一般在论文里,都要求有一至二个英文文献。我给你几个参考。都是有关资讯系统的参考文献。 [1] Management Information System , Mcleod , Printice Hall , 1998 [2] Thomas R. Security Risk Associates Inc,2001 [3] H. M. Hassan & Charles Hutchinson. Natural Resource and Environmental Information for Decision Making. A World Bank Publication, Washington D. C., USA, 1995 [4] Willian K, Michener, James W. Brunt & Susan G. Stafford. Environmental Information Management and Analysis: Ecosystem to Global Scales, Taylor & Franics Ltd, London, Britain,1994 [5] [美] Michael N. DeMers著,武法东、付宗堂、王小牛等译. 地理资讯系统基本原理(第二版). 北京:电子工业出版社,2001 [6] Michael F. Worboys. GIS: A Computing Perspective. Taylor & Franics Ltd, London, Britain,1995 [7] Robert Laurini, Derek Thompson. Fundamentals of Spatial Information Systems. Academic Press, London, 1993 _______________________________________________________ 参考文献: (1)、《管理资讯系统》(第三版) 薛华成主编 清华大学出版社 1999年; (2)、《管理资讯系统》 陈禹主编 中国人民大学出版社 1998年; (3)、《资讯系统开发方法――方法、策略、技术、工具与发展》 姜旭平编著; 清华大学出版社 1997年; (4)、《计算机资料处理系统分析与设计》 王勇领编著 清华大学出版社 1986年; (5)、《管理资讯系统导论》 黄梯云主编 机械工业出版社 1985年; (6)、《系统分析与设计》 季延平、郭鸿志合著 华秦书局 1995年;
: 给你一赛迪网,里面有关酒店客房管理的很多,觉得好给我加分哦
你好,要开发物资采购资讯系统其实只要针对你单位业务特性,先做出业务需求分析,然后按照业务需求分析做出差异分析报告,按照报告功做出能点设计。看您选择什么系统软体了。不需要什么文献。
基于你的问题 寝室管理系统,可以为你提供一份适用于初学者的程式码, 有进一步需求,可以我们联络,,给我留一个你的问题和Email,有机会可以帮你,肯定救急,使用百度_Hi给我留言, 此回复针对所有来访者和需求者有效, ES:\\53EC904AEA00006C907341ADACBC823A
1. Zehery,Mohamed H University Library Development in the Arab Gulf Region:A Survey and Analysis of Six State University Libraries 1997 2. Dr Frank Tung IBM Digital Library Lecture 1997 3. Coyne Salib Applying web-based product libraries 2001 4. Terry Swenson The Data Requirements Framework Database Programming & Design 1998
缩写为iMIS integrated Management Information System,是一种为企业量身定做的整体管理方案。通常通过模组化管理形式完成:包括业务管理、流程管理、客户关系管理等,有助于企业提升流程管理效率,总结业务知识,使决策层、经营者和员工在这个平台上合理有效地协作。
materials management information systems
我有要不要传给你?
初识基金: 居然还有这种好东西 2004年初,吴先生在营业厅从事柜台业务,当他看到无数储户排起拥挤的长龙把银行营业部大厅挤得水泄不通,却只为了把钱存入需交纳20%利息所得税的教育基金时,职业的原因促使他开始寻找一种更优的投资渠道。一个偶然的机会,他在建行报中发现了当时最为火爆的某基金公司发行的价值增长基金。2004年3、4月份,股市上冲到1700点时,这只基金净值最高涨到元,随后的下跌行情也只跌了百分之十几。这种高收益跟银行存款利率相比具有极大的吸引力。“世界上居然还有这种好东西。”他想。 2004年8月,上投摩根中国优势基金通过建行销售,公司总经理王鸿嫔亲自到陕西推广。吴先生也到会场听了讲座,旋即被王鸿嫔所讲的投资理念和她自身的传奇经历深深吸引。中国优势基金发行首日,他动员他的同事和他在交通银行的朋友认购。他买了10000元,其他的同事和朋友都各买了几千元。 吴先生快人快语,言辞幽默。“我有些做投资的朋友,买了基金或者股票,每天频繁交易,副业比主业干得还累,遇到市场波动就愁眉苦脸,担惊受怕。”他说,“这有啥,难道中国经济有问题吗?没有。难道中国股市会崩盘吗?也不会。既然如此,即使短期亏损,又能亏损多少钱呢?”他认为那些买了基金之后就整日为基金所累的人很可笑。“既然选择了自己信任的管理人,那就别去管投资上的事情。涨跌波动让专家去处理。”他还很自豪地告诉记者,现在只要在他们营业部谈到中国优势基金,没人不会提起他的名字,因为他不仅是他们营业部第一个认购中国优势基金的人,而且是唯一一个持有至今的人。 在2005年的熊市行情中,中国优势基金净值一度跌到元,有的同事和朋友开始抱怨他,他告诉他们,“我们做的是中长期投资,在目前的下跌行情中,这只基金的表现已相当好了,只要坚持持有一定会有收获的。”2005年下半年中国优势基金净值涨到元,一个朋友卖掉了手中的基金,2006年上半年涨到元时,又有同事卖掉了手中的基金。之后就不断有人善意地提醒他赶快卖掉中国优势基金。这样的话听多了,他就反问,“你卖掉基金打算把钱放在哪里?存活期或者定期?”有人给出答案说,“买一只新基金。” “在目前的上涨行情中一只新基金会做得更好吗?你有什么理由证明一个新基金公司、新基金经理比中国优势基金更好,以至于值得你付出2%手续费的代价?”一直以来他都把这句话说给那些想“换手”的基金持有人,既然选择的这家基金公司过去业绩很好,那为何要花费手续费去重新换一只不了解的基金呢? 因此,纵然有无数只基金发行,吴先生却近乎偏执地抱住最初的唯一一只基金不放,他这种弱水三千、只取一瓢的做法,除了品牌情结以外,更多的是一种长期以来的信任。吴先生唯一的一次交易,就是将现金分红改为红利再投资。他当初投入的10000元目前市值超过了36000元。
你不知道到中国知网 这些专业论文网站去下载嘛 如果是一个大学 这些网站都是免费的
apa格式英文参考文献模板如下:
Directory to APA in-text citation models(文中的资源引用格式)。
Directory to APA references(文后的索引格式)。
更多关于英国论文写作方面的问题,同学们在平时的英国留学中如果有哪些疑问可以查找一些国内的留学服务平台。
撰写英文题名的注意事项
①英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本上由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成;短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰。各个词的顺序很重要,词序不当,会导致表达不准。
②一般不要用陈述句,因为题名主要起标示作用,而陈述句容易使题名具有判断式的语义,且不够精炼和醒目。少数情况(评述性、综述性和驳斥性)下可以用疑问句做题名,因为疑问句有探讨性语气,易引起读者兴趣。
③同一篇论文的英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
英文论文写作参考文献
参考文献是文章或著作等写作过程中参考过的文献,文后参考文献是指为撰写或编辑论文和著作而引用的有关文献信息资源。
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商业银行营销Commercial Banks marketing
Creating Your Budget on PaperCreating a household budget on paper won't provide graphical budget reports found in budgeting or personal finance software, but creating a budget on paper has the advantage of being always available, not just when the computer is on PaperTo create a budget form with pen and paper or a word processor, you need to decide if you will budget the same amount for expenses and income for each month, or if you will be budgeting fluctuating amounts across the year. The method you decide on dictates the number of columns you will need in your budget up a budget on paper can be as simple as using your writing instrument of choice and a ruler to draw rows and columns. The advantage of this system is that it is portable and always available. The disadvantage is that as you tweak your budget or find new categories you need to budget for, you will need to rewrite parts of the budget or redo it you budget the same amount each month, draw two columns on paper, one for income and expense categories (paycheck, groceries, utilities) and one for the monthly budgeted amount for each category. If you are budgeting income or expenses will fluctuate monthly, you need a column for the budgeted categories and twelve columns to hold monthly up total expenses and income in a total row at the bottom of the budgeted amounts column. If you are budgeting for all twelve months, total each month individually. The total expense rows need to be compared to total income to be sure you are not more at Suite101: Creating Your Budget on Paper: Personal Financial Planning Form Print OutsPrinting out a blank budget form from a web site or word processing software provides a neat format for recording budget data. This is a good solution for those who want to create their budget by hand but don't want to have to redraw lines for columns and rows when the budget with a completely hand-written budget, you need to decide if you will budget the same amount for expenses and income for each month, or if you will be budgeting fluctuating amounts across the year. If you go with a static budget amount month after month, you only require two columns - one for the budgeted category and one for the amount budgeted. Budgeting different monthly amounts calls for a category column and a column for each month in a year. Be sure to include a total row beneath the budgeted amounts so you can see if total expenses surpass total Budget Planning PrintablesUsing Tables in Microsoft Word: Tips on using the Tables feature in Microsoft Word to create your budget free printable budget planning forms require the free Adobe ReaderTo use forms for tracking your monthly spending after you create your budget: print out the form, fill in budgeted amounts that will not change and then make photocopies to avoid recording budgeted amounts each Balance Pro's complete budget form with a personal financial analysis with the 8-page Money Management Planner to break down current spending, planned budget and changes in spending needed to reach budgeted amounts. Includes weekly and monthly expense records. Detailed Budget Worksheet from Freddie Mac includes lines for brief notes. Monthly Budget Worksheet from includes a Monthly Spending Summary on the last page, with a spot to record surplus or shortfall. Less detailed and very colorful Simple Monthly Budget worksheet from more at Suite101: Creating Your Budget on Paper: Personal Financial Planning
银行英语口语英语专业毕业论文范文商务英语毕业论文范文银行信用风险的成因及防范
Too-big-to-fail: Bank failure and banking policy in Jamaica J. Daleya, , , K. Matthewsb and K. Whitfieldb aDepartment of Management Studies, University of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston 7, Jamaica bCardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Colum Drive, Cardiff, CF10 3EU Wales, UK Received 7 October 2005; accepted 16 December 2006. Available online 22 December 2006. Abstract Research on the causes of bank failure has focused on developed countries, particularly the United States of America. Relatively little empirical work has examined developing countries. We examine the total population of banks in Jamaica between 1992 and 1998 and find that real GDP growth, size, and managerial efficiency were the most significant factors contributing to the failure of banks. Bank failure is defined to include bailout and regulator-induced or supervised merger. Our results suggest that there were implicit ‘too-big-to-fail’ policies during this period. Keywords: Bank failures; Too-big-to-fail; Developing economies; Jamaica JEL classification codes: G21; G28 Article Outline 1. Introduction 2. Bank failure in Jamaica 3. Bank failure literature 4. Data and methodology 5. The likelihood of failure 6. Failure and bail-out 7. Conclusion Acknowledgements Appendix A. Pool of variables References 1. Introduction The last decade of the 20th century was unprecedented in Jamaica's financial history. Of a population of 37 banks, 21 were classified as failed, with 14 being so classified in 1 year—1998. However, few outright closures occurred. Most problem banks were merged with other banks, or continued to operate through financial support from the government. More than a half of domestic banks received some kind of financial support from the government, initiated voluntary bankruptcy proceedings or surrendered their licences. Explanations for such banking problems vary. Empirical research on bank failures separates the causal factors into bank-specific, industry-specific, macroeconomic and other. However, much of the debate on developing countries has neglected banks at the individual level, and has focused on the problems faced at the sector or industry level. Moreover, the (often conflicting) results of existing studies do not offer inferences about the factors that are particularly significant in developing countries, or to those that are significant to the failure of individual banks, or to the fate of problem banks. This paper addresses the following questions: what factors were significant in the banking crisis in Jamaica? What factors influenced how the crisis was handled and was there an implicit too-big-to-fail (TBtF) policy? What are the lessons for bank regulators in developing economies that can assist in better preparedness for the future? To address these questions, the within-sample performance of a panel of Jamaican banks is examined. Some of the factors identified as contributing to failure include deterioration in the macroeconomic environment, rapid expansion and weakness in a range of bank-specific factors: capital, management, and liquidity. The size results are particularly significant and point to the operation of implicit ‘TBtF’ policies. Larger banks are more likely to fail, but are also more likely to be bailed out rather than closed. The next section discusses the banking crisis in Jamaica. Section 3 reviews the literature on bank failures. Section 4 discusses data and methodology. Sections Sections 5 and 6 present the results, and Section 7 concludes. 2. Bank failure in Jamaica The term ‘bank failure’ has been interpreted varyingly. The more precise definitions have focused on accounting factors (for example, [Martin, 1977] and [Benston and Kaufman, 1995]), economic factors ([Bell et al., 1990] and [González-Hermosillo et al., 1997]), or legal factors (Meyer and Pifer, 1970). Conversely, more general definitions have attempted to be all-inclusive and have applied a ‘catch-all’ combination of specific definitions (for example, Thomson, 1992). Using a general definition of ‘bank failure’ embracing closure, bankruptcy, supervised merger, or direct government assistance, we assess the population of banks in Jamaica over the period 1992– Table 1 shows a comparative profile of the Jamaican banking sector before and after the crisis. Table 1. Banking system profile: pre- and post-banking crisis Jamaican banking sector
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银行英语口语英语专业毕业论文范文商务英语毕业论文范文银行信用风险的成因及防范
The causal relationships between performance drivers and outcomes: Reinforcing balanced scorecards’ implementation through system dynamics models[J] . Federico Barnabè,Cristiano Busco. Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change . 2012 (4) Linking Top Management Support and IT Infrastructure with Organizational Performance: Mediating Role of Knowledge Application[J] . Abdul Haque,Shamyla Anwar. Canadian Social Science . 2012 (1) Service orientation and performance: an organizational perspective[J] . Richard S. Lytle,John E. Timmerman. Journal of Services Marketing . 2006 (2) A descriptive analysis on the implementation of Balanced Scorecards in German-speaking countries[J] . Gerhard Speckbacher,Juergen Bischof,Thomas Pfeiffer. Management Accounting Research . 2003 (4) 搜索原文,复制粘贴
Creating Your Budget on PaperCreating a household budget on paper won't provide graphical budget reports found in budgeting or personal finance software, but creating a budget on paper has the advantage of being always available, not just when the computer is on PaperTo create a budget form with pen and paper or a word processor, you need to decide if you will budget the same amount for expenses and income for each month, or if you will be budgeting fluctuating amounts across the year. The method you decide on dictates the number of columns you will need in your budget up a budget on paper can be as simple as using your writing instrument of choice and a ruler to draw rows and columns. The advantage of this system is that it is portable and always available. The disadvantage is that as you tweak your budget or find new categories you need to budget for, you will need to rewrite parts of the budget or redo it you budget the same amount each month, draw two columns on paper, one for income and expense categories (paycheck, groceries, utilities) and one for the monthly budgeted amount for each category. If you are budgeting income or expenses will fluctuate monthly, you need a column for the budgeted categories and twelve columns to hold monthly up total expenses and income in a total row at the bottom of the budgeted amounts column. If you are budgeting for all twelve months, total each month individually. The total expense rows need to be compared to total income to be sure you are not more at Suite101: Creating Your Budget on Paper: Personal Financial Planning Form Print OutsPrinting out a blank budget form from a web site or word processing software provides a neat format for recording budget data. This is a good solution for those who want to create their budget by hand but don't want to have to redraw lines for columns and rows when the budget with a completely hand-written budget, you need to decide if you will budget the same amount for expenses and income for each month, or if you will be budgeting fluctuating amounts across the year. If you go with a static budget amount month after month, you only require two columns - one for the budgeted category and one for the amount budgeted. Budgeting different monthly amounts calls for a category column and a column for each month in a year. Be sure to include a total row beneath the budgeted amounts so you can see if total expenses surpass total Budget Planning PrintablesUsing Tables in Microsoft Word: Tips on using the Tables feature in Microsoft Word to create your budget free printable budget planning forms require the free Adobe ReaderTo use forms for tracking your monthly spending after you create your budget: print out the form, fill in budgeted amounts that will not change and then make photocopies to avoid recording budgeted amounts each Balance Pro's complete budget form with a personal financial analysis with the 8-page Money Management Planner to break down current spending, planned budget and changes in spending needed to reach budgeted amounts. Includes weekly and monthly expense records. Detailed Budget Worksheet from Freddie Mac includes lines for brief notes. Monthly Budget Worksheet from includes a Monthly Spending Summary on the last page, with a spot to record surplus or shortfall. Less detailed and very colorful Simple Monthly Budget worksheet from more at Suite101: Creating Your Budget on Paper: Personal Financial Planning
在论文的写作过程中,法学论文的参考文献引用应当实事求是、科学合理,不可以为了凑数随便引用。下文是我为大家整理的关于法学论文参考文献外文的内容,欢迎大家阅读参考! 法学论文外文参考文献(一) [1]范愉.司法制度概论[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,2003:23. [2]付子堂.法律功能论W].北京:中国政法大学出版社,1999:252. [3]罗斯.社会控制[M].北京:华夏出版社,1989,:353. [4]王利明.法治的社会需要司法公正[M].北京:法制出版社,2005. [5]程竹汝.司法改革与政治发展[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2001:5. [6]张晋藩.中国法律的传统和近代转型[M].北京:法律出版社,2006. [7]董必武.董必武政治法律文集[M]北京:法院出版社,1982. [8]罗.庞德.通过法律的社会控制、法律的任务[M]北京:商务印书馆,1984:8-9. [9]孟德斯鸠.论法的精神[M]北京:商务印书馆,1982:154. [10]庞德.通过法律的社会控制、法律的任务[M]北京:商务印书馆,1984:42. [11]孙万胜.司法权的法理之维[M]北京:法律出版社,2002:134. [12]苏力.送法下乡一中国基层司法制度研究[M].北京:中国政法大学出版社,2000:200. [13]范偷.纠纷解决的理论与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2007:547-555. [14]田有成.乡土社会的民间法[M].北京:法律出版社,2005:4. [15]顾培东.构建和谐社会背景下的纠纷解决之道[M].北京:中国政法大学,2004:1. 法学论文外文参考文献(二) 1.沈跃东:《乡镇人民政府环境保护职权的法规范分》,《法治研究》2012年第3期。 2.徐亚文:《口述历史与法律》,《中共青岛市委党校.青岛行政学院学报》2012年第1期。 3.陈瑞华:《从 经验 到理论的法学 方法 》,《法学研究 》2011年第6期。 4.薛以胜:《法学研究方法初探》,《科技信息》2011年第3期。 5.崔二玲:《浅析法律方法》,《法制与社会》2011年第1期。 6.罗旭南:《法学方法多样化在中国法律史教学中的适用》,《海南大学学报》(文社会科学版)2011年第4期。 7.刘颖:《法学方法与法律方法的耦合》,《中南林业科技大学学报》(社会科学版)2011年第4期。 8.李云海:《中国法学研究方法浅》,《经济研究导刊》2011年第31期。 9.谢晖:《论规范分析方法》,《中国法学》2009年第2期。 10.冀海虹:《司法过程中法学方法之解读——以价值分析法为核心》,《山东省农业管理干部学院学报》2009年第2期。 11.王丽霞:《<法学方法论>与法学方法 教育 》,《山西大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2008年第4期。 12.冯 果:《法解释学等传统法学方法——未来中国经济法学的主流研究方法》,《重庆大学学报》(社会科学版) 2008年第5期。 13.刘连泰:《分析实证主义法学方法在宪法研究中的局限性——以“分离命题”为中心》,《厦门大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2008年第1期。 14.张传新:《法律方法的普遍智力品格及其限度——从法律方法与法学方法称谓争论谈起》,《求是学刊》2008年第5期。 15.魏治勋:《“规范分析”概念的分析》,《法学论坛》2008年第5期。 法学论文外文参考文献(三) [1]王名扬:《英国行政法》,中国政法大学出版社1987年版. [2]黎宏:《不作为犯研究》,武汉大学出版社1997年版. [3]马生安:《行政行为研究—宪政下的行政行为基本理论》,山东人民出版社2008年版. [4]罗豪才主编:《中国司法审查制度》,北京大学出版社1993年版. [5]张文显:《法哲学范畴研究》,中国政法大学出版社2001年版. [6]陈新民:《公法学札记》,法律出版社2010年版. [7]陆伟明:《服务行政法论》,中国政法大学出版社2012年版. [8]周叶中:《代议制度比较研究》,武汉大学出版社2005年版. [9]袁裕来:《特别代理:民告官手记Ⅷ》,中国检察出版社2012年版. [10]张文显主编:《法理学》,高等教育出版社、北京大学出版社1999年版. [11]应松年主编:《外国行政程序法汇编》,中国法制出版社2004年版. [12]王利明:《侵权行为法归责原则研究》,中国政法大学出版社2003年版. [13]张明楷:《刑法格言的展开》,法律出版社2003年版. [14]梁津明、郭春明、郭庆珠、魏建新:《行政不作为之行政法律责任探究》,中国检察出版社2011年版. [15]王振宇:《行政诉讼制度研究》,中国人民大学出版社2012年版. 法学论文外文参考文献(四) [1]任丁秋.私人银行业与资产管理---瑞士范例[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2000. [2]邢毓静,巴曙松.经济全球化与中国金融运行[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2000. [3]倪受彬.国有商业银行资本信托运营法律问题研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2008. [4]盛学军.全球化背景下的金融监管法律问题研究[M].北京:法律出版社,2008. [5]中国人民银行金融稳定分析小组.中国金融稳定 报告 2012[M].北京:中国金融出版社,2012. [6]连建辉,孙焕民.走近私人银行[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2006. [7]李春满.私人银行业务[M].吉林:吉林大学出版社,2008. [8]曹彤,张秋林.中国私人银行[M].北京:中信出版社,2010. [9]李开国,张玉敏.中国民法学[M].北京:法律出版社,2002. [10]徐保满.金融信托与租赁[M].北京:科学出版社,2007. [11]孟建华.洗钱与银行机构反洗钱[M].福州:福建人民出版社,2006. [12]卓泽渊.法律价值论[M].北京:法律出版社,1999. [13][英]莫德.全球私人银行业务管理[M].刘立达译,北京:经济科学出版社,2007. [14]王征宇,于江等编著.美国的个人征信局及其服务[M].北京:中国方正出版社,2003. [15]丁邦开,何俊坤等.社会信用法律制度[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2006. 法学论文外文参考文献(五) [1]陈卫东主编《模范刑事诉讼法典》,中国人民大学出版社2005年9月第1版 [2]张月满着《刑事证人证言规则》中国检察出版社2004年第一版 [3]《法国刑事诉讼法典》译者:罗结珍,中国法制出版社2006年1月第1版 [4]孙孝福《刑事诉讼人权保障的运行机制研究》法律出版社,2001年6月版 [5]田圣斌着《刑事诉讼人权保障制度研究》法律出版社2008年1月第1版 [6]宋英辉孙长永刘新魁等着《外国刑事诉讼法》法律出版社2006年1月第1版 [7]刘根菊等着《刑事司法创新论》,北京大学出版社2006年3月版 [8]陈永生:《刑事诉讼的程序性制裁》,《现代法学》2004年第1期 [9]孙晶:《亲属作证特免权研究》,吉林大学2008年硕士学位论文 [10]张新宝《隐私权的法律保护第二版》群众出版社2004年5月版 [11][德]尧厄尼希着,周翠译,《民事诉讼法:第27版》法律出版社2003年7月第1版 [12]程海霞:《刑事诉讼中的证人作证特免权制度研究》,安徽大学2006年硕士学位论文 [13]中国抗日战争史学会、中国人民抗日战争纪念馆编着(宋金寿主编):《抗战时期的陕甘宁边区》,北京出版社1995年版. [14]厦门大学法律系编着:《中华苏维埃共和国法律文件选编》,江西人民出版社1984年版. [15]韩延龙、常兆儒编着:《中国新民主主义革命时期根据地法制文献选编》(第3卷),中国社会科学出版社1981年版. 猜你喜欢: 1. 法学毕业论文参考文献 2. 法学论文参考文献 3. 法学本科毕业论文参考文献 4. 法学论文的参考文献 5. 法律本科毕业论文的参考文献
20条精选金融论文英语参考文献
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1、《中国依法行政的理论与实践》,中国检察出版社2012年版。2、罗豪才、湛中乐:《行政法学》,北京大学出版社2012年版。3、孟鸿志:《行政法与行政诉讼法学》,科学出版社2009年版。4、张步洪:《中国行政法学前沿问题报告》,中国法制出版社1999年版。5、李贵显、陈福信、张德信:《公共行政概论》,北京新魏出版社2002年版。7、《社会主义法制理论读本》,人民出版社2002年版。8、《国务院发展研究中心研究报告选》2014年版,中国发展出版社2014年10月出版。9、《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》,新华网2014年10月。
[摘要] 没有规范,权力就会被滥用,行政权力亦是如此。本文从行政权的特点出发,阐述了当前我国行政权运行当中出现的一些负效应,并认为这些负效应的出现与行政权的特性有着很大的关系。得出结论,拥有行政权的政府必须依法行政。 [关键词] 依法行政,行政权 一、依法行政的概念 依法行政作为一种重要的政治思想和法律原则,其基本含义是指,“国家行政机关的一切活动都必须要有法律依据,都必须依法进行。”具体主要包括:第一,职权法定,越权无效;第二,遵循法定程序;第三,不得滥用自由裁量权;第四,违法行政应承担相应的法律责任。在三权之中之所以要突出对行政权的限制,强调依法行政,是与行政权的特性及运作分不开的。 二、行政权的概念及特点 “行政权是由国家宪法、法律赋予的国家行政机关执行法律规范,实施行政管理活动的权力,是国家政权的组成部分。”它主要有以下几个比较突出的特点: 1、公益性,行政权力是一种公权力,国家设置这种权力的目的就是为了让这种公共利益得以实现。因此,理论上讲,国家行政机关及其公务员在行使行政权力时,必须以为社会公众提供服务为指导,以实现社会公共利益为宗旨。 2、广泛性,现代行政权力行使的范围却极为广泛,几乎涉及到了社会生活的所有领域。在与公民、社会的关系上,政府行政机关是最直接、最经常、最广泛、最具体的,公民几乎从摇篮到坟墓的一生都要与政府行政机关打交道。 3、强制性,行政权行使的强制性主要表现在以国家强制力或暴力的威慑为后盾,其所推行的法律法规及政策,行政客体必须接受,否则会导致行政强制执行,违反者或拒不接受者还会受到相应的法律制裁。 4、自由裁量性,行政主体依据法律、法规赋予的职责权限,可以自由选择而作出行政决定的权力。行政自由裁量权是提高行政效率的重要措施,但行政机关及其工作人员在行使自由裁量权时,存在着某种扩张性和随意性。 三、行政权力运行过程中的负效应 行政权的上述特点决定了行政权在三权当中最有可能侵权和越权。因此在行政权的运行当中,就特别容易出现一些特有的负效应。 1、本末倒置,手段变目的。从本质上讲,行政权力只是实现国家目的的一种手段,但是,由于行政职位的层级分布所产生的行政权力的层次性能够带来利益上的区别,因此在行政权力行使的过程中,人们就容易产生对行政权力的“崇拜”意识。在这种意识的支配下,行政权力主体有可能不顾自己的岗位职责,把对行政权力的追求作为人生奋斗的主要目标。 2、行政权力的私有化。行政权力的根本目的是要实现表现为国家意志的公共利益。但是由于行政权在行使时必然有一个人格化的过程,他们都有自己的特殊利益。如果缺乏相应的利益协调机制和权力制约机制,公职人员在行政权力的行使中,他们就有可能为了追求自己的特殊利益而置国家利益于不顾,用行政权力去满足私人的需要。 3、行政权的不断扩张现象。行政权的扩张始于20世纪初,“二战”后,“市场失灵”使得人们过分相信政府的行政权。至今,行政权已经渗透到社会的每一个角落,对人们的生活产生了全方位的影响:第一,行政机构和行政人员大量增加;第二,行政职能大为扩张,涉及到许多新的领域,如:干预经济;管理国内国际贸易、金融;保护、开发和利用资源;控制环境污染和改善生活、生态环境;监控产品质量和保护消费者权益;管理教育、文化和医疗卫生;管理国有企业等等。第三,行政权力膨胀,行政权不仅在执法领域膨胀,在行政立法领域也得到了扩张。 四、法律对行政的规范作用 1、法律可以限定行政机关的权力范围。法律通过限定行政机关的权力范围可以规范行政权力的行使,从而使行政机关在法律允许的范围内行使行政管理活动。法律在赋予行政机关及其工作人员行政权力的同时,还将其具体化为行政职权,同时也明确了相应的职责,从而确保行政机关履行相应的行政职能,并承担相应的行政责任。 3、法律可以制裁行政机关的违法行政行为。由于主客观因素的影响,行政机关违法或不当的行使行政权力是不可避免的,这不仅是对法律原则和规则的破坏,还会侵犯公民的合法权益,给社会造成危害。因此,权责对应,法律必须对行政机关的违法与不当行使行政权力予以相应的法律制裁。 五、结论:依法行政是必要的,也是必须的。 权力必须受到制约,行政权力因其特性更是如此。法国思想家孟德斯鸠曾说过:“一切有权力的人都容易走向滥用权力,这是万古不变的一条经验。” “绝对的权力使人绝对的腐化”这些经典名言都揭示了权力须受到制约的必要性。目前我国行政权的运行中出现的众多负效应,尤其是权力滥用导致的腐败现象、金钱行政等,这些既有历史的原因,人们法律意识淡薄的原因,也有我国正处于转轨时期,法制不健全,制约机制不完善的原因,更重要的是,与行政权的特性也是分不开的。而法律又可以对行政的诸多方面起到规范作用。这就要求我们必须构建严密的行政法律体系,使政府有法可依,依法行政。参考文献: 1、薛冰,梁仲明,程亚冰(2005).行政学原理[M].清华大学出版社,北方交通大学出版社. 2、张国庆(2000).行政管理学概论[M].北京大学出版社. 3、罗豪才(2001).行政法学[M].北京大学出版社.4、金国坤(2003).依法行政环境研究[M].北京大学出版社.
毕业论文参考文献的格式是什么样的?D6kqVYf