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英语翻译专业论文答辩话术

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英语翻译专业论文答辩话术

论文陈述可以很好地组织和发展论点,并为读者提供关于论点的“指南”。

论文陈述包含以下内容:

1、陈述你对这个主题的主要观点

陈述观点时一定要表达一个主要思想,并陈述你的立场或看法。关于主题,需思考:

2、给出几个支持主要观点的理由

理由要写清楚,一定要用符合逻辑的事实和证据来支持这个理由。

3、给出一个与主要观点相反的观点

一个好的论文陈述要承认论点存在另一面。所以,同学可以在论文陈述中给出一个反论点。

论文陈述写作示例:

1、首先,从一个问题开始。例如:互联网对教育有正面或负面的影响吗?

2、其次,表明你对这个问题的立场。例如:互联网对教育的正面影响大于负面影响。

3、最后,发展你的答案。例如:互联网使用的负面影响被其对教育的诸多好处所抵消:互联网有助于学生和老师更容易地获取信息、接触不同的观点,以及这是一个灵活的学习环境。

英语专业毕业论文答开场白

早上好。

尊敬的教授和老师们,女士们,先生们,谢谢您参加口头答辩。

我是XX。首先,我要对我的上司教授的聪明的指导,宝贵的指导和对我的论文的评价表示由衷的感谢。在他的宝贵帮助下,我终于完成了本论文。

我的主题是“历史转折处的悲剧人物”。全文共分六个部分。第一部分将简要介绍Kong和Rip的消极,逃避和保守态度,以及该主题在现实社会中的意义。第二部分将分析这些人物的背景,以显示悲剧的历史必要性。第三部分将进一步探讨悲剧英雄根据其生存环境所遭受的性格败坏,第四部分则是探讨他们在社会中的性格倾向和行为倾向。然后,作者将在第五部分中深入探讨悲剧的根本原因,

谢谢!

英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白

中英文思维和表达方式大不相同。英语是一种静态语言,倾向于使用更多的名词。汉语是动态的,经常使用动词。因此,当我们将英语翻译成中文时,我们应该知道这一点并改变词性。接下来,这是我的论文提纲。在本文的主要部分,我将其分为五个部分。

第一部分介绍语音和转换部分的基本概念。

第二部分讨论了翻译的定义,强调了词性转换在翻译过程中的重要性。

第三部分通过说明性例子给出了四种转换词性的基本方法。英语单词被转换成中文动词,名词,形容词和副词。

第四部分介绍了有关转换的一些问题,并提出了解决这些问题的建议。

第五部分得出一些结论,即语音部分之间的转换对于我们实现良好的翻译是必要的。事实证明,我们可以很好地掌握转换并改进翻译。此外,我们必须不断学习和探索各种翻译实践。

以上就是环球青藤小编关于英语本科毕业论文答辩开场白的相关分享,希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助,想要了解更多毕业论文相关的内容,欢迎大家关注本平台。

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am *** and my supervisor is prof.***. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction. The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.

英语翻译专业论文答辩

Oh, I really hope that I can pass degree thesis, so thoroughly liberation. After I come back to Shanghai to visit your father, he CARES about you, especially the cartoons published, they can quickly I hope I can help. Wow, you say to Los Angeles I thought of Hollywood, fantastic charm, the world where centralized ah girl, ha ha, when I have to go around, ha ha ~

Oh, I wish I could reply, passed the Bachelor thesis, as completely liberated. I go after returning to Shanghai to visit your father, he was very concerned about the comic you do, in particular, would like them to hurry up and published, I hope I can help make that happen. Wow, you speak Hollywood, Los Angeles, I think, the great, the world focused on the local Called hey, huh, huh, when I have to go, ha ha ~

英语专业毕业论文答开场白

早上好。

尊敬的教授和老师们,女士们,先生们,谢谢您参加口头答辩。

我是XX。首先,我要对我的上司教授的聪明的指导,宝贵的指导和对我的论文的评价表示由衷的感谢。在他的宝贵帮助下,我终于完成了本论文。

我的主题是“历史转折处的悲剧人物”。全文共分六个部分。第一部分将简要介绍Kong和Rip的消极,逃避和保守态度,以及该主题在现实社会中的意义。第二部分将分析这些人物的背景,以显示悲剧的历史必要性。第三部分将进一步探讨悲剧英雄根据其生存环境所遭受的性格败坏,第四部分则是探讨他们在社会中的性格倾向和行为倾向。然后,作者将在第五部分中深入探讨悲剧的根本原因,

谢谢!

英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白

中英文思维和表达方式大不相同。英语是一种静态语言,倾向于使用更多的名词。汉语是动态的,经常使用动词。因此,当我们将英语翻译成中文时,我们应该知道这一点并改变词性。接下来,这是我的论文提纲。在本文的主要部分,我将其分为五个部分。

第一部分介绍语音和转换部分的基本概念。

第二部分讨论了翻译的定义,强调了词性转换在翻译过程中的重要性。

第三部分通过说明性例子给出了四种转换词性的基本方法。英语单词被转换成中文动词,名词,形容词和副词。

第四部分介绍了有关转换的一些问题,并提出了解决这些问题的建议。

第五部分得出一些结论,即语音部分之间的转换对于我们实现良好的翻译是必要的。事实证明,我们可以很好地掌握转换并改进翻译。此外,我们必须不断学习和探索各种翻译实践。

以上就是环球青藤小编关于英语本科毕业论文答辩开场白的相关分享,希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助,想要了解更多毕业论文相关的内容,欢迎大家关注本平台。

I see, really, have hoped that I can pass BA thesis oral defense smoothly , have liberated like that completely. I go to pay your father a visit first after returning to Shanghai , he cares for your cartoon very much , am bustling about on thinking that they can hurry up and come out , I also hope that I can help specially. Wow, you mention Los Angeles I have thought of Hollywood , very good, place hey , haw-haw that beautiful the whole world type male daughter concentrates, whenever ~ I also have to go to stroll around, ha-ha

英语翻译专业毕业论文答辩

英语专业毕业论文答开场白

早上好。

尊敬的教授和老师们,女士们,先生们,谢谢您参加口头答辩。

我是XX。首先,我要对我的上司教授的聪明的指导,宝贵的指导和对我的论文的评价表示由衷的感谢。在他的宝贵帮助下,我终于完成了本论文。

我的主题是“历史转折处的悲剧人物”。全文共分六个部分。第一部分将简要介绍Kong和Rip的消极,逃避和保守态度,以及该主题在现实社会中的意义。第二部分将分析这些人物的背景,以显示悲剧的历史必要性。第三部分将进一步探讨悲剧英雄根据其生存环境所遭受的性格败坏,第四部分则是探讨他们在社会中的性格倾向和行为倾向。然后,作者将在第五部分中深入探讨悲剧的根本原因,

谢谢!

英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白

中英文思维和表达方式大不相同。英语是一种静态语言,倾向于使用更多的名词。汉语是动态的,经常使用动词。因此,当我们将英语翻译成中文时,我们应该知道这一点并改变词性。接下来,这是我的论文提纲。在本文的主要部分,我将其分为五个部分。

第一部分介绍语音和转换部分的基本概念。

第二部分讨论了翻译的定义,强调了词性转换在翻译过程中的重要性。

第三部分通过说明性例子给出了四种转换词性的基本方法。英语单词被转换成中文动词,名词,形容词和副词。

第四部分介绍了有关转换的一些问题,并提出了解决这些问题的建议。

第五部分得出一些结论,即语音部分之间的转换对于我们实现良好的翻译是必要的。事实证明,我们可以很好地掌握转换并改进翻译。此外,我们必须不断学习和探索各种翻译实践。

以上就是环球青藤小编关于英语本科毕业论文答辩开场白的相关分享,希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助,想要了解更多毕业论文相关的内容,欢迎大家关注本平台。

掌握简单,通用的词汇,再涉及几个难度大的词汇,加分的。不要紧张,听不懂可以再让他重复一遍,pardon。答题技巧:正面回答问题,不转换论题,不要答非所问。 抓住主题、要领,抓住关键词语,言简意赅

英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文

时间过得真快,大学生活即将结束,毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

Thats all. Thank you.

英语毕业论文答辩(通用6篇)

英语的论文答辩要点是格式最好少些瑕疵,提前将abstract和conclusion背一背。有利于答辩的顺利进行。下面是我为大家整理的.关于英语毕业论文的答辩。欢迎大家阅读。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am **** and my supervisor is ***. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of On Transformation of parts of speech as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good morning,

Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :

I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.

My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.

Thank you!

Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole year's hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.

Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .

This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.

Ok, that's all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !

Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.

Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels' addicts. For the above facts,I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper. Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.

The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.

The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.

The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This time's literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.

The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.

Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.

Teachers, good afternoon! My name is Chen Jing, the students of class xxx, my thesis topic is《 the power of the giver and the victim, foucault power interpretation theory perspective, the heroine in “the golden notebook, Anna》,thesis is completed under Wang Zhiqin teacher of meticulous guidance, here, I express my deep appreciation to my supervisor, to the teachers to take part in my thesis express our heartfelt thanks to you for, and for the past three years I have a chance to listen to the teachings, teachers say heartfelt I will this paper design the research background, significance and main content of the teacher made a report, please the teacher criticism guidance.

First of all, I want to talk about the research background and significance of the graduation thesis design.

Since the Golden Notebook involves comprehensive themes such as colonialism,feminism,racism,communism etc. and due to its severely fragmented writing forms,it has intrigued groups of both domestic and overseas critics. The research abroad could be roughly divided into three stages. The first comes about the biography of the author”],the general introduction and reading background of this novel,then a number of explorations over the themes of this book have been conducted, from the most popular one feminism,psychological featuresto the philosophical elements. Finally, critics shifted their concentration to the unique form or style applied by Lessing,for instance they analyzed the varied narrative techniques employed within ,the aesthetic value it displayed ,as well as its artistic nature generated by its messy it is worth mentioning that in 2006 Tapan has composed a specific collection of reviews on the Golden the study over this novel in foreign country has been quite fruitful and mature, the research in China is far lagging behind, most of them just emphasized the novel's multiplethemes such as feminism,eco-economic,psychology and modemism Thus more angels should be discovered by scholars at home, such as colonialism, religious and psychological exploration, and their research method should be more diversified,for instance,the potential inter-disciplinary study of this novel are waiting to be excavated, and seldomhave critics compared this masterpiece with other similar text.

Based on Foucault's power theory, this thesis is going to explore how the female protagonist Anna in Doris Lessing's the Golden Notebook, the producer and victim of power,fought against her catastrophic life. Through a close reading of the text, this thesis aims at making a Foucanldian interpretation on Lessing's motivation behind portraying such a schizophrenic female personality, convincing the reader that power permeates every capillary of the society mainly by exerting influence on power relations between individual. Sinceeverything concerns with the functioning of power, be it tragedy or comedy, Anna's destiny cannot be an exception, instead of restraining from the one-way suppress from men,Foucault's power theory enables us to put the heroine into a larger, more diverse cultural or social background where individual's identity could be perceived with much more plurality or heterogeneity. Ultimately, given Anna's gender attributes, the application of Foucault's power theory to the analysis of heroine can shed light on how women could wittedly deal with their counterpart, strike a balance between freedom and restriction, and thus heading feminism into a more reasonable and rational direction.

Secondly, I want to talk about the structure and main contents of this paper.

The author is going to divide this thesis into five chapters. The first chapter is a briefing about the research background of the Golden Notebook, which provides an overview on the fragmented content and complicated structure of this masterpiece. The second chapter is an introduction of the research status of this novel at home and abroad, at the same time,Foucault's power theory will be elaborated here as the theoretical framework. Chapter three concentrates on the text analysis of the female protagonist Anna's pursuit of the free woman identity, which will be conducted mainly from three perspectives, namely her political faith,marriage and love, as well we psychological status. Through asserting Foucault's power theory into the text analysis, we could get a clear view on how the heroine became the victim of the omnipresent power in contemporary social organizations, and also how individual resisted power via making explorations on the genealogy of the self. Chapter four gives two different interpretations of Anna's destiny, with each representing the common feminists'view and Foucault's version respectively. Via such comparison, the author attempts to find a correlation between Foucault's power theory and feminism, to tell in what ways Foucault'spower theory have modified parts of problems in current feminism, and how the formal convergent with the latter. The last chapter serves as a concluding part in which a summary of this thesis will be reached, and limitations as well as further implications will be point out.

Finally, I want to talk about the deficiency existing in this paper.

The limitations of this thesis cannot be regarded as the challenge to the relevance of Foucaxxlt's theory to feminism; on the contrary, it tells that the value of applying Foucault'spower theory lies precisely in his invitation to feminists to remain highly critical about their previous prejudices as well as their future trends. In order to make full use of Foucault's power theory in modifying feminism, we have to dig out more convergences they share with each other. With the idea that knowledge and truth are partial ones serving as a start,Genealogy is then an excellent perspective for farther explorations on the Foucauldian and feminist projects.

Thank you very much!

Good morning, Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society.

And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society.

Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part. Thank you!

英语专业翻译方向论文答辩

答辩老师主要还是会围绕着你的论文来的。什么是归化,异化?举例?你的论文是什么观点,是支持归化还是异化?你认为今后的翻译潮流会是归化还是异化,或者是二者结合?为什么你会这么认为?可能会说个简单的句子,让你分别用归化或者异化的方式来翻译。你把自己的论文思路内容整理清楚,别到时候老师问你关于论文里写的内容,你一问三不知。你也可能请教下你的论文导师,看他会出些什么题目,作为参考。

英语专业毕业论文答开场白

早上好。

尊敬的教授和老师们,女士们,先生们,谢谢您参加口头答辩。

我是XX。首先,我要对我的上司教授的聪明的指导,宝贵的指导和对我的论文的评价表示由衷的感谢。在他的宝贵帮助下,我终于完成了本论文。

我的主题是“历史转折处的悲剧人物”。全文共分六个部分。第一部分将简要介绍Kong和Rip的消极,逃避和保守态度,以及该主题在现实社会中的意义。第二部分将分析这些人物的背景,以显示悲剧的历史必要性。第三部分将进一步探讨悲剧英雄根据其生存环境所遭受的性格败坏,第四部分则是探讨他们在社会中的性格倾向和行为倾向。然后,作者将在第五部分中深入探讨悲剧的根本原因,

谢谢!

英语专业毕业论文答辩开场白

中英文思维和表达方式大不相同。英语是一种静态语言,倾向于使用更多的名词。汉语是动态的,经常使用动词。因此,当我们将英语翻译成中文时,我们应该知道这一点并改变词性。接下来,这是我的论文提纲。在本文的主要部分,我将其分为五个部分。

第一部分介绍语音和转换部分的基本概念。

第二部分讨论了翻译的定义,强调了词性转换在翻译过程中的重要性。

第三部分通过说明性例子给出了四种转换词性的基本方法。英语单词被转换成中文动词,名词,形容词和副词。

第四部分介绍了有关转换的一些问题,并提出了解决这些问题的建议。

第五部分得出一些结论,即语音部分之间的转换对于我们实现良好的翻译是必要的。事实证明,我们可以很好地掌握转换并改进翻译。此外,我们必须不断学习和探索各种翻译实践。

以上就是环球青藤小编关于英语本科毕业论文答辩开场白的相关分享,希望对各位小伙伴们有所帮助,想要了解更多毕业论文相关的内容,欢迎大家关注本平台。

英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文

时间过得真快,大学生活即将结束,毕业论文是大学生都必须通过的,毕业论文是一种有准备的检验大学学习成果的`形式,毕业论文应该怎么写才好呢?以下是我整理的英语专业毕业论文答辩陈述稿范文,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xx and my supervisor is xx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.

The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.

I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.

The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.

So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.

Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.

Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.

Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.

Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.

Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.

OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.

Good morning, distinguished professors and teachers, thank you for attending the oral defense. Im xxand come from class xx. My supervisor is professor Li. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Prof. his consistent guidance and valuable suggestions, I have finished my paper. Now I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any suggestion.

The title of my paper is choose this as my topic due to the following reasons.

Firstly, I am very interested in the study of ambiguity. Ambiguity is a common phenomenon in all natural languages. As is known to all, in our daily conversations, ambiguity is often employed to achieve the effect of humor, thus creating a relaxing atmosphere and letting people feel at ease. Some jokes caused by ambiguity is very interesting.

Secondly, I have read several articles about ambiguity written by linguistics and scholars. I found my knowledge of ambiguity is very limited, superficial and nonsystematic. What I knew is just the tip of the iceberg. So I plan to learn more about ambiguity by this research.

Thirdly, I found many scholars have carried out numerous studies of ambiguity, but a majority of these studies are focused on single language separately. Articles about comparison between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity are not sufficient. So it is necessary to make further study.

For the above facts, I select this title.

Next, I will present the outline of my thesis. It consists of 7 parts.

The first part gives a brief introduction to the ambiguity and structure of the thesis.

The second part is literature review, briefly introducing the development of study of ambiguity and some scholarss main views.

The third to fifth parts focus on three types of ambiguity in English and Chinese: phonological ambiguity, lexical ambiguity, syntactic ambiguity. In every broad type, I respectively list some detailed branches and cite some vivid English and Chinese examples to explain these ambiguity phenomena. But I put more focus on the third part and point out two differences of ambiguity between English ambiguity and Chinese ambiguity.

The part six will point out positive results by using ambiguity deliberately in daily conversations, advertisements and literary works.

The last part is the conclusion.

I hope by this contrastive research, we will have a better understanding of ambiguity in English and Chinese and apply it to our life and study.

When reading the final draft, I still find my argument is not so comprehensive and improvements are needed. So welcome your precious suggestion.

Thats all. Thank you.

掌握简单,通用的词汇,再涉及几个难度大的词汇,加分的。不要紧张,听不懂可以再让他重复一遍,pardon。答题技巧:正面回答问题,不转换论题,不要答非所问。 抓住主题、要领,抓住关键词语,言简意赅

学术话语翻译论文

英语翻译论文写作方法

随着翻译学科的发展,翻译研究在横向的广度与纵向的深度上都有了很大的变化,怎样写英语翻译论文呢?

1、选题及资料查阅

对任何一项学术研究活动来讲,选择合适的课题都是至关重要的,尤其对研究成果具有决定性意义。在攻读博士研究生期间,笔者以翻译研究为主要研修方向,经过广泛阅读该领域的学术期刊论文和专著,较为熟悉国内外翻译研究的现状。加之入学伊始便在导师指引下从事中国典籍翻译研究,随着大量阅读和学习有关典籍英译及其研究的著述,自己对该领域尤其儒家经典《论语》的英译现象产生了兴趣,并逐渐进行较为深入的了解。

一般情况下,资料查阅在选题之前就已展开,因为资料是确定论文选题的重要依据,但其后的文献查阅工作更具重要意义。围绕《论语》英译这一现象,自己开始进一步的资料搜集和研读。初步调查和梳理发现,儒经《论语》的外译,始于意大利传教士利玛窦完成于1594年(一说1593年)的拉丁文译本(马祖毅、任荣珍,2003:34),至今已逾四百年。而第一个《论语》英语全译本为柯大卫(David Collie)所译,作为《四书》(The Chinese Classical Work Commonly Called the Four Books)的一部分于1828年在马六甲出版,距今也近乎两个世纪。近年来,国内学者对《论语》英译本的关注和研究越来越多,除了较为集中于理雅各、翟林奈、韦利等所译的早期经典译本,也开始着手庞德、刘殿爵、安乐哲和罗思文(合译)等现当代译本的探讨。从手头掌握的资料来看,海外《论语》英语全译本已超过三十个。调查还发现,作为早期主要海外英语全译本之一,20世纪初就已出现的Leonard A. Lyall的《论语》英译本迄今鲜有研究,比如利用“中国期刊全文数据库”(CNKI)未能搜寻到专门研讨该英译本的文章翻译学的论文写作技巧翻译学的论文写作技巧。由于材料新本身是学术创新的重要表现之一,因此有理由初步将该译本作为自己撰写一篇翻译研究论文的研究对象。

通过对更多资料爬梳剔抉,笔者掌握了译者Leonard A. Lyall及其《论语》英语本的基本情况。譬如,Leonard Arthur Lyall中文名叫赖发洛,是英国汉学家。1886 年以海关洋员的身份来华,在华40余年。赖发洛《论语》英译本书名为The Sayings of Confucius, 由位于伦敦的朗曼斯·格林公司(Longmans, Green and Co. Ltd.)在1909年9月初版刊行,并先后于1925年10月和1935年9月印行第2版和第3版。这里所采用的研究对象是第3版,全书不足130页(其中正文共计102页),是篇幅较为简短的《论语》英语全译本之一除了英译《论语》之外,他还分别翻译《中庸》(1927)和《孟子》(1932)两书并数次再版。1934年,他编著的现代世界丛书《中国》在伦敦出版,向西方介绍中国。然而,由于有关赖发洛《论语》英译本专门研究的学术论文迄今付诸阙如,因此决定将对该译本的文本细读作为自己进一步研究的基础,希望有所发现,或许为当下中华典籍外译及其相关研究提供些微借鉴和思考。

2、提纲构建

在研读赖发洛《论语》英译本过程中,笔者发现译者所贯彻始终的翻译基本策略和具体翻译操作方法与其对汉语特点的认识、翻译理念的追求等息息相关,而这些又充分体现在该译本的“前言”(Preface)和“导语”(Introduction)中。例如,第3版“前言”(1935)仅一句话,告诉读者再次修订译文旨在使其“更接近于汉语原文”(bring it nearer to the Chinese)(Lyall,1935:vi)。值得一提的是,第2版“前言”(1925)不仅强调该版译文“比初版更加接近字词对应”(more nearly word for word than it

was in the first),而且指出汉语原文的两个特点:难懂(hard to understand)和多义(more than one interpretation),并认为在这种情况下总是易读的译文绝非“真实翻译”(true translation)(同上:v)。而篇幅稍长的“导语”写于1909年,一定意义上亦可看作初版的“前言”。这部分内容十分丰富,既包括孔子生平、《论语》的形成过程以及时代背景和社会状况,又有春秋之前中国古代史简介,并谈到道家、墨家等思想。这些很大程度上也表明译者对中国传统文化的广泛认知和深入了解。

经过细读赖氏《论语》英译本发现,为了使译文与原文“更加接近字词对应”,译者尤其注重原文的遣词造句和形式结构,比如原文较为突出的数字小句的行文特点,译文往往采用类似排比的洗练短语、清晰而果断的语势,使原文的字词概念和句式语序尽可能在译文中再现翻译学的论文写作技巧概而言之,赖发洛通过运用多种具体翻译操作方法,贯彻以“字词对应”为基础的、倾向直译的翻译策略,较为有效地践行了以质直求真为特色的“真实翻译”思想。赖氏追求的“真实翻译”尽管不同于几乎同时出现的、本杰明所倡导的旨在再现“纯语言”(pure language)的“真正翻译”(real translation)思想,但两者又似乎至少在一点上是相似的:因为后者为了实现译文的透明性,也强调直译原文(literal rendering)的必要性(Benjamin,2004:21)。

基于以上对赖译本的研读和思考,笔者着手构建论文的基本框架,初步拟订如下一个写作提纲。论文大致分为五个部分,包括引言、赖发洛及其《论语》英译本、翻译基本策略和具体方法、译本存在的不足及其原因分析和结语。其中,翻译基本策略为倾向直译且以“字词对应”为基础,具体翻译方法分为为四种,即字词对应、语序一致,字词对应、语序变换,字词调整、语序一致和字词调整、语序变换;译本的不足以翻译目的论为参照分为三类:悖离目的性法则的翻译失误、悖离连贯性法则的翻译失误和悖离忠实性法则的翻译失误,对每类译误又根据译本的具体情况加以细分,便于更好的例证和评析。

3、撰写与修改

论文撰写是整个论文工作的最重要阶段,也是需要付出时间和精力最多的阶段。论文初稿的撰写主要是基于以上拟订的提纲,虽然在写作过程中也碰到一些困难,但通过适当运用学习有关专业课程所掌握的知识,最终得到有效的解决。譬如,细读赖发洛《论语》英译本时,笔者做了大量的笔记,众多的例子和不同的想法着实令人难以取舍。根据所学专业知识及研究需要,决定围绕主题和材料价值来加以分类和取舍。此处通过一个具体的做法加以说明。基于四种具体翻译方法,自己首先为每一种方法挑选出典型的例句(暂不考虑译文的准确与否),然后抽样统计各类译文所占的大体比例,进而评判译文的整体风格特点。例如:

1. 字词对应语序一致:

子曰:“巧言令色,鲜矣仁!”(“学而第一”)

The Master said, Smooth words and fawning looks are seldom found with love.

2. 字词对应语序变换:

子曰:“弑父与君,亦不从也。”(“先进第十一”)

Nor would they follow, said the Master, if told to kill their lord or father.

3. 字词调整语序一致:

子温而厉,威而不猛,恭而安。(“述而第七”)

The Master’s manner was warm yet dignified. He was stern, but not fierce;humble, yet easy.

4. 字词调整语序变换:

子曰:“吾不如老农。”(“子路第十三”)

The Master said, An old husbandman knows more than I do.

根据笔者的粗略统计,这四类译文所占整个译文的比例大致为:第一类超过五分之三,第二类比第三类略多,但两者皆不足五分之一,而第四类最少,远低于十分之一。这一结果较为有力地支持了笔者对赖译本的判断,即译者贯彻“字词对应”为基础的、倾向直译的翻译策略,旨在诠释“真实翻译”的理念。

再如,囿于极为有限的参考文献,且线索难觅,自己想到专业课程所学的“滚雪球”文献检索法,运用后发现助益很大,效果颇佳。这里仅以查询译者Leonard A. Lyall的汉语名字为例加以说明。最初从掌握的资料来看,译者英文名字叫Leonard A. Lyall,然后通过“中国期刊全文数据库”(CNKI)在一篇关于《论语》英译史的文章中发现其汉语音译名为莱尔;接下来,通过利用该汉语音译名及其原名查得一篇论文谈及此人曾为海关洋员,进而在《全球化视野:中国海关洋员与中西文化传播(1854-1950年)》一书中找到其更为常用的中文名:赖发洛,以及更多有价值的信息。同时,还发现了译者的另一个中文名:兰雅。这样,通过对相关数据库再次就译者英文名和三个汉语名字进行逐一搜索,结果更为充分地表明赖发洛《论语》英译本的研究迄今尚付阙如。

关于修改文章,清梁章钜说:“百工冶器,必几经转换而后器成;我辈作文,亦必几经删润而后文成,其理一也。”(梁章钜,1973:1000)的确,要想写好论文,一个人必须在论文修改上下功夫。随着更多文献资料的查阅,笔者对论文初稿无论从遣词造句还是到篇章结构都进行了反复修改,既涉及到文中论点和论据的修正,也包括对所运用理论的调整翻译学的论文写作技巧翻译学的论文写作技巧。比如,论文初稿第四部分“译本存在的不足及其原因分析”有段补充说明赖氏译本特色的文字,包括“淡化译语(英语)形合之法,如用‘,’代替‘;’或连接词以贴近源语(汉语);用词基本不用缩略形式”等内容。后经反复斟酌,尤其考虑到论文内容和观点之间的相关性,最后决定将该文字移至第二部分“赖发洛及其《论语》英译本”,用以说明赖译本的特色。

关于文中的理论运用,笔者借鉴专业课程所学知识,如理论的'工具性、理论运用和学术价值的关系等,通过比较不同翻译流派理论的特点,结合论文研究的内容和目的,最终决定选用翻译目的论来分类评鉴赖译本,并有效地揭示赖氏译本追求英语译文“更接近于汉语原文”、最大限度地实现以理想化“真实翻译”为标志的翻译目的。

4、文体和引用之规范

翻译研究论文属于学术论文的范畴,既需要体现学术论文的基本性质,又应当符合学术论文的规范要求。其中,符合文体和引用的规范是对一篇合格的学术论文所提出的必然要求。关于学术论文的文体,要求十分丰富,包括从语态到语气,从术语的运用到避免歧视用语等内容。如关于术语,不仅要意识到使用专业术语的必要性,也要注意语言精炼,尽量少用术语,更要避免歧义。鉴于此,笔者在撰写尤其修改赖译本研究论文时都进行了仔细参照和认真检验,对那些欠妥如口语化的表达甚至讹误之处,如对翻译目的论个别术语的误用,都逐一加以修正和改善。

引用的规范对撰写合格的翻译研究论文同样具有重要意义。就引用而言,文章切忌断章取义,并应关注引用的核实及可靠性。为了避免引用的断章取义,熟悉引用文字的上下文十分关键。自己清楚记得老师曾在专业课上要求学生课后做引用查证练习,其中就有查阅“学而优则仕”的上下文。通过查阅,自己发现该语源自《论语》的“子张第十九”篇,上文是“仕而优则学”,并惊奇地发现该语为子夏所说,而非孔子所言。显然,这样的查证很有利于对该语的全面理解和准确使用。在修改关于赖译本研究的论文时,笔者努力查实引文,确保引用的可靠性。比如,为了更好地理解赖发洛所追求的“真实翻译”的涵义,文中引入了本杰明的“真正翻译”思想翻译学的论文写作技巧

为了查得“真正翻译”的出处,笔者在不同数据库中找到许多涉及该思想的论文,但基本上都是给出较为笼统的汉语解读,甚至还存在抵牾之处。为了更好地把握该思想,自己通过追根溯源,最终找到其原文具体出处,并发现本杰明这一思想与其“纯语言”哲学观密不可分,加深了对该思想的认识和理解。

其实,为了引用的规范,本篇论文也是如此。譬如,上文引用了清朝学者梁章钜有关作文修改之语,最初找到的出处有二:《退庵论文》和《退庵随笔》,且没有出版社、具体页码等信息。通过多次搜索和查阅,笔者最终在《退庵随笔》第十九卷“学文”中查得原文,并通过阅读下文——有关欧阳修对《昼锦堂记》原稿起首两句的修改,更好地理解了引文,尤其是修改之于作文的重要性。

学术论文是对某个科学领域中的学术问题进行研究后,表述科学研究成果的理论文章。具有学术性、科学性、创造性、学理性以及严谨性。按照研究的学科,可以将学术论文分为自然科学和社会科学论文。目前,国际间的交流主要是通过英语来实现。行业内的知识成果共享,都必须转化为英文稿件才能实现。这就对于我国这类非英语母语/官方语言国家的科技工作者,造成了额外的负担,同时产生了对学术论文翻译的迫切需要。然而在翻译学术性论文时,往往会存在一些难点。毕竟不同的语言之间存在较大差异,如果要把一种语言的学术论文翻译成另一种语言的学术论文,存在的不仅是语言的差异还有文化的差异。而主要难点集中在以下几个方面: 第一个难点就是中英之间的文化差异。中文与英文间的语言习惯千差万别,而绝大部分的科研人员在发表学术成果时,往往无法做到应用英文的语言习惯进行表达。只是将自己的成果先写成中文论文,再进行翻译,最后进行投稿。而在这个转述翻译的过程中,由于语言习惯的不同以及英文水平的限制,导致转述翻译的文章往往并不能真是表达出作者的实际意图和真实想法。这就造成无法使自己的优秀科学成果得到准确的评价,使自己甚至整个学界蒙受巨大的损失。因此,遇到这种情况,就需要有高水平的专业英文翻译人员去构思。 第二个难点就是学术性表达。英文学术性论文还有一些特定的表达方式,词句与日常英语不同。在日常英语中,一句话可以有多种翻译的方法,可以比较灵活地翻译。但是在学术论文中,就必须按照英文学术性的语言去翻译,否则翻译出来的文章就不规范,也会造成不好的影响,影响人的阅读。 第三个难点就是论文润色修改。一篇好的学术性论文,缺少不了论文润色修改服务。正所谓“三分文章,七分修改”,足以说明修改的重要性。论文修改的范围包括标题的修改、主题的修改、结构的修改、材料的修改、语言的修改等等。修改论文时要对观点、材料、结构等进一步核对和调整。但是好的论文润色修改服务,除了要英语好之外,还需要有丰富的论文润色修改经验,严谨的论述,清晰地思路,顺畅的表达和多年的经验缺一不可。 因此,在学术论文写作翻译工作中,往往需要专业的翻译团队来完成。 什么是专业化翻译团队? 专业化翻译团队包含多项增值服务,比如译者选拔、项目管理、质量控制、文件转换、多语种项目演示的标准化等。这不是一个双语人士或教师、学生可以完成的。专业化的翻译团队配有专业的项目管理人员,根据客户需求制定合理的解决方案,安排合适的职业译员。而经过严格筛选出来的职业译者,能够用目标语言写出好文章。他们是沟通两种语言的桥梁,能够使用适当的风格与术语,把原文的信息用目标语表达出来。 为什么你需要专业的翻译团队? 专业的翻译团队不仅能节约你的大量时间,更重要的是为你的项目增值,与其盲目地将文件一股脑都翻译出来,不如与项目经理研判一下具体的翻译需求。 Editideas(辑思编译)为中国科研学者提供SCI/SSCI/EI论文润色、学术翻译、投稿预审、目标期刊选择和学术推广等科研服务。

关于文学的学术论文篇二 中西文学翻译中的创造性叛逆 摘要:翻译不仅是沟通世界不同民族文化的桥梁,翻译也为文化与文学影响的传播提供了不可缺少的媒介,而且翻译本身也是一种艺术,一种再创造,其“创造性的叛逆”及应用一向来都为国内外文学界所重视的课题。 比较文学的学者认为:能否超越原作的关键是翻译中的创造与叛逆性。由此,翻译中的创造性是译者通过个人的能力创造性地使译作回归原著作的实质内涵,相对而言,叛逆性则指译者未能如实体现和传达原著作的精髓,从而与原著作的理念相违背。但在翻译的实际过程中创造与叛逆是密不可分的。 中西文学翻译中译者经常思考究竟是按照源语规范直接翻译原文还是依照规范再创原文使其更能为读者所接受。事实上创造性本质蕴藏于任何文学翻译作品中。在某种程度上翻译作品不仅仅是源文本的再现而且与源文本相比是一种再创造。 基于这个原因,“创造性叛逆” 的术语被法国文学家罗伯特·埃斯卡皮首先提出,他认为“翻译总是一种创造性叛逆”,并提出“说翻译是叛逆,那是因为它把作品置于一个完全没有预料到的参照体系里,说翻译是创造性的,那是因为它赋予作品一个崭新的面貌,使之能与更广泛的读者进行一个崭新的文学交流,还因为它不仅延长了作品的生命,而且又赋予它第二次生命”。创造性叛逆是文学范畴的基本特征,它并不是单纯属于文学翻译。换而言之,创造性叛逆与文学的接受和传播息息相关,两者密不可分。在文学翻译的实践过程中充分体现了创造性叛逆不同程度地体现在接受者、译者以及接受环境之中。 比较文学和翻译理论界都对翻译的创造性叛逆进行过系统的分析和阐释。翻译界泰斗谢天振先生认为译者的创造性叛逆一般划分为意识型和无意识型,并由以下几种类型构成:个性化翻译、误译与漏译、节译与编译、误译与漏译、转译与改编等。创造性叛逆中的无意识体现,如误译与漏译,是因受限于译者自身的文化知识背景和情趣修养等因素造成的误读和误译。据此而言,其并不能简单称为“创造性”。 译者的创造性叛逆分为有意识和无意识,其包括以下四种情况: (1)个性化翻译。它表面是用自然、流畅的语言阐述原著的意图,但在深处却整合原著文化的问题。如果译作完全遵从原著文化,那语句会比较凌乱。 (2)节译与编译。节译与编译存在于《外国文学作品选》中有多种原因:为迎合读者或便于传播,为与接受地的风俗人情保持一致,或当地的道德、政治因素等,是有意识的叛逆。 (3)误译与漏译。例如:英译者把陶渊明《责子》中“阿舒已二八”翻译成了“阿舒十八岁”,他们认为“二八”是“一八”之误。误译,即对原著错误的翻译。它在文字和思想意义上背离了原文。在翻译中误译虽不可取但又客观存在,是无意识的叛逆。 (4)转译与改编。转译是是叛逆性最强的,是在翻译过程中无能为力情况下采取的方法。转译与改编体现在文学翻译上是创造性叛逆的特殊表现形式,其共性在于他们对于原作的两重更改。转译是一种语种转换。改编,节译和漏译各不相同。改编指改动整个内容情节,或体现对体裁的变动。节译是意识行为下对内容的大段改动。漏译则指无意识行为下改动少部分的情节。 对于中西方文学作品而言,译者永远不能全部表达原作者的真实想法,这在于两者不同的价值社会观和迥异的社会生活背景。译者自身的知识内涵和文化修养使其对译作实行了“创造性叛逆”的解读,而译者的主观判断性也由其个人因素和社会文化因素所制约。 1 文学翻译是创造性叛逆 (1)文学翻译的创造性。翻译的实质是把一种语言中蕴涵的内容通过媒介转移到另一种语言中。文学翻译是为让读者意会到不同的文化习俗和社会风貌,并不仅仅是浅层的转述表达。但就现在的大量翻译作品显示,其翻译的水平和要求与文学翻译所界定的标准依然存在相当的差异性。 (2)文学翻译的叛逆性。如果说文学翻译的创造性是译者依靠自身的能力创造性地表现原作品的实质内涵,那么其在翻译过程中所体现的叛逆性则是译者为实现主观愿望而对原作进行的客观背离。但在实际的文学翻译中,创造性与叛逆性是和谐共存的。 2 创造性叛逆的可接受性 创造性叛逆应遵循两重原则:充分原则与忠诚原则。文学翻译与其他形式的翻译一样,在很大程度上受目的地控制,而创造性叛逆是保证文学翻译的必不可少的手段。充分原则要求创造性叛逆应实现翻译目的,忠诚原则限制了目的文本的合理应用性,要求译者担当社会责任和道德规范,以此确保人们能够接受对文学翻译作品中所体现的创造性叛逆。 由于隐含的读者存在于一切中西文学作品中,因此作者把外界环境当作他在创作过程中的直接客体,其隐含的读者则是他的间接客体。但就译者来说,当其阅读原作品过程中,以前的间接客体此时变成为主体。原文虽然是阅读的直接对象,但原文作者心中或眼中的世界才是他通过阅读而理解的对象。所以,译者阅读和理解活动的间接对象是原文作者,这种主体间的交流就是话语对话的过程。翻译活动不是固定不变的语言转换,而是通过两种话语相互协商的产物。因为译者的不同的教育背景、人生经历和知识结构,所以翻译不可能有统一的标准。作为一种综合性的社会化活动,文学翻译应该是以多元而综合化的评价体系形式存在于现代复杂社会中。 从接受者和译文接受环境来分析文学翻译的创造性和叛逆性:(1)接受者的创造性叛逆。所谓接受者特指阅读翻译作品的读者。由于不同文化背景的接受者有着不同思维方式和知识修养,因此不同的读者会在分析读本时形成自己特定的评定准则。即使身处相同的历史背景,接受者也会因为拥有不同的文化视野和结构,在文本的阅读中不可避免性地会主观性再创造,从而促使在翻译异质文学作品时的创造性叛逆的不断呈现。(2)译文接受环境的创造性叛逆。从译文的接受环境分析,迥异的文化习俗、时代背景以及语言环境使原著作不可避免地受到译文语言的影响和限定,从而接受并融合译语的文化内涵和特征。 纵观现今翻译研究的现状,中西文学翻译已不再局限于传统的对源语文本与目的语文本的研究,而是将许多其他的因素也纳入其研究范围。评判译文好坏一直以“忠实”原则作为其评定的标准,但随着译者主体性研究的深入,文学翻译的重要显著特征之一是尤其注重创造性叛逆的应用。传统翻译研究否认创造性叛逆的作用和功效,而在比较文学范畴中则积极倡导其在文学作品翻译中的广泛应用。由德国功能派理论发展而来的目的论指出,翻译是一种基于源语文本的有目的的行为活动,决定任何翻译过程的最高准则是整个翻译行为的目的,这一理论无疑为研究这创造性叛逆提供了一个崭新而有效的视角。 参考文献 [1] 谢天振.译介学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999. [2] 钱利华.文学翻译与创造性叛逆[J].广东农工商职业技术学院学报,2002(1). [3] 乐黛云.文化差异与文化误读[A].北京大学出版社,1995. [4] 宋洪英.浅析文学翻译中的“创造性叛逆”[J].解放军外国语学院学报,2001(5). [5] 吕俊.跨越文化障碍—巴比塔的重建[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2001. 看了“关于文学的学术论文”的人还看: 1. 文学类学术论文范文 2. 关于文化的外国人学术论文 3. 汉语言文学学术论文 4. 美国文化学术论文格式要求 5. 读学术论文的心得体会

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