论电信企业市场营销策略[摘要]电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我国电信业带来了前所未有的压力与挑战,根据我国电信企业行业特点与营销重点,提出全员营销、摒弃传统广告宣传方式、营建全新企业文化及拓宽范围,实行差别化经营等策略。“所谓服务业这一行业根本不存在,只是各行业中服务成分所占的比重大小有所不同而已,每个人都在为他服务”。(TheoeloeLevitt语)显然,电信企业应属于服务成分较大的行业,笔者试从电信企业现状及服务业的特点入手,阐述电信企业的营销策略。一、电信企业的正确定位电信全球化与国际竞争的新趋势,给我们带来了前所未有的压力和挑战。一些新的经营理念,竞争观念、手段和策略正以惊人的速度向国人走来,并日益深刻地影响着国内通信市场。资产重组后的电信企业由于无线寻呼的剥离,邮政与电信的分营,移动公司的独立,实力受到了明显的削弱,经营范围与市场空间也随之相应变得狭窄。而在我们电信企业整体实力削弱的同时,我们的竞争对手无论从数量还是从实力,都不再是以前那样的弱小。我们对于通讯市场曾经有过的垄断时代已成为“昨日黄花”,电信市场不再有“巨无霸”的存在,代之而起的是诸侯割据群雄逐鹿。同时经历了这几年电信市场的长足发展,邮电通信能力和技术水平飞速提高,邮电通信不再是影响国民经济发展的瓶颈部门。从总体上说,通信能力与市场需求相比已经不再是短缺。更为严重的是,在国内需求普遍疲软的情况下,WTO正一步步向我们走来,我们未来的竞争对手将比现在可怕上不只十倍百倍。因而,在目前市场相对饱和的情况下,“加快发展,千方百计满足用户需要”,已经不应再成为我们电信企业的宣传口号和行动指南。面对日益壮大的竞争对手和相对狭小的空间,如果仅仅立足于用户需要的满足,我们将失去现有的市场。我们必须清醒地认识到:市场营销才是企业的首要任务。这既是企业工作的起点,又是企业工作的终点。没有市场营销企业就无法生存。“先有市场后有产品”之所以成为近几年企业界流行的经营方针即缘于此。由此可见,市场营销是企业发展的必由之路,强化营销,发现需求,选择市场需求是企业的第一任务,是关系企业生存发展的大事。因而,我们当前的任务当是创造市场,制造需求,引导消费,唯如此,我们电信企业方会在市场竞争中立于不败之地。二、电信企业行业特点与营销重点电信企业从属服务行业,因而我们必须从服务行业的特点出发,制定出符合行业特征的市场营销方案。“服务是一方能够向另一方提供的基本上是无形的任何功效或利益,并且不导致任何所有权的产生。它的生产可能与某种有形产品密切联系在一起,也可能毫无联系”。这就决定了电信企业具有如下行业特点:(一)不可触摸性服务是无形的。与有形产品不同,服务在被购买以前是看不见、品味不到,摸不着、听不到或嗅不出的。而购买者为减少这种不可触摸性所带来的不确定性,他们必然会寻求服务质量的标志或证据。他们将从看到的地方、人员、设备、沟通资料、象征和价格等方面,作出服务质量的判断。因此,服务提供者的任务是“经营证据”、“化无形为有形”。产品营销者受到的挑战是要求他们增加抽象观念,而服务营销者受到的挑战则是要求他们在其抽象供应上增加有形证据。如果我们想使我们的企业看起来服务快速和有效,就要中以试用以下几种工具使这种定位策略有形化。1、场所电信的有形环境必须暗示出快速和有效的服务。企业的外部和内部设计要做到整洁明快,对办公桌子的摆设和人行通道应进行认真设计规划,从外观上看,等持接持的顾客所排队伍不应过长,应有足够的坐位给正在办理业务的顾客。2、人员全体工作人员应当是忙碌的。他们应当做到衣着得体统一,并佩戴统一标志如工牌,并在始终保持微笑服务的同时做到来有迎声,去有送语。3、沟通资料沟通资料应能表明高效率,宣传小册子应做到印刷清晰,层次分明,图片也应经过认真选择。4、象征即企业的标志,如电信的徽记。5、价格各种服务价格要能始终保持简单明了。(二)不可分离性服务的生产与消费二者一般而方是同时进行的。这与有形物品的情况不同,后者是被制造出来的,先投入存储,随后销售,最后被消费。如果服务是由人提供的,那么这个人就是服务的一部分。因为当服务正在生产时顾客也在场,提供者和顾客相互作用,是服务营销的一个特征,提供者和顾客两者对服务的结果都有影响。(三)可变性服务具有极大的可变性。因为服务取决于由谁来提供以及在何时、何地提供。对服务质量的控制可采取两个步骤:第一步,投资于挑选优秀的工作人员并进行培训。对服务提供者进行培训,使其对顾客出现的各种情况都能做出适当反应,从而减少服务的可变性;第二步,通过顾客建议和投诉系统,顾客调查和对比购买,追踪了解顾客的满意情况。这样,质量较差的服务便可被察觉出来并得以更正。(四)易消失性服务不具有可贮藏性。不可能事先生产出服务留待以后消费。它的生产过程本身就是消费的过程,因而极易消失。由于服务性企业具有以上特点,因而服务性企业如果只用传统的市场营销方法来经营势必困难。在服务性企业中,顾客面对着服务质量不太稳定和较多变化的服务者,服务结果不仅受服务提供者的影响,而且受“不公开的”生产过程的影响。因而服务性企业的营销不仅需要传统的市场营销,而且还要插入其他两种市场营销,即内部市场营销和交互作用的市场营销。内部市场营销,意指服务公司必须对直接接待顾客的人员以及所有辅助服务人员进行培养和激励,使其通力合作,以便使顾客满意。市场营销部门可能做的最大贡献应是:“特别善于促使机构的其他部门每个人都实行市场营销。”(贝利语)交互作用市场营销,意指感知的服务质量在很大程度上取决于买者和卖者之间交互工作用的质量。在产品营销中,产品质量与如何被取得的方式之间毫无联系,但是在服务营销中,服务质量则是同服务供应者混为一体的。顾客评价服务质量,不仅依据其技术质量,而且依据其职能质量。因此,专业人员必须掌握交互作用市场营销的技巧。相对于传统营销而方,内部市场营销与交互作用的市场营销共同构成现代市场营销———全员营销。亦即市场营销的重点就是全员营销。三、全员营销的营销策略全员营销不仅包括营销手段的整体性,还包括营销主体的整体性及营销战略的整体性。传统的营销是以生产者为中心,以产品售出为目的,而现代营销是以顾客为中心,以顾客满意为目标,所要达到的最终目的如日本丰田公司的经理在推出凌志汽车时所说:“我们不应仅满足于顾客满意,我们的最终目的是使顾客愉悦”。怎样才能做到这一点呢?这就要求我样牢固树立“企业以市场营销为核心,市场营销以顾客满意为核心”的观念,将产品开发、技术改造、结构调整、生产管理、内部改革、资本运营等工作统一到服务和服从于市场这个中心上来,把搞好市场营销放在一切经营活动的第一位,以市场营销部门为中心,管理、生产、后勤部门以顾客满意为目标向市场营销部门提供服务。亦即搞好对外营销必须先搞好对内营销。某家旅游公司曾提出过这样的口号“员工第一、顾客第二”,其含义并非是不重视顾客,而是将员工列为第一的目的在于使企业员工满意,以崭新的面貌迎接顾客,从而实现顾客的满意。在树立“员工第一”思想的同时牢固树立“前一部门是后一部门的顾客”的思想,从而最大限度的激活内部市场营销。全员营销的一个很明显的特征就是:每道工序、每个员工与顾客都处于同一个不可分割的价值链,每个员工的工作都与顾客密切相关,只不过越靠近顾客的对顾客的影响越大。作为电信企业仅局限于对外的窗口,更不能仅仅局限于营业厅,我们以前抓服务的重点放在营业厅,而忽视了对另一些主要的服务群体如机线人员的管理。对于电信企业而言,机线人员服务的好坏对我们企业经营的影响更为直观。而在我们以前的实际工作当中,只是狠抓营业员的服务,而忽视了机线人员的规范化服务,导致我们的机线人员不象是国有企业的员工,反倒象是农村的个体包工队,极大地影响了我们的声誉。全员营销应注重这些重要环节,不允许出现任何细徽的漏洞。全员营销的另一个前提是员工整体素质的提高。这就要求我们的员工不仅要精通自己分管的业务,对于我们电信企业所有的业务都应有全面的了解。威海电信局曾经实行过“首问负责制”,意即每个员工在接听客户的电话,为客户提供咨询服务时,不应回答“不知道”,而应负责到底,为客户咨询有关部门,给予客户满意的答复。这种做法虽然比以前有所进步,但弊端在于浪费了客户的时间,降低了客户的满意度。请设想一下,如果我们每一个员工对每个问题都能对答如流,对每项业务都能如数家珍,这对我们的企业发展将会起到多大的推动作用。因而,从一线员工到支撑系统员工,不但要有全心全意为客户服务的觉悟,还要有过硬的服务本领。加强全体员工的技能培训,使其不仅知其然,而知其所以然,为客户提供高质量的服务。全员营销还需要提供相应的技术支持,提高服务的技术层次。体现服务水平的还有服务技术、服务手段。不仅包括服务手段的技术化,还包括通信能力的提高和通信手段的增多。借助高科技手段,实现服务层次的飞跃。如计算机的普及,使收费速度大大提高;联网收费,使客户体会网多面广的优势;产品的更新换代,满足不同层次消费群体的消费需求。由于全员营销具有上述特征,因而在实际操作中,与传统营销手段并用,将会取得事半功倍的效果。四、摒弃传统广告宣传,建设全新企业文化服务性企业较之制造企业在营销方面有许多不足,根据美国乔治和迈尔克斯德尔的调查,可以得出以下结论:(1)一般来说市场营销部门较少可能实行市场营销组合活动;(2)在提供服务区域较少可能进行市场营销分析;(3)很可能在内部处理自己的广告而不是求助于外部的广告社;(4)较少可能制定全面的销售计划;(5)较少可能制定和实施销售培训方案;(6)较少可能利用营销研究公司和营销顾问;(7)如用销售总额百分比表示用于市场营销上的费用,在这方面则有可能花费更少。作为曾经是国家垄断经营的电信企业,其实际营销手段比以上的论述更差。作为“官商”,我们曾经信奉的教条是“皇帝女儿不愁嫁”,作为“瓶颈部门”,我们曾级“酒好不怕巷子深”,这些陈规陋习导致我们在向市场经济转向的同时,不可避免地留有尚未褪化完全的计划经济的胎记。我们很多电信企业的广告仅仅做在家门口,做在营业厅里,我们在电视电台报纸所做的也仅仅是干巴巴的条文广告。广告这一引导消费的手段居然堕落到“顾客须知”的地步,广告魅力在我们那种做了也白做的论调中消失殆尽。我们所做的广告仅仅向人们表明我们做过广告。值得庆幸的是,我们有些经营者发现了这些问题。虽然我们欠缺国际商业巨头的大手笔,但我们绝对不能丧失商海博激的信心和勇气。一些电信企业的经验很值得我们推广:如在不同时间,针对不同的消费群体实行了不同的广告宣传,收到了较好的社会效益和经济效益。但在我们所有广告宣传中,缺少最根本的主题———企业文化的宣传。企业文化包括在长期生产过程中形成的经营思想、管理方式、群体意识和行为规范。它贯穿于企业发展道路、生产业务、经营管理以及职工思想政治、文化修养、业务技术素质的方方面面。高水平的质量服务文化,才能创出优质的服务,创优质服务又有力地推进企业的质量服务文化建设。众所周知,海尔公司在兼并红星电器厂时,仅派驻了几个管理人员,就使红星厂由亏损几千万的企业5个月内扭亏,他们凭借的是海尔品牌、海尔企业文化的灌输。由此可见,企业文化对于一个企业而方,无疑是企业魂。因而我们在使用传统的广告营销手段的同时,应侧重于企业文化的建设与宣传,学会利用各种媒体树立我们的形象。如我们可以对社会有影响的群体实行优惠政策,借以提高我们的知名度;积极参与公益活动,树立良好的企业形象。这种投入与产出的比肯定会优于广告的效果。同时注重企业的文化建设,弘扬企业,创企业品牌,求名牌效益,力争取得经济效益的同时获得良好的社会效益。五、价格手段,不可多用,不能滥用价格大战一直是企业界惯用的营销手续。曾几何时,价格成为我们企业的制胜法宝,推销产品的不二法门。仿佛祭起价格这个大旗,就可以战无不胜,所向披靡。但我们的消费者正一步步走向成熟,他们不再满足于小幅度的降价手段,最终结果导致价格战的恶性循环。近几年较为有名的是全国的彩电价格大战,造成全国彩电行业至少53亿的损失。“城门失火,殃及池鱼”,彩电大战导致了今年上半年的彩管行业的全面停产,彩管行业只能用减少供应量祈求价格的回升。在我们通讯市场,同样是烽烟四起,价格战的最终结果是“鹬蚌相争,渔夫得利”,这里的渔夫并不是指由于降价而得到实惠的消费者,而是指国际上那些圆睁双眼,紧盯我们这块世界上最大的尚未开放的通讯市场的通讯业的巨头们。我们原本就不足以与之抗衡,我们本应该联手与之竞争,而我们采取的价格战无疑将自己的市场廉价出售给了他们。当然价格战并非一无是处,通过价格大战,可以做到优胜劣汰,导致市场资源的重新配置,并由此锻炼我们的企业抗风浪的能力。但是价格手段毕竟是双刃剑,此应不可多用,更不能滥用。而应该配合企业社会形象的树立,针对特殊群体采取价格攻势;同时价格不能一降再降,那样会使顾客有了等待心理,反而更糟。六、拓宽经营范围,实行差别化服务当价格战与铺天盖地的广告刺激不了消费时,我们应该拓宽经营范围,实行差别化管理。但是要想做到将我们的服务与竞争者的服务区别开来是件十分困难的事。经营范围的缩小,竞争对手的增多,使得价格竞争愈演愈烈,许多顾客对产品的要求不多,只要省钱就行。由此可见,只要顾客认为服务的差别不大,他们对提供关心程度便会小于对价格的关心。解决价格竞争的办法是发展差别供应和建立差别形象,提高顾客的满意度。因为一个满意的顾客对价格的关心程度低于对提供服务者的关心程度,同时一个满意的顾客较为容易的接受开展的新业务,而且对我们电信企业的成本而言,发展一个新顾客远比吸引一个老顾客的费用高。因而我们电信企业应凭借自己的资源优势实行差别化服务管理。这种差别化服务管理具有两层意思,其一为本企业与外企业的不同,使顾客能明确我们所提供的服务为别人所无法提供的。这一点可以配合企业的文化建设进行。其工作重点应侧重于经营范围的拓展,让我们的服务永远走在别人的前面。其二对不同的顾客采取不同的营销策略。经营范围的拓展,不仅包括外延的拓展,还包括内涵的拓展;不仅仅是量的增加,还包括质的提高。同时细分市场,做到有的放矢。比如对学生较为集中的地区,实行免费装机发售电话卡刺激消费;对于消费层次不高的人应教会他们使用程控电话的多项功能,如“呼叫等待”、“转移呼叫”等,提高通话率;对于消费层次较高的人应大力宣传“一线通”等先进业务;对于大用户(主要指那些群体数量少但业务量比重大的用户)建立大户室,设立大用户档案,甚至于采取青岛局的办法:为大用户设立“绿色通道”,特事特办,使大户业务稳中有升,同时推出新业务后率先向他演示,从而引导消费。总之,在我们电信企业的市场营销工作中,要以现代营销观念为主,以传统营销观念为辅;以全员营销思想为主导,突出营销部门的地位;淡化广告宣传效应,重视企业文化建设;忽略价格杠杆功能,严格差别化服务管理;立足现有市场,创造消费需求;以先进的营销理念武装我们的头脑,使我们电信企业在未来的竞争中永立潮头,勇往直前。
The skin care products in the domestic market, is the first marketing model shop at the mall or the establishment of a special counter until Avon, Wei-tzu such an international brand with its unique marketing model into the Chinese market, we started noticing skin care Commodities of the importance of marketing mode. However, there are many skin care brand is not because the poor quality of their products and withdraw from the market, but because its not form a complete, and its products suitable for the marketing mode to support its development. This paper seeks to explore ways to find a skin care marketing its best model portfolio, cultivating their own core competitiveness, so that consumers concern, understanding, acceptance and brand loyalty generated, in order to achieve the life cycle of skin care products extension. In this paper, through a combination of theory and practice, and skin care products from the current market and consumer demand factors starting with skin care market has been the main marketing mode, which identify the problems and propose solutions. Skin care products market forecast of the future trend of development, has broken through the traditional marketing model, the bold ideas of a new marketing model. Without a marketing mode is the most perfect, but in line with its own attributes of skin care products marketing model is the best.
毕业论文外文文献下载网址 转自: 时间:2006年5月16日10:15谈谈如何在jstor、sciencedirect等收费网站之外找论文。 目前绝大多数论文在网上是以pdf或者ps文件形式存在,也有少量的doc文件,google的长处就是如果上述文件不是用扫描图片转换而来,那么google能够搜索上述文件内的东西,这样,google是搜索论文的最佳工具。一、关键词:1、直接输入文章篇名,两边都加上引号,引号不加的话会有很多噪声。这样的关键词定位目标是直接找到该论文。2、直接输入作者姓名,最好是first name 和last name都加,如果是几个作者合作的,那么分次搜索。这样搜索的目的是找到作者的主页,希望在作者主页上找到论文。现在的很多作者喜欢把自己的论文放在网上,尤其是近年完成的论文,虽然大多数是放working paper,但是一些作者乐意把已发表的文章放在主页上。二、论文的主要存放地:上面已经提到过,免费下载论文的一个来源是作者的主页,但是,以我自己的搜索经历看,最重要的来源是所谓的syllabus或者reading list,有些老师在向学生提供课程大纲时,出于对学生的体谅,把指定的论文放在了课程的主页上,所以,一旦你的搜索指向了一个syllabus或者reading list,你应该过去看看哪里有没有链接,把你鼠标的“手”放在链接上,看看浏览器状态栏显示的链接指向,如果是与主页拥有人地址类似的(注意,一些老师是把链接指向jstor的,等于没有用),bingo!用这种方法搜索往往很累的,因为可能你看了10个搜索结果,却一无所获,但是,好处是,如果你找到了一篇,往往意味着你找到了一大群,而且是与你目标论文相关的一大群!即使是一无所获,你也找到了目标论文的相关阅读书目。一旦你在某个人的主页上的syllabus或者reading list可以下载他人的已发表论文,那么你还应该上一层,看看该老师的其他课程,理由是,如果一个人做了善事,完全有理由相信他会继续做善事,他也会在他讲授的其他课程的syllabus中提供下载!三、其他很难说是先搜索篇名好还是先搜索作者好,我的做法是,先输入文章名,如果文章名太短或者太常见,那么再加上作者的姓,以剔除不必要的结果。查看2-3页的结果,如果没有,转入搜索作者主页,如果还是没有,再回到篇名,查看剩余的搜索结果。现在的google的cache功能给屏蔽了,带来了一些效率损失,但总比以前封锁好。实例1:前两天有网友寻找:Jeremy Greenwood, Boyan Jovanovic,Financial Development, Growth, and The Distribution of Income在google上搜索“Financial Development, Growth, and The Distribution of Income”,别忘了加引号,看了两页的搜索结果,没有。转变策略,搜索Jeremy Greenwood,第一项就是他的主页,在主页上就有这篇论文。实例2:假定要搜索Kydland,Prescott,"Rules rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans", JPE,在google上输入"Rules rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans",他的第5个结果是:ECONOMICS 541... (b) Sustainable Plans and Mutual Default, by Chari and Kehoe. (c) Rules Ratherthan Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans, by Kydland and Prescott. ... - 8k - 网页快照 - 类似网页 “ECONOMICS 541”及其后面的文字表明这是一个课程大纲,进入一看,^_^,收获不小吧?!也许,你还觉得不过瘾或者很空闲,浏览器显示的链接是 ,用退格键把后面的几个字删了,变成 ,进入,显示还有几个课程,你可以进去看看,不过油水不大了。一件趣事:一次,google显示有目标论文的pdf文档存在,而且我也通过google的链接打开了,可是那个html页面上就是没有任何链接,我无意中采用flashget下载全部链接,才发现作者把链接都做在了句号上,很不起眼,呵呵,智力大挑战。.英美常用经济网站1、《金融时报》 2、《商业周刊》 3、《财富》 4、《远东经济评论》 5、《福布斯》 6、哥伦比亚广播公司《市场观察》 7、《街》 8. 英国《经济学家》 9. 《华尔街日报》评论 大经济类网站!1. 中财精品屋2. 人大经济论坛3. 中国营销传播网4. 中国经理人网站5. 哈佛企业管理网6. 中国项目管理网7. IT经理人8. 中国经济学教育科研网9. 中华管理论坛10. 中国经济研究中心 Bradford DeLong at UC Berkeley Paul Krugman at Princeton Richard Thaler at Chicago Robert Hall at Stanford William Barnet at Washington 国外经济学站点参考工具世界各大学经济学系Academic Economics Departments包括美国和非美国的。按国家、学校排列。美国经济协会会员名录American Economic Association Directory of Members该站点收录了1999、1997、1993年三次调查的数据。可以输入检索词(关键词或人名)分别检索。提供了这些会员的姓名、单位、地址、电话等内容。Amos世界经济词汇表(俄克拉荷马州立大学)AmosWorld Economic Glossary (Oklahoma State University) 由俄克拉荷马州立大学大学经济学教授Orley Amos博士制作的经济学词汇表。方便易用,可检索。反托拉斯政策Antitrust Policy 大学和几个商业公司建立的巨大站点。提供了大量经济研究的站点链接。可以检索或按主题浏览。主要类目包括:兼并、价格固定等。英国政治和经济科学图书馆British Library of Political & Economic Science 英国政治经济图书馆建于1896年,是伦敦经济学院的工作图书馆。它藏有大量经济学资料。该站点收集了该馆的书目、电子文献以及指向其它检索工具和图书馆的链接。 工商管理学院网络BSCHOOLWeb 有最好的工商管理学院、工商管理学院指南等信息。该站点的目标是要建成一个收录全世界工商管理学院的网址。商业参考Business Reference (Tex-Share)德克萨斯大学关于经济学和商业的参考资源,组织得很好。按主题排列。《商业周刊》商学院排行榜Business School Rankings (Business Week) 这是《商业周刊》杂志提供的年度全美最好的商学院排行榜的联机版。包括最好的MBA学院、200余个MBA信息检索,此外,还可以在这些最好的学校中选择4所,系统将就各学校的基本情况、入学、就业等信息进行比较。经济文献数据库Econbase这是一个交互式数据库,可以检索33个Elsevier/Northan Holland出版的经济期刊上最近发表的论文的信息。数据从94年1月开始。每年大约更新2000篇论文。Internet经济学资源(Nijenrode大学)Economics internet resources(Nijenrode University)这是荷兰Nijenrode大学图书馆建立的一个站点,它提供了大量经济学站点的链接。主要分为:经济计量学、经济理论、农业、发展中国家、发展组织、可持续发展、亚洲、欧洲、国际货币基金组织、国际贸易、宏观经济模型、经济思想史等大类。美、加能够授予博士学位的大学Economics Departments with . Programs in American and Canadian Universities该站点提供了美国、加拿大经济学博士授予学院的链接。根据《Peterson's Graduate Programs in the Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, 1999》内容提供的。世界上的经济学系、研究所和研究中心Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World(EDIRC)该站点提供了178个国家和地区的4161个经济学系、研究所和研究中心,经济学学会和协会,以及财政部门、统计部门、中心银行及非赢利机构的链接。按国家、地区排列。经济学期刊Economics Journals上面有200余种经济学期刊的网址,是一个非常有用的页面。每年4月、八月、十二月更新。经济学资源(社科信息网关SOSIG)Economics Resources (Social Science Information Gateway) 这是一个大型的资源指南,是英国和欧洲的几个研究机构建立的社会科学信息网关的一部分。包含了很多经济学和相关资源的链接。主要类目如下:商业与贸易发展研究;财政、劳动与工业关系、政治经济学等。经济学资源列表(大学)Economics Resources Table of Contents(Rutgers University)该站点收录了Rutgers大学图书馆收集的大量Internet网上的经济学站点的链接。分为一般信息;电子数据、期刊文档和索引;资源指南;其它经济学和相关的Internet资源。每个大类下又分若干小类,小类下按站点名称的字母顺序排列。经济学单一主题WWW页面Economics Single Subject WWW Pages该站点收录了几十个经济学某一领域的专门站点的链接,按站点名称字顺排列。其中的每一个链接又收录了很多该领域经济学研究的站点。《经济学家》Economist可以看到《经济学家》杂志上的部分文章,特色栏目《本周商业(Business this Week)》值得一看。全文检索(可回溯到1995年)和其它服务需要注册。Web上的经济学家Economists on the Web这里搜集了全世界很多经济学家的个人主页地址,是了解经济学家的成果、与经济学家交流的好去处
RESUME SEARCH :: MARKETING & SALES RESUME BANK Results 1 - 20 of 1004 1. - Senior Management Am looking for a Senior Management or Marketing position. Have 13 years work experience (6 years in China). Fluent in English, Malay, Mandarin, Cantonese. Know Asia-Pacific markets well. Location: Abroad - Shanghai Resume reference: liulJoq8 Date: 7 May 2009 2. - Sales I am now looking to build on my selling skills as well as progress into a management position to achieve further professional development. I am therefore keen to find a new and suitably challenging role within a market-leading organisation. Location: Kuala Lumpur - Cheras Resume reference: skG4kgjt Date: 7 May 2009 3. - Marketing Executive I am now waiting my diploma results and I wanted to look for a full time job. I have worked before as promoter in fashion apparel, female supplies, and food & beverage relevance. I have confident that I can manage well in sales and marketing area. Location: Kuala Lumpur - Bandar Sri Damansara,Kepong Resume reference: sza721mY Date: 7 May 2009 4. - Petroleum Employee I am looking for any petroleum / oil company jobs that may fit my credentials. I am a computer literate individual with knowledge in SAP R3 application, know how to operate forklifts and drive. I was previously employed at Shell Philippines from Jan 1994 to May 2005 and TWA Inc - Flying V Petroleum an independent New Oil Player in the Phils as Supervisor Field Officer from July 2006 to February 2008. Location: Abroad - Davao City, Philippines Resume reference: jsOVbLZd Date: 7 May 2009 5. - Maketing Manager / Senior Exec Looking for Senior / Mananager position for Marketing. Specilize in FMCG industry with 3 years experience. Identify, execute and manage marketing strategies and initiatives for consumer products. Speaks English, Malay and Canotonese Location: Selangor - Petaling Jaya Resume reference: roWDQtRY Date: 6 May 2009 6. - MBA with 4 year Experience in Sales looking for either markrting jobs in banking , fmcg,Beverages or automobile industry languages known English, Hindi,Malayalam, Tamil Location: Abroad - India Resume reference: ba18a2ra Date: 6 May 2009 7. - NGO Executive, Project Formulation, GIS, Disaster Risk Mgt Program Coordinator,NGO Consultant, Microcredit Advancement Planning, Socio-economic data analyst,Disaster Preparedness in Agriculture Sector, Spatial data analyst, GIS Maping expert,Computer Training Coordinator, Housing and Settlement Expert, Voluntary Organizer, Adapation to Climate Change in the Agriculture Sector, Agricultural Extension Specialist Languages: English (RWS), French(RWS) , Arabic (Read only,Write)and Bangla (mother language)Typing Speed: 35 wpm (Eng) and familiar to Arabic, French typing ..... (continued) Location: Abroad - Dhaka, Bangladesh Resume reference: sisqwUsD Date: 6 May 2009 8. - Sales Manager Management Searching for a Sales and Marketing Job. Effective communication, able to Motivate and extract the market share. Location: Abroad - India Resume reference: se0hNJAC Date: 6 May 2009 9. - Management Trainee I am graduated in degree of Urban and Regional Planning from International Islamic University Malaysia. My career objective is to achieve highest ranking position in any Real Estate Company or Multinational Company. I have a very strong interest in Business, Marketing, Sales and Management. I have high determination on improving myself towards becoming highly potential business minded person. I have participated in many self-empowerment seminars, leadership training and sales training, namely; -"Unleash ..... (continued) Location: Selangor - Subang Jaya Resume reference: crhsiWJq Date: 6 May 2009 10. - Training Manager I have obtained experience in the field of education, and then to Training and Development as I have a great passion for training. In my previous company, as a Principle Lecturer I have handled a group of lectures, planning, managing and developing course syllabus for each programme in the foundation level. And now in my current company where I am given the task to plan, coordinate and train the sales force team nationwide and internal staffs in terms of product knowledge and soft skills such as greeting, ..... (continued) Location: Selangor - Klang Resume reference: naBcfoVE Date: 6 May 2009 11. - Marketing i am looking for a job, which enable me to establish my knowledge to the am fluent in English, Bahasa Malaysia, and chinese. i am self independent and fast learner,motivated and hardworking. ,good interpersonal skills in dealing with others. Location: Sarawak - Kuching Resume reference: gltYJWVF Date: 6 May 2009 12. - Web Strategist I am looking for a position to complement my corporate experience, management skills in IT and the education industry, further to my prolific research and understanding of Web and beyond. I have worked in Malaysia (3 years) and in Australia (10 years), in which I have gained authority and network within the online domain, especially Virtual Worlds. My publication, media interviews and international awards are a testament to my proficiency in spoken languages and presentation skills. Following are ..... (continued) Location: Abroad - Australia Resume reference: ssR3za4p Date: 6 May 2009 13. - Business Developemt Manager - Sales or Marketing job - Strength in Sales,Marketing and Business Developemet - English. Mandarin, Cantonese, Malay, spoken and writen Location: Kuala Lumpur - Kepong Resume reference: keQXgHZX Date: 5 May 2009 14. - Talent Hunt I have visited many of national and multinational companies including Engro Vopak, Fauji Fertilizer, IFFCO, PICT, SIEMENS, AREVA T&D and also served to several industries in the ITIF Asia and Textile Asia Exhibitions at Expo Centre Karachi. Apart from this I did internship in AREVA T&D (Formerly ALSTOM) and worked on the project of Automation of the PAINT SHOP CONVENTIONAL CONTROL SYSTEM, for a year. All the manufacturing depends on this sub-department of Production under the head of CNC machines in AREVA T ..... (continued) Location: Abroad - Pakistan Resume reference: enPrAXxC Date: 5 May 2009 15. - Retail Assistant Saya cari kerja yang sesuai dengan saya dan pengalaman yang saya ada sebelum berjanji akan membuat kerja dengan baik tanpa menimbul sebarang boleh mengendalikan komputer dan mesin duit(casheir).saya boleh bertutur bahasa inglish sederhana dan bersedia kerja lebih saya berminat kerja di adidas dan nike. Location: Sabah - kudat Resume reference: awN3QaSa Date: 5 May 2009 16. - A&P, PR, Banking,Purchasing Public Speaking, Customer services, Thinking technique, Adobe illustrator, Brand Management, Media Planning. Location: Johor - Muar, JB Resume reference: cos01NR0 Date: 5 May 2009 17. - Manager Im looking for a job of managerial cadre,i have 14 years of sales & marketing fluent in english. apart from sales job,i can do management level job too. Location: Abroad - india Resume reference: maq9eNtR Date: 5 May 2009 18. - Marketing Manager I'm looking for a Marketing Manager position as I'm relocating back to Malaysia from Dubai. My soft skills include Strategic Planning, Market Intelligence, Business Development, Customer Relationship Management, Market Analysis Forecasting, Profit & Loss Management, Negotiation, Six-Sigma Mythology, Industrial Sales, and Retail Management. Language spoken is English, Malay, Mandarin, Hokkien and Cantonese. Experience in MNC and international dealings. Friendly yet aggressive in terms of achieving objectives ..... (continued) Location: Kuala Lumpur - Kepong Resume reference: peUp96J9 Date: 5 May 2009 19. - Sales & Marketing Manager - Technical I am searching for a vacancy in Sales & Marketing. I am a Sales Manager with more than 10 years experience in Techical / Engineering Sales. I bring with me, a wealth of experience in dealing with people, customers to ensure sales objectives are met, creating a win-win environment between customers and company. As a Sales Manager, my responsibilties in my previous company ranges from being a mentor to my staff, as well as being a motivator to assist staffs in achieving the company set targets & goals. To ..... (continued) Location: Pulau Pinang - Sg. Dua Resume reference: lkOm1q7v Date: 4 May 2009 20. - Sales, export, marketing, manager Marketing % sales, managing, export department, english, german, turkish Location: Kuala Lumpur - KL Resume reference: rimvySmn Date: 4 May 2009
参考文献〔l」黄凤玲.关注烟草经济高增长下的深入调整,《中国烟草》,,38一39页〔2」〔美〕斯蒂芬卫罗宾斯.《管理学》第7版,中国人民大学出版社,2004,365页〔3」钟涛、何立眠、朱佳著.《整合营销》,山西经济出,1998,127页[4」麦克尔.波特.《竞争优势》,华夏出版社,2005,202页[5]吕忠信.《世界烟草经济》,中国科学技术大学出版社第1版,2006,65页〔6〕国家局经济运行司.盘点成果稳中进取,《中国烟草》,,21页[7〕编者.2004中国烟草回眸,《中国烟草》,,45页[8]彻纳东尼和麦唐纳著.《创造强有力的品牌》,中国经济出版社,2004:26页[9」刘钟详.国际卷烟流行口味特点及其对我国消费的影响,《烟草科技》,,61页仁10〕编者.2007中国烟草回眸,《中国烟草》,,12页【11]刘宗柳.卷烟消费的市场现状与潜力分析,《中国烟草》,,47页〔1幻王长根.《学习型企业文化理论与实践》中国经济出版,2005,123一124页「13〕于建原.《营销管理》,西南财经大学出版社,2003,96页〔14」中国江西网,中国卷烟零售户经营状况调查,W卿.jxcn.。n〔15〕龚锦华.((企业战略、文化、管理研究报告》,2006,162页〔16」毕长敏主编.烟草流通企业战略与管理,东北财经大学出版社,,137页〔17」刘志峰.零售业态之变催促烟草流通改革,《中国烟草》,页[18]中国烟草在线,tob
童鞋你好!这个估计需要自己搜索了!网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的!我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库:---------------------------------------------------------- ⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ⑵Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL) ⑶EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会 ⑷ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会 ⑸Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库 ⑹Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书 ⑺ProQuest学位论文全文数据库 ⑻国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库 ⑼推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2-----------------------------------------------------------中文翻译得自己做了,实在不成就谷歌翻译。弄完之后,自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦!学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的!外文翻译不是论文的主要内容!所以,很容易过去的!祝你好运!
营销策划论文参考文献
导语:营销策划论文的参考文献有哪些呢?营销策划有助于企业的可持续的发展。下面是我分享的营销策划论文的参考文献,欢迎阅读!
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[14] 陆文. 基于供应链管理的营销渠道研究[J]. 现代经济信息. 2010(02)
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[17] 本刊编辑部,张萍,郭俊. 2007,中国化妆品法规年--年度化妆品行业法规大事记[J]. 中国化妆品(行业). 2008(01)
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我试试吧、、、
毕业论文外文文献下载网址 转自: 时间:2006年5月16日10:15谈谈如何在jstor、sciencedirect等收费网站之外找论文。 目前绝大多数论文在网上是以pdf或者ps文件形式存在,也有少量的doc文件,google的长处就是如果上述文件不是用扫描图片转换而来,那么google能够搜索上述文件内的东西,这样,google是搜索论文的最佳工具。一、关键词:1、直接输入文章篇名,两边都加上引号,引号不加的话会有很多噪声。这样的关键词定位目标是直接找到该论文。2、直接输入作者姓名,最好是first name 和last name都加,如果是几个作者合作的,那么分次搜索。这样搜索的目的是找到作者的主页,希望在作者主页上找到论文。现在的很多作者喜欢把自己的论文放在网上,尤其是近年完成的论文,虽然大多数是放working paper,但是一些作者乐意把已发表的文章放在主页上。二、论文的主要存放地:上面已经提到过,免费下载论文的一个来源是作者的主页,但是,以我自己的搜索经历看,最重要的来源是所谓的syllabus或者reading list,有些老师在向学生提供课程大纲时,出于对学生的体谅,把指定的论文放在了课程的主页上,所以,一旦你的搜索指向了一个syllabus或者reading list,你应该过去看看哪里有没有链接,把你鼠标的“手”放在链接上,看看浏览器状态栏显示的链接指向,如果是与主页拥有人地址类似的(注意,一些老师是把链接指向jstor的,等于没有用),bingo!用这种方法搜索往往很累的,因为可能你看了10个搜索结果,却一无所获,但是,好处是,如果你找到了一篇,往往意味着你找到了一大群,而且是与你目标论文相关的一大群!即使是一无所获,你也找到了目标论文的相关阅读书目。一旦你在某个人的主页上的syllabus或者reading list可以下载他人的已发表论文,那么你还应该上一层,看看该老师的其他课程,理由是,如果一个人做了善事,完全有理由相信他会继续做善事,他也会在他讲授的其他课程的syllabus中提供下载!三、其他很难说是先搜索篇名好还是先搜索作者好,我的做法是,先输入文章名,如果文章名太短或者太常见,那么再加上作者的姓,以剔除不必要的结果。查看2-3页的结果,如果没有,转入搜索作者主页,如果还是没有,再回到篇名,查看剩余的搜索结果。现在的google的cache功能给屏蔽了,带来了一些效率损失,但总比以前封锁好。实例1:前两天有网友寻找:Jeremy Greenwood, Boyan Jovanovic,Financial Development, Growth, and The Distribution of Income在google上搜索“Financial Development, Growth, and The Distribution of Income”,别忘了加引号,看了两页的搜索结果,没有。转变策略,搜索Jeremy Greenwood,第一项就是他的主页,在主页上就有这篇论文。实例2:假定要搜索Kydland,Prescott,"Rules rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans", JPE,在google上输入"Rules rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans",他的第5个结果是:ECONOMICS 541... (b) Sustainable Plans and Mutual Default, by Chari and Kehoe. (c) Rules Ratherthan Discretion: The Inconsistency of Optimal Plans, by Kydland and Prescott. ... - 8k - 网页快照 - 类似网页 “ECONOMICS 541”及其后面的文字表明这是一个课程大纲,进入一看,^_^,收获不小吧?!也许,你还觉得不过瘾或者很空闲,浏览器显示的链接是 ,用退格键把后面的几个字删了,变成 ,进入,显示还有几个课程,你可以进去看看,不过油水不大了。一件趣事:一次,google显示有目标论文的pdf文档存在,而且我也通过google的链接打开了,可是那个html页面上就是没有任何链接,我无意中采用flashget下载全部链接,才发现作者把链接都做在了句号上,很不起眼,呵呵,智力大挑战。.英美常用经济网站1、《金融时报》 2、《商业周刊》 3、《财富》 4、《远东经济评论》 5、《福布斯》 6、哥伦比亚广播公司《市场观察》 7、《街》 8. 英国《经济学家》 9. 《华尔街日报》评论 大经济类网站!1. 中财精品屋2. 人大经济论坛3. 中国营销传播网4. 中国经理人网站5. 哈佛企业管理网6. 中国项目管理网7. IT经理人8. 中国经济学教育科研网9. 中华管理论坛10. 中国经济研究中心 Bradford DeLong at UC Berkeley Paul Krugman at Princeton Richard Thaler at Chicago Robert Hall at Stanford William Barnet at Washington 国外经济学站点参考工具世界各大学经济学系Academic Economics Departments包括美国和非美国的。按国家、学校排列。美国经济协会会员名录American Economic Association Directory of Members该站点收录了1999、1997、1993年三次调查的数据。可以输入检索词(关键词或人名)分别检索。提供了这些会员的姓名、单位、地址、电话等内容。Amos世界经济词汇表(俄克拉荷马州立大学)AmosWorld Economic Glossary (Oklahoma State University) 由俄克拉荷马州立大学大学经济学教授Orley Amos博士制作的经济学词汇表。方便易用,可检索。反托拉斯政策Antitrust Policy 大学和几个商业公司建立的巨大站点。提供了大量经济研究的站点链接。可以检索或按主题浏览。主要类目包括:兼并、价格固定等。英国政治和经济科学图书馆British Library of Political & Economic Science 英国政治经济图书馆建于1896年,是伦敦经济学院的工作图书馆。它藏有大量经济学资料。该站点收集了该馆的书目、电子文献以及指向其它检索工具和图书馆的链接。 工商管理学院网络BSCHOOLWeb 有最好的工商管理学院、工商管理学院指南等信息。该站点的目标是要建成一个收录全世界工商管理学院的网址。商业参考Business Reference (Tex-Share)德克萨斯大学关于经济学和商业的参考资源,组织得很好。按主题排列。《商业周刊》商学院排行榜Business School Rankings (Business Week) 这是《商业周刊》杂志提供的年度全美最好的商学院排行榜的联机版。包括最好的MBA学院、200余个MBA信息检索,此外,还可以在这些最好的学校中选择4所,系统将就各学校的基本情况、入学、就业等信息进行比较。经济文献数据库Econbase这是一个交互式数据库,可以检索33个Elsevier/Northan Holland出版的经济期刊上最近发表的论文的信息。数据从94年1月开始。每年大约更新2000篇论文。Internet经济学资源(Nijenrode大学)Economics internet resources(Nijenrode University)这是荷兰Nijenrode大学图书馆建立的一个站点,它提供了大量经济学站点的链接。主要分为:经济计量学、经济理论、农业、发展中国家、发展组织、可持续发展、亚洲、欧洲、国际货币基金组织、国际贸易、宏观经济模型、经济思想史等大类。美、加能够授予博士学位的大学Economics Departments with . Programs in American and Canadian Universities该站点提供了美国、加拿大经济学博士授予学院的链接。根据《Peterson's Graduate Programs in the Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences, 1999》内容提供的。世界上的经济学系、研究所和研究中心Economics Departments, Institutes and Research Centers in the World(EDIRC)该站点提供了178个国家和地区的4161个经济学系、研究所和研究中心,经济学学会和协会,以及财政部门、统计部门、中心银行及非赢利机构的链接。按国家、地区排列。经济学期刊Economics Journals上面有200余种经济学期刊的网址,是一个非常有用的页面。每年4月、八月、十二月更新。经济学资源(社科信息网关SOSIG)Economics Resources (Social Science Information Gateway) 这是一个大型的资源指南,是英国和欧洲的几个研究机构建立的社会科学信息网关的一部分。包含了很多经济学和相关资源的链接。主要类目如下:商业与贸易发展研究;财政、劳动与工业关系、政治经济学等。经济学资源列表(大学)Economics Resources Table of Contents(Rutgers University)该站点收录了Rutgers大学图书馆收集的大量Internet网上的经济学站点的链接。分为一般信息;电子数据、期刊文档和索引;资源指南;其它经济学和相关的Internet资源。每个大类下又分若干小类,小类下按站点名称的字母顺序排列。经济学单一主题WWW页面Economics Single Subject WWW Pages该站点收录了几十个经济学某一领域的专门站点的链接,按站点名称字顺排列。其中的每一个链接又收录了很多该领域经济学研究的站点。《经济学家》Economist可以看到《经济学家》杂志上的部分文章,特色栏目《本周商业(Business this Week)》值得一看。全文检索(可回溯到1995年)和其它服务需要注册。Web上的经济学家Economists on the Web这里搜集了全世界很多经济学家的个人主页地址,是了解经济学家的成果、与经济学家交流的好去处
1、论文题目:要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。2、目录:目录是论文中主要段落的简表。(短篇论文不必列目录)3、提要:是文章主要内容的摘录,要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字,多不超过三百字为宜。4、关键词或主题词:关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的,是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语,便于信息系统汇集,以供读者检索。 每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词,另起一行,排在“提要”的左下方。主题词是经过规范化的词,在确定主题词时,要对论文进行主题,依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。5、论文正文:(1)引言:引言又称前言、序言和导言,用在论文的开头。 引言一般要概括地写出作者意图,说明选题的目的和意义, 并指出论文写作的范围。引言要短小精悍、紧扣主题。〈2)论文正文:正文是论文的主体,正文应包括论点、论据、 论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容:a.提出-论点;b.分析问题-论据和论证;c.解决问题-论证与步骤;d.结论。6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料,列于论文的末尾。参考文献应另起一页,标注方式按《GB7714-87文后参考文献著录规则》进行。中文:标题--作者--出版物信息(版地、版者、版期):作者--标题--出版物信息所列参考文献的要求是:(1)所列参考文献应是正式出版物,以便读者考证。(2)所列举的参考文献要标明序号、著作或文章的标题、作者、出版物信息。
Marketing is an integrated communications-based process through which individuals and communities discover that existing and newly-identified needs and wants may be satisfied by the products and services of is defined by the American Marketing Association as the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and society at large. [1] The term developed from the original meaning which referred literally to going to market, as in shopping, or going to a market to buy or sell goods or practice tends to be seen as a creative industry, which includes advertising, distribution and selling. It is also concerned with anticipating the customers' future needs and wants, which are often discovered through market research. Seen from a systems point of view, sales process engineering views marketing as a set of processes that are interconnected and interdependent with other functions[2], whose methods can be improved using a variety of relatively new is influenced by many of the social sciences, particularly psychology, sociology, and economics. Anthropology and neuroscience are also small but growing influences. Market research underpins these activities. Through advertising, it is also related to many of the creative arts. The marketing literature is also infamous for re-inventing itself and its vocabulary according to the times and the the early 1960s, Professor Neil Borden at Harvard Business School identified a number of company performance actions that can influence the consumer decision to purchase goods or services. Borden suggested that all those actions of the company represented a “Marketing Mix”. Professor E. Jerome McCarthy, also at the Harvard Business School in the early 1960s, suggested that the Marketing Mix contained 4 elements: product, price, place and : The product aspects of marketing deal with the specifications of the actual goods or services, and how it relates to the end-user's needs and wants. The scope of a product generally includes supporting elements such as warranties, guarantees, and support. Pricing: This refers to the process of setting a price for a product, including discounts. The price need not be monetary; it can simply be what is exchanged for the product or services, . time, energy, or attention. Methods of setting prices optimally are in the domain of pricing science.
网页链接
中文参考文献变成英文参考文献的方法如下:
写作或投稿时,常常需要将中文参考文献转换为英文形式,分享一个小途径,维普!在维普中检索需要引用的文章,大部分文章会给出英文标题,作者英文名和期刊英文名。
复制维普的中文参考文献格式,进行相应英文内容的替换,并按需要的格式修改即可。
如果你只是从知网引用一两句话,没问题。先推荐你一个网站,cite4me 这些你所有的文献。无论中英文的文章,将基础信息录入进去,他就会自动给你生成你想要的APA,MLA,Harvard格式了。
利用顶级引用工具 CiteThisForMe,助您节省时间,并提高成绩.
自动转换成APA格式。
另外一个是word自带的。你在reference里面直接选择要插入的citation,然后会填写基础的文献信息。点击ok后,他就会出现citation。
在出现citation后,你只需要点击bibliography,然后点第一个。你的reference list就会自动生成了。
除了维普和知网,还有一些其他的方法,以上仅供参考。
当需要将中文文献引用到英文论文中时,直接在网上搜索中文文献相应的英语摘要,导入文献管理软件进行引用即可。
在SCI期刊中,大部分是英文期刊,可以说发表sci论文,在引用参考文献上,应优先考虑英文参考文献,尽量不引用中文参考文献,但这不代表sci论文不可以引用中文参考文献。毕竟有很多原创的科研成果是在中文期刊上发表的,是被认可的。
SCI论文中中文文献的注意事项
1、引用的参考文献要忠实于原文
参考文献,即是对该文献的借鉴和参考,我们要在保留原文献的理论中进行借鉴,作者无权更改原作者的本意,只需向读者介绍原作者使用的方法、得出的结果和结论等。作者可以对原作者使用的方法、得出的结果和结论等发表看法,但不能肆意更改,不管是故意的,还是无意的。
2、尽量选用原始文献
我们很多人也许有这样的经历,写文章前,都会查阅大量与自己论文研究相关的综述。因此在写文章时也会引用大量综述论文。其实我们在做研究看文献时,都希望看到原始文献。
3、应注意参考文献的著录格式
因参考文献的著录格式各刊不尽相同,投稿前作者应注意杂志的有关规定,至少得先看看有关期刊发表的论文的参考文献是如何标注的,以了解有关期刊的参考文献的著录格式,以免出错。许多作者投递的稿件书写格式包括参考文献的著录格式与杂志所要求的不同。
参考资料来源:百度百科——SCI
Three test the text dedicate[1] king's 浩 , dehydrate the research that tomato process agriculture university Master's [2] the glory of 昌 , the 麻 founds a nation, tomato powder processes the method comparison the [ J].Food technology,2001,(1):28-32[ pleased 忠 in king in 3], in just 渊 , etc..Spray fog the dry( the second version)[ M].Peking: chemistry industry publishing house,2003:385-388[4] Chen 萃仁 , etc..The dry characteristic in hot breeze in thin slice in tomato studies the [ J] with the agriculture university college journal of Zhejiang,2000,(2):133-135[5] Lee's 蔚 , etc..The tomato vacuum freezes the research of the dry craft the [ J].The highway transportation university college journal of Xian,2000,(6):32-34[6] 杜卫华 , the Sun gold is just, vacuum freezes the craft of the dry garlic powder the [ J].Have no the light work in tin university college journal,2003,(3):18-20[7] wood 弘通 .( day)The milk powder makes the engineering the [ M].Peking: the light industry publishing house of Peking,1987:89[8] Chen's 伟 , D 霄霖 , the ether handles the method withdraws the red and plain research in tomato in inside in ketchup[ J].Food industry technology,2003,(4):65-67[9] the glory of 昌 , etc..Tomato powder is in process hoarding process red and plain stability in tomato research[ J].Food science,2002,(8):33-37[10] 郭 jade is clear, 姚智华 , etc..The vacuum freezes the dry process parameter to sublimate the aridity can consume the combination of the influence the on trial research the [ J].Agriculture engineering college journal,2004,(4):180-184梁瑜称笼商空溪克特寸萩将荪谌东蔚耕嵋竹诤口
The network marketing and traditional marketing what's different? The network marketing theoretically, the Internet, no time, by many regional limits and even means also greatly ahead, contain great business opportunity. Practically, it also or marketing, just with the high-tech means, he also has a management idea problem, also have strategic planning questions, there's a environmental analysis, a target market, a marketing strategy and method of performance, market competition and develop such problems, the off-line (the traditional marketing) all do bad enterprise, it is impossible to do in Internet marketing. A, management concept 1, ShiChangGuan problem Online "DengKeShangMen" is still relatively common, "selling concept" also has a large market, this regarding the effect of Internet marketing has a great effect. The initiative to understand and analyze the market environment, keenly feel market, find market opportunities and threats, the market for marketing or business, summarize unceasingly and use of market rules and mechanisms, make full use of market resources, these problems in online also need attention. And the off-line marketing without substantial difference. Without these, off-line slow-moving, online also not marketable; Offline you will only DengKeShangMen, online you wouldn't the initiative; Offline you only can call "this enterprise production XXX, breed together, complete in specification, competitive price, welcome to our customers throughout", "general manager XXX with all the staffs greet you!" Selling advertising, online, you have a "science and technology humanist." , "create tomorrow's new life!" The idea of advertising, even if such, may contain imitation nature, very pale, because behavior need concept and level do inside information. 2, gu objective problem The following about customers view though conventional marketing, but also to the network marketing has revealed: -- have customer is actually an important resource of enterprises, the resources even more important than capital, labor, so enterprises should take customers as an important resources to run and attention; - although the final purpose is enterprise profit, but to meet the customer is the most fundamental means. Constructing "the customer center" management and marketing model and marketing clues help enterprises to better achieve this goal; - stand in "the customer position" consider may help prevent enterprise operating in the error and long-term development, and not hamper the enterprise their goals. Enterprise in concept should first turn; - "the customer center" the idea to melt into enterprise culture, enterprise organization, operating, want careful to each link, to into employee consciously action. Implement the "gu objective" at the very least, the starting point and the breakthrough lies in understanding the customer, familiar with customers, relatively high level is the pursuit of customer satisfaction, higher level is the customer as an enterprise of "important resources" to business and care. The network marketing if did not realize the importance of customers and no analysis of the characteristics and needs of the customers, cannot achieve customer satisfaction, its effect is of course the discount. Some enterprise network marketing means also revealed its customers "position" or not seriously consider "customers position". 3, strategic concept problems At large, global focus on planning, small, the ability to implement ornamented with attitude, can also affect the network marketing, lack of an overview ability and ideas, and there is no effective implementation of means, network marketing may not well. What is the status of the network, and your customers in the target market is where, how, what, market target marketing steps, marketing measures, key and breakthrough? I'm afraid all is to consider. The market need planning, customer need planned measures, marketing tool needs a system arrangement. 4, opportunities view problems Online unlimited business opportunities, how do you go to find it, discover it, analyze it and use it? The current market opportunities for operators, the operation, quality, experience, information processing power and means have higher requirements. Just think: a total enterprises, an even basic work is done bad enterprise, can adapt to the information society and the information platform needs? ! 5, innovation and pioneering conceptual problem The network itself is innovation results. Internet marketing methods, means, customer contact, trading methods and so on innovation and and the traditional marketing, flowers bloom, like emerge in endlessly, it is further expand the important means business credentials. Just website case, just those waking enterprise and old total photos, product photos, enterprise introduction, honorary certificate within less than effect, I'm afraid. Second, marketing tool Use "online peddler" calls many enterprise "network marketing" means is much. Just for a site, it didn't call the advantages of the Internet into full play, but is the practice of the off-line brought to online. The network marketing means, as with realistic marketing and has great creative entomological12 society, far more than "sell" and "peddled" and "advertising". At least the following method can realize: online 1, at present a lot of enterprise dedicated products and service marketing and advertising sales; 2, attract and train, operation customer resources (to attract potential customers, understand customer, customer communication, to cultivate customer loyalty depth); Three, market information collection and processing (many enterprise noticed who "buy" what, need what, actually, customer information, products information, technical information, competitive information, information industry, the policy is not only real marketing information... must be, network marketing can also be important information source added); 4, Internet marketing management, the author will encounter some enterprise, hope for their development network marketing work platform, the solicitor platform, customer platform is some good practices; 5, corporate image of the publicity and promotion; 6, online public relations; 7 and online customer service; 8, on-line enterprise cooperation; So on, including various enterprises create more means, more features. Online marketing invalid, may be realistic marketing of these means are not in value result is marketing also stay in "selling concept" performance. Three, marketing style problem Marketing not pragmatic, eager, blundering wind also reflect on the network. Build a web site and send some e-mails, they want to receive one transaction, the hope customers buying immediately, the management process of the reality doesn't lay the foundation of the blood, toil, enterprise management level of the enterprise's business credit enhancement, and establish, enterprise customer resources' training, enterprise technical quality progress, cultivate enterprise competitive advantage, where is the day will achieve no advantage in offline, is the advantage on the net? Even the site itself, also not the wish input, expect the "bottom line, even network marketing" as is "without this marketing". Often hear a enterprise said, I built on the Internet websites, how will not bring a transaction, even visit people have no! He who seem hinting cause. Website customers come from visitors, and customer is produced by numerous visitors, you don't go to understand visitors (possible customer), where nakedly, lack of fundamental attraction peddle, again not to cultivate visitors resources, who come to visit you. Web site again not planning, content and insipid, information updates, and even fewer mistakes, some enterprises or even product prices have, some enterprise in different page price and type is paradoxical. Can you say this kind of practice is responsible earnestly, pragmatic? Not on the Internet still good, just exposes his management style. The network marketing, no target market, and no target market, no effective marketing mix strategy, no systematic thinking and planning, no foundation work dependably how can you be? Although the network marketing and traditional marketing in the way a lot of difference, but marketing in common is mutually, to do "network marketing", must have the ability to do the traditional marketing, can more effectively, more and more channels for a greater scope on make full use of the Internet tools and resources 。
The 5 Most Powerful Online Marketing Methods-Their Advantages and Disadvantages【5种最有效的网络营销方式的优点和缺点】While there are countless of promotional methods available to market your services and products, it would be almost impossible to use them all. You will want to choose marketing tools based on your desired goals, the preferences of your target clientele and of course the time and budgetary constraints of your this article, we identify five of the most frequently used tools and point out some of the positives and negatives of . Search Engine MarketingSEM drives targeted traffic to your site with sponsored advertising. Google AdWords would be one example. Results can be almost immediate, you pay only for clicks, and it allows highly detailed analytics. However, advertising campaigns can quickly get very expensive and you must be constantly conducting tests to keep from getting overloaded; many firms have lost their shirts doing PPC (pay per click) . Organic Search Engine OptimizationThis is a term used for traffic pulled to your site from search engine results from appropriate keywords. This free method brings targeted traffic to your homepage and can have long term benefits which can last very long. Web searchers tend to trust this type of results more than they trust paid results. Since it takes longer for organic SEO results to show up on your balance sheet, it can sometimes get very expensive and time . Affiliate MarketingUsing this tool, you pay your affiliates a commission on any sales they generate for you. This method can cost you considerably less to drive targeted buyers to your homepage. It not only brings sales to you, affiliate marketing also gives back-links to your site. However, your sales will depend on how strong your affiliates are. Also, even though this is a much lower overall cost than PPC and SEO marketing, the set up costs for the affiliate software must be taken into consideration. These can be minimized by using existing affiliate networks such as Commission Junction or . Use Online Social NetworkingOnline Social Networking or Online PR is a tool much touted lately; it simply means using social networking sites like Facebook to promote a favorable image of your company to a new online audience. It also includes proper management of your press releases and your online newsroom. The main advantage is that it is fairly inexpensive to use. Since this tool produces results of people sharing with others online about your product, it is much like a referral and you have the potential of getting hot leads. However, the consumer drives social media, thus you don’t have the ability to control the message. You also can’t control the kind of traffic your site will get. You may just get a lot of ‘window shoppers’ not targeted traffic ready to buy your . Marketing by EmailThis tool markets your product by taking your message directly to the consumer. This method can be used as a complementary adjunct to your PPC marketing as well as to enhance the relationship with your current customers. This tool gives you a high ROI compared to other marketing efforts. You must be careful to avoid alienating customers by not overdoing your email campaigns or your subscribers will stated at the beginning of this article, it isn’t practical to use all of these tools but you will want to choose the ones more suited to your purposes and budget. Now that you have some pros and cons for each method, perhaps you can choose your marketing strategies more competently. The key point being made here is that your business plan should detail your methods of marketing products so that your company will not get in over its head.建议你下载一个有道词典,这样不懂的单词你可以参考一下。题目我已经给你翻译出来了,其余的如果有不清楚的,可以请有道帮一下你的忙哈。希望对你有帮助!^-^
很长的论文吗? 一页左右我可以接受,但时间可能会长些。 我人工翻。 邮箱发在你留言版上了哦~~
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