英语专业毕业论文开题报告格式及范文外语系2007届英语专业开题报告写作规范为进一步严格学术规范,加强指导教师对学生论文写作的有效指导以及减少学生在写作过程的盲目性,外语系特要求学生在论文选题和论文写作前期与指导教师保持联系,认真撰写开题报告。外语系特对本届毕业论文开题报告作以下规定:i.英语专业学生开题报告写作语言为英文(填写毕业论文登记表中“开题报告”用中文)。ii.开题报告写作步骤为:(论文题目)(中心论点)(研究目的和意义)(研究现状)(研究难点)(详细提纲)(参考文献)。iii.学生按规定时间完成开题报告后,指导教师组织小组开题并填写审核意见。iv.指导教师同意后,学生方可进行论文写作。v.本期末学生离校前须与指导教师见面,商讨下一步写作计划等事宜。vi.下期开学报到后小组长召集全组成员与指导教师见面,汇报论文资料收集或写作中存在的问题。vii.参考文献要求用apa格式或mla格式。viii.页面设置纸型:a4(210x297毫米)即宽度:21厘米,高度厘米。页边距:上厘米、下厘米;左厘米、右厘米。装订线位置:左侧,装订线:0厘米,距边界:页眉,页脚。每页:32行,跨度磅。外语系2007-1-1潼城大学外语系tongchenguniversity()论文题目:(英文题目在上、汉语题目在下)专业:指导教师:学生:班级:学号:日期:开题过程:论文小组长(签名):日期:指导教师意见:指导教师签名:日期:
英语论文开题报告范文参考
下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
附录1- 引文范例
“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)
附录2- 参考文献范例
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
下面是为您整理的一篇英语论文的开题报告范文,反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的借鉴价值。欢迎阅读!
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
2 outline
development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
一般包括下面的内容 一、课题来源(如属导师或本人主持、参加的课题,注明课题名称、来源、起止时间等) 二、选题的国内外研究现状及水平、研究目标及意义(包括应用前景、科学意义、理论价值)以及主要参考文献 三、研究的主要内容、研究方案及准备采取的技术路线、拟解决的关键问题 四、已进行的科研工作基础和已具备的科学研究条件(包括已经取得的科研成果、已经完成的科学实验及调查研究、具备的主要仪器设备及资料与数据等),以及可行性分析 五、课题研究起止年限、任务安排、分阶段要求和预期结果
数学硕士论文开题报告
导语:数学是一门博大高深的学科,要想学好数学必须进行艰苦的研究与知识的积淀。数学硕士撰写论文可以提高学术水平,在写作之前需要提交开题报告。下面和我一起来看数学硕士论文开题报告,希望有所帮助!
一、数学文化的内涵
数学作为一种科学的语言、工具和技术渗透在现代科技的方方面面早已是不争的事实,但是现代数学在人们心中的地位却远远没有达到它应当达到的高度。随着数学专业化程度的提高,它仿佛离人们越来越远了。专业的知识因为艰涩和高深仅仅掌握在少数人手中而无法被大众共享,这直接导致了新的成果无人理解,获得的奖项无人关注,所以数学人是“孤独的”.孤独造成高傲,高傲造成疏远,这其中有误解也有无奈。所以我们强调文化,因为脱离了文化基础的数学只能离人们越来越远。
受目前学校教育情况的影响,很多人认为数学是高高在上的,除了作为升学的工具,毫无用处。这样一来,对于数学这样一门富有深刻文化内涵的学科,就连一些受过良好教育的人也持无视的态度,对数学的无知成了一种很普遍的社会现象,这是一个令人十分担忧的事实。就像美丽的图画并非只是线条和色彩,动人的乐曲并非只是音符和节拍,数学也不是只有数字、符号和运算。了解数学的人都知道,运算只是数学微不足道的方面,数学的精神、思想、方法都蕴藏着无比深刻的内涵,渗透到科学的每个角落。如果将数学比作一棵大树,那么这棵大树的生命力是旺盛的,这种生命力体现在数学起源、发展、完善和应用的每一个过程当中,而数学文化就像土壤一样几百几千年来滋养这棵大树,使它繁衍生息,长盛不衰。因此,扎根于文化土壤的数学教育是十分必要的,也是我们目前十分需要的,这一点将在第五章进行详细论述。
19世纪末到20世纪初的几十年是数学哲学研究领域的黄金时代,关于数学基础的讨论十分活跃,也形成了不同的学派,包括逻辑主义学派、形式主义学派、直觉主义学派、集合论公理化学派等,大家都在筹划为数学建立牢固的哲学基础。虽然几个学派各有优缺点,但都为数学基础的严密性做出了贡献。然而哥德尔的工作击碎了他们的幻想,使数学哲学的研究一度陷入谷底。直到20世纪60年代,西方学者提出了数学文化观,从新的立场为数学哲学研究提出新的观点、新的方法。最早系统地完成这一开创性工作的是美国数学家怀尔德(),他提出了数学作为文化体系的数学哲学观。怀尔德是一名出色的数学家,主要从事拓扑学和数学基础的研究。他的《数学基础引论》和《数学概念演变初探》对数学基础研究有着深远的意义。受到人类学家朋友的影响,他对人类学产生了浓厚的兴趣,并大胆地从人类学的视角考察数学的本质和发展,在数学研究中融入了人类学的研究体会,出版了着作《数学概念的进化》和《作为文化体系的数学》。
他在著作中从文化生成和发展的理论等角度考察数学,率先提出了数学文化的概念并构建了数学文化的理论体系,形成了很长时期以来出现的第一个成熟的数学哲学观,强调了数学的发展动力、发展规律、思维方式等文化内涵,强调了遗传、环境、人类以及人类文化等对数学的作用影响。
二、数学文化研究的意义
区别于其他文化,数学文化具有独特的研究对象、研究视角及价值评判标准,它的出现为数学研究提出了新的思想和方法,使得我们可以从人类文化的任意一个角度切入数学、理解数学、解构数学,最大范围地打开研究思路,拓宽研究范围。
数学文化首先研究的是数学本身,包括从科学体系角度对数学科学进行研究和从哲学角度对数学哲学进行研究。数学科学研究就是一般意义上的数学理论研究,而数学哲学研究则是对数学基础、数学悖论和数学本体论进行探讨,包括数学的对象、性质、特点、地位与作用,数学新分支、新课题提出的哲学意义,着名数学家和数学流派的数学和哲学思想以及数学方法、数学的实在性和真理性等。
数学文化同时研究的是数学学科与其他学科、数学文化与其他文化之间的交互作用,比如数学与文学、数学与经济学之间的渗透影响等。
数学文化研究从文化因素思考数学的演变和发展,为数学史的研究提供新的思考方向。数学文化的历史研究不同于数学史的研究,数学史研究追求的是完善数学知识、数学思想的演化史,数学文化的历史研究是基于全局视角,思考数学与其他文化系统历史的互动关系,关注这些关系对现代数学发展的影响和启示。
如中国的传统文化和实用哲学使中国传统数学重视实用性,制定实际问题的算法成为中国传统数学的本质,也是中国数学存在和发展的基点。古希腊的数学思想产生在城邦航海贸易的氛围中,兼容并追求独立的思辨思想孕育了演绎数学,这是古希腊哲学的深入渗透和文化价值观的体现。从中西文化的差异角度,我们找到了东西方数学体系大相径庭的原因,不是数学本身的要求,而是文化的要求。
数学文化研究强调和突出社会文化心理、价值观念以及人类文化对数学发生的作用,从新的角度诠释了某些理论出现、发展、停滞或覆灭的原因。如古希腊的数学之所以昌盛,是因为希腊人以数学为万学之基,二元论的宇宙观也引导科学家将物质与自身分离而进行科学有效的客观分析。中国的儒家思想将数学放在六艺之末,天人合一的宇宙观使得东方人表现出长于直觉而短于抽象,擅于综合而不擅分析。这也是古代东方数学不能蓬勃发展的原因。
三、数学的文化特征
1.数学的抽象性
在早期的人类文明,数学的创始之初,人类学会了思考数字并进行一定程度的运算。苏联数学家亚历山大洛夫()说:“抽象性在简单的计算中就已经表现出来。我们运用抽象的数字,却并不打算每次都把它们同具体的对象联系起来。我们在学校学的是抽象的乘法表--总是数字的.乘法表,而不是男孩的数目乘上苹果的数目,或者苹果的数目乘上苹果的价钱等等。”
数学成为抽象的学科,人们将这一巨大的功劳记在希腊人身上,毕达哥拉斯学派纯凭心智考虑抽象问题,认为数是真实物质的终极组成部分,是宇宙的要素,完全的演绎推理证明也加深了数学的抽象程度。希腊人有意识地承认并强调:数学上的东西如数和图形是思维的抽象,同实际事物或实际形象是完全不同的。物质实体是短暂的、不完善的,而抽象概念却是永恒的、完美的。虽然抽象相对实体更困难,但它的优点也是实体无法企及的,那就是一般性。在抽象的世界里,点没有大小,线没有宽度,面没有厚度,堆积的石子、成捆的树枝都可以表示数量关系。
2.数学的确定性
数学追求一种完全确定、完全可靠的知识。这种结果得益于数学体系的特殊而有效的方法,即从一系列不证自明的公理出发,准确地描述将要讨论的概念和定义,经过严密的逻辑推理演绎得出明确无误的结论,这也是数学得以长足发展的动力因素。几千年来,数学的真理性得到人们的高度认同和尊崇。
然而,十九世纪以后,数学的这种真理性地位却一次次受到巨大的冲击。非欧几何、四元数理论、集合论悖论给数学“真理的化身”形象笼罩上了阴影,使得数学丧失了揭示客观世界的“真理性”,也丧失了自身基础的严密性。克莱因(Morris Kline)在《数学:确定性的丧失》中提到“数学的当前困境是有许多种数学而不是只有一种,而且由于种种原因每一种都无法使对立学派满意。显然,普遍接受的概念、正确无误的推理体系--1800年时的尊贵数学和那时人的自豪--现在都成了痴心妄想。与未来数学相关的不确定性和可疑,取代了过去的确定性和自满。关于”最确定的“科学的基础意见不一致不仅让人吃惊,而且,温和一点说,是让人尴尬。”
3.数学的继承性
科学知识是在长期的历史发展过程中形成的,其过程就说明了知识具有继承性,没有继承,就没有积累。我认为继承性应该从两方面理解。
从个人来讲,我们学习一些知识,无须重新经历科学家们艰苦的实践过程,短时间内就可以掌握到一门学科千百年来积累的成果。这种继承通过教育实现,极大的加速了科学技术的发展,故而现在一个中学生掌握的知识可以超过若干古代著名的科学家。“只有有效地继承人类知识,同时把世界最先进的科学技术知识拿到手,我们再向前迈出半步,就是最先进的水平,第一流的科学家(诺贝尔物理学奖得主温伯格(Steven Weinberg))。”正因如此,知识领域才能发展成今天的面貌。法国的着名科学家庞加莱被誉为“全能数学家”,因为他在数学、天文、物理的几乎每一个领域都做出了杰出的贡献,然而今天,一个人想要掌握全部数学知识的三分之一都是不可能的。
四、提纲
目录
第1章 概述
文化的内涵
文明的内涵
数学文化的内涵
数学文化研究的意义与现状
第2章 数学的文化特征
数学的文化特征
数学的抽象性
数学的确定性
数学的继承性
数学的简洁性
数学的统一性
数学的功能特征
数学的渗透性
数学的传播性
数学的工具性
数学的预见性
数学的艺术特征
数学的艺术性
数学与音乐
数学与美术
数学与文学
第3章 数学与人类文明
数学是人类逻辑能力的来源
数学唤醒人类理性精神
数学促进人类思想解放
数学改善人类生活
数学完善人类品格
数学提高人类文化素质
第4章 数学与社会文明
数学促进社会进步
数学推动知识发展
第5章 我国数学文化与数学教育的研究进展
数学文化与数学教育研究综述
数学文化与数学教育活动进展
第6章 对数学教育的若干思考
数学素养是国民文化素质的重要构成.
数学教育现状
数学文化教育亟需解决的问题与建议
结束语
参考文献
致谢
五、亟需解决的问题与建议
1.数学技能的培养与数学素养的培育应当紧密结合为一个有机的整体,一方面提高学生对于数学的学习兴趣,另一方面,也可以使学生在学习数学技能的过程中,不断地加深对于数学的理解,提高逻辑思维能力,养成理性思考的习惯。高等学校数学文化教育普遍存在的一个问题是数学文化与数学技能培养相脱节。目前,数学文化课或者数学教育课都是选修课,在本质上仍属于“弥补型”课程,通常都是在学生入学一到两个学期以后开设的。当数学文化课引发了学生对于数学的兴趣和思考的时候,数学基础课程已经修完或即将修完,于是,对于学生来说,数学文化课有着某种“相见恨晚”的感觉。正像有些学生所反映的那样,如果早一点开设数学文化课,早一点了解数学的文化内涵,他们的高等数学会学得更好。由于一直以来积重难返的应试教育所致,学生在初、高中阶段主要接受的是数学技能方面的知识,而极少接触到数学文化方面的知识,于是,在进入高等学校以后,学生对于数学文化的了解几近空白。这也在客观上造成了数学文化与技能的培养脱节。
2.近年来,由于各个领域对工作者建模能力的需要,数学建模教育逐渐得到了重视。在建模过程中培养学生的创新意识、思维能力,培养学生良好的数学素养是数学建模教育的主要目标。路易斯安那州立大学一项研究表明,与细菌的生存发展方式类似,学生对知识的探求和接受并非只是个体行为,学生与学生之间形成的交流网络会使学生相互影响、相互促进,对教学效果产生质的影响。数学建模教育形式正是突破了时间和空间的限制,改变“师对生”的传统、单一的教学
六、进度安排
20XX年11月01日-11月07日 论文选题。
20XX年11月08日-11月20日 初步收集毕业论文相关材料,填写《任务书》。
20XX年11月26日-11月30日 进一步熟悉毕业论文资料,撰写开题报告。
20XX年12月10日-12月19日 确定并上交开题报告。
20XX年01月04日-02月15日 完成毕业论文初稿,上交指导老师。
20XX年02月16日-02月20日 完成论文修改工作。
20XX年02月21日-03月20日 定稿、打印、装订。
20XX年03月21日-04月10日 论文答辩。
七、参考文献
[1]曹红军,厉树忠,刘亚楠.《易经》卦象符号的拓扑群结构[J].周易研究.
[2](美)塞缪尔·亨廷顿.文明的冲突与世界秩序的重建[M].北京:新华出版社,2005.
[3]范森林.中国政治思想的起源[M/OL].
[4]黄秦安.论数学文化的本质、功能及其在人类文化变革中的角色[J].陕西师范大学学报,1993(2):54-61.
[5]郑毓信.数学哲学的内容和意义[J/OL].
[6]普通高中数学课程标准(实验)[M].北京:人民教育出版社,2003.
[7]顾沛.数学文化[M],北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[8]南开大学数学文化课程简介.
[9]吉林大学本科生数学文化课程教学大纲--数学文化.
[10](美)莫里斯·克莱因.古今数学思想(第一册)[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,2002.
[11]郑毓信.数学方法论[M].南宁:广西教育出版社,2001.
[12]张维忠.数学:丧失了确定性吗?[J]自然辩证法研究,1998,14(11).
[13]郭光华,常春艳,王小燕.试论数学的文化特性[J].par数学教育学报,2005,14(3):25-27.
[14]蒋岚.论数学美[J].温州职业技术学院学报,2003,3(2):38-42.
[15]杨毅.论体育数学与体育科学[J].衡阳师范学院学报,2002,23(3):95-96.
[16]数学地质四川省高校重点实验室.
[17]林履端.《易经》与模糊数学[J].闽江学院学报,2002,22(2):116-118.
初中数学论文开题报告范文
论文题目: 提高农村初中数学学困生成绩策略的研究开题报告
一、 课题提出的背景及意义:
新课标指出:“人人学有价值的数学”,“人人都能获得必要的数学”,“不同的人在数学上得到不同的发展”,“数学是人们生活、劳动和学习必不可少的工具”,这些都阐明了数学作为基础学科的重要性。而数学后进生就其个人成长来说,由于学科的基础与工具性,及将直接影响到对他们的后继教育、身心健康、全面发展与成才问题;对教育来说,关系到学科教学的平衡性与课程改革的重大战略和基础教育水平的根本大计;对国家来说,关系到劳动者的素质和综合国力的提升。可见,数学学困生的转化问题,成为当前教育常抓不懈的大课题。基础课程改革已经多年了,尽管《课程标准》和教材更新了,教师的教学观念、教学行为也有不同程度的改变,但数学后进生并没有减少,反而有增加的趋势。我所在的学校,近几年来数学成绩50分以下的人数比例逐年增加,很多教师都抱怨现在的学生是越来越难教了。要想改变这种教育质量低下的现状,学困生的转化是关键性问题。由于学困生的形成原因的复杂性,有其自身的原因,也有外部原因:家庭、学校、社会。在转化学困生方面,有许多工作是教师无能为力的、爱莫能助的,如父母离异、学校教育环境、教师素质、应试教育等等,但教师在转化学困生方面起的作用又是不可忽视的,因此我们应着重从教师教育方面来研究如何转化学困生。
二、 国内外关于该课题的研究现状及趋势
对于学困生的成长研究已成为国内外教育专家、理论工作者和实践工作者共同关注的问题。在我国,《中国人民教师》杂志,曾专门阐述学困生的几大困惑,并提供老师及时、有效的辅导案例,同时指出“(1)辅导要与激发兴趣有机结合起来;(2)辅导要新旧结合;(3)辅导要重点突出;(4)辅导中要争取家长配合。”许多优秀的教师结合着自己的教学经验,也提出了新观点,新思想。如:袁妙月(河南省洛阳孟津第一县直中学)发表了新课程标准下初中数学分层教学探究的观点,认为在教学中不能再采用“一刀切”的教学方法,应该面向不同的学生。黄鸿基(福建省晋江市安海镇杏坛学校)谈论了在辅导过程中消除后进生心理上的失败定势,从心理上让学困生不再怕学习,给了很好的指导。李瑞菊老师(上海市闵行区浦江第一中学)从学困生的现状及成因、改善师生关系使学困生进步、教学中多关注学困生,并做好学法指导以及对学困生开展形式多样的辅差工作等方面对数学学困生辅导工作进行了全面的分析。
20世纪70年代,荷兰瓦赫宁根大学发展社会学家创立的角色理论认为,学困生的形成是整个动力系统乃至人格角色偏差造成的,本身无法通过自我调整来改变,这就需要教育者的特定帮助以改变他们的社会角色;前苏联教育学者巴班斯基的同心圆理论认为,影响学生学业成绩的原因有两个:学习的可能性和教学的、发展的、教育的社会条件,前者与后者是内因和外因的关系,这种关系可以用若干同心圆组成的圆表示。20世纪80年代,日本教育学者北尾伦彦的研究表明,造成学习困难的因素可分三个层级,一次性因素是直接相关因素(包括教学内容、教法、学生学习态度与学习习惯等因素),二次性因素、三次性因素是间接相关因素(包括学生的非智力因素及环境因素)。对于学习困难学生,日本教育界往往通过学习困难学生“治疗日”来进行教育帮助,这种方法是大阪的一所中学提出来的,这些材料为我们调查分析作了很好的铺垫。
三、课题研究的理论依据:
1、学生的学习尤其需要情感、意志、求知欲、动机等情意因素的积极参与。其中,动机在情意系统中居于核心地位,它是个体学习动力的主要来源,又是把各种动力因素联系在一起的纽带,直接影响学生的学习行为。就数学学习而言,大部分学习困难的学生都以认知障碍作为起点的,这与数学的特性与某些学生的思维发展水平不适应有关。由于数学语言具有高度的抽象性和概括性,学生学习数学时不能真正理解数学语言和意义,从而引起很多困难。以致在听课、阅读时造成误读、错误,进而成为认知上的障碍。
2、《江苏省中小学数学课程标准》中强调“改革教学过程,促进学生学习方式的改善”,对于学习困难的学生,教师要通过对教学内容的“操作化”组织,将“做”、“想”、“讲”有机结合,帮助“学困生”内化学习内容,帮助学生发现个人的学习成就和意义,指导学生检查和反思学习过程,激励学生更有效的开展学习。
3、美国心理学家布卢姆在掌握学习理论中指出,“许多学生在学习中未取得优异成绩,主要问题不是学生的智慧能力欠缺,而是由于未得到适当的教学条件和合理的帮助造成的”,“如果提供适当的学习条件,大多数学生在学习能力、学习速度、进一步学习动机等多方面变得十分相似”。
4、“低、小、多、快”原则:“低”即“低起点”;“小”即“小步子”;“多”即“多活动”;“快”即“快反馈”。
四、课题研究的内容和方法
(一)主要内容:
1、农村初级中学数学学困生的成因及学困生的心理分析,包括研究导致学困生学习困难的个人、学校、家庭以及社会因素。
2、数学课堂教学如何关注学困生、适应学困生,研究学困生的转化策略。
3、如何开展有效的课外辅导转变学困生。
4、教学日记促进学困生的转化的研究。
(二)研究方法:
借鉴现代教育理论,采取行动研究法,在实践中提升理论,在理论指导下完善实践。采取跟踪调查法、量化分析法等通过制定计划、方案实施、反思总结等阶段完成。
课题研究的目标:通过本课题的研究,探索一套适合农村初中实际情况让学困生喜欢数学、爱学数学的有效途径和方法,尊重和关爱可以唤醒、激励每一个学生。“只有不会教的教师,没有教不好的学生”,只要方法得当,通过教师的不懈努力,就一定能让每个学困生爱学数学,激发他们的学习兴趣,增强他们的求知欲望,使他们由“厌学”到“学有所获”到“乐学”,使他们能主动、积极地学习数学,从而大面积提高了教育教学质量。
五、课题研究的工作步骤
(一)课题研究准备阶段:
1、成立课题组成员,共同学习商讨制定课题实施方案
从2014年3月份开始,经过多次的商讨和修改,小课题《提高农村初中数学学困生成绩策略的研究》作为学校的一项教研课题在校开展,学校领导高度重视,希望能通过该课题的研究,带动学校的信息技术教学发展,提高教师的教科研能力,为教学服务,为提高学校的教学质量而尽力做好。3月份开始,我们开始按照“课题申请”要求成立了课题组,并召开了课题组成员会议,会议上商讨了如何具体分工、借鉴哪些方面的经验成果和教学理念,具体通过哪些步骤进行课题研究。课题组的成员都认真学习关于本课题研究的主要内容,研究并制定了课题方案。
2、有关理论学习
课题具体方案制定后,课题组成员就着手学习整理和课题相关的国内外相关理论和经验,了解国内外相关课题的思想理念、研究成果和研究进展情况,以此作为该课题具体开展的参考和借鉴。
3、课题组实验教师资料准备
实验班、对比班学生基本情况分析;课题研究的教案、论文等原始材料。
4、深入课堂分析
通过以上的学习,在夯实了理论基础的同时深入本校数学课堂,结合课题需要分析在我校课堂教学存在的问题,寻找适合我校课堂教学特点和共同点,明确课题开展的具体方向和实施过程,保证课题研究内容充实,实效性强,使课题研究具有科学性、时代性、指导性、可行性。
5、撰写开题报告
在理论学习的同时,进一步完善了课题的实施方案,撰写了开题报告,在请教过前辈和课题给讨论后,我再次修改了原来的课题实施方案和开题报告。
(二) 课题研究实施阶段
1、课题的确定后,为更深一步进行研究,进行调查是十分重要的。为此,根据几次的学生调查和老师课堂教学情况,了解学生学习数学心理障碍的`主要因素,掌握数据,了解现状,为课题方案的实施和课题的完成打下基础。
2、课题成员对课题的理解撰写有关论文、教学设计、案例、反思等。
3、对学生的课堂气氛进行跟踪了解。在测试中进行了解,及时发现问题,解决问题,看通过课堂训练能使学生达到所定的目标。
六、课题研究的结果:
(一)、初步找到了农村初中数学“学困生”的形成原因,并探索出转化“学困生”的措施方法。
(二)、经过近一年的课题研究,运用以上措施方法对“学困生”实施帮扶、转化,产生的比较好的效果:
1、学生对于数学的兴趣正逐步增强。
2、促进了“学困生”的主动发展。经过一年的实验,学生学习数学的积极性和主动性被充分调动起来,对数学学习表现出极大的热情和兴趣。
3、从最近两年中考、期中、期末调研考试成绩分析看,数学平均成绩在稳步提高,全市中考数学平均分列全市中游。特别是低分率下降幅度较大,说明“学困生”转化工作成绩较为显著。
七、可行性分析
九年制义务教育的目的是普及基础教育,合格率是检验一所学校办学是否成功的标准之一。我校地处三县交界,生源情况参差不齐,学困生所占的比例很大,严重影响了整个班级、整个年级的共同进步,严重影响了学校的声誉。这些学生刚入初中就已经学数学很困难,随着难度的逐渐加大,情况会越来越糟,初中学习生涯无疑是一种痛苦折磨。所以改善这类学生数学学习的信心、求知欲、学习动机、学习速度、思维发展水平等学习状况,不仅对学校来讲意义重大,而且对学生的一生的影响尤为重要。鉴于此,我申报了小课题,希望在专家的指导下,与数学组的同行一道,通过努力能够改善我校初中数学学困生的学习状况。
本课题研究中的“数学学困生”是指:智力与感官正常,但由于在数学学习中,学习方法或学习习惯不恰当,导致学习效果低下的学生。通过教师有针对性地帮助,这部分学生的数学成绩是可以提高的。
学习英语口语方法还是比较关键的!
英语课题开题报告模板
词是语言的基本材料,是语言的三要素之一。没有足够的单词量就不能清楚的表达概念;不会灵活的运用单词,就势必影响思想的交流。然而有了良好的单词识记方法就能有效的掌握大量的单词,有了雄厚的单词量作保证就能更好的阅读、写作、交际,就能达到充分发挥英语工具性的作用。
在中学英语教学中,单词记忆已经成为了一个重要的环节。然而在实际教学中,现实的单词学习及记忆情况却不容乐观,很多学生常常因为记不住单词,或是记住的单词很快遗忘,即使记住了一些单词,也不会正确地运用它们。因而放弃了英语的学习。学生学习词汇主要集中在反复朗读、机械记忆层面,很少能够上升到理解和运用层面。加之他们由于年龄小的特点,学习目的、动机往往不明确,只对课堂上有趣的教学内容和游戏感兴趣,而对单词和短语的读写规则、发音要领及用法未能充分认识,不善于学习和总结单词的拼读和拼写规律。我们认为教会学生巧记英语单词的方法是英语学习的关键,因此,特申请该课题的研究工作。
本课题所界定的“单词教学”是指初中英语单词教学。此课题的研究旨在利用科学的单词教与学的方法,从而克服过去教学中的孤立教单词,讲得过多,消化不良;反复记忆,失去兴趣,边学习边遗忘的缺陷。同时还能使单词的意义和用法的教学,单词的读音和拼写的教学紧密结合起来,使学生在学习英语单词的读音和书写形式时,不感到杂乱,而感到有条理,有规律,从而能很好地调动初中生记忆英语单词的积极性,培养学生学习英语的兴趣,并为学生进一步学好英语打下坚实的词汇基础。
兴趣是学生获得知识、形成智力活动的能源和动力。初中英语趣、动、展教学法把激发学生兴趣作为实施英语课堂教学的前提。初中生模仿能力强,有意注意时间短、好动。教师应充分利用小学生的无意注意,使其向有意注意转化。根据中学生的年龄特点、心理特征,我们倡导以快乐和激趣为主的教学英语单词识记形式。
学习英语的基础是单词,它是构成语言的三大要素之一,是学好英语的基础和关键。因此单词教学的目标是使学生牢固地掌握它们,并教会学生如何把单词运用到综合实践中。内容:本人在这次课题研究中主要针对以下几方面的内容:
1.了解我校中学生目前英语单词记忆的基本方法。
2.结合中学生学习特点,进行中学英语单词教学中学生学习方式的研究。
3.提高中学生单词拼读能力的研究。
4.单词教学活动设计及实施的评价。
收集单词教学相关的文献资料,并对文献资料进行理论学习,同时进行比较,研究提高单词教学效益的方法。具体方法如下:文献分析法、行动研究法、调查法、经验总结法、案例分析等研究方法。
教师必须钻研教材,发掘教材中的有利因素,根据不同的教学内容设计和运用不同的教学方法,根据不同的教学方法设计不同的教学活动,根据不同的教学活动制作不同的教具和道具。
第一阶段:准备阶段(月月)
①选题、立项。
②制定课题方案,开题会议。
③资料文献的准备、信息收集。
第二阶段:研究阶段(月月中旬)
1.启动课题研究,有计划有步骤实施。
2.将学习的理论知识和学生的具体情况相结合,在课堂教学中探索提高学生单词记忆效率的方法,发现问题,及时调整、总结。
第三阶段:研究总结阶段(月下旬--20xx年12月初)
1.收集整理课题研究的数据资料,进行分析、总结。
2.撰写课题研究报告。
3.进行研究结论的最终论证,组织专家鉴定。
4.做好课题研究成果的宣传推广工作。
(1)课题研究报告。
(2)课题论文集,教案集,课件。
(3)学生问卷30份,阶段总结1篇,结题报告1份。
英语课题开题报告模板
目前,农村学生对于英语学习有一定的厌倦情绪,如果在新课导入时不采取一些有效的方法来吸引学生,学生的兴趣就会日益减退,也就很难调动学生的积极性;如果教师总是用老式陈旧,单一乏味的方式来导入新课,导入就失去了应有的作用。成功的导入依赖导入的多样性和有效性。每天带给学生点期盼,每天带给学生点惊喜,每天带给学生点不同,每天带学生点启迪。这样既可以活跃课堂气氛,促进学生参与,还可以引发学生思考,使学生保持学习英语的兴趣和动力。
二、立题的意义
我们一线教师是“高效课堂”的践行者,我们必须与时俱进,立足新课程,运用新理念潜心研究课堂教学新方法、新模式,应从课堂教学第一步入手追求各个环节整体高效,我们的课题研究以“高效课堂”目标,以新课程理念为导向,引领我校英语老师探索有效课堂导入理论策略,设计高效导入,指导教学实践,引领我校英语教师专业化发展。
英语课堂教学的导入多种多样,根据不同类型、不同内容的课选择使用不同的导入手段,其目的只有一个:激发学生学习的兴趣,启迪他们的心智,使学生重塑自信,觉得英语课好学、易学,产生兴趣,减少焦虑,达到事半功倍。因此,我确立研究课题《初中英语课堂导入方法探究》。
关键词:英语教学、英语课堂导入
1.英语教学
随着社会的进步,英语已从一种工具变成了一种思想,一种知识库。在英语课堂教学中,教师尤其要注重学生主体地位的发挥,以让学生积极参与为目的,在英语课堂的教学导入中更能体现这一宗旨。
2.课堂导入
第斯多惠指出:“教学的艺术不在于传授本领,而在于激励、唤醒、鼓舞”。好的导入能为全节课的顺利进行奠定良好的基础,并能由此使教学内容进一步展开、发展、开拓,把课的进展不断推向高 潮,产生良好、积极的“连锁反应”。
课堂导入,一般是指课堂教学开始的3-5分钟内,教师和学生所有教学活动的总称。其作为课堂教学的重要环节,具体是指在进入新的教学内容前,教师为了转移学生的注意中心,激发学生的学习情趣,采用各种教学手段,引导学生进入正式的学习状态的教学行为。本课题研究以我县统一使用的人教版初中语文教材为载体,以全校七至九年级所有班级为实验班,本校英语组教师全部参研。
英语课题开题报告模板
1.调查分析总结初中英语教学中一线教师常用的导入方法,制作调查表,对我校全体英语教师进行调查,形成汇总数据,得出教师常用的导入法。
2.分析比较常用的不同类型的各种导入方法特点、功能的异同,研究根据学生心理和教学内容合理选用行之有效导入方法的策略,并跟踪在课堂实际教学中运用的效果,以及学生的评价。
3.借鉴校内外优秀导入案例,运用新理念、新方法和现代化技术手段,进行导入方案设计的自主创新实验研究。
4.加强课堂导入的个案分析,注重研究和推介的灵活巧妙的新方法、新手段总结经验,探索有效课堂导入策略,指导教学实践,引领我校教师教师专业化发展。更好的服务于课堂,服务于学生。
二、研究内容
英语课堂教学的导入多种多样,根据不同类型、不同内容的课选择使用不同的导入手段,其目的只有一个:激发学生学习的兴趣,启迪他们的心智,使学生重塑自信,觉得英语课好学、易学,产生兴趣,减少焦虑,达到事半功倍。因此,本次主要研究:
1.英语听说课导入方法探究(付宝琴)
2.英语阅读课导入方法探究(顾相娥)
3.英语写作课导入方法探究(徐潇)
4.英语练习课导入方法探究(徐美琴)
5.英语复习课导入方法探究(骆云宝)
三、课题研究的方法
1.实践法
通过英语教学活动进行“小课题”的研究,从中发现问题,解决问题。
2.问卷调查法
调查我校英语教师对这一问题的研究及想法,了解学生在不同英语课堂导入情况下的收效及存在的问题,共同讨论解决。
3.文献资料法
查阅、收集与本研究课题有关的国内外学者专著、论文和资料。通过上网搜索等方式查找有关导入设计及相关的文章,了解前人或他们已经做的研究工作,明确研究课题的科学价值,找准突破口,取得更新、更有价值的研究成果。
4.经验总结法
对研究的经验及结果进行反思梳理,归纳提升积累经验,修改并确定下一步方案,通过不断反思改进自己的研究成果。
四、课题研究的步骤
(一)准备阶段()
理论学习;召开相关人员会议,确立课题,申报课题;确立研究目标,制定实施方案。
(二)实施阶段()
开展相关的课堂导入方法的研究,收集实践中的资料及数据;观摩研讨,总结摸索初中英语课堂导入方法;撰写阶段总结报告。
(三)总结阶段(—)
整理档案,进行分析;论证实验的科学性、合理性、可行性;总结经验和存在的问题;形成成果报告;通过开设研究课,撰写论文以及编定优秀课例、案例集等形式推广研究成果,根据反馈信息,修订下一轮的课题研究。
五、研究可行性分析
1.国内的学者和教育家们对课堂导入很感兴趣,并从多个方面撰文研究。他们认为,在新的教学内容开始时,吸引学生的注意是很重要的,从而强调了导入的重要性。
2.课题组成员均为一线教师,其中有一位省级教学能手和两位县级教学能手,并且四位教师都是一级教师职称,教学经验丰富,能够在充分听评课调研的基础上,通过调查与个案分析中学英语课堂导入所遵循的方法,及各种导入设计存在的问题,探究如何设计不同课型的导入,最后以研究报告、教学案例等形式形成最终成果。
课题成果的预期和呈现:
一、成果主件:
《初中英语课堂导入方法探究》的结题报告
二、成果附件:
相关论文、教学设计、课堂PPT、教师调查表,学生调查卷、课堂实录部分案例等。
通过研究,掌握基本的科学的课题研究方法、让小课题研究成为一种习惯,
并积累一些实用高效的课堂导入方法方法,使我校英语老师的课堂导入水平能再上新台阶,课堂气氛将因导入而活跃。
英语课题开题报告模板
(一)选题理由:
面对当前世界多极化、经济全球化和教育国际化的大背景,面对信息时代的初露端倪,WTO的加入,高新科技的迅猛发展,全面推进素质教育已成为新世纪我国基础教育改革与发展的主旋律。未来社会实际上是人才竞争的社会,教育是培养人才的圣地,必将愈来愈显示其重要性和紧迫性。针对当前国际国内教育现状,我们要“科教兴国”,就必须对教育进行改革和创新,要改革和创新就必须转变教育观念,转变教学方式,不断学习和理解新的教学理念,培养符合时代发展要求的具有创新精神和实践能力的实用人才。故选择培养学生的英语口语演讲实践能力这一研究课题是非常及时和必要的。
(二)课题研究的目的和意义:
新的英语课程标准强调义务教育阶段英语课程的目的之一就是,使学生掌握一定的语言基本知识和基本技能,建立初步的语感,获得初步运用语言的能力,为正式交际打下基础。新课程标准突出语言的实践性特征。在小学阶段培养学生的英语语言口语演讲实践能力具有很强的实效性,让学生感到英语学了就能用,从而保持英语学习的兴趣。因此本课题的研究具有很强的实践意义。
(三)本课题研究现状:
小学英语学科教学中培养学生的英语口语演讲实践能力的研究作为单个研究点,业已引起部分英语教师的越来越多的关注,也有教师撰写了一些研究论文,作为课题专项研究,我们课题组将以本校小学部为研究单位,立足于校本教学研究,结合本地区的学生学习实际情况,摸索出适合本校小学英语教学的口语实践模式,实现《新课程标准》要求的以学生为中心、全面发展学生语言学习的综合技能的目标,为学生的终身持续性发展提供良好基础。
(四)本课题研究的根本内容具体可以分为以下几个方面:
1.研究如何让学生保持英语学习的兴趣;改变教师传统的教学观念,探索新型的英语课堂教学模式,引导学生自主,探究,合作的学习英语教育课题研究开题报告英语教育课题研究开题报告。
2.研究如何使学生形成良好的英语学习习惯;改变以教师为中心的“满堂灌”的教学方式,尝试以学生为主体的“任务型”的教学方式。
3.研究如何从提高学生英语素养出发,培养学生的英语口语演讲实践能力,改进现有的教学模式。
(五)预期研究成果:
1、小学英语教育教学学生英语口语实践能力衔接研究。2、优化教学策略,提高教育教学的效率。3、过程材料论文。
(六)本课题研究的步骤及时间安排,具体计划如下:
第一阶段:准备阶段。(20xx年1月--20xx年2月)
1、课题组织成员学习教育专家对培养小学生实践能力的论述等,学习各学科新的课程标准,了解当前的教育形势及要求。以明确本课题研究的理论意义与实践意义。
2、自编调查问卷,请本校科研室的老师审定。
第二阶段:实施阶段。(20xx年3月--20xx年9月)
1、分别对教师、学生、家长进行调查问卷。
2、收集、整理、统计、分析调查数据和材料。
3、撰写调查报告。
4、学习理论,运用理论指导课题实验。
5、以调查分析的结果为依据,研究教育对策开展课题实验探索在学科教学中提高小学生英语语言交际能力的具体有效的方法。
第三阶段:结题阶段。(20xx年10月--20xx年12月)
1、撰写教学经验总结或论文。
2、收集、整理实验数据,撰写实验报告。
3、总结研究成果,撰写课题研究报告。
二、课题的成果形式
l、小学生英语语言交际能力现状的调查报告英语教育课题研究开题报告论文。
2、培养小学生英语语言交际能力的教学经验总结或论文。
3、相关附件,如录像、光盘、照片、实物等。
英语课题开题报告模板
随着新课改的不断深入,对小学英语教学也提出了新的挑战。英语新课标要求教师积极探索并采取有效的学习方式,小组合作学习便是其中的一种,许多老师都运用在自己的课堂教学中,取得了显著的成效。但由于受到一些因素的制约,比如班额大成员的,经常顾此失彼,部分合作学习习惯不好,最终造成合作学习流于形式,合作学习的有效性大打折扣。
英语新课标要求教师避免采取传授语言知识的教学方法,提倡任务型教学途径和小组合作学习。作为当代主流的“小组合作学习”,不仅仅是一种学习方式,更是学会如何与他人互相交流合作,例如学会模仿、倾听、尊重等等,从而培养学生良好的学习习惯和团结互助的精神。
课题提出的意义:
《语文课程标准》在“课程性质和地位”中明确指出:“语文是重要的交际工具,是人类文化的组成部分。工具性与人文性统一,是语文课程的基本特点。”“语文课程应致力于学生语文素养的形成与发展。语文素养是学生学会其他课程的基础,也是学生全面发展和终身发展的基础”。口头语言作为最基本、最便捷的交际工具,担负起个人社会交际的重任。因此,作为培养未来社会人才语言素质的小学语文教学,应该重视培养学生的口语交际能力。
二、课题研究设计
研究目标与预期目标
通过本课题的研究,形成一整套提高学生合作学习有效的方法和策略,并在实践中提高小组合作学习的有效性。
首先建立结构合理、互帮互助的合作小组,即科学合理的分组,包括固定分组和动态分组。再次,明确小组分工,培养独立思考、认真倾听、有序表达、积极参与与合作的习惯,接着,科学选择小组合作学习的内容,拓展创新任务,进行方式多样的科学评价。从而培养学生的创新精神与合作意识,形成良好的心理品质,促进学生个体的发展。
三、课题研究安排
第一阶段:准备学习阶段()
依据区教研室的评审意见,认真做好研究的起步工作:学习有利于本课题的研究理论资料,进行理论储备,搜集学生信息,做出合理分组。并撰写开题报告,突出可操作性。
第二阶段:研究实施阶段(—)
这个阶段的工作最为重要,需要进行一系列的调查、研究、实践,从而获得第一手的研究资料。为此,我将这个过程又分为四个小的阶段。
(1)通过调查问卷,了解英语课堂教学评价,了解现存的问题,寻求可行性途径。
(2)小组合作学习低效性研究:对不同层次学生进行研究,从智力、心里、知识基础、学习方法及教师因素等方面分析学生小组合作学习低效的成因。
(3)根据实践反思,帮助学生树立自信心,积极参与课堂合作学习并及时写出“小学英语小组合作学习学习低效的现状及成因”研究报告。
第三阶段:经验总结阶段(—)
整理研究资料,深入了解师生经验,进一步巩固已有成果,形成经验,并上升到理论高度,并将课题实施过程中的第一手资料进行归档整理,于11月完成《小学英语小组合作学习有效性的研究》的课题结题报告。
前期准备工作:
依据区教研室的评审意见,认真做好研究的起步工作:对学生英语小组学习的现状做出认真的分析研究,了解英语课堂教学评价,了解现存的问题,为课题的正式开展做好准备,并根据实际情况制定课题的实施方案,确定研究方向,并撰写开题报告,全面提高学生的整体素质,合作意识能力,突出时代和社会的要求。
提高英语口语应该从以下几方面着手:1. 提高英语口语,严把语音关。许多人练习英语口语时常常碰到这样的问题:一段对话听了好多遍还是听不懂,对照原文时却没有发现任何生词。这很可能是一些基本的语音问题所造成的。所以应该从纠音开始突破英语口语。英语口语语音的问题需要注意以下几个方面:单个音标的发音,连读,失去爆破,重音和语调。2.提高英语口语,扩大词汇量,熟悉英文的惯用表达。在背单词的时候,一定要注意对单词发音的掌握。因为音和义是密不可分的整体。最好找一本有录音磁带的单词书。这种记忆方法不仅可以通过听音帮助记忆,也可以给英语口语打下良好的基础。3.提高英语口语,熟悉场景。跟单词的记忆一样,英语口语也应该放在不同的场景中练习,熟悉不同场景的各种表达方式。输入和输出是相辅相成的。例如旅馆场景,电话场景,餐馆场景,机场场景等。学英语口语靠的是自觉和坚持,而且语音上多少还是会有些缺陷的!如果想学纯正的英语,还是要在打好基础后进行系统的语音训练!相信没有人喜欢听外国人一口的方言普通话吧,同理亦可证!
这个好像是可以的,而且是不普遍的!
英语谚语500句 A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 A bad thing never dies. 遗臭万年。 A bad workman always blames his tools. 不会撑船怪河弯。 A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush. 一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林。 A boaster and a liar are cousins-german. 吹牛与说谎本是同宗。 A bully is always a coward. 色厉内荏。 A burden of one's choice is not felt. 爱挑的担子不嫌重。 A candle lights others and consumes itself. 蜡烛照亮别人,却毁灭了自己。 A cat has 9 lives. 猫有九条命。 A cat may look at a king. 人人平等。 A close mouth catches no flies. 病从口入。 A constant guest is never welcome. 常客令人厌。 Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 Adversity leads to prosperity. 穷则思变。 Adversity makes a man wise, not rich. 逆境出人才。 A fair death honors the whole life. 死得其所,流芳百世。 A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑,长一智。 A fox may grow gray, but never good. 江山易改,本性难移。 A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难,失朋友易。 A friend is never known till a man has need. 需要之时方知友。 A friend without faults will never be found. 没有十全十美的朋友。 'After you' is good manners. “您先请”是礼貌。 A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。
(英语系毕业论文)英文谚语的文化场景在中译文中的缺失与弥合 摘 要本文从谚语文化角度着手,分析谚语中的文化因素,以及英汉谚语中的文化差异,尝试研究在谚语的英汉翻译过程中发生文化缺失时如何弥合。最终通过意译手段实现英语谚语的可译性,从而顺利完成跨文化交际活动,实现国际间的文化交流与传播。关键词 谚语文化; 文化缺失; 意译; 翻译补偿ContentsAbstract ⅠKeywords Ⅰ摘要 Ⅱ关键词 ⅡIntroduction 1I. The Brief Introducton to Proverb 3II. Proverb Culture Factors in Proverb Different Cultures Between English and Chinese Proverb. Belief Living Conditions. 8III. English Proverb Translation in English to Chinese Translation of English Proverb National Feature Art of Language Compensation 12Conclusion 14Acknowledgements 15Bibliography 16
论文题目 On Translating English Metaphors into Chinese(英语隐喻汉译) 学生姓名 学号 指导教师 一、本选题的目的和意义: 本选题旨在研究隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性、可译性及其翻译的方法,重点从文化交际的角度对日常用语中隐喻的汉译进行深入的理论探讨。 本选题突破了历来将隐喻的汉译局限在诗学、修辞学、文学等范畴。由于“翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动”(陈宏薇:1996),翻译对各民族之间文化的传播起着非常重要的作用。我们对日常用语中隐喻的汉译研究应与英语语言文化背景的研究结合起来。 二、本选题国内外研究的现状和发展趋向: 对隐喻的研究在国外已形成较为完整的体系,其中以Lakoff &Johnson(1987)的研究最具有代表性,而对于其汉译的研究却凤毛麟角。国内对于隐喻的研究主要受Lakoff & Johnson理论的影响,其中以胡壮麟、朱永生为主要代表。在隐喻翻译的研究方面,李国南(1990),胡文仲(1994)对于英汉成语或谚语中的习用性比喻的喻体进行过比较,并探讨了其翻译的途径。在近期出版的刊物中有对隐喻翻译研究方面的文章,其中以徐莉娜的《隐喻的翻译》为主要代表。但其研究的范围也只局限于文学、修辞用语的隐喻翻译。 三、主要研究的内容: 本文分五个部分。一、简要介绍隐喻与语言以及语言与文化之间的关系,提出日常用语中隐喻的汉译不可忽视文化背景,并简述本论文的主要内容。 二、重点论述隐喻在英语日常用语中存在的普遍性。三、分析隐喻的特点,从人类文化的共性论述其可译性。四、讨论隐喻的汉译标准、难点、过程、基本方法以及根据语境而确定译法的原则。五、详述隐喻汉译的方法和技巧,指出在翻译实践中,对每种方法的使用都不能走极端。结论部分,总结研究隐喻汉译所具有的实用价值。 1.引言 2.英语日常用语中隐喻存在的普遍性 隐喻的定义 关于隐喻研究的常用术语 英语日常用语中的隐喻 3.英语日常用语中隐喻的特点 日常用语中隐喻的分类 习用性隐喻 新生隐喻 英语隐喻与汉语隐喻 英语日常用语中隐喻的可译性 4.英语日常用语中的隐喻的汉译 翻译的标准 日常用语中隐喻汉译的难点 日常用语中隐喻汉译的过程 日常用语中隐喻汉译的基本方法及原则 5.日常用语中隐喻汉译的方法与技巧 直译法 意译法 转译法 直译和意译结合法 四、参考文献: [1]Aristotle. “Rhetoric” (W. R. Roberts, Trans.) In W. D. Ross (Ed.) The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press. (Original Work Written ca. 330 .), 1924. [2]Brodkey, Linda. Review: The Languages in Metaphor. College English, 1988, (1): 89-94 [3]Goatly, Andrew. The Language of Metaphors. London: Routledge, 1997. [4]Jin Di and Eugene, A. Nida. On Translation. Beijing: China Translation Publishing Company, 1984. [5]Lakoff, G. & Johnson, M. Metaphors We Live by Chicago. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. [6]Nida, Eugene A. & William, Reyburn. Meaning Across Cultures. New York: Maryknoll of N. Y. Orbis Book, 1981. [7]Soskice, . Metaphor and Religious Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. [8]Tylor, Edward Burnett. Primitive Culture. London: John Murray, 1871. [9]陈宏薇(不加汉语拼音,下同).新实用汉译英教程 [M],武汉:湖北教育出版社,1996. [10]陈文伯.英语成语和汉语成语 [M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1980. [11]陈望道.修辞学发凡 [M],上海:上海教育出版社,1983. [12]邓炎昌,刘润清.语言与文化 [M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社, 1989. [13]范家材.英语修辞赏析 [M],上海:上海交通大学出版社,1992. [14]冯明之. 英文成语故事 [M],香港:万里出版社,1992. [15]冯庆华. 实用翻译教程 [M],上海:上海外语教育出版社,1997. [16]胡文仲. 文化与交际 [M],北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1994. [17]徐莉娜. 隐喻的翻译 [J],中国翻译,1999,(3):18-22. 五、预期的课题进度计划: 1.2007年4月25日 完成初稿,并上交指导教师审阅。 2.2007年5月9日提交论文第二稿。 3. 2007年5月16日提交论文第三稿。 3.2007年5月17日-6月9日继续修改论文直至定稿。 5.2007年6月13日提交毕业论文。 6.2007年6月14日-23日准备论文答辩。 7.2007年6月24日进行毕业论文答辩 (进度计划不能照抄,应根据实际情况从3月5日起至6月24日止编写计划。) 六、完成论文的条件、方法及措施: (一)条件 1.已经修完英语专业的所有课程,对英语国家概况和跨文化交际有较全面和深入的了解; 2.学校图书馆和学院资料室具备有关本论文研究所需的丰富的书籍、期刊等参考文献; 3.已经收集较丰富和全面的文献资料; 4.具有上网条件及丰富的网上资源。 (二)方法及措施 1.利用图书馆和互联网进行资料的检索网; 2.小组讨论交流。
翻译专业开题报告
开题报告是毕业论文答辩委员会对学生答辩资格审查的一个重要依据材料。下面是我为大家收集整理的翻译专业开题报告,欢迎阅读。
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
选题的原因、基本内容:
英语成语(idiom)是英语的核心与精华。其内容丰富,寓意深刻,具有浓厚的感情色彩。如果能在文章、谈话或对外交往中,恰当地加以运用,会大大增加语言的表达能力,收到良好的效果。英语谚语是英语语言的'精华,是英国艺术宝库的瑰丽明珠。英语谚语的句式特点是句式简单,语言精炼,富于形象比喻,充满浓郁的民族色彩。学习和研究英语谚语有助于启迪思想,开拓视野,了解英国的历史文化、风土人情,以及英国人民的人生哲理,同时还可以学到生动活泼的大众语言。
本文通过比较英汉成语及谚语这两种语言的相似及不同之处,详细的介绍英语成语及谚语。第一部分主要从内容和形式两方面谈谈英语成语及谚语的基本特色;第二部分谈及英语成语及谚语的一般翻译方法和翻译时应该注意的一些问题。
相关资料收集情况:
陈亚光。小议英谚语和成语的创新。上海外国语学院学报,1983。
黄粉保。英汉成语翻译漫谈。云梦学刊,1999/2
顾雪梁。语成语英译探索。广州师范学院学报,1993/2。
张培基,喻云根,李宗杰,彭谟禹。《英汉翻译教程》。北京:中国外语教育出版社,xx/8
杨永和。英语谚语的修辞特点研究。重庆工学院学报,xx/3。
论文提纲:
thesis statemen:this essay discourse the features and translation of english
idioms and proverbs. and from the society culture to find out the basic different between chinese.
outline
ⅰ. introduction: for chinese students, english idioms and proverbs is a stumbling block. so the characteristics and translation of idioms and proverbs should be studied.
ⅱ. the characteristics of english idioms and proverbs
a. the characteristics of english idioms
1. simple but rich
2. harmonious phonology
3. vivid metaphor
b. the characteristics of english proverb
1. concise and clear
2. symmetrical sentence pattern
3. rich and varied rhetoric
ⅲ. the translation of english idioms and proverbs
a. the theories of translation
1. literal translation
2. free translation
3. mechanical application of the synonym chinese proverb
4. literal translation and free translation
b. the points of translation
1. the literal translation of proverbs prohibited
2. the translation of proverbs to keep the original text style
3. the translation of proverbs to notice the national characteristic
4. the translation of proverbs to notice the artistic characteristic
ⅳ. conclusion
指导教师意见:
指导教师签名:
年 月 日
英语专业论文开题报告模板 题 目:呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫性格的双重性的分析一、选题的目的、意义(理论、现实)和国内外研究概况 1.目的和意义:《呼啸山庄》是十九世纪英国女作家艾米莉·勃朗特生平创作的唯一一部小说。小说的故事情节主要是围绕希斯克厉夫和凯瑟琳的爱情展开的,希斯克厉夫的“爱一恨一复仇一人性复归”既是小说的精髓,又是贯穿作品始终的线索。评论家们对这部经典文学作品历来意见纷纭,尤其是对小说中的男主人公希斯克厉夫的讨论。评论家们对小说中希斯克利夫的性格从不同的方面进行了分析。全面而深入地分析希斯克厉夫这一人物对我们更好地研究小说起至关重要的作用。 小说中最精彩的部分就是希斯克厉夫与凯瑟琳之间的爱情故事,他们之间的爱情已远远超出了一般意义上的爱情,可以说是一种超人间的爱。但也就是这种爱情的产生和发展成了主人公西斯科历夫的性格中双重性形成的一个关键原因。本课题从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐,懦弱与勇敢来分析主人公的性格成因,从而促使读者更好的理解艾米丽的呼啸山庄 2.国内外研究概况: 国内外许多的专家学者都对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格进行了分析。许多的专家学者从不同的角度分析了希斯克利夫的性格的双重性形成的原因进行分析,有的从社会背景原因进行了分析。有些学者认为他的性格是扭曲而自虐的,而有的学者则认为他是爱情中的英雄,敢爱敢恨。 许多的学者对希斯克利夫性格的成因进行了分析如闫红梅,张润翻译的艾米莉·勃朗特.呼啸山庄中说到因为欣德利“那样对待希斯克利夫,圣徒也会被他变成恶魔的” 。刘风辉也在《复杂的双面人》中说道希斯克利夫特殊的性格完全是他周围的环境所造成的。毋庸置疑,金钱主宰一切是当时社会的标准,贫穷是可耻的。无论是否因你的过错而导致的贫穷,无论是否你有努力的过程,只要你现在仍是衣衫褴 褛 ,你就注定遭受耻辱。贫穷带来的无穷无尽的耻辱生活就像一把刻刀,不断雕刻、改变着希斯克利夫的性格。而陈一萍在《希斯克利夫是浪漫主义英雄还是恶魔》中认为上帝是有报复性的,人类不会比他做得更好,希斯克利夫他不能超脱于人性,他也会为他所受到的.伤害进行报复。因此,从多角度出发,综合多种角度对希斯克利夫的性格分析有着重大的意义。 二、本课题的理论依据、研究内容和研究方法、步骤及进度安排 1.研究内容: 本课题对呼啸山庄中希斯克利夫的性格的双重性的形成进行分析,分析希斯克利夫性格中自虐与被虐的原因,在爱情中勇敢与懦弱的双重性性格成因。 首先会分析希斯克利夫在幼年时作为一个正常人得性格特征。 【幼年时的被虐】 其次分析长大后的希斯克利夫在复仇中所表现出来的冷酷与扭曲的性格。 【希斯克利夫的自虐】 再次:从希斯克利夫复仇后的性格分析,在他双重性的性格下是人性的扭曲。 最后通过对希斯克利夫的性格的分析,可以得到人性的回归。 2.研究方法: 查阅法:通过对相关文献进行查阅,从多种角度了解西斯科利福性格的成因。 分析法:通过对艾米丽笔下的西斯科历夫的性格分析,分析他性格双重性形成的原因。 比较法:通过西斯科厉夫的被虐与自虐,勇敢与懦弱进行对比。 3.步骤: 选题——开题——初稿——完善——截稿 4.进度安排: 11月 提交开题报告 12月 完成初稿 4月 完成论文写作 三、本课题的重点、难点,预期结果和成果形式 1.本课题的重点、难点: 本文将从西斯科历夫的被虐与自虐,勇敢与懦弱进行分析,从他最开始的正常性格到后来的性和扭曲的变化分析他性格中双重性的形成原因。以及他性格中的勇敢与懦弱也注定了他性格的扭曲。分析中凯瑟琳是一个影响西斯科厉夫的重要人物,而他们的爱情则是他性格双重性形成的至关重要的原因。最后,不论西斯科历夫的性格怎样扭曲,始终抵不过人性,从他最后的结局我们看到了人性的回归。 2.预期结果: 能够做到分析定位,表达清楚,提高对英文小说中人物性格的准确分析,达到论文研究的目的。 3.成果形式: 论文 ;
英语专业翻译方向论文开题报告范文
以下是由我整理的.英语专业翻译方向论文的开题报告范文,供大家参考!
How to Deal with Ellipsis in English-Chinese Translation
I. Purpose and Significance
With the development of globalization, the world’s political, economic and cultural communications are becoming increasingly frequent. Therefore, the role of translation cannot be ignored. However, the differences between English and Chinese cultures that are reflected in the two languages pose considerable difficulty.
It is acknowledged that when doing translation one can not translate word for word, or sentence by sentence. Therefore, we must use some translation strategies such as amplification, ellipsis, conversion and so on. Ellipsis as one of the basic translation methods plays an essential role in English-Chinese rendition. Translators apply it in order to make their versions more coherent and understandable.
According to the Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary, ellipsis means leaving out a word or words from a sentence deliberately, when the meaning can be understood without them. Ellipsis in translation does not mean cutting some content from the original articles. What could be omitted are words that are useless in translated works or else they will make the versions redundant or disobey the manner of expression in another language.
Some words and phrases are useless in Chinese but necessary in English. Articles in English are the most significant phenomenon from this aspect. They are very important in English, but we can hardly see any reflection of this part in Chinese. Ellipsis is designed on the basis of faithfulness to the original text, making it more fluent, smooth, concise, thus conforming to idiomatic Chinese. The paper will explore ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from five aspects, which are ellipses of pronouns, conjunctions, articles, prepositions, modifications, so as to achieve smoother and clearer communications among China and English-speaking countries.
II. Literature Review
Long before, some people began to learn other countries’ languages to understand others cultures. In China, Xuanzang was the first translator who not only translated the Sanskrit sutras into Chinese, but introduced the first Chinese writings to foreign countries, making foreigners understand China’s ancient culture. Meanwhile, he was the first to translate Lao Tse's works into Sanskrit. Indian scholars had a high opinion of Xuanzang, "In China, there is no such great translator, and also in the human cultural history, we can only say that Xuanzang is the first great translator."(Ye Lang, 2008) We can say that it was Xuanzang who motivated people to know the different parts of the world, their cultures and the peoples who live there. Then, some big countries such as America, China, and so on became a melting pot.(Gu Zhengkun, 2000) People have imperceptibly spent thousands of years in knowing each other.
With China’s entry into WTO and its open-up policy, cross-cultural exchanges are increasingly frequent between this country and others. A lot of foreign tourists come to visit China. While traveling, these foreigners are not satisfied with the translations of the scenic spots. Sometimes, they even feel confused. A lot of problems exist in the translation, such as misuse of words, poor expression of meaning and so on. All of these poor translations do harm to our country’s international image, and cause a lot of inconveniences for the foreign visitors. (Ma Zuyi, 2000). I am fond of tourism and being a free tourist like the others who are good at enjoying their wonderful lives. The love of tourism makes me feel the need to improve the translation. But every time when I have a trip, many unsuitable translations of the names of those scenic spots will embarrass me. Tourism is part of intercultural communication, so proper translation of the scenic spots become more and more important to our country.
Communication plays a significant role in the globalized society. In order to know each other better, people from all over the world have tried a verity of ways. Of course, translation is one of them. All translators have done their best to make the translated works more consistent with the needs of people.(Gu Jinming, 1997) From my perspective, they really have done a great job. And I want to retrospect the cause of their development. After a thorough evaluation, I choose a branch of translation—ellipsis in translation from English to Chinese, then I did the following jobs.
I put all my researches and other stuffs together, and then I found that it is a common case in English and Chinese which draws much academic interest. In 1976, Halliday and Hsan classified ellipsis into nominal, verbal and clausal ellipsis. This classification exerts great influence in academic circle. Thereafter, ellipsis in Chinese and English has been studied according to this theory, which is based on different layers of structure. This kind of study underlines differentiations and similarities of ellipsis in Chinese and English.
Another famous theory to explain ellipsis is Economy Principle. Economy Principle was put forward by Chomsky (1991,1993, and 1995) in his Generate Crammer. It maintains that language and linguistic study follow Economy Principle, which means using the least effort to express the most information. This principle just coincides with ellipsis in function.
In this thesis, I think that brevity is the most obvious and common function of ellipsis, especially in daily language. And in both English and Chinese, people advocate brevity. Shakespeare once remarked, “brevity is the soul of wit”, and in Chinese there are numerous idioms like “yan jian yi gai” (meaning compendious). However, apart from the function of brevity, ellipsis embodies other functions which are also pretty common in the two languages but less noticed.(Hua Xianfa,2002)These functions distribute in both English and Chinese unevenly and represent great colorfulness of language. Exploring other functions of ellipsis and searching for functional recreation in translation will be of much benefit to both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation.
I found that when Chinese authors try to analyse ellipsis in English to Chinese translation, they always initially put articles in the list. They consider that it is a common phenomenon that Chinese always leave out personal articles. While it is obviously different in English that almost every sentence has a subject, we can see articles fluently. That is because when we translate from English to Chinese, personal articles can be omitted, even though sometimes it may appear once, it can also be omitted if necessary. Furthermore, if the objects can be seen obviously, personal articles should also be omitted. However, it never happens in English. From this point, it is not only allowable but also necessary when we translate personal articles which are objects in sentences into Chinese.
In my point of view, the development of society has in some way has deliberately promoted the way of people’s thinking, translation system has become more and more perfect, people from all over the world have enjoyed the convenience. However, we can not neglect that there are still some problems in this field in China, and we have less influential Chinese translators in the world. Therefore, we still have a long way to go in translation.
III. Feasibility Analysis
This academic paper is a feasible project and the reasons are as follows:
have great interests in the way of English-Chinese translation.
have already studied translation methods and have been familiar with the functions and applications of ellipsis .
have collected enough references both Chinese and Western on ellipsis in
translation and do a scrupulous study of the relationship between them.
have a carefully planned schedule and have worked out a detailed outline of this thesis.
have acquainted myself with the correct format, a clear and complete structure required by the academic paper, and my adequate English competence will enable me to write in fluent and precise English.
instructor is a qualified translator who is familiar with the subject I havechosen.
IV. Problems of the research and solutions
1. Problems
Despite the references I have collected and read, a thorough study of ellipsis in English-Chinese translation from the point of freely using still needs far more. What’s more, owing to the limited ways of getting references in Xinjiang, I will have to make full use of my present resources. Also, this is the first time I have ever written such a serious academic paper. I am therefore a learner and lack the needed training and experience.
2. Solutions
(1) I shall make full use of my already acquired references which come from books, magazines and the Internet as well.
(2) I shall value my own original thoughts and mainly rely on detailed analysis that I have read from the books which have closely idea with my purpose.
(3) When I have difficulties in the writing process, I shall consult my instructor and seek for help.
V. Necessary conditions
1. Our university and school of foreign languages have provided the basic study and research conditions and facilities, including books and journals in the library and reading rooms.
2. The Internet is another source of information and on the campus we have easy access to the Internet.
3. I have been assigned an instructor to guide me through the whole process of planning and writing.
VI. Outline
I. Introduction
A. A Brief Introduction of Ellipsis in Translation
B. What Should We Pay Attention to When Dealing with Ellipsis
C. The Reason Why Ellipsis Is So Widely Used in Translation
1. Chinese Expressions Are Much Briefer Than That of English
2. English Grammar Is Wee-Knit and Complete in Sentence Structure
II. The Principles of Ellipsis
A. Omitted Words Must Be Useless And Unnecessary in the Translated Works
B. The Meaning of the Omitted Words Is Implied in the Test
C. Omitted Words Which Are Self-Evident
Ш. The Functions and Applications of Ellipsis
A. The Coherence of the Meaning of Expression
B. The Coincidence of the Manner of Expression
1. Ellipsis of Articles
a. Ellipsis of Definite Articles
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Articles
2. Ellipsis of Prepositions
3. Ellipsis of Pronouns
a. Ellipsis of Personal and Impersonal Pronouns
b. Ellipsis of Indefinite Pronouns
c. Ellipsis of Relative Pronouns
4. Ellipsis of Conjunctions
a. Ellipsis of Coordinating Conjunctions
b. Ellipsis of Subordinate Conjunctions
5. Ellipsis of Rhetoric
a. Ellipsis of Repeated Words
b. Ellipsis of Synonyms
英语论文开题报告范文 function and application of descriptive translation studies 1 introduction the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context. my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community. the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis. a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm. the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches. in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts. 2 outline development and major concepts of dts in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc. methodolgy i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm. dts in contrast to other theories a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study. case study in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random. conclusion based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also. (note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.) 0 000
英语论文开题报告范文参考
下面是一篇由我为您整理的英语论文的开题报告范文,虽然不是特别好,但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法,有一定的.借鉴价值。
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
附录1- 引文范例
“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
“噢,这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐,您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰,1990:59-60)
附录2- 参考文献范例
Wilss, Wolfram. The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods. Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.
Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of Translation. New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.
Delabastita, Dirk. Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies. Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.