对它们也有特定的定义。轩,园林中的轩,乃是指较高敞、安静的园林建筑而言,功能为供游人安静地休息,所以园林中造轩,形体要小巧,宜设置于体量较大的建筑物的后方,必藏而不露,隐现于幽静的花木深处[7]。斋,其园林功能是给游人安静地休息和阅书读报,建设用地力求深处为好[8]。在这里,凝碧轩为民居风格建筑,是游人品名休闲之处。而天香斋主要功能是展现龙游饮食文化。凝碧轩为歇山顶,屋顶用草披盖,轩前设一木制平台(见附图5)。选址上,这里有一定的限制,但先从它的功能考虑,在这样一个公园中,而且是作为“没有围墙”的开放性空间,其次,面对对象是市民和游客,再者,它们得反映这里的地方文化思想。即便这样,他的选址还是在明月湾旁边,处于众石所置之间,周围种有大树和竹子,构成了一个半围合的空间,有一定的私密性,但更多的是它所表现出来的可供大众游赏、观景的开放性公共休闲空间。而在古典园林里,轩大部分只是作为园主及家人的书房,可以说是一个纯粹的私密性空间,那种宁静、幽雅的环境确实是一个在当时可以超脱世俗的“世外桃源”。但是在今天,人的社会性越来越显著的社会里,人们必须得面对现实,人是社会的产物,必须要融入到这个社会里,虽然,现代的轩在形式上还是原来的风格,但在本质上已经发生了变化,它们的存在必须得满足大众的要求,否则,它们在现代游憩场所就回成为一个失落的场所[9]。(5)磊园在笔者看来,磊园倒是有点“少就是多”概念——在一个半径为15米的圆形的水池里,类似与一个平底锅(见图1—3),“锅”面镶嵌较小的卵石,“锅”的中间摆设了两块20多吨的大卵石作为主景,周围配有旱喷和花坛,倒是有几分禅意(见附图6)。 (6)清幽谷经历几分禅意后,沿着步道走进一片芦苇丛,感觉有一种压抑感,周围是密密的芦苇杆和芦苇叶,不是有步道的话还以为走到了荒野呢!穿过十米左右的芦苇,忽然,眼前豁然开朗,脚下的步道变成了一座宽3米的木制曲桥横跨在一人工湖上,曲桥的一侧设有一条40厘米高的木制“栏杆”——或者说是坐凳,可供游人休憩、垂钓(见附图7)。湖岸设计为自然的形态,完全采用当地的植物种类,显得非常地自然和谐,虽由人作,宛自天开。可以说,这个景说是笔者比较喜欢的场所,它的自然生态让人感觉到非常的惬意。理性地说,它的空间处理充分表达了中国古典园林建筑的设计手法,先合后开,一张一弛,充分考虑到了人的环境行为心理学。取名为清幽谷,似有表达环境的之意,这种场所对整天忙于工作的人来说确实是一个很能够放松的地方。再说这座曲桥,在古典园林结构曲直对比中,矛盾的主要方面在于“曲”,是以曲带直。造园理论中的“水必曲,园必隔”;“不妨偏径,板置婉转”等都是古代艺术家对园林的曲直布局的经验总结[10]。“曲”与“直”是既对立又统一的,既然是以曲带直,就还要包含直的因素。因此,从图片上可以看到曲桥的左边是一块高地,那有一条沿翠光阁走过来笔直的步道,有4米宽,步道另一侧沿六个台阶走下可达一大理石铺面的水泥平台,平台上有一些现代亭以及可供休憩的坐凳,坐在登上可以望到平台下面的衢江,以及对面起伏的山峦,偶见江中渔帆点点,空中飞鸟掠过,自然心旷神怡。从观赏学角度上来看,曲桥可以增大游览路线的距离,延长了赏景的时间宽度,扩大园林的空间感。同时,风景延续空间的曲又为游赏空间序列的节奏感、音乐感创造了条件,单一的“直”无法形成简单的重复空间,惟有“曲”才能带来各种变化,使空间呈现出抑扬顿挫的韵律[11]。加之为木制曲桥,其风韵无比,既是一道风景的好才场所,本身有是一道亮丽的风景线。采用本地的原生植物,使得设计更人性、更生态、更经济,使得整个清幽谷与自然的融合达到了极至,更有几分野趣。(7)日晷台日晷台设置于一平台上,与其说是一个景点,笔者倒觉得它只是作为一个雕塑。日晷为青铜所制,上刻有十二生肖图案,笔者认为它所要表达的意义更为抽象,日晷本身是古代计时的工具,与青铜、十二生肖结合所要表达是一种历史文化的积淀。(8)百舸急流主景为旱滩和商船,作为一个景观和文化的符号,象征龙游历史上水路航运便利,水运商贸兴盛。(9)遍地龙游这是一个历史文化气息很浓郁的场所。在古典园林中,景观的设置不需要表达多少历史层面的东西,只要表达园主的个人喜好就可以了。而在现代城市开放性公共休闲空间则不一样,特别是龙游,作为一个有着悠久历史文化的城市,她必须把这些历史和优秀的传统理念传承给年轻的一代,使之不断地发展。以及,作为浙西地区的旅游名城,她也必须把这些历史文化展现给外地来的游客,只有这样才能不断拓展城市旅游经济的发展。因此,在这个景点,设计师采用了一系列的图腾柱和各种抽象形状的景墙,上面雕刻着龙游的历史,以图形和象形文字的结合,使得直观却又那么地神秘。这样一来,立刻就把游人的心理给抓住了,满足了他们的好奇心和求知欲。人类的动机论认为,人类的心理,社会需求高与生理、安全的需求,在人的生理和安全之上还有社会认同、自尊和自我实现的需求。因此,舒适的休闲环境还需要提供适当的、足够的人文因素,来满足人的文化心理需求。例如,中国传统园林中,除了良好的物理环境之外,更多的注意人文环境的塑造,满足人们崇尚自然的心理 ,引导和暗示人们对文化上的认同感,追随空灵、幽远的儒家思想和道家思想[12]。例如,(附图8)所展现的是遍地龙游的一条步道,道旁边是历史字画浮雕——这种处理手法还是第一次见到。这样,使游人了解龙游历史文化、风土人情的同时,不知不觉走过了一段路程,而且这种布置本身就是一道亮丽的风景线。这种开放性的设计格局在现代的园林景观营造中是比较普遍的,从本质上说,这种手法已经完全超越了古典园林的手法,或者说是借鉴了国外的造园手法。4 现代城市开放性休闲空间的发展. 设计要素的沿用与发展创新 自然设计要素自然的地理、山水要素基本上沿用了古典园林的手法,特别是对“边缘区域”的钟爱。但在现代城市里,这些要素也具有较大的限制性,设计师不能够根据理想的模式来设计,而只能运用现代的技术进行改造。 构筑物设计要素在现代城市开放性公共休闲空间里构筑物的设计越来越显得抽象和艺术化,而不是想古典园林中的建筑物那么精细。特别是“景观盒”[13](见图1—4,1—5)概念的提出,这些盒子由墙、网或柱构成,以最简单的方式,给人以三维的体验。相对与中国古典园林中的亭。景观盒同样具有借景、观景、点景等功能,但亭的符号意义是外向的,而盒子的符号是内敛的。因此,通过景观盒,体验的是“小中见大”和“粗中见细”,相悖于中国传统园林中的“小中见大”。 视觉设计要素[14]在现代城市开放性公共休闲空间设计中,在某些景观处理上更大胆地借用视觉的冲击力,不论在形式感、秩序感还是比例、尺度以及样式、图案、格局的处理上有超越古典的手法。而且,在空间的层次性上,使得空间向着多维化发展。 历史文脉设计要素城市的发展和文化、文脉、历史发展唇齿相依,与古典园林不同的是,城市开放性公共休闲空间所表述的历史文化远远比古典园林中所表达的更系统化,科学化。 理论及技术要素自1900年,Landscape Architecture 作为一门现代独立学科开始,西方的造园理论逐渐成为一个系统化的知识学科。计算机技术的发展更加促进了该学科的发展,基于GIS上的现代景观规划设计,使得规划设计更加科学化。同时景观生态学中景观格局[15]的提出,把人性的崇尚自然、效法自然的心理更加直观化、理性化。对景观敏感度的分析[16]以及设立最低安全标准(Safe Minimum Standard 简称SMS )[17]对现代景观生态设计所产生的影响是巨大的。另外,夏建统的博士论文《面向对象设计方法》被国际计算机和城市设计协会评为“未来最具潜力希望研究课题”,以及2004年8月他在“2004北京国际城市景观与建筑设计博览会”上的演讲——《用自己的方式祈祷:当代中国景观规划设计的挑战》,不论对于国际还是国内的景观设计都是有重大意义的。5 结 语记得劳伦斯 哈普林说过:“现代风景园林不只是简单地营造空间,而且是将环境设计理解成一种为人类提供生存空间的神圣行为。”有这么一种说法,21世纪是中国的世纪,那么从我们这个专业角度出发,我觉得今后的风景园林设计应该是东西方的结合与升华。中国的古典园林有她自身独特的东西,西方也有他理想的方面,中国的城市化正不断地加剧,开放性的公共空间的增加是必然的,所谓“饮水思源”,我们不得不承认中国目前绝大部分城市中的开封性公共休闲空间的设计在一定程度上是对古典园林设计手法的继承和发展,我们没有理由相信一个不借助于任何先例而凭空产生的设计空间。中国古典园林设计是为园主自己设计的,那是一种人性化,他所营造的私密性小空间也是人性化的设计。现代城市休闲空间设计是为市民和游人设计的,他必须人性化,他所营造的开放性空间必须体贴人,否则就不能适应现代人类的思维,所设计的空间如果失去了人的参与,那么这个空间就是毫无意义的。参考文献:[1] 储椒生, 陈樟德,编著. 《 园林造景图说 》.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.[2] 储椒生, 陈樟德,编著. 《园林造景图说 》.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.[3] 刘静, 孙风歧,文. 城市公共空间景观设计与法规及规划的相关问题解析,《中国园林》 06/2004. 北京:《中国园林》杂志社 2004.[4] 刘滨谊,文. 城市公共空间设计:呼唤人性场所 .[5] 陈从周,主编 . 《中国园林鉴赏辞典》.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.[6] 储椒生, 陈樟德,编著. 《 园林造景图说 》.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.[7] 储椒生, 陈樟德,编著. 《 园林造景图说 》.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.[8] 储椒生, 陈樟德,编著. 《 园林造景图说 》.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.[9] 储椒生, 陈樟德,编著. 《 园林造景图说 》.上海:上海科学技术出版社,1988.[10] 陈从周,主编 . 《中国园林鉴赏辞典》.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.[11] 陈从周,主编 . 《中国园林鉴赏辞典》.上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001.[12] 荆其敏,张丽安,著.《城市休闲空间规划设计》.南京:东南大学出版社,2001.[13] 俞孔坚,刘玉杰,刘东云,文 .河流再生设计——浙江黄岩永宁公园生态设计,《中国园林》05/2005. 北京:《中国园林》杂志社 2004.[14] 荆其敏,张丽安,著.《城市休闲空间规划设计》.南京:东南大学出版社,2001[15] 俞孔坚,著. 《景观、文化、生态与感知》.北京:科学出版社,1998.[16] 俞孔坚,著. 《景观、文化、生态与感知》.北京:科学出版社,1998.[17] 俞孔坚,著. 《景观、文化、生态与感知》.北京:科学出版社,1998.

布局的差异

以法国为代表西方古典园林,布局开敞、道路笔直、景区呈几何形分割,一览无余,给人以扩大、张扬的感受。

中国古典园林的布局特征是于曲径处通幽,看似无规则、实则有矩。如此的空间营构,不仅拓展了有限的空间,而且富于诗性的韵律,给人含蓄、意味深长的审美感受。

建筑的表现手法

在西方园林中,造园师并不只着眼于建筑本身,而具有卓越的全局观念,以植物、水体、地形、建筑及小品等组成一个协调的建筑式的整体。

中国园林建筑是以回环曲折、参差、错落、忽而洞开、忽而幽闭的手法赋予其无限的变化。园林建筑为求得自然美,对于环境的选择极为重视。

对水的运用

在西方园林中,常设置水池、水阶梯、跌水、瀑布、壁泉、喷泉,各种各样的喷泉与雕塑结合,或以喷水的图案花纹优美取胜,还在喷水技巧上作改进,创造了水剧场、水风琴等具有音响效果的水景。

中国园林从水的布局上分两种形式,集中用水特点:整个园林以水池为中心,水池四周环列建筑,从而形成一种向心,内聚的格局,绝大多数均呈不规则形式。分散用水特点:化整为零的方法,把水面分割成了互相连通的若干小块,给人深邃清幽的感觉。

使用雕塑与山石的差异

在西方园林中雕塑十分常见,且造型丰富,姿态各异,多以神祗为主题,或独立或作群像,大多与喷泉、栏杆、立柱、壁龛相结合,瓶饰多以大理石制作,表面饰有图案各异的浮雕。

堆山叠石在我国传统造园艺术中的地位十分重要。凡有园,必有山石,园林中的山石是对自然幽石的艺术摹写,因又常称之为“假山”,它凝聚着造园家的艺术创造,具有传情作用,即“片山有致,寸石生情”。

中西方美学思想的对比

在西方,唯理美学思想统治欧洲达几千年之久,例如秩序强调整一、强调平衡对称,推崇圆、正方形等几何图形,不外是这种美学思想的一种继续和发展,其深深地影响到园林设计中。

中国古典园林则深受绘画、诗歌和文学等其他艺术的影响。经过艺术家的主观感受以萃取精华,但并非以“理性”为基础,完全是创作者感情的倾注;此外,中国园林还受儒、佛、道三家思想的影响。

中西园林在不同的哲学、美学思想支配下,不管是形式还是风格差别都十分鲜明。

在各种文化互相冲击交融的今天,我们在造园时除弘扬自己的传统文化外,还能更好地吸收和借鉴其他民族的优秀文化成果来充实和提高自己的作品,使整个人类的园林文化更加绚丽多彩。

中国园林英文论文格式

英语论文的格式

在个人成长的多个环节中,大家一定都接触过论文吧,论文是对某些学术问题进行研究的手段。写论文的注意事项有许多,你确定会写吗?下面是我帮大家整理的英语论文的格式,欢迎大家分享。

论文的'规格:正文长度 5,500—8,500 单词。

使用的语言:英语

论文分题目、引言、正文、参考文献、致谢等部分。

引文要注明出处。直接引用要加引号,间接引文要以转述的方式出现。然后以括号把引文来源写清楚:(作者名,年份,引文所在页码)

论文正文部分:

1、 题目大写,三号字,新时代罗马字,大写下面可写一个附标题,4号字;

2、 作者名,5号字,班级,学号

3、 指导教师名,5号字,职称

4、 摘要:用300词,5号字, 英文一页,中文一页

5、 关键词:不能用专有名词,词与词之间空四格(或一个tab键),不加标点符号

6、 正文:用5号字, 大部分标题用5号字黑体、小部分、小小部分。大部分用罗马字,小不分用一般数字符号:

引言:引入正题,不超过2段

7、 参考文献(bibliography):先英文,后中文

作者名,出版年月,文章名/书刊名,出版社,地点

9、致谢(acknowledgement)

五、 毕业论文质量标准

(一)选题恰当、与毕业生的知识水平与认识能力相当;

(二)内容丰富、资料翔实、论证充分有力;

(三)观点正确、逻辑性强、无违反国家大政方针的观点;

(四)叙述清楚、层次清晰而丰富;

(五)语言表达正确,无拼写错误、语言错误控制在20-25%00(万分之二十到二十五);

(六)用词、造句、谋篇、布局等方面无明显失误,修辞错误率控制在2%。

1.文章标题 英文标题一般在10个实词以内,最多不超过15个实词,避免使用非公知公用的缩略词,代号等.

2. 论文如有涉密问题或已在公开期刊上发表,请在篇首页地脚处注明.

3. 摘要 英文摘要一般为150-180个实词,中文摘要一般在300字以内,中英文摘要应基本一致.其内容应包括研究目的,方法,结果,结论等,禁用"本文","作者","This paper"等作主语.详见"科技期刊文章摘要的写作要求".

4. 关键词 每篇文章可选3~8个能反映文章主要内容的单词,词组或术语.英文关键词应与中文关键词相对应.

5中图分类号 请查《中国图书馆分类法》.

6. 正文 正文篇幅一般希望控制在成书5页(记空格,图表占位)以内.内容力求有创新,论证严谨,语句通顺,文字精炼.

7.文中正体,斜体,黑体字符的用法:

⑴斜体.变量名称用斜体单字母表示;下标若是由变量转化来的则用斜体;坐标轴(如x,y)和变量(如i,j)用斜体.

⑵正体.下标由文字转化来的说明性字符用正体;单位,词头用正体,如nm,pF等;几个特殊常量用正体,如e,i,π等.

⑶黑体.矩阵,矢量名称用黑体表示.

8.图形要求

图中所有线条,文字必须用黑色绘制;用线形或标识符区分;不得有背景;

图中线条须清晰,均匀,刻度线向内侧画,并且间隔应均匀;

图中坐标线粗磅,曲线宽度为坐标线宽度的3倍;

9.表格要求 表格采用三线表,表头中使用物理量符号/单位,如下例:

10.参考文献 来稿引用他人观点与材料,须将参考文献按正文中出现的先后次序列于文后,文中须在引用处右上角加注"「序号」".中文参考文献必须列出相应的英文,并在后面加注"(in Chinese)".引文作者姓名均为姓前名后,最多标3名,余下用"et al."代表.

著录格式为:(按不同析出物分类说明)

「连续出版物」 主要作者.题名「J」 .刊名,年,卷(期):起止页码.

「专著」 主要作者.书名「M」 .出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.

「译著」 主要作者.书名「M」 .译者.出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.

「论文集」 主要作者.题名「A」 .编者.论文集名「C」 .出版地(城市名):出版者,出版年.起止页码.

「会议论文」 主要作者.题名「Z」 .会议名称,会议召开地(城市名),召开年.

「学位论文」 作者.题名「D」 .所在城市:保存单位,年份.

「研究报告」 主要作者.题名「R」 .报告代码及编号(或:保存地点:责任单位),年份.

「报纸」 作者名.文章名「N」.报纸名,出版日期(版次).

「电子文献」 作者.题名「EB/OL」 .发表或更新日期/引用日期.

「专利」 申请者.专利名「P」 .专利国名:专利号,发布日期.

「技术标准」 技术标准代号,技术标准名称「S」 .

Times New Roman 字体,倍行距,首行缩进2字符,

英文论文的详细格式:

一、标题

一篇较长的英语论文(如英语毕业论文)一般都需要标题页,其书写格式如下:第一行标题与打印纸顶端的距离约为打印纸全长的三分之一,与下行(通常为by,居中)的距离则为5cm,第三、第四行分别为作者姓名及日期(均居中)。

如果该篇英语论文是学生针对某门课程而写,则在作者姓名与日期之间还需分别打上教师学衔及其姓名(如:Dr./)及本门课程的编号或名称(如:English 734或British Novel)。打印时,如无特殊要求,每一行均需double space,即隔行打印,行距约为(论文其他部分行距同此)。

二、提纲

英语论文提纲页包括论题句及提纲本身,其规范格式如下:先在第一行(与打印纸顶端的距离仍为左右)的始端打上 Thesis 一词及冒号,空一格后再打论题句,回行时左边须与论题句的第一个字母上下对齐。

主要纲目以大写罗马数字标出,次要纲目则依次用大写英文字母、阿拉伯数字和小写英文字母标出。各数字或字母后均为一句点,空出一格后再打该项内容的第一个字母;处于同一等级的纲目,其上下行左边必须对齐。

需要注意的是,同等重要的纲目必须是两个以上,即:有Ⅰ应有Ⅱ,有A应有B,以此类推。如果英文论文提纲较长,需两页纸,则第二页须在右上角用小写罗马数字标出页码,即ii(第一页无需标页码)。

三、摘要

1、英文摘要是应用符合英文语法的文字语言,提供论文内容梗概为目的的短文。(内容基本与中文摘要相同,但不用完全逐句对应)。

2、英文题目、摘要、关键词自成一页(1页即可),放在中文摘要页之后。

3、英文字体与行间距: 统一使用“西文字体”中的“Times New Roman”,倍行间距。

4、英文题目: 使用三号字加粗。

5、英文摘要: “Absract”顶格,使用四号字,并加粗。

英文摘要具体内容使用四号字。

6、英文关键词: “Key Words”顶格,使用四号字并加粗。

四、正文

有标题页和提纲页的英语论文,其正文第一页的规范格式为:论文标题居中,其位置距打印纸顶端约5cm,距正文第一行约。段首字母须缩进五格,即从第六格打起。

正文第一页不必标页码(但应计算其页数),自第二页起,必须在每页的右上角(即空出第一行,在其后部)打上论文作者的姓,空一格后再用阿拉伯数字标出页码;阿拉伯数字(或其最后一位)应为该行的最后一个空格。

在打印正文时尚需注意标点符号的打印格式,即:句末号(句号、问号及感叹号)后应空两格,其他标点符号后则空一格。

五、文中引述

正确引用作品原文或专家、学者的论述是写好英语论文的重要环节;既要注意引述与论文的有机统一,即其逻辑性,又要注意引述格式 (即英语论文参考文献)的规范性。

引述别人的观点,可以直接引用,也可以间接引用。无论采用何种方式,论文作者必须注明所引文字的作者和出处。美国学术界通行的做法是在引文后以圆括弧形式注明引文作者及出处。

六、文献目录

论文作者在正文之后必须提供论文中全部引文的详细出版情况,即文献目录页。美国高校一般称此页为 Works Cited, 其格式须注意下列几点:

目录页应与正文分开,另页打印,置于正文之后。

目录页应视为英语论文的一页,按论文页码的顺序在其右上角标明论文作者的姓和页码;如果条目较多,不止一页,则第一页不必标出作者姓和页码(但必须计算页数),其余各页仍按顺序标明作者姓和页码。

标题Works Cited与打印纸顶端的距离约为,与第一条目中第一行的距离仍为;各条目之间及各行之间的距离亦为,不必留出更多空白。

各条目内容顺序分别为作者姓、名、作品名、出版社名称、出版地、出版年份及起止页码等;各条目应严格按各作者姓的首字母顺序排列,但不要给各条目编码,也不必将书条与杂志、期刊等条目分列。各条目第一行需顶格打印,回行时均需缩进五格,以将该条目与其他条目区分开来。

英语论文摘要又称文摘,是论文的重要组成部分,它是以提供文献内容梗概为目的,不加评论和补充解释,简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。摘要应具有独立性和自明性,并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息,即不需阅读全文,就可获得重要的信息。

摘要通常置于文题之后,文章之首。在论文发表后,论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。英语论文摘要一般为200-300单词,并有与英文摘要表达观点一致的中文摘要与之对应。

扩展资料:

发表论文作用:

论文是指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章。它既是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段,又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具。不同的人发表论文的作用也不同:

1、评职称(晋升职称):研究生 毕业需要;教师 、医护人员 、科研院所的人员、企业员工 等 晋升高一级的职称时,发表期刊论文是作为一项必须的参考指标。

2、申报基金、课题 :教育、科技、卫生系统 每年申报的国家自然科学基金项目、其它各种基金项目、各种研究课题时,发表论文 是作为 基金或课题 完成的一种研究成果的结论性展示。

3、世界性基础领域的研究,比如在医学、数学、物理、化学、生命科学 等领域开展的基础性研究,公开发表论文 是对最新科技 科学研究成果、研究方法的一种展示和报道。以推动整个社会的科技进步等。

参考资料来源:百度百科——英文论文

外国语学院英语论文格式规范(附样例) A Contrastive Study between English and Chinese Idioms(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中,除了英语小词外,其他单词首字母都要大写;另外:除了题目外,论文中所有英文的字体均采用“Times New Roman”)外国语学院 2001级英语教育1030120011XX XXX 指导老师:XXX(学院、专业、学号、作者姓名、指导教师姓名(小四号宋体字,加粗),依次排印在论文题目下,上空二行,居中)【Abstract】 This paper centers on the different expressions of ……(英文摘要:上空二行;题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号;采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗;单倍行距。)【Key Words】 idiom; comparison; English; Chinese (英文关键词:题目采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,加粗,两个单词的首字母要大写,置于粗体方括号【】内,顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用任何其他标点符号,采用五号“Times New Roman”字体,不加粗,除了专有名词外,其他单词的首字母不大写,各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后空一格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距。)1. Introduction (顶格,除了第一个单词及专有名词外,其他单词首字母都不要大写;标题最后不用任何标点符号,上空两行) In both English and Chinese, …. So, this essay is trying to focus on the differences between Chinese and English idoms in terms of their essential meaning, customary usage and typical expression (Chang Liang, 1993:44; Li Guangling, 1999). (段落第一行缩进4个英文字符;夹注的标注法:出现在夹注中的作者必须与文后的参考文献形成一一对应关系;注意一个或多个作者间的标点符号,时间、页码等的标注法;另外,汉语参考文献的作者要以拼音形式出现,不能出现汉语姓氏;夹注出现在标点符号之前)2. The similarities between English idioms and Chinese idioms In English, …. And it can be clearly seen in the below examples: (1) I don’t know。我不知道。 (2) I am not a poet. 我不是诗人。 (正文中的例子以(1),(2)…为序号排列,直至最后一个例子;而①, ②…则为脚注或尾注的上标序号)…3. The differences between English idioms and Chinese The characteristics of English idioms(正文章节序号编制:章的编号:1. ,2., 3.,…;节的编号:…,…;小节的编号为:, …。小节以下层次,采用希腊数字加括号为序,如(i),(ii)…;之后再采用字母加括号,如(a), (b),…;每章题目左顶格,小四号字,加粗;每节(及小节以下)题目左顶格,小四号字,不加粗但要斜体;所有章节的题目都单独一行,最后不加任何标点符号) …. In conclusion, …. The characteristics of Chinese idioms …. Feng (1998) found some problems as shown in the following examples (注意此句中夹注的另一种写法): (9) We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. (10) People take no thought of the value of time until they lose it. …. The analysis of the differences between English and Chinese idioms …(i) …. ….(ii) …. …. 4. Conclusion ….Bibliography (References) (小四号,加粗,后面不加任何标点符号)Sanved, ed. The Oxford book of American literary anecdotes[C]. New York: OUP, 1981.常亮,“关于英语的偏离否定”[J] 。《外国语文》,1993,4:44。冯树健,“否定之否定新说”[J] 。《英语辅导》,1998,6:11。李光陵,“不完全否定浅析” [J] 。《大学英语》,2000,30:30。(论文最后的参考文献中所有文献的排列顺序:尾注:按照编号顺序。夹注:英文文献----网络文献----汉语文献,各个文献的先后以作者的姓氏字母或拼音为序,不用单独加序号或编号;每个参考文献的第二行起必须缩进4个英文字符;倍行距;另外,与文中的夹注一一对应;不同类型的参考文献写法请参照写作指南中附件2的内容)(以下内容单独一页)汉英习语的对比研究(题目:二号,黑体,加粗,居中)【摘 要】 汉英的习语问题是个既简单有复杂………………(中文摘要:上空二行;题目采用黑体五号字,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,缩进2个汉字字符,方括号中的“摘要”两个字之间空一格;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号,采用楷体五号字,不加粗,单倍行距; 第二行起要顶格;字数约400字,约8-10行;)【关键词】 习语;对比;英语;汉语(中文关键词:题目采用黑体五号字,加粗,置于粗体方括号【】内,缩进2个汉字字符;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号【】之间空一格,不用其他任何标点符号,采用楷体五号字,不加粗,单倍行距;各单词之间用分号“;”隔开,分号之后不空格;最后一个关键词之后不用任何标点符号;单倍行距)一、 基本格式:论文只能打印在每页纸的一面上,不得打印在正反面上。论文纸的大小尺寸为A4纸打印。侧面装订。二、题名页:论文题名页上打印格式基本相近,中、英文对照,中文题目页在第一页,英文题目页在第二页。一般由顶部往下三分之一页处打印论文题目,论文题目都用大写字母,下隔八行打印论文调查者姓名、所属电大,再下隔八行视实际情况打上提交日期XX年XX月XX日以及课程名称:论文项目设计上述各项内容都应打印在论文题名页的中间部位。三、摘要及关键词页摘要及关键词页上打印格式同论文题名页,中、英文对照,中文题目页在上,英文题目页在下。一般根据提要的内容多少安排打印。中文题目摘要采用宋体一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用宋体,小四号。关键字题目部分采用宋体三号,加粗,关键字短语部分采用宋体,小四号。英文题目摘要采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,摘要正文部分采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四。四、致谢页学员可以自选致谢页,一般不要求写中文。英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,正文部分采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四。五、目录页英文大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗,小标题部分统一采用Times New Roman字体,字号为三号,加粗。注意在右方注明对应的页号,中间虚线连接。六、正文页论文的正文需隔行打印,正文采用Times New Roman字体,字号为小四。大标题为Times New Roman字体,字号为三号、加粗字。副标题为Times New Roman字体,字号为三号、加粗。七、尾注、参考文献页与附录页尾注、参考文献页与附录页(大标题采用Times New Roman字体,字号为一号,加粗)正文部分如尾注、参考文献目录与附录可不必隔行打印,字体为Times New Roman小四。

园林工程论文外文文献

园林设计毕业论文参考文献

参考文献是在学术研究过程中,对某一著作或论文的整体的参考或借鉴。征引过的文献在注释中已注明,不再出现于文后参考文献中。以下是我为大家收集的园林设计毕业论文参考文献范例,供大家参考!

学位论文:

[1]赵军.从自囿走向开放[D].南京农业大学,2008.

[2]张锋.朱启铃与北京市政建设[D].首都师范大学,2007.

[3]李惠民.近代石家庄城市化研究(1901-1949)[D].河北师范大学,2007.

[4]王丹丹.北京公共园林的'发展与演变历程研究[D].北京林业大学,2012.

[5]李在辉.天津租界园林与保护[D].天津大学,2006

[6]王志勇.近代保定天津城市发展比较研究(1840-1927)[D]?华中师范大学,2005.

[7]闫永增.以矿兴市-近代唐山城市发展研究(1878-1948年)[D].厦门大学,2007.

[8]孙媛.从城市公园看中国现代景观的产生与发展[D].天津大学,2009.

[9]崔鹏飞.秦皇岛开 埠 与区域经济的近代变迁[D].河北师范大学,2008.

[10]孙媛.从城市公园看中国现代景观的产生与发展[D].天津大学,2009.

[11]崔鹏飞.秦皇岛开 埠 与区域经济的近代变迁[D].河北师范大学,2008.

[12]薛春莹.北京近代城市规划研究[D].武汉理工大学,2003.

[13]李珊珊.重庆中央公园:一个城市公共空间的演变及其机制研究[D].重庆大学,2013.

[14]王蕾.城市绿地分类信息管理系统[D].新疆农业大学,2006.

[15]杜广如.城市绿地空间系统的规划研究[D].河北农业大学,2006.

[16] Shi Mingzheng. Beijing Transforms: Urban Infrastructure. Public Works, and Social Change inthe Chinese Capital. 1900-1928. 1993.

专著:

[1]吴良 镛 .京津冀地区城乡空间发展规划研究[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2002.

[2]同济大学,董鉴泓.中国城市建设史3版[M]?北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2004.

[3]汪菊渊.中国古代园林史[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2006.

[4]王炜,闫虹.老北京公园开放记[M].北京:学苑出版社,2008.

[5]贾琚.北京私家园林志[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2009.

[6]北京经济委员会编.北京园林绿化志[M].北京:燕山出版社,2004.

[7]北京动物园管理处?北京动物园志[M]?北京:中国林业出版社,2002.

[8]北海景山公园管理处.北海景山公园志[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.

[9](民国)陈植编.都市与公圈论[M].北京:商务印书馆,1930年版

[10](民国)陆衣言.南京游览指南[M]?上海:中华书局,1929年版,南京图书馆古籍部藏.

[11]周维权著.中国古典园林史[M].北京:清华大学出版社,1999.

[12]于海漪.南通近代城市规划与建设[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2005.

[13]陈宗藩.燕都丛考[M].北京:古籍出版社,1991.

[14]天津市地方志编修委员会编.天津简志[M].天津:天津人民出版社,1991.

[15]张彤,张岩.天津历史名园[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,2008.

[16]天津市历史博物馆等编,杨大辛主编.近代天津图志[M].天津:天津古籍出版社,2004.

[17]河北省地方志编纂委员会编.河北省志[M].北京:民族出版社,1995.

[18]石家庄市规划局.石家庄市规划志[M].北京:新华出版社,1994.

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已发送,请及时采纳哦~《Application of residential landscape design scheme evaluation based on fuzzy comprehensive and grey system methods》 Xiaohong Wang - 2009To reduce blindness and subjectivity in residential landscape design scheme evaluation at present, we attempted to use fuzzy ...

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A properly designed panorama will all the time change with time, abd a number of the landscape design software program obtainable will mean you can view your panorama because it matures. You may see what it’s going to seem like 5 or 10 years from now when the bushes have grown and the plants people prefer to incorparate a garden of their landscape design. Gardens may be tucked away in the nook of an space, or be the point of interest of the entire panorama design. Gardens can even be stragecly positioned among the plants, flowers and trees so they mix in with your entire landscape design. If you like to backyard, dont overlook all of the garden design possiblities when planning your landscape you want extra info with regard to landscape architect los angeles, pay a visit to Demitri Sanromartin’s internet site without delay2\We are all ready to invest large amounts of money on landscaping in order to give a face lift to our homes. 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Garden lighting is encouraged not just for functional purposes but also for displaying the best features of the space even at be able to continue to keep the garden in excellent shape, it is crucial to understand its needs like routine and controlled watering, tilling, mowing, and weed removal. Watering needs to be season and weather appropriate because gardens that are way too dry or too wet will never flourish so make sure that you adjust Vaccaro researches and writes extensively on the best practices in online marketing. Some articles that I recommend reading can be found on the topics of path to financial responsibility and learning spanish

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