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summary英 ['sʌm(ə)rɪ] 美 ['sʌməri] adj. 简易的；扼要的n. 概要，摘要，总结Summary executions of African men in groups of 60 to 70 have been documented. Auerbach has written an accessible summary of the literature on the incidence of the tax. If someone in business returns from a conference, you are likely to see a video summary. In summary, there is strong evidence that investors ignore selection biases in fund performance advertisements. Thank you Media Matters, for an efficient summary of the terms of the energy debate. For more on the topic, New Scientist offers this clever summary in video. It is impossible to give a brief summary of what has happened in the eastern Congo? The summary of responses to the consultation has been published on the department's I provide some quotes from her appearance, along with a summary of the law. Summary Opinion 2012-100, (October 16, 2012), sometimes all the Service needs is the smell test. As Nagasaki shows, the Japanese have learned to exact summary justice at the ballot-box. The SCMP's wire summary said the proposed law is a watered-down version of the original. Download the full report, the Executive Summary or browse the report by chapter. Tonight we will be sending you a summary that you may share with your clients. The rougher and more summary his work, the greater its appeal to the cultivated. Click here for copies of a six-page summary of this important Center Roundtable Discussion. It's compiled by the online magazine, Slate, and here is Mark Jordan Legan with SummaryJudgment. In summary, we have a gap up this morning after a sharp 7 day decline. The NHS is working towards compiling an Emergency Care Summary for every person in Scotland. If you lose your summary plan description, you may have a difficult time getting another copy.
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻.
B．给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想.
C．现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括.
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西.
第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子.
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实.
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意.
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点.
2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子.
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可.
4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句.
5) 压缩长的句子.如下例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8） 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化。第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了. 经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
拓展资料：
summary / 'sʌməri / 既可以做名词，也可以做形容词。
adj.做形容词时的含义有
1.总结性的，概括的，概述的
2.简明的，扼要的
3.即时的，即刻的
n.做名词时的含义有
1.总结，概略，摘要，一览
2.[废语]结局；顶点
参考资料：summary百度百科
Summary翻译成中文就是提要或者摘要，这一部分主要是对全文的一个提炼、概括。提要的部分对于字数的要求比较灵活，可以是纯文字也可以是图文并茂的。一般写Summary是要写完整篇论文后再去完成。 1.分段 大致浏览一些文章，并进行分段，包括标题、副标题、字体等。 2.阅读 从头到尾读一遍，好好感受作者的语气、风格以及中心思想，当在阅读中发现问题的时候，不要中断阅读立刻去查找，等到全部读完，在去查找也不迟。 3.重读 再次阅读的时候，需要将主题句、关键句以及对自己写summary有用的部分标记出来，有些不需要写在提要但是比较精彩的部分，要做好区别。 4.一次只写一句 到目前为止，你对将要进行摘要写作的文章有了深刻的理解。在前三步中，你做了分段，也明确了作者的写作意图。现在你要把每个分段的中心思想都用一句整话写出来。要记住，句子里只要关键点，而非细节描述。 5.写主旨 对于任何一篇高质量的摘要来说，写好主旨句是关键。可以从中得出整篇文章要表达的主旨。如果你无法得出文章主旨，那就需要翻回头再好好读一下你的句子，看看你写的内容是不是针对文章要点而写的。 6.开始写作 可以把主旨句作为摘要的引导句引出文章，其他句子当作摘要的内容。记得这些句子要按顺序写作，句与句之间加些过渡词(例如然后，然而，并且，而且等)。过渡词对摘要的总体结构有一定的帮助作用，也让文章读起来更通顺流畅。动笔之前(或打字之前哈)，牢记以下几点：用现在时写作;摘要里要写原作者和作品名称;力求简洁：summary的字数比原文少;如果必须用到原文，需要引用表述;摘要忌有自己的观点、想法、解释。摘要写作的目的是准确表达作者的观点，而非评论。 7.检查准确性 重读写完的summary，确定你已将作者的思想、关键点准确表述出来了。所借鉴的引用都正确列入摘要里了，且文章里没有出现你自己的评论。 8.修改润色 当你觉得摘要写好了，还要从格式、语法、标点上再进行一次检查。时间允许的话，还可以把你写的摘要拿给其他人读下。别人应该可以单凭你的摘要就理解原文的意思。如果没有理解到位，说明你的摘要中个别部分或许着墨过多，从而忽视了作者的主要观点。以上内容参考自：
摘要是一个简短、语义连贯的文本，浓缩了原始文档的基本内容。其目的是在不作主观评价和解释的情况下，迅速把握原文的主旨。摘要写作是一种受控的写作形式，它使学生利用原文的结构和语言的力量，写出内容相同、结构相似、语言简洁的短文。此外，它有助于培养学生掌握文章要点的能力，有助于他们在应用文写作中避免全面、详细、逐条列举的不良倾向。这种写作不仅要准确理解原文，而且要综合原文。因此，用英语写摘要是学生学习英语写作的一种实用方法。
summary一般是英文作业中的总结或者摘要。它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的，不加主观评论和解释，但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容。summary考核了学生对于资料的总结和表达的能力。下面是我从meeloun教育网摘抄的summary写作方法，你可以看看，或许对你有用
第一步：阅读
A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给summary起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括summary重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作
A. summary应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。summary的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. summary应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. summary必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写summary时可以采用下列几种小技巧：
1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在summary中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“ He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”
6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.”可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.”
8） 使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though，不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。
9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在summary中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化
摘要是一个简短、语义连贯的文本，浓缩了原始文档的基本内容。其目的是在不作主观评价和解释的情况下，迅速把握原文的主旨。摘要写作是一种受控的写作形式，它使学生利用原文的结构和语言的力量，写出内容相同、结构相似、语言简洁的短文。此外，它有助于培养学生掌握文章要点的能力，有助于他们在应用文写作中避免全面、详细、逐条列举的不良倾向。这种写作不仅要准确理解原文，而且要综合原文。因此，用英语写摘要是学生学习英语写作的一种实用方法。
下面是关于学术论文英文摘要模板，希望对你们有帮助。
Abstract
Since Dewey developed the concept of “critical thinking”, many scholars abroadhave carried out a series of studies about improving students' critical thinking skills ineducation field. In the 1980s,critical thinking became the target of higher educationprograms in such foreign countries as the US and Canada. It has gained its widespreadattention in China only in recent years. But there are only few studies about it ineducation field. Our traditional English teaching method pays much attention to thetraining of students' linguistic knowledge and language skills but ignores thecultivation of students' critical thinking abilities. In the process of skill practice,teachers often stress the importance of memorizing vocabulary and imitating skillsrigidly,but neglect the students' abilities in analyzing problems and putting forwardinnovative solutions. Therefore, English writing teaching is affected by this andmerely attaches emphasis to train students' reading and writing skills. There are fewstudies which aim at systematically cultivating students' analysis, synthesis, summary,comparison and reasoning skills while they are writing. Therefore,this study aims atdesigning some writings tasks and teaching strategies which can be used to fostercollege students' critical thinking awareness and promote students' all-rounddevelopment.
According to six critical thinking skills,this study was carried out by requiringstudents to hand in an argumentation. All participants in this study are non-Englishmajor college freshmen from a 211 key university. The revised version of Rubric forQualitative Critical Thinking Skills Instrument was used in this study. Withquantitative and qualitative analysis,writing experiment is conducted within a wholesemester to collect data concerning students' learning behavior. Reading-to-write isused in experimental class while traditional method is adopted in control class. Thewriting scores by the experimental and control class were statistically processed bysoftware SPSS . And also the interview was launched in some of students inexperimental class to assess students' critical thinking abilities reflected in theirwritings-The final analysis indicated that EGAP writing model exerted a significantlypositive influence in improving students' critical thinking skills, especially in arousingstudents' writing enthusiasm and critical thinking awareness. Compared with controlclass, students in experimental class made big progress in writing competence. Inaddition, this study put forward some reform proposals to the teaching of Englishwriting. The study is of great value to instruct students to employ critical thinkingskills in their writing.
Abstract
A large body of research has been conducted on the effects of technology-enhancedEnglish vocabulary learning since the 1960s (Marty, 1981)。 However, no consensus hasbeen reached yet (Choo, Lin, & Pandian,2012; Mohsen & Balakumarohsen, 2011)。
Despite the fact that some narrative reviews have evaluated and explored thesecontradictory results, this study aims at quantifying the overall effectiveness oftechnology-enhanced English vocabulary learning with a different approach to review:meta-analysis and performing in-depth moderator analyses of learning method and testtype further.
Totally, twenty effect sizes from thirteen pieces of primary research are obtainedafter collecting related literature published or unpublished in recent ten years via fourchannels and selecting through three filters. Later, all the primary research is coded anddata are computed in random-effects model with software ComprehensiveMeta-Analysis.
Results show that: (1) Technology has a positively large effect on Englishvocabulary learning according to Cohen's standards as proposed in 1992 (g = 95% confidential interval of [, ])。 (2) Learning methods (intentional learning,incidental learning, and integrated learning) have impacts on the overall effectiveness.
Heterogeneity exists in the three learning methods (g = = 0,01 < )，Effectiveness of intentional learning, incidental learning and integrated learning is ^ =, g 二 , g = respectively. Incidental learning under technology-enhancedenvironment yields the largest effectiveness on English vocabulary learning. (3) Testtypes (recognition tests, recall tests,recognition + recall tests) also have impacts on theoverall effectiveness. The three test types are heterogeneous as well {Q = , p = < )。 Recognition tests, recall tests, and recognition + recall tests have effectsizes of and respectively. Technology-enhanced English vocabularylearning achieves the largest effectiveness in recognition tests.
Abstract
The present study, which is based on the Competing Values Framework (. CVF:a framework to identify the organizational effectiveness and to define organizationalculture)， aims to investigate English teachers, teaching motivation at universities, theirperception of the organizational culture in the target university,their professionalaspiration and how they affect each other. The research questions to be addressed are asfollows: (1) How do the English teachers perceive the organizational culture at theirworkplace? (2) How much effort will the teachers pay for their professionalengagement and aspiration? (3) What kinds of motivation do the English teachers in thetarget university appear to have? (4) How will the organizational culture and theprevious experience affect teachers' motivation?
This study employed four different questionnaires as the research instruments,including one demographic questionnaire and three research questionnaires, . thedemographic questionnaire, the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument (. theOCAI) (Cameron & Quinn, 1999)，the Professional Engagement and CareerDevelopment Aspiration-scale (. the PECDA-scale) (Watt & Richardson, 2008b)，andthe Work Tasks Motivation Scale for Teachers Teaching (. the WTMST) (Fernet et al.,2008)，to investigate the above mentioned research questions. The whole investigationtook roughly 12 weeks and involved three stages: the preparation stage,the pilot study,and the main study.
The findings of the present study show that most of the teachers are intrinsicallymotivated and with identified regulation influenced by the performance culture and theclan culture which are the dominant culture types of the target research site. Results alsoindicate that the overseas experience and length of teaching experience affect teachers'perception of tixe organizational culture and motivation. The participants who haveoverseas experience tend to be more with the sense of professionalism, moreintrinsically motivated and be more confident with their competence in the academicarea; and the ones who have longer years of teaching experience are with moreidentified regulation and introjected motivation and are more committed and moreassured of staying in the education field. The participants in the target universitybasically belong to the highly engaged persisters,and the male teachers expect to be theleadership.
Abstract
Owing to the economic, social and academic needs as well as the advantages of EGAP(General Academic Purpose in Chinese College English) itself, there exist 这 great deal ofnecessity and feasibility for applying English for EGAP class. It is our understanding thatwriting plays an extremely important role in the course of EGAP and genre is a quiteinfluential factor in improving students5 writing competency. However,the investigation ofstudents' current writing situation shows that being deeply influenced by traditional writingteaching methods which emphasize grammar and vocabulary; the students have littleknowledge about genre approach theoretically or systematically and lack the awareness ofgenre. Because of this,it becomes necessary to put forward an English writing teachingapproach which is effective as well as applicable to the situation in China so as to enhancetheir writing competence.
This paper firstly gives a brief introduction to the developing trend of EGAP bydiscussing its necessity and applicability in China and the main views of two schools of genretheory, the tiieoretical foundation and genre-based approaches of three main schools of genrestudy and practice. And also,their characteristics are compared and the adaptability inChinese College EGAP class is analyzed, based on which it puts forward a modifiedGenre-based approach in EGAP writing class in order to enhance students' genre awarenessand improve their writing skills.
To achieve this, two non-English major classes of freshmen in East China University ofScience and Technology (ECUST) have been selected as the experimental class andcontrolled class, and the research lasts one semester. The Genre-based approach is applied inthe experimental class following a modified Genre-based approach. And a comparison hasbeen made on the same subject at the beginning and the end of the semester and thecomparison and contrast between the experimental class and controlled class have also beenmade. Owing to various factors,such as learning motivation, different students show variedextent of acceptance to certain teaching approaches. Therefore, emphasis has not only beenput on the overall changes,but also on the individual differences.
There are three hypotheses:
1. Can Genre-based approach enhance students' genre awareness? 2. Can “genreawareness” really improve students' writing ability in EGAP? If the students can get overallimprovement, is there any difference in gender and the students with diverse learningaptitudes because of the individual difference? If some students fail to improve, what's thepossible reason behind it? 3. Will Chinese students accept and adapt to Genre-basedApproach?
Three sets of data from six writing assignments, writing in final-term examination andquestionnaires are collected and analyzed with the help of the software SPSS . And thestudy indicates that: (1) Genre-based approach has a significant effect in sensitizing students'genre awareness, improving holistic writing competence; (2) during the whole experimentalprocess, girls have a stable superiority over boys, however, boys' improvement fluctuation iscomparatively obvious; (3) students of medium efficiency have the greatest potential to makebig improvement; (4) Unavoidably, in this research there are some students who fail to gainimprovement in terms of writing ability or get changed in terms of writing notions, andthrough analysis it has been found that the main objective reasons are: the difficulty ofwriting itself,the differences of culture and ways of thinking between east and west,thelimited teaching period, etc.; and subjective reasons mainly come from: the limitedcompetence of students themselves, the lack of interest in English writing, etc(5) aoverwhelming majority of students are liable to accept this approach and able to adapt to itpretty well, yet acceptation is not absolutely accompanied by adaptation; (6) feedback is adispensable part in English writing teaching, and more specific feedback will bring strongermotivation in students' self-correcting and developing;In the end,the author presents some limitations in her research and hopes that this cangive some hints and tips to further research in EFL writing classes.
Abstract
In college English listening & speaking classrooms, language and other semioticsystems cooperate together to help students construct meaning. It can be reflected inthe design of textbooks and the use of audios, videos and images, etc. Thus, in thisthesis, the theoretical foundation is the theory of multimodal discourse analysis (MDA)derived from Systemic Functional Linguistics and Social Semiotics. The essence ofMDA is that other semiotic resources such as: images, audios, etc. are as important aslanguage in the meaning-making system. Visual Grammar, Acoustical Grammar andthe integrated frameworks of MDA are the main analysis approaches in this thesis.
Meanwhile, the results of the teaching investigation and the MDA for textbooksare the practical foundation for the multimodal teaching design, providing feasibleand effective suggestions in this thesis. According to the results, it can be concludedthat students have more or less realized multimodality in this course and argue thatmultimodality should be used in moderation; multimodal classroom activities, socialcontent, etc. should be brought into the class; teachers should remind students to payattention to images, fonts change and other multimodal factors in textbooks.
Therefore, when conducting the multimodal teaching design, attention should bepaid to: (1) Modalities influence each other with clear priorities in this course. (2)Words modality and acoustical modality are the primary modalities, while othermodalities are just used as tools to provide supplementary information and to improveteaching efficiency. (3) The chosen modalities should provide supplementaryinformation to make the learning material more easily understood and help studentsconcentrate. Then, on the basis of the above principles and the writer's teachingexperience, a sample teaching design has been worked out, then its' feasibility andeffectiveness have been verified by an empirical study with the method of interview.
Abstract
Degree adverbs play a crucial role in daily language communication. However,owing to their wide varieties and similar meanings, it is hard for language learners toreally master their meanings and usages.
With the aid of AntConc and based on the corpora of FROWN (TheFreiburg-Brown Corpus of American English)，FLOB (The Freiburg-LOB Corpus ofBritish English) and CLEC (Chinese Learner English Corpus)， the study aims tocompare the actual use of common English degree adverbs in terms of semanticprosody between Chinese EFL learners and native English speakers. The researchprocedures consist of two steps. First, AntConc is launched to extractconcordance lines of the target node words in each corpus and the semantic featuresof the node words' collocates are analyzed; then, the semantic prosodies of these nodewords are summarized and comparisons are made between the two corpora.
The results indicate that there are differences as well as similarities betweennative English speakers and Chinese learners in their use of semantic prosody.
Chinese EFL learners tend to underuse the negative semantic prosodies of fairly,highly, and totally?,overuse the negative semantic prosodies of extremely; and misusethe semantic prosody of terribly. The results also show that some problems exist inChinese learners' use of semantic prosodies of degree adverbs, and the reasons mayinclude their first language transfer, intralingual transfer, and the lack of informationabout the semantic prosody in dictionaries and textbooks.
怎么写SUMMARY摘要（summary）是一种对原始文献（或文章）的基本内容进行浓缩的语义连贯的短文.它以迅速掌握原文内容梗概为目的,不加主观评论和解释,但必须简明、确切地表述原文的重要内容.摘要写作（summary writing）是一种控制性的作文形式,它能使学生通过阅读原文,吸收原文的文章结构与语言方面的长处,写出内容一致、结构近似、语言简洁的短文.另外,对培养学生善于抓住文章重点的能力也有很大帮助,有利于他们在实际写作中避免面面俱到,事无巨细,一一罗列的不良倾向.这种写作既要准确理解原文,又要能综合概括；既能培养欣赏能力,又能训练书面表达能力.因此,用英文写摘要,对学习英语写作的学生来说,不失为一种切合实际的方法.下面谈谈怎么写好英文摘要.1）细读原文.首先要仔细阅读全篇作品,然后对作品进行整体分析,掌握原文总的意思和结构,明确全文的主题（the maintheme）和各段的段落大意（the main idea）.2）弄清要求.搞清楚是写全文概要,还是写某一部分的概要,或者就某些问题写出要点.3）列出原文要点.分析原文的内容和结构,将内容分项扼要表述并注意在结构上的顺序.在此基础上选出与文章主题密切相关的部分.4）草拟写作提纲并写出初稿.将挑选出的要点作为框架草拟详细的提纲,以所列的提纲为依据写出摘要的初稿.在写作时要特别注意下面几点：（1）摘要应包括原文中的主要事实（main facts）；略去不必要的细节（unnecessary details）.（2）安排好篇幅的比例.摘要应同原文保持协调,即用较多的文字写重要内容,用较少的文字写次要内容.（3）注意段落的连贯和句子的衔接.要用适当的转折词语贯通全文,切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子.（4）尽可能用自己的话来写,但不排斥用原文的某些词句.（5）计算词数,看是否符合规定的词数要求. 如何写一篇文章的摘要?– 下文是对《英语写作手册》相关章节的翻译摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述.它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题.写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文. 第一步：阅读 A．认真阅读给定的原文材料.如果一遍不能理解,就多读两遍.阅读次数越多,你对原文的理解就越深刻. B．给摘要起一个标题.用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题.也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题.主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾.一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想. C．现在,就该决定原文中哪些部分重要,哪些部分次重要了.对重要部分的主要观点进行概括. D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西. 第二步：动手写作 A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长.因此首先数一下原文的字数,然后除以三,得到一个数字.摘要的字数可以少于这个数字,但是千万不能超过这个数字. B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成.不要引用原文的句子. C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序.这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实. D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息,以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意. E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧： 1) 删除细节.只保留主要观点. 2) 选择一至两个例子.原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子,你只需从中筛选一至二个例子. 3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子.如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子,那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可. 4) 避免重复.在原文中,为了强调某个主题,可能会重复论证说明.但是这在摘要中是不能使用的.应该删除那些突出强调的重述句. 5) 压缩长的句子.如下列两例： “His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.” 可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.” “He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.” 可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.” 6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句.请看下面的例子： “Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago.” 可以概括为：”Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services.” 7) 使用概括性的名词代替具体的词,比如： “She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation.” 可以概括为：”She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation.” 8） 使用最短的连接词.比如,可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand等较长的连接词.通常,使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果. 9) 文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称,从而把大段的对白简化,比如： Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul — it’s not good for you!” Paul put down his knife and frowned:”Why on earth not! If you didn’t have salt on your food it would taste awful… like eating cardboard or sand… just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn’t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly:”But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more.” 可以用第三人称概括为： Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul’s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless. 第三步：修改成文 草稿拟好以后,对它进行修改.首先,与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了,摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致.其次,如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子,删除它们.第三,检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误.最后,保持语言简单明了. 经过上述步骤和方法,一篇摘要就可以完成了.
大家知道吗?致谢的言语行为，通过多样化的组合与变换承担了交际中的礼貌功能，那么 毕业 论文的致谢词怎么写呢?下面是我给大家带来的毕业论文致谢词怎么写_毕业论文致谢词模板5篇，以供大家参考，我们一起来看看吧!
毕业论文致谢词模板(一)
三年的博士学习生涯即将结束,博士学位论文是三年学习成果的一个 总结 ,而致谢又是对三年经历的一个总结,今将其发于此,以飨众友.
“雄关漫道真如铁，而今迈步从头越”。在论文即将梓刻之际，回想三年博士生涯，给我提供帮助的人颇多。最应感谢我的导师孔昭君研究员。首先，感谢他将我纳入门墙。正因于他的接纳，才使我完成了一个科学的门外汉向一个科学的探索者的蜕变。其次，感谢他在我入学之际尽力帮我申请到公费名额。正因为这个公费名额，让我减轻了许多经济上的压力，使我在整整的三年攻博期间有心情坐下来真正做点学问。最后感谢他在我找工作之际，为帮我找一份合适的工作费神费力。师恩如海，衔草难报。孔老师深厚的学术造诣、严谨的治学风格、严肃的科学态度、乐观开朗的性格、幽默机智的谈吐深深地令我折服。尤其是他渊博的学识、敏锐的洞察力，为我论文的选题、撰写提供了关键启发和帮助。
感谢我的家人常年对我的支持和理解!
感谢在百忙之中评审我博士学位论文的各位专家和学者!
特别感谢所有支持过我、帮助过我、批评过我、鼓励过我和理解过我的人们!
最后，感谢岁月与困难对我的磨砺
“长风破浪会有时，直挂云帆济沧海”，这是我最喜欢的诗句。以此作为结尾，与所有要感谢的人共勉，相信自己，追逐最初的梦想，永不放弃!
毕业论文致谢词模板(二)
本研究及学位论文是在我的导师___老师的亲切关怀和悉心指导下完成的。他严肃的科学态度，严谨的治学精神，精益求精的工作作风，深深地感染和激励着我。_老师不仅在学业上给我以精心指导，同时还在思想、生活上给我以无微不至的关怀，在此谨向_老师致以诚挚的谢意和崇高的敬意。我还要感谢在一起愉快的度过毕业论文小组的同学们，正是由于你们的帮助和支持，我才能克服一个一个的困难和疑惑，直至本文的顺利完成。
在论文即将完成之际，我的心情无法平静，从开始进入课题到论文的顺利完成，有多少可敬的师长、同学、朋友给了我无言的帮助，在这里请接受我诚挚的谢意!最后我还要感谢培养我长大含辛茹苦的父母，谢谢你们!
最后，再次对关心、帮助我的老师和同学表示衷心地感谢!
毕业论文致谢词模板(三)
本论文是在导师詹怀宇教授和付时雨研究员的悉心指导下完成的。导师渊博的专业知识，严谨的治学态度，精益求精的工作作风，诲人不倦的高尚师德，严以律己、宽以待人的崇高风范，朴实无华、平易近人的人格魅力对我影响深远。不仅使我树立了远大的学术目标、掌握了基本的研究 方法 ，还使我明白了许多待人接物与为人处世的道理。本论文从选题到完成，每一步都是在导师的指导下完成的，倾注了导师大量的心血。在此，谨向导师表示崇高的敬意和衷心的感谢!
本论文的顺利完成，离不开各位老师、同学和朋友的关心和帮助。在此感谢岳保珍高工、张曾教授、李兵云老师、何婉芬老师的指导和帮助;感谢重点实验室的??等老师的指导和帮助;感谢福建农林大学谢拥群教授、陈礼辉教授、黄六莲高工的关心、支持和帮助，在此表示深深的感谢。没有他们的帮助和支持是没有办法完成我的博士学位论文的，同窗之间的友谊永远长存。
毕业论文致谢词模板(四)
岁月如梭，如歌。转眼间，三年的研究生求学生活即将结束，站在毕业的门槛上，回首往昔，奋斗和辛劳成为丝丝的记忆，甜美与欢笑也都尘埃落定。交通大学以其优良的学习风气、严谨的科研氛围教我求学，以其博大包容的情怀胸襟、浪漫充实的校园生活育我成人。值此毕业论文完成之际，我谨向所有关心、爱护、帮助我的人们表示最诚挚的感谢与最美好的祝愿。
本论文是在导师李霞副教授的悉心指导之下完成的。三年来，导师渊博的专业知识，严谨的治学态度，精益求精的工作作风，诲人不倦的高尚师德，朴实无华、平易近人的人格魅力对我影响深远。导师不仅授我以文，而且教我做人，虽历时三载，却赋予我终生受益无穷之道。本论文从选题到完成，几易其稿，每一步都是在导师的指导下完成的，倾注了导师大量的心血，在此我向我的导师李霞副教授表示深切的谢意与祝福!
本论文的完成也离不开其他各位老师、同学和朋友的关心与帮助。在此也要感谢王保民等各位老师在论文开题、初稿、预答辩期间所提出的宝贵意见，感谢管理学院能源课题组为本论文提供的数据和建议，还要感谢同门的师兄师妹们，在科研过程中给我以许多鼓励和帮助。回想整个论文的写作过程，虽有不易，却让我除却浮躁，经历了思考和启示，也更加深切地体会了法学的精髓和意义，因此倍感珍惜。
毕业论文致谢词模板(五)
本人的本科毕业设计论文一直是在导师__教授的悉心指导下进行的。__教授治学态度严谨，学识渊博，为人和蔼可亲。并且在整个毕业设计过程中，__教授不断对我得到的结论进行总结，并提出新的问题，使得我的毕业设计课题能够深入地进行下去，也使我接触到了许多理论和实际上的新问题，使我做了许多有益的思考。在此表示诚挚的感谢和由衷的敬意。
__教授在__方面具有丰富的实践 经验 ，对我的实验工作给予了很多的指导和帮助，使我能够将理论中的结果与实际相结合。另外，他对待问题的严谨作风也给我留下了深刻的印象。在此表示深深的谢意。
___老师在___方面经验非常丰富。尽管我是第一次__，难免遇到许多比较低级的问题，___老师却都极其耐心地予以解答，在此表示深深的谢意。
此外，我还要感谢许多学长和同学在整个过程中的帮助和配合。他们包括
本文是在__老师精心指导和大力支持下完成的。_老师以其严谨求实的治学态度、高度的敬业精神、兢兢业业、孜孜以求的工作作风和大胆创新的进取精神对我产生重要影响。她渊博的知识、开阔的视野和敏锐的思维给了我深深的启迪。同时，在此次毕业设计过程中我也学到了许多了关于微生物发酵方面的知识，实验技能有了很大的提高。
另外，我还要特别感谢师姐对我实验以及论文写作的指导，她为我完成这篇论文提供了巨大的帮助。还要感谢，__和__同学对我的无私帮助，使我得以顺利完成论文。同时实验室的__老师也时常帮助我，在此我也衷心的感谢他。
最后，再次对关心、帮助我的老师和同学表示衷心地感谢!
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毕业论文结论写模板如下：
首先你要知道毕业论文一般包括哪几项:
1、提出论文的论证结果conclusion。写作者要对全篇文章论证的内容做一个归纳提出最后的总体性看法。
2、指出对课题的展望。结论部分，不仅要概括出这篇文章论证的结果，也要指出其中存在的不足，为以后得研究指明方向、提供线索。
3、致谢词。论文结束后要附上几句话，对于在论文撰写过程中给过自己帮助的老师同学表示感谢，谢辞要感情诚恳、言语得体。
其次要清楚如何写结论:
结论的任务就是通过严密的逻辑推理得到富有创造性、指导性、经验性的结果，这种精炼表达必须是要在理论分析和试验验证的基础上的。文章的结论要和开始的引言相。呼应。结论并不是对结果简单的重复，而是对研究结果的更深一步的认识。一般包括:这个研究说明了什么问题，解决了什么问题:对前人研究中有的问题作了什么检验哪些是修改之后又得出新观点的。
研究成果或论文的真正价值是通过具体的结论来体现的，结尾处不要用绝对夸大的。话来做自我评价。
第三要知道论文写作的要求:
1、论文的结论要作为正文的最后一章单独拍鞋，不加章号。
2、语言使用方面要是概括性质的，措辞准确严谨，不能模棱两可含糊其辞。
3、结论的.字数要求在600-800左右。
4、论文结论部分要起到结束全文的作用，一般不提出新的观点或材料。
论文结尾总结其实并不难的，主要还是要掌握一些小诀窍。
1、开始的时候可以有一个小过渡。 过渡可以很简单，如：
“总之，……”
”最后，……“
”结果，……“
2、总结文章的主要观点。 试着把每个段落的第一个句子独立出来，用两个或三个句子将其主要观点重新进行表达。 这将会加强文章的主题，提醒读者你谈论或争论的是什么。不要完全地根据全文的写作结构总结你的观点。你的结论是对文章所指向问题的宏观总结和回答，应该简洁。
3、保持简短而亲切。你的结论应该是五到七个句子左右。 如果句子过少，你可能还不能全面的总结你的观点足；如果句子过多的话，你的结论就可能过分散漫，没有重点。也不能因为太过烦躁，急功近利，随意收尾。
4、写论文结尾总结的时候，一定要把文章论点引入结尾。如果你的论文有论点，即使是附加的，也要把它引入你的文章来作为结尾。 请记住，你的论点是你文章的核心观点，是你所论述的中心。 如果有人读了你的结论，仍然不知道你的论文是什么，那么你的论文就没有和好地让人理解。
5、以一种积极的态度结尾。你文章的最后一句话应该写得很好、很中肯，并且掷地有声。 这说起来容易做起来难。 但是这一切都源于你对文章观点的解释。 要问自己：“我的文章论述的是关于什么的问题，我论述了什么?”然后从这一点开始继续阐述。
6、不要使用肤浅的、模棱两可的话作为你的结论。你应该使你的结尾尽量容易让人读懂。也不要把读者引入与主题无关的新的观点中去，这样就偏题了。
总之，判断一篇文章质量的关键也许在于看它是否完美，绝不能虎头蛇尾。这就是为什么你的论文结尾也很重要。努力吧，祝您好运！
正确的格式是
结束语
参考文献
附录
致谢
这个要在论文的最后
致谢应以简短的文字对在课题研究和设计说明书（论文）撰写过程中曾直接给予帮助的人员（例如指导教师、答疑教师及其他人员）表示自己的谢意，这不仅是一种礼貌，也是对他人劳动的尊重，是治学者应有的思想作风。
论文致谢词写作步骤
一、首先论文致谢部分一定要用尊敬的口气和语言来些，因为是感谢，所以用词上一定要注意，不能出现不敬之词，即使指导老师很严厉也要尊敬的词汇来表达自己的情谊。
二、在致谢部分，还要感谢自己的参考文献，感谢之前的相关课题的研究者对你的论文的理论支持和灵感来源起到的作用。
三、当然致谢要全面也要精简，不能啰哩啰嗦的没完，要懂得放更要懂得收，做到收放自如才是最棒的，所以该精简的地方也要精简，有时候能用一个词汇说清楚的不要用一句话来代替，能有一句话来说明白的别用好几句话来重复。
四、写致谢的时候内容一定要全面，这个包括向导致致谢、向帮助自己的 同学致谢，向父母致谢等等，总之就像是获奖感言一样，要感谢所有的人的努力和付出，在你写论文这件事情大家的帮助，要写的全面。
五、还有就是格式的问题了，刚刚说过论文有自己的特定格式和规范，致谢部分也不例外，所以要尤其注意格式的问题，要按照规定的格式来写，比如字体大小是多少，行间距等。
扩展资料：
论文致谢词一般是用于实践报告、毕业论文的结尾处，主要作用是表对导师或者某些辅导的感谢之词。论文致谢词的作用主要是为了表示尊重所有合作者的劳动，它有利于促进形成相互帮助的社会风气。致谢提供的信息对读者判断论文的写作过程和价值也有一定的参考作用。
但是致谢态度要端正,措词要恰如其分,致谢中可以在文尾直书其名,也可写敬称,如某某教授、某某博士,致谢一般写在正文末与参考文献之间。致谢一般用于字数超过数万字的硕士、博士论文。（幼儿园教研论文一般为3000-4000 字，不必致谢。）
论文致谢词包含内容
一、对指导或协助指导完成论文的导师;
二、对协助完成研究工作和提供便利条件的组织或个人;
三、对在研究工作中提出建议和提供帮助的人;
四、对给予转载和引用权的资料、图片、文献、研究思想和设想的所有者;
五、对国家科学基金、资助研究工作的奖学金基金、合同单位、资助或支持的企业、组织或个人;
六、对其他应感谢的组织和个人。
论文致谢词注意事项
一、标题“致谢”选用模板中的样式所定义的“致谢”;或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居中，字号：小三，倍行距，段后1行，段前为0行。
二、毕业设计(论文)致谢中不得书写与毕业设计(论文)工作无关的人和事，对指导老师的致谢要实事求是。
三、致谢正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字;或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距，间距：段前、段后均为0行。
四、对其他在本研究工作中提出建议和给予帮助的老师和同学，应在论文中做明确的说明并表示谢意。
参考资料：百度百科——论文致谢词
结论是对文章的总结概括，是作者对所研究课题进行的总体性讨论，具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映本研究课题的价值，同时对以后的研究具有指导意义。结论与序言遥相呼应，因为序言部分介绍了本课题的研究目的，那么结论要告诉读者这些目的是否达到，在研究中做了哪些工作，取得了什么结果，这些结果说明了什么问题，有何价值和意义，研究过程中存在或发现了哪些问题，原因是什 么，建议如何解决等。五方面可以阐释一下：(1) 概括说明本课题的研究内容、结果及其意义与价值。(2) 比较具体地说明本研究证明了什么假设或理论，得出了什么结论，研究结果有何实用价值，有何创造性成果或见解，解决了什么实际问题，有何应用前景等。(3) 与他人的相关研究进行比较。(4) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(5)展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。在上面五项内容中，第一、二项是必不可少的。第三、四、五项内容可以根据需要而定。
.The most effective means to solve this problem is that ______________. In that case， ______________.解决这个问题的最有效的方法是……。
如果那样的话…… 2. Everything has its own o sides, no exception with AAA. For one thing, ______________. for another， ______________.任何事情都有它的两个方面，AAA也不除外，一方面……另一方面…… 3. My experience tells me that to ______________ needs a thorough and persevering process, and in this process you had better abide by the principles mentioned above.我的经验告诉我……需要一个细心而又坚持不懈的过程，并且在这个过程中你最好遵守这其中涉及的规则。 4. On the whole, it is high time that we recognized the significance of ______________.总体上来说，这是我们认识到……的重要性的紧急时刻了。
5. As a result, we should take some effective methods to ______________.因此，我们应该对……采取许多有效的措施 6. Judging by the figures, we can draw a conclusion that ______________.通过分析这些数据，我们可以得到那样一个……的结论 7. In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______________. Only in this way can ______________ in the future.一句话来说，整个社会应当对……的问题给予密切的关注。只有以这种方式才能在将来…… 8. In my opinion, we should place much emphasis on the importance of ______________.以我的观点来看，我们应当对……的重要性给予重视 9. But ______________ and ______________ have their own advantages. For example, ______________, while ______________. Comparing those o, however, I prefer to ______________.但是……和……具有它们自己的优势。
举个例子，然而。对比这两者，我更喜欢…… 10. In my opinion, ______________ is just as mon as ______________. If ______________, it may be very useful. Whatever ______________, the key point lies in ______________.以我的观点来看，……就像……如果，它将非常有效。
无论……重点在于…… 11. Are their opinions correct? To my mind, the first idea seems ______________. As for the second idea， ______________.他们的观点正确吗？我认为，第一个观点看起来……。对于第二个观点，…… 12. As a popular saying goes, ______________. In my opinion what really counts is not ______________, but ______________. I believer that as long as ______________, we will ______________. So I am for the opinion that ______________.一个普遍的说法是……。
依我来看真正的观点不是……而是……我相信只要……我们将会……所以我的观点是…… 13. In my opinion, both sides are partly right. When we ______________, we should take into consideration all aspects of the problems, and then make the right decision.。
英语的作文和汉语的作文写法不一样。这是因为英语是意合性语言，而汉语是形合性语言的缘故。
由于这点，所以写英语作文最应该注意的就是要让作文在意上表现的紧密。
就你所提的问题来看，依据上叙英语语言的特点，写英语四六级作文常以三段式最为常见，即首先谈论别人的观点；然后论叙自己的意见，即点题，说明你的观点；最后总结。这是相当于论叙文（议论文）而言的，其它种类的文章也大抵如此。
不过，你若是写其它论文或是水平层次较高的文章，当然就没有什么很固有的结构，也没有必要。但是所有高水平的文章都是基于在一定的基础上的。
一、开头句型 far as …is concerned 就……而言 goes without saying that… 不言而喻，… can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说…… the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的， has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，… 's generally recognized that… 它普遍认为… 's likely that … 这可能是因为… 's hardly that… 这是很难的…… 's hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说… calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是 's no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认 is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是… 's far more important is that… 更重要的是… 二、衔接句型 case in point is … 一个典型的例子是… is often the case…由于通常情况下… stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述 the problem is not so 然而问题并非如此简单，所以…… it's a pity that… 但遗憾的是… all that…对于这一切…… In spite of the fact that…尽管事实…… , we hold opinion that… 此外，我们坚持认为，… , the difficulty lies in…然而，困难在于… , we should pay attention to… 同样，我们要注意… (that)…but(that)…不是，而是 view of the present station.鉴于目前形势 has been mentioned above…正如上面所提到的… this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说 , we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is… 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 … 三、结尾句型 will conclude by saying… 最后我要说… , we have the reason to believe that…因此，我们有理由相信… things considered，总而言之 It may be safely said that…它可以有把握地说…… , in my opinion, it's more advisable…因此，在我看来，更可取的是… what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论… data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that…通过数据我们得到的结论是，… can be concluded from the discussion that…从中我们可以得出这样的结论 my point of view, it would be better if…在我看来……也许更好 四、举例句型 's take…to illustrate this. 's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this. is one more example. … for example. same is true of… offers a typical instance of… may quote a mon example of… think of…。
你好。
我给你编辑了一份关于手机用途的，你看看能不能帮上。With the develop of the tecknowledge, mobile phone has more and more functions. It's mostly used for unication. We can contact with our family and friends freely. Besides, it is used for taking photos, surfing the inter, sending texting, listening to music, watching movies, reading books and so on.。
结束语1、Good luck!2、Best wishes!3、Take care of yourself, will you?4、Send my love to your…5、Please write to me when you have 、Please write 、Let's keep in 、I am looking forward to your next letter 、Please write back soon.（请速回信。）
10、Please give my love to your family（请代我问候的全家。）11、Take good care of yourself and write often（多保重，常来信。）
12、I'm afraid I have to stop now, but I will write again.（恐怕我得搁笔了，不过我会再来信的。）13、I hope to hear from you soon.（我希望不久收到你的信。）
14、I look forward to our next meeting.（我期待下次相会。）15、Your kind and early reply will be appreciated.（你的快速回信令人欣赏。）
16、Won't you let us hear from you promptly！（我们会很快收到你的来信的！）17、May god bless you and your family! With every good wish for your happiness.（愿上帝保佑你及你的家人。祝你幸福。）
18、Looking forward to seeing you.（盼望能见到你。）19、I shall be looking forward to hearing your first impression.（我盼望听到你的初次印象。）
20、I do hope you will be able to live here some time this summer holiday.（我的确希望你能在今年暑假在这里住一段时间。）21、Best regards.（敬意。）
22、Good luck to you！（祝您好运！）23、We are all looking for your next visit to China.（我们都盼您下次来访中国。）24、Please write to me directly when you receive this letter.（收到信后请立即写信给我。）
25、Wish (wishing) you every success in your future career！（祝你成功！）26、All my best wishes for the future！（祝你一切顺利！）27、Hoping that you'll get well soon.（祝您早日康复。）28、Wish you the best of health and success！（祝您身体健康，工作顺利。）
29、Say hello to your parent for me.（请代我向您父母问好。）30、Expecting to hear from you as soon as possible.（盼早日回信。）
31、Thank you for an early answer.（请尽早答复，不胜感激。）32、With the season's greetings.（谨致节日的敬意。）
33、Meanwhile, we wish you good health and every success in your work.（祝身体健康，工作顺利！）34、I would like to wish you a very Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.（祝您圣诞愉快，新年快乐！）35、Write as often as you can, for I am looking forward to reading your every letter.（望你多多来信，我殷切地等待你的每一封信。）36、I'm sending you a little gift as a taken of appreciation for your kindness to me, which I hope you will enjoy.（寄上小小礼物一件，作为纪念品，以感谢你对我的关怀，请笑纳。）
37、All my best wishes for the future！（祝您一切顺利！）。
希望对你有所帮助：一细观察细致观察是提高写作水平的金钥匙.文章是客观事物在作者头及中反映的产物，要反映客，不必须对客观事物作仔细的观察.只有仔细地观察，才能从生活现象的矿藏中发现碎金璞玉，于泥沙混杂中攫取闪光的宝物.不掌握，“观察”这把开门的金钥匙，作文的“铁门限”是决然跨不进去的.二、多阅读广泛阅读是提高作文水平的前提条件.要写出好文章，就必须多读书.“读书破万卷，下笔如有神.”“熟读唐诗三首，不会作诗会吟.”鲁迅先生也提倡多读书，“必须如蜜蜂一样，采过许多花，这才能酿出蜜来，倘叮在一处，所得就非常有限，枯燥了.”我们强调既要多读，又要选择地读，更要读进去，理解所读文章的结构技艺，语言特点，从中掌握作文定得深刻些，变化多一些.三、巧选材精心选择是提高作文水平的加速器.选材的要求是要新颖，所谓新颖，就是批要选择一般人没有接触过的，或熟视无睹崦实含表深刻意义的.一经作者笔之于书，就会发人深思令人感奋的材料.选材角度要小，要以小见大，写人人眼中有，人人笔下无的材料.为此，必须在头脑中把各种材料比较、分析、综合，进行去粗取精，改造加工，只有这样，才能使材料新颖.而这种积极思考、反复推敲的选析工夫，对提高作文水平很有帮助.四、常练笔经常练笔是提高作文水平的关键.要想入作文的大门，并求得不断进步，更重要的是多练.谚语说的好：“文章读十篇，不如写一篇.”这就道出了作文实践出真知的道理.我们学习了一篇文章之后，弄懂了文章的结构方法，弄清了文章的写作特色，就要学着运用这些知识与方法去实践，去练习，使之变成自身的作文能力.实际上，我们第学习一篇课文后都可以进行练笔.而片断练习是练笔的一种好方式，片断练习所花的时间不长，又达到了练笔的目的.写日记也是一种有效的练笔方式，天天坚持写日记，以后俄文就有了坚实的基础.五、勤修改反复修改是提高作文水平的催化剂.修改是作文必不可少的步骤，是提高作文质量的有效措施.前人说的好，“文章不厌百回改.”“文章是改出来的.”曹雪芹写《红楼梦》“披阅十载，增删五次，”托尔斯秦的《战争与和平》反复修改了七次；鲁迅先生主张“定完后至少看两遍，竭力将可有可无的字、句、段删去，毫不可惜.”可见，文章修改，一般是指从初稿写出来到最后定稿的加工过程.修时要做到五看：看用词是否通顺，看主题是否鲜明，看结构是否紧凑，看语言是否优美.总之，“文章是改出来的.”一般来说文章总是越改越好的，我们要在“修改”上下工夫.。
Hello, David ! I have heard that you are looking for a friend in Beijing . I am writing to tell you that I would like to be your friend. I am niy years old and will finish school this summer. So I can be your tour guide if you like to visit Beijing .There are many places of interest in Beijing such as the Great Wall , summer palace and so on. When you e here ,I want to take you to these places and taste some delicious food in Wangfujing Street. We can also go to some hutongs to explore the culture and history of Old Beijing . Would you like me to be your friend?I am looking forward to hearing from you.
Yours.
Lihua.
论文结尾致谢英文
有的同学可能需要用到英文版的论文致谢，下面的`范例可以帮助到大家。
First of all, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Zhang Hong, for her instructive advice and useful suggestions on my thesis. I am deeply grateful of her help in the completion of this thesis.
High tribute shall be paid to Ms. Geng Li, whose profound knowledge of English triggers my love for this beautiful language and whose earnest attitude tells me how to learn English.
I am also deeply indebted to all the other tutors and teachers in Translation Studies for their direct and indirect help to me.
Special thanks should go to my friends who have put considerable time and effort into their comments on the draft.
Finally, I am indebted to my parents for their continuous support and encouragement.
At the very first, I am honored to express my deepest gratitude to my dedicated supervisor, Miss Wang Chao, with whose able guidance I could have worked out this thesis. She has offered me valuable ideas, suggestions and criticisms with her profound knowledge and rich research experience. Her patience and kindness are greatly appreciated. Besides, she always puts high priority on our dissertation writing and is willing to discuss with me anytime available. I have learnt from her a lot not only about dissertation writing, but also the professional ethics. I am very much obliged to her efforts of helping me complete the dissertation. I am also extremely grateful to Prof. Wei Xiaohong whose patient and meticulous guidance and invaluable suggestions are indispensable to the completion of this thesis.
Thanks are also due to my roommates, who never failed to give me great encouragement and suggestions. Special thanks should go to Miss Dong, Miss Ma, and Miss Wei for their brainstorming with me when I failed in coming up with ideas.
At last but not least, I would like to thank my family for their support all the way from the very beginning of my study. I am thankful to all my family members for their thoughtfulness and encouragement.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis.
My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to Professor ******, my supervisor, for his constant encouragement and guidance. He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis. Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.
Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to Professor *******, who led me into the world of translation. I am also greatly indebted to the professors and teachers at the Department of English: ********who have instructed and helped me a lot in the past two years.
Last my thanks would go to my beloved family for their loving considerations and great confidence in me all through these years. I also owe my sincere gratitude to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out my problems during the difficult course of the thesis.
First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms**, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of this thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
Second, I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
Last, I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who helped me during the writing of this thesis. I gratefully acknowledge the help of my supervisor, Ms. Sun Yanlan, who has offered me valuable suggestions in the academic studies. In the preparation of the thesis， she has spent much time reading through each draft and provided me with inspiring advice. Without her patient instruction, insightful criticism and expert guidance, the completion of this thesis would not have been possible.
I also owe a special debt of gratitude to all the professors in Foreign Languages Institute, from whose devoted teaching and enlightening lectures I have benefited a lot and academically prepared for the thesis.
I should finally like to express my gratitude to my beloved parents who have always been helping me out of difficulties and supporting without a word of complaint.
可以帮你做一份.
我觉得吧，大概可以按照这么个步骤来写：第一步：文献阅读A．针对论文选题和研究方向进行文献检索，针对整理后的有效资料进行认真阅读，尤其是和论文内容相关的部分，要重复理解。阅读次数直接关系到你对文献的理解程度。B．必要时可以在正式写作summary前制定一个标题，有利于尽快确认文章的中心思想或整体写作思路。标题可以是简短的句子或者词组，对论文主题进行概括，或者直接引用文章中的主题句。C．确认题目后就可以对参考资料进行筛选整理，按照相关性对资料进行主次区分，对于文献中的重要部分进行提取概括。D．文献检索过程中需要对有效资料进行简单记录汇总，尤其是参考文献的主要观点对summary能起到概括作用的重要内容。第二步：着手写作A. 一般而言summary的字数占全文的20%-30%，所以在确认具体字数以前要了解论文的字数要求。要留意summary的实际字数绝对不能超过这个比例。B. summary的内容应该是作者在进行文献阅读后再通过自己的话进行写作，而不是直接引用参考资料中的句子。C. 在summary写作逻辑上应该符合论文的逻辑顺序，内容需要围绕论文整体的研究问题，不能出现论文研究问题以外的新问题的提出。D. 要体现summary在文章中的作用，就是全面清晰地体现论文所呈现出来的相关信息，以便读者在开始论文全文或者相关参考文献的阅读之前就能完全理解作者想表达的观点。E. 在正式写作summary时可以参考以下相关技巧：1) 摒弃细节问题。只保留论文主要观点。2) 涉及到实证或案例相关内容需要进行精简，只保留一至两个具有代表的性问题进行陈述。3) 尽量使用简短的具体进行描述，对于参考资料中的相关解释过于复杂和冗长的可以进行精炼。控制在两句话之内说明即可。4) 避免重复句出现，这种情况在论文或参考资料中会经常出现，主要是为了强调某个观点或主题，但是在summary中是不可以使用的。第三步：整理修改和调整论文完成初稿候要对它进行修改和调整。首先要确保summary内容中提到的观点是否与全文相一致，并且对参考资料中所提及的相关重要内容都概括了。其次，summary中如出现了过多无意义的内容，包括词语短语等，要删除或者用其他更精炼的内容进行替换。保证语言简短，第三，也就是最基本的要求，要对summary文字内容的拼写和语法，包括标点符号的进行检查。通过以上步骤和方法，一篇summary也就此完成了。 summary写作是在英国留学生论文中是很常见的形式，主要是通过阅读参考文献，吸收相关资料在写作结构与语言方面的特征，结合作者论文的相关研究问题和观点，形成的一篇内容和结构相一致，并且语言简洁的短文。另外，英国大学教育除了专业知识的传授外，还会对学生的综合学历能力进行培养，这其中就包括阅读和整理参考文献，对研究问题的重点掌握的能力。学生根据某研究问题，通过大量的参考资料进行阅读和总结概括有利于提高学生的学习研究能力的。
英语summary的写法：首先记下关键词，要点或论点和主题句；第二步，形成一段简短的大纲，遵循原始组织；第三步，用我们自己的语言；第四步，在摘要中使用关键字，并相应地为摘要提供标题；第五步，避免例子，引言，技术用语 使用简单UND易懂的英语；第六步，必须客观并且以第三人称。
在科技文献和教科书中，Summary强调对研究课题内容的概括，比如实验内容、目的、研究的展望等方面的简述。提要对字数的要求比较灵活，可长可短。既可以图文并茂，也可以广征博引。既可放在文前，也可以置于文后。Summary一般在完成完成后再写作，主要目的是帮助了解文章。
英语中的SUMMARY撰写的具体格式步骤如下：
1、写之前，需要认真仔细地读几遍原文材料，让理解更深刻。
2、遵循原文的逻辑顺序，对重要部分的主题、标题、细节进行概括，全面清晰地表明原文信息。
3、给摘要起一个好标题，比如：可以采用文中的主题句。
4、尽量使用自己的话完成，不要引用原文的句子，篇幅控制在原文的三分之一或四分之一长。