英语写作能力的培养不是一日之功,必须从平时的练习中一点点培养。巧用一些经典句型会为作文添加一点亮色,多得一点印象分。本文整理了英语议论文常用的开头和结尾,希望对大家有帮助。
要求文章结构必须十分严谨,文章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰,开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。英语议论文共有三大特点:
1、观点鲜明的开头
2、紧扣主题的结尾
3、有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落
另外,英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首,而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后,换句话说,每段的内容都是根据首句来展开的,其顺序不能颠倒。
在中心统一这个问题,应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯:表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支彻彻底底地反对,而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。
1.It goes without saying that…不言而喻…
2.It can be said with certainty that…可以肯定地说……
3.As the proverb says,正如谚语所说的,
4.It has to be noticed that…必须注意到…
5.It's generally recognized that…普遍认为…
1. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.
很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展
2. From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.
在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理.
3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……
我无法完全同意这一观点
4.As far as I am concerned/In my opinion……
就我而言……
5. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……
最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……
一.开头句型 1. As far as...is concerned就……而言 2. It goes without saying that...不言而喻,...... 3. It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说...... 4. As the proverb says, 正如谚语所说的, 5. It has to be noticed that...必须注意到,...... 6. It's generally recognized that...普遍认为...... 7. What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是...... 8. There's no denying the fact that...不可否认...... 9. Nothing is more important than the fact that...没有什么比......更重要 10.Today, ..., which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ... Second, ... What makes things worse is that...现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是…… 二.衔接句型 1. A case in point is ...一个典型的例子是...... 2. As is often the case,... 正如通常情况下,...... 3. As stated in the previous paragraph, 如前段所述, 4. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore,... 但是问题并非如此简单,所以,…… 5. But it's a pity that...但遗憾的是…... 6. For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... 7. Further, we hold opinion that...此外,我们坚持认为...... 8. However , the difficulty lies in...然而,困难在于...… 9. Similarly, we should pay attention to...同样,我们要注意...... 10. In view of the present station, 鉴于目前形势, 11. As has been mentioned above, 正如上面所提到的, 12. In this respect, we may as well say...从这个角度上我们可以说...... 13. However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is...然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面,即 …... 三.结尾句型 1. I will conclude by saying...最后我要说…... 2. Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此,我们有理由相信…... 3. All things considered,总而言之, 4. Therefore, in my opinion, it's more advisable...因此,在我看来,更可取的是…... 5. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that… 通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论...… 6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that… 通过数据我们得到的结论是...... 7. It can be concluded from the discussion that...从讨论中可以得出......的结论 8. From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来,如果……也许更好 四.举例句型 1. Let's take...to illustrate this.让我们用......来阐明这一点。 2. let's take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.让我们用以上图标做例子来阐明这一点。 3. Here is one more example.还有一个例子。 4.Take… for example. 以......为例。 5.This offers a typical instance of…. 这为......提供了一个典型的例子。 6. We may quote a common example of…. 我们可以引用一个关于......的常见例子。 五.常用于引言段的句型 1. Some people think that…. 有些人认为…... 2. To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below.坦率地说,我不能同意他们的意见,理由如下。 3. For years,… has been seen as …, but things are quite different now. 多年来,……一直被视为……,但现在的情况有很大的不同。 4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点的…... 5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。 6. Along with the development of…, more and more…随着……的发展,越来越多…... 7. There is a long-running debate as to whether...关于是否......有着个长期的辩论。 8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that…. 普遍/广泛认为…... 9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言,我完全同意前者/后者。 10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前,我想有必要看看双方的论据。 六.表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B. A和B完全不同。 2. A and B are different in every way / respect / aspect.A和B在每方面都不同。 3. A and B differ in… A和B在......方面不同。 4. A differs from B in... A在......方面和B不同。 5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in… A和B的区别在于...... 6. Compared with/In contrast to A, B…. 和A比起来,B...... 7. While it is generally believed that A…, I believe B… 虽然普遍认为A......,但是我认为B...... 8. Despite their similarities, A and B are also different.尽管它们有相似性,但是A和B也是不同的。 9. Both A and B…. However, A…; on the other hand, B… A和B都......然而,A......;另一方面,B...... 10. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…. 最显著的区别是A......,然而B...... 七.演绎法常用的句型 1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones. 对于......有几个原因,但一般地,他们可以归结为三个主要原因。 2. There are many factors that can account for…, but the following are the most typical ones. 有许多因素能够解释......,但以下是最典型的因素。 3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题,但下面的可能是最有效的。 4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说,这些优势可以列举如下。 5. The reasons are as follows.原因如下。 八.因果推理法常用句型 1. Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.因为我们读过这本书,所以我们学到很多。 2. If we read the book, we will learn a lot.如果我们读这本书,我们会学到很多。 3. We read the book;as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, we've learned a lot. 我们读了这本书,因此我们学了很多。 4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, we've learned a lot.由于读了这本书,我们已经学到了很多。 5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.超重的原因是吃得太多。 6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.超重是由于吃得太多。 7. The effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.吃太多的结果是超重。 8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight.吃太多导致超重。 早检测论文查重系统我祝大家顺利通过~~~
英语论文开头怎么写
英语论文开头怎么写,大家都知道万事开头难,写论文的时候也是一样,写一个好的开头就意味着你可以顺利的写下去了,对于不少人而言英文论文的难度比中文论文的难度更大,下面我带大家简单了解一下英语论文开头怎么写。
一篇
文章的第一段左右通常是整个文章的最重要的部分得到“just right”。它不仅是一个机会,抓住读者的注意力,同时也有机会来设置文章的其余议程,语气和内容的条款。严格地说,没有单一的“right”的方式开始了一篇文章,只是因为它有可能写了无数主题的文章,所以也有可能开始在很多方面的文章。然而,大多数好的开端,以散文分享一定的素质,如果考虑进去,可以大大提高可另外缺乏的文章前奏。请参见下面的步骤1开始!
为你的文章铺设路线图
1、启动带有引人注目的一句话。 当你的文章可能(或者,诚然,可以不)是有趣的你,作家,它不一定有趣的读者。读者,总的来说,是关于他们所读内容有点挑剔,他们做了什么没有。如果一件作品不会立刻吸引他们的注意力在第一段,有一个很好的机会,他们不会懒得看它的其余部分。正因为如此,它往往是开始的作文与从一开始就命令读者注意一个句子一个好主意。只要这第一句话就是逻辑连接到文章的其他部分,有一个在成为引人注目的右出了大门没有羞耻。
您可能要开始一个迷人,鲜为人知的事实和统计抓住读者的注意力。举例来说,如果你在儿童肥胖的危险与日俱增全世界写一篇文章,你可能会这样开始:"Contrary to the popular idea that childhood obesity is only a problem for rich, pampered Westerners, the WHO reports that in 2012, over 30% of preschool-age children in developing countries were overweight or obese、"在另一方面,如果它适合你的文章更具逻辑性,你可能要启动一个特别扣人心弦的图像或描述。关于暑假的文章,你可能会这样开始: "When I felt the Costa Rican sun filtering through the jungle canopy and heard the sound of howler monkeys far off in the distance, I knew that I had found someplace very special、"
2、让你的读者进入你的文章的“meat” 。一个伟大的第一句话可以吸引读者的注意力,但是如果你不把读者拉进你的文章里,她还是会很容易失去兴趣。按照你的第一句话,一个句子或两个逻辑连接的注意抓住“钩”在第一句中的其余部分作为一个整体。通常,这些句子将在第一个句子的狭窄范围内扩展,将特定的快照放在一些更大的上下文中。
例如,在你的肥胖文章中,你可能会遵循如下第一句话:“In fact, childhood obesity is a growing problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike、”这句话解释了第一句中所描述的问题的'紧迫性,并给出了更广泛的内容。
为你的假期的文章,你可能会跟你这样的第一句话是: "I was deep in the jungles of Tortuguero National Park, and I was lost in more ways than one、" 这句话告诉读者在第一句的意象从哪里来,带领读者走进其余的文章嘲笑它最终将被揭示的旁白是“lost”。
3、告诉读者你的文章是什么 。大多数时候,文章不是纯粹的描述-他们不存在完全告诉你什么是基本的,事实上。通常情况下,他们有一个特定的目的以外的。这几乎可以是任何东西。这篇文章可能是为了改变读者对某个主题的想法,说服读者采取行动,为某个不被很好理解的事情,或者简单地讲述一个令人深思的故事。在任何情况下,第一段的基本目的是要告诉读者什么是文章的目的是。这样,读者就可以快速选择是否继续到其余的文章或不。
在你的肥胖文章中,你可能会总结出这样的事情:“The purpose of this essay is to analyze current trends in childhood obesity rates worldwide and recommend specific policy initiatives to combat this growing problem,”这清楚地告诉什么文章的目的是。这里没有混乱。
为你的假期的文章,你可以试着这样的话: "This is the story of my summer in Costa Rica, a summer that neither spider bites, nor rotten plantains, nor Giardia could keep from being life-changing、" 这告诉读者,他们会在戏弄的具体细节在文章体店就是阅读一个人的旅行到外国帐户。
4、或者,你的文章结构概要 。有时,它是适当的走一步的介绍来描述你的文章的计划来实现其目的。如果你的文章能够很容易地被分解成不同的,特定的部分,这将是有用的,将使主题更容易掌握的读者。如果你是一个学生,你知道如何做到这一点也很有用,因为一些老师会要求你这么做的。然而,具体地概述了不同的文章在介绍中的文章并不总是一个好主意。在某些情况下,特别是对轻心的文章,这可能是有点机械读,可以通过提出太多的信息,对读者的威胁。
你可能会继续这样说:“这篇文章涉及三个主要的全球健康问题:高热量食品的供应,减少体育锻炼,以及日益普及的久坐不动的休闲活动。”对于一个简单的研究论文,概述了主要议题的讨论是一个好主意,因为它允许读者立即理解文章的理由解释在过去的句子的目的。
另一方面,对于你的假期文章,你可能不会以这种方式勾勒出你的文章。既然你已经建立了你的文章是轻松俏皮,这听起来有些奇怪的继续,例如:“通过体验城市生活在圣若泽和农村生活的资本在托土盖罗的丛林里,我像变了一个人在我的旅途中,“这不是一个可怕的句子,但它不流从前面的人因为它奠定了一个严格的刚性结构,不需要。
5、如果有必要,包括一篇论文 。在论文写作中,一个句子是一个句子,这是一个简单的句子,尽可能清晰、简洁地描述文章的“要点”。一些文章,特别是五段为学术作业或是标准化考试的一部分而写的论文,或多或少都要求你将论文陈述部分作为开篇的一部分。即使不需要这篇文章的文章也能从一个大胆的命题陈述的简洁的目的性中受益。一般情况下,在第一段的结尾处或附近包含论文陈述,虽然没有硬性规定,具体地说,论文陈述必须是。
对于你的肥胖文章,因为你在一个临床,简单的方式处理一个严肃的话题和写作,你可能会直接与你的论文声明:“通过分析现有的调查数据,本文旨在找出具体的政策措施,如可能的路径到全球肥胖减少。”这篇论文告诉读者在相对较少的话的确切目的的文章。
你可能不包括一个单一的论文发表声明的度假文章。因为你更感兴趣的是设置一个情绪,讲述一个故事,并说明个人主题,一个直接的,临床的声明,如“这篇文章将描述我的暑假到哥斯达黎加”,将声音奇怪的强迫和不必要的。
6、为你的文章定一个合适的基调。 除了你的空间,讨论你将要谈论什么,你的第一段,也是一个空间,以确定你将如何谈论它。你写的你写的声音是什么鼓励部分(或阻碍)你的读者阅读你的文章。如果在你的文章开始的基调是明确的,愉快的,和适合的主题,你的读者会比如果它的混乱更容易阅读,变化很大,从句子的,或是不在手边的话题。
看一看上面的句子。注意,虽然肥胖作文和假期作文有非常不同的声音,这两者都是清楚地写,并为主题的适当。肥胖作文是一个严肃的、分析性的写作,是一种处理公共健康问题的文章,所以对这些句子有一定的临床和观点是合理的。另一方面,这篇文章是关于一个有趣的,令人兴奋的经历,对作者有重大影响,所以这是合理的句子是一个有趣的小游戏,包含令人兴奋的细节和传达作者的奇迹感。
7、砍去追逐! 介绍的最重要的规则之一是,更短的几乎总是更好的。如果你能把所有的信息都传达给你,你需要五个句子,而不是六个。如果你可以用一个简单的,每天的话,在一个更不起眼的字(例如,“start”与“initiate”),做它。如果你能把你的信息传达给十个单词而不是十二个,那就去做吧。在任何地方,你可以在不牺牲质量和清晰度的情况下,把你的介绍性通道缩短,这样做。记住,你的文章开始是让读者进入文章的肉,但它的嘶嘶声并不是文章本身的肉,所以保持简短。
如上所述,而你应该力求简洁,你不应该缩短你介绍这么多,它变得不清楚或不合理。例如,在你的肥胖文章中,你不应该缩短这句话:“In fact, childhood obesity is a global problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike”。……这句话:“In fact, obesity is actually a big problem、”这句话并不能告诉整个故事,这篇文章是关于全球儿童肥胖的发病率上升,而不是肥胖对你来说是不好的。
我们随机抽取了学术语料库中航空航天学科子库里的50篇期刊文章,摘取了其中的文章首句,做一个简单的文本分析。
经过观察,我们发现,抽取的样本按照其表达的功能,基本可以分为四类,即“声称中心地位”、“评述以往研究”、“概括研究话题”和“提出存在的问题”(Swales 1990)。
1、 声称中心地位,20例(40%)
这一类例句主要强调研究话题在研究领域中的中心地位,或其重要性、优点或必要性,指出将要报道的研究是有意义的、重要的或者已被认为是研究领域内的主要话题。主要例子有:
[1] Structural damage detection and health monitoring is very important in many applications、
[2] Combustion noise can make a significant contribution to overall turbofan engine noise at low-power settings, , which are typical of approach flight、
[3] Research on flow control has been one of the major topics in fluid mechanics in the past couple of decades、
[4] Surface flow visualization is useful for understanding flow in many applications and can be used to complement and validate computational studies of complex flow、
可用的序列有,xxx be important, xxx play an important/a significant role in, xxx be of particular interest等、
2、 评述以往同类研究,15例(30%)
这类例子大多回顾某一研究话题或领域的已有研究或多年来的研究进展。例如:
[5] Over the last number of decades, a multitude of research efforts have been directed toward understanding the physical mechanisms, or at least the surrounding factors, behind the appearance of symptoms typically associated with nonlinear axial combustion instability in solid-propellant rocket motors (SRMs)、
[6] The effects of applying an electric field on a flame have been studied since the early 1800s(1) when Brande noticed an effect on the heat and mass transfer of a diffusion flame between electrodes, which was then later verified in 1931 by Lewis (2)、
此外,这一分类里的大部分例子都使用现在完成时。供参考的短语序列有,xxx has/have been studied, previous/recent studies show/have shown, it has been shown等。
3、 概括研究话题,14例(28%)
在收集的样本中,“概括研究话题”主要指概括或陈述某一研究领域/话题的特征或客观事实。这一类例句中,文章作者大多根据具体的研究话题组织句子,因而并没有典型的句式。
[7] Many flows of technological interest occur at high Reynolds number and are often characterized、
[8] The Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire (HCW) equations describe the relative motion of a chaser with respect to a target while both vehicles orbit a central gravitational source、
4、 提出当前研究中存在的问题,1例(2%)
只有一例在文章第一句便指出某一技术所存在的问题,见[9]:
[9] Airborne propagation of directed energy suffers consequences including reduced range, precision, and overall effectiveness, due to the interaction with varying refractive indices within the fluid medium through which it is propagated (1–3)、
简单总结一下,在我们所收集的50篇文章中,有40%的文章在开篇第一句强调研究话题/领域的重要性、优点或说明已成为研究焦点;30%的文章首句旨在回顾或评述以往同类研究;28%的文章在第一句中客观概括或陈述研究话题的特性;仅有2%,即1篇文章在首句中指出某一技术存在的问题。
这一数据也说明,我们可以根据自己的研究话题,运用多种形式,灵活组织文章首句的句式和内容。鉴于样本数量有限,以上内容只是抛砖引玉,仅供参考。我们还建议各位小伙伴在阅读文献的过程中注意积累和总结,看一看自己专业领域内的期刊文章,是以何种形式撰写文章首句。如此一来,可以在自己写论文时进行模仿。毕竟,好的开始是成功的一半嘛。
英语论文开头怎么写
英语论文开头怎么写,大家都知道万事开头难,写论文的时候也是一样,写一个好的开头就意味着你可以顺利的写下去了,对于不少人而言英文论文的难度比中文论文的难度更大,下面我带大家简单了解一下英语论文开头怎么写。
一篇
文章的第一段左右通常是整个文章的最重要的部分得到“just right”。它不仅是一个机会,抓住读者的注意力,同时也有机会来设置文章的其余议程,语气和内容的条款。严格地说,没有单一的“right”的方式开始了一篇文章,只是因为它有可能写了无数主题的文章,所以也有可能开始在很多方面的文章。然而,大多数好的开端,以散文分享一定的素质,如果考虑进去,可以大大提高可另外缺乏的文章前奏。请参见下面的步骤1开始!
为你的文章铺设路线图
1、启动带有引人注目的一句话。 当你的文章可能(或者,诚然,可以不)是有趣的你,作家,它不一定有趣的读者。读者,总的来说,是关于他们所读内容有点挑剔,他们做了什么没有。如果一件作品不会立刻吸引他们的注意力在第一段,有一个很好的机会,他们不会懒得看它的其余部分。正因为如此,它往往是开始的作文与从一开始就命令读者注意一个句子一个好主意。只要这第一句话就是逻辑连接到文章的其他部分,有一个在成为引人注目的右出了大门没有羞耻。
您可能要开始一个迷人,鲜为人知的事实和统计抓住读者的注意力。举例来说,如果你在儿童肥胖的危险与日俱增全世界写一篇文章,你可能会这样开始:"Contrary to the popular idea that childhood obesity is only a problem for rich, pampered Westerners, the WHO reports that in 2012, over 30% of preschool-age children in developing countries were overweight or obese、"在另一方面,如果它适合你的文章更具逻辑性,你可能要启动一个特别扣人心弦的图像或描述。关于暑假的文章,你可能会这样开始: "When I felt the Costa Rican sun filtering through the jungle canopy and heard the sound of howler monkeys far off in the distance, I knew that I had found someplace very special、"
2、让你的读者进入你的文章的“meat” 。一个伟大的第一句话可以吸引读者的注意力,但是如果你不把读者拉进你的文章里,她还是会很容易失去兴趣。按照你的第一句话,一个句子或两个逻辑连接的注意抓住“钩”在第一句中的其余部分作为一个整体。通常,这些句子将在第一个句子的狭窄范围内扩展,将特定的快照放在一些更大的上下文中。
例如,在你的肥胖文章中,你可能会遵循如下第一句话:“In fact, childhood obesity is a growing problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike、”这句话解释了第一句中所描述的问题的'紧迫性,并给出了更广泛的内容。
为你的假期的文章,你可能会跟你这样的第一句话是: "I was deep in the jungles of Tortuguero National Park, and I was lost in more ways than one、" 这句话告诉读者在第一句的意象从哪里来,带领读者走进其余的文章嘲笑它最终将被揭示的旁白是“lost”。
3、告诉读者你的文章是什么 。大多数时候,文章不是纯粹的描述-他们不存在完全告诉你什么是基本的,事实上。通常情况下,他们有一个特定的目的以外的。这几乎可以是任何东西。这篇文章可能是为了改变读者对某个主题的想法,说服读者采取行动,为某个不被很好理解的事情,或者简单地讲述一个令人深思的故事。在任何情况下,第一段的基本目的是要告诉读者什么是文章的目的是。这样,读者就可以快速选择是否继续到其余的文章或不。
在你的肥胖文章中,你可能会总结出这样的事情:“The purpose of this essay is to analyze current trends in childhood obesity rates worldwide and recommend specific policy initiatives to combat this growing problem,”这清楚地告诉什么文章的目的是。这里没有混乱。
为你的假期的文章,你可以试着这样的话: "This is the story of my summer in Costa Rica, a summer that neither spider bites, nor rotten plantains, nor Giardia could keep from being life-changing、" 这告诉读者,他们会在戏弄的具体细节在文章体店就是阅读一个人的旅行到外国帐户。
4、或者,你的文章结构概要 。有时,它是适当的走一步的介绍来描述你的文章的计划来实现其目的。如果你的文章能够很容易地被分解成不同的,特定的部分,这将是有用的,将使主题更容易掌握的读者。如果你是一个学生,你知道如何做到这一点也很有用,因为一些老师会要求你这么做的。然而,具体地概述了不同的文章在介绍中的文章并不总是一个好主意。在某些情况下,特别是对轻心的文章,这可能是有点机械读,可以通过提出太多的信息,对读者的威胁。
你可能会继续这样说:“这篇文章涉及三个主要的全球健康问题:高热量食品的供应,减少体育锻炼,以及日益普及的久坐不动的休闲活动。”对于一个简单的研究论文,概述了主要议题的讨论是一个好主意,因为它允许读者立即理解文章的理由解释在过去的句子的目的。
另一方面,对于你的假期文章,你可能不会以这种方式勾勒出你的文章。既然你已经建立了你的文章是轻松俏皮,这听起来有些奇怪的继续,例如:“通过体验城市生活在圣若泽和农村生活的资本在托土盖罗的丛林里,我像变了一个人在我的旅途中,“这不是一个可怕的句子,但它不流从前面的人因为它奠定了一个严格的刚性结构,不需要。
5、如果有必要,包括一篇论文 。在论文写作中,一个句子是一个句子,这是一个简单的句子,尽可能清晰、简洁地描述文章的“要点”。一些文章,特别是五段为学术作业或是标准化考试的一部分而写的论文,或多或少都要求你将论文陈述部分作为开篇的一部分。即使不需要这篇文章的文章也能从一个大胆的命题陈述的简洁的目的性中受益。一般情况下,在第一段的结尾处或附近包含论文陈述,虽然没有硬性规定,具体地说,论文陈述必须是。
对于你的肥胖文章,因为你在一个临床,简单的方式处理一个严肃的话题和写作,你可能会直接与你的论文声明:“通过分析现有的调查数据,本文旨在找出具体的政策措施,如可能的路径到全球肥胖减少。”这篇论文告诉读者在相对较少的话的确切目的的文章。
你可能不包括一个单一的论文发表声明的度假文章。因为你更感兴趣的是设置一个情绪,讲述一个故事,并说明个人主题,一个直接的,临床的声明,如“这篇文章将描述我的暑假到哥斯达黎加”,将声音奇怪的强迫和不必要的。
6、为你的文章定一个合适的基调。 除了你的空间,讨论你将要谈论什么,你的第一段,也是一个空间,以确定你将如何谈论它。你写的你写的声音是什么鼓励部分(或阻碍)你的读者阅读你的文章。如果在你的文章开始的基调是明确的,愉快的,和适合的主题,你的读者会比如果它的混乱更容易阅读,变化很大,从句子的,或是不在手边的话题。
看一看上面的句子。注意,虽然肥胖作文和假期作文有非常不同的声音,这两者都是清楚地写,并为主题的适当。肥胖作文是一个严肃的、分析性的写作,是一种处理公共健康问题的文章,所以对这些句子有一定的临床和观点是合理的。另一方面,这篇文章是关于一个有趣的,令人兴奋的经历,对作者有重大影响,所以这是合理的句子是一个有趣的小游戏,包含令人兴奋的细节和传达作者的奇迹感。
7、砍去追逐! 介绍的最重要的规则之一是,更短的几乎总是更好的。如果你能把所有的信息都传达给你,你需要五个句子,而不是六个。如果你可以用一个简单的,每天的话,在一个更不起眼的字(例如,“start”与“initiate”),做它。如果你能把你的信息传达给十个单词而不是十二个,那就去做吧。在任何地方,你可以在不牺牲质量和清晰度的情况下,把你的介绍性通道缩短,这样做。记住,你的文章开始是让读者进入文章的肉,但它的嘶嘶声并不是文章本身的肉,所以保持简短。
如上所述,而你应该力求简洁,你不应该缩短你介绍这么多,它变得不清楚或不合理。例如,在你的肥胖文章中,你不应该缩短这句话:“In fact, childhood obesity is a global problem that is increasingly affecting rich and poor countries alike”。……这句话:“In fact, obesity is actually a big problem、”这句话并不能告诉整个故事,这篇文章是关于全球儿童肥胖的发病率上升,而不是肥胖对你来说是不好的。
我们随机抽取了学术语料库中航空航天学科子库里的50篇期刊文章,摘取了其中的文章首句,做一个简单的文本分析。
经过观察,我们发现,抽取的样本按照其表达的功能,基本可以分为四类,即“声称中心地位”、“评述以往研究”、“概括研究话题”和“提出存在的问题”(Swales 1990)。
1、 声称中心地位,20例(40%)
这一类例句主要强调研究话题在研究领域中的中心地位,或其重要性、优点或必要性,指出将要报道的研究是有意义的、重要的或者已被认为是研究领域内的主要话题。主要例子有:
[1] Structural damage detection and health monitoring is very important in many applications、
[2] Combustion noise can make a significant contribution to overall turbofan engine noise at low-power settings, , which are typical of approach flight、
[3] Research on flow control has been one of the major topics in fluid mechanics in the past couple of decades、
[4] Surface flow visualization is useful for understanding flow in many applications and can be used to complement and validate computational studies of complex flow、
可用的序列有,xxx be important, xxx play an important/a significant role in, xxx be of particular interest等、
2、 评述以往同类研究,15例(30%)
这类例子大多回顾某一研究话题或领域的已有研究或多年来的研究进展。例如:
[5] Over the last number of decades, a multitude of research efforts have been directed toward understanding the physical mechanisms, or at least the surrounding factors, behind the appearance of symptoms typically associated with nonlinear axial combustion instability in solid-propellant rocket motors (SRMs)、
[6] The effects of applying an electric field on a flame have been studied since the early 1800s(1) when Brande noticed an effect on the heat and mass transfer of a diffusion flame between electrodes, which was then later verified in 1931 by Lewis (2)、
此外,这一分类里的大部分例子都使用现在完成时。供参考的短语序列有,xxx has/have been studied, previous/recent studies show/have shown, it has been shown等。
3、 概括研究话题,14例(28%)
在收集的样本中,“概括研究话题”主要指概括或陈述某一研究领域/话题的特征或客观事实。这一类例句中,文章作者大多根据具体的研究话题组织句子,因而并没有典型的句式。
[7] Many flows of technological interest occur at high Reynolds number and are often characterized、
[8] The Hill–Clohessy–Wiltshire (HCW) equations describe the relative motion of a chaser with respect to a target while both vehicles orbit a central gravitational source、
4、 提出当前研究中存在的问题,1例(2%)
只有一例在文章第一句便指出某一技术所存在的问题,见[9]:
[9] Airborne propagation of directed energy suffers consequences including reduced range, precision, and overall effectiveness, due to the interaction with varying refractive indices within the fluid medium through which it is propagated (1–3)、
简单总结一下,在我们所收集的50篇文章中,有40%的文章在开篇第一句强调研究话题/领域的重要性、优点或说明已成为研究焦点;30%的文章首句旨在回顾或评述以往同类研究;28%的文章在第一句中客观概括或陈述研究话题的特性;仅有2%,即1篇文章在首句中指出某一技术存在的问题。
这一数据也说明,我们可以根据自己的研究话题,运用多种形式,灵活组织文章首句的句式和内容。鉴于样本数量有限,以上内容只是抛砖引玉,仅供参考。我们还建议各位小伙伴在阅读文献的过程中注意积累和总结,看一看自己专业领域内的期刊文章,是以何种形式撰写文章首句。如此一来,可以在自己写论文时进行模仿。毕竟,好的开始是成功的一半嘛。
英语论文答辩开场白(精选7篇)
在现在社会,许多人对开场白的掌握需求逐渐增多,开场白应该达到明确您的'意图,使目标愿意和您交流,允许您提出问题的目的。那么,开场白一般是怎么写的呢?以下是我帮大家整理的英语论文答辩开场白,欢迎大家分享。
Good morning,
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.) :
I am XX. First and foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, professorXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis.
My topic is On the tragedy figures at historical turning points(Comparison of KongYiji and Rip Van )The whole thesis consists of 6 parts. The first part will give a brief introduction of the negative, evasive and conservative attitudes of Kong and Rip as well as the topic’s significance in the real society. And the second part is going to analyze the figures’ background to show the historical necessity of the tragedies. In the third part, the tragic heroes’ failing in the character according to their living environment will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about their different tendency of dispositions and behaviors in the society. Then the author will dig into the root causes of the tragedies in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal the ideological weak points of the two countries separately in the last part.
Thank you!
Good morning, all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is On Transformation of Parts of Speech in Translation. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Different languages have different standards to distinguish parts of speech. Each language has its own special structure. And there are no equivalent parts of speech between different languages. In order to make the target version more idiomatic and standard, the transformation of parts of speech is always used by translators. So the transformation of parts of speech is playing a more important role in English to Chinese based on different characteristics of English and Chinese. For the above facts, I select the subject of“On Transformation of parts of speech”as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this topic we can know the importance of the transformation of parts of speech in English to Chinese translation. Through transformation, we can get the better version and improve the translation skills.
The way of thinking and expressing is quite different between Chinese and English. English is a kind of static languages which tends to use more nouns. While Chinese is a dynamic one in which verbs are often used.
So when we make translation in English to Chinese, we should know this point and shift the parts of speech.
Next, it is an outline of my paper. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into five parts.
Part one presents an introduction to the basic concepts of parts of speech and transformation.
Part two discusses the definition of translation and emphasizes the importance of transformation of parts of speech in the course of translation.
Part three gives four basic ways of transformation of parts of speech through illustrative examples. There are transformed English words into Chinese verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs.
Part four presents some problems about transformation and gives some advise to solve the problems.
Part five draws some conclusions that transformation between parts of speech is necessary for us to achieve good translation. It is demonstrated that we can have a good master of transformation and improve the translation. In addition, we must continuously study and explore in all kinds of translation practices.
OK! That is all. Thank you! Please ask questions.
Good evening, all the appraiser committee members. I come from HUST, majoring in foreign linguistics and applied linguistics. I am xxx and my supervisor is prof.xxx. With her sincere and intellectual guidance, for nearly one whole years hard work, I have finished my paper. Finally, it is the show time. This evening I will present my efforts to you all and I gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style
in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works , especially gothic literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this short story as this is one of the texts in our intensive teaching course and I have taught this text for more than 3 times . Last but not the least ,as a female , I am keen on the study of feminism. For the above facts, I select the subject of A Study of the Causes of the Gothic Style in A Rose for Emily from a Feminist Perspective as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this short story we can know more about American southern women in certain history and culture and more importantly help women in modern society get a deeper understanding about ourselves ,help us raise our independence and confidence and show more concern for our mental health.
Next , I will present it to you. Here is an outline of my presentation. They are literature review, gothic tradition , the gothic style in the story and the causes of the gothic style .
This paper consists of six parts. Part one presents an introduction to the author William Faulkner and A Rose for Emily by pointing out the purpose and significance of this study. Part two is literature review which introduces the relevant research about this novel at home and abroad and then points out the theoretical basis and methods. Part three gives a timeline of the gothic tradition in literature and explains the main characteristics of gothic works. Part four explains the three aspects of the gothic style in the novel,that is, the death theme, grotesque characters and mystic atmosphere. Part five then explains in detail the causes of the gothic style in this novel: patriarchal oppression, the myth of southern ladyhood and Emily’s attitude towards love. Finally, in the conclusion, the author summarizes the previous parts and emphasizes the significance of the argument of the thesis again.
Ok, thats all. Now you may raise your questions ! I am ready! Thank you !!!
Good morning, appraises committee members and schoolmates. I come from class 08951, and I am Yu Lianfei.
Today, the title of my paper is On the Network Novels. In recent years, the network literature is developing rapidly. Network novel is one of the fast of them. In the middle schools, high schools and even universities, there is no lack of network novels addicts. For the above facts, I select the subject of “on the network novels” as the title of my paper.
Then, I will show it to you. In the main part of this paper, I divide it into four parts, as the concept of network novels, the classification of their authors, the development of network novels and the prospects of that.
The first part, the definition. Its concept can be divided into the generalized and the narrow. And it can also be divided into boys’ and girls’ in another way.
The second part, the classification of their authors. Generally speaking, there are four kinds of authors. The first kind is some people who have favor of literature, they are writing but not for fame. Then, there is some one has favor for literature and also be for fame. The third kind is some people who have explicit goals at the beginning of his writing. And the last kind are some people who just want to express their view, their viewpoint and their feeling with no desire of being published. They take up the most of the authors.
The third part, the development. The network novels’ development can not separate form the development of the net and the literature websites. Its developing process may be divided into three stages approximately. The first stage is from 1996 to 2000. This times literary work often did not strive for (were also not aware of) the fame and fortune, and moreover received the control of tradition. The second stage is beginning of 21st century, mainly contains 2001 and 2002. In this period, the whole network presented the situation of “chaos”. The third stage is from May, 2003 and continues until now. In this period, many schools come into the world, and when a school became a hit there must be many people mimic it.
The last part, the forecast. Looking from the internal strength pattern, the outstanding writers in our country mainly hold one kind of critique and the pessimistic manner to the network novels at present. If each big literature website enlarges their own supervision, the vulgar works, the pornography and bad works like those things, meanwhile hanker for new person’s new article as well as depth ones, the network novels can be accepted by more people.
Not a low-level novel but a kind of enjoyment.
Good morning.
Distinguished professors and teachers, ladies and gentlemen, thank you for attending the oral defense. (或Welcome to attend the oral defense.)
I am XXX. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor XXX, for his intellectual guidance, invaluable instructions and comments on my thesis. It is with his valuable assistance that I have finally accomplished this thesis. My topic is XXXXXXXXX.
The whole thesis consists of --- parts.
The first part will give a brief introduction of ------. And the second part is going to analyze ----------.
In the third part, ---------will be further discussed and the fourth part is to talk about --------. Then the author will dig into the root causes of ------- in the fifth part, and sum up the whole paper to reveal --------of ---------in the last part. Thank you!
Good afternoon, all appraiser committee members.I am xsj and my supervisor is zy. With his sincere and intellectual guidance, I have finished my paper.Now,it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and gratefully welcome any correction.
The title of my paper is Heavenly War and Earthly Conflict, an Insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost. I choose this as my topic due to the following reasons. Firstly, I am fond of literature works. Secondly, I am quite familiar with this story as one of texts in British and American literature Selections. Last but not least, I am keen on the study of human nature and the profound significance and instructions for us from John Milton. For the above facts, I select the Heavenly war and earthly conflict an insight into John Miltons Paradise Lost as the title of my paper.
I hope by studying this great poem we can know more about this Literature masterpiece,and I also want to show my own understanding about it.
Next, here is an outline of my presentation and I devide my paper into four parts. Part one presents an introduction of John Milton and Paradise Lost. Part two introduces the main contents of the book of Paradise Lost. Part three gives my own analysis of major characters in Paradise Lost. Part four draws some conclusions by my careful reading and thinking.
OK, that is all. Thank you. Now you may raise your questions. I am ready.
Good morning.
all appraiser committee members. I am xxxx and my supervisor is xxx. With her constant encouragement and guidance, I have finished my paper. Now, it is the show time. I will present my efforts to you and welcome any correction.
1.议论论文: A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside. E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
很多同学都想知道英语议论文有没有模板可以用,我整理了一些作文模板,大家一起来看看吧。
1) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that …从以上的讨论我们可以肯定地得出结论,即…
2) Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论…
3) Overall, there is compelling evidence that …, and it follows that in this respect …总的说来,令人信服的证据是…,而且在这方面随之而来的是…
4) The analysis we have made leads to a sound idea that …由我们的分析得出一个正确的见解,即…
5) Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论…
1. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory The problem should be examined in a new way
2. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…
3. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that…
4. As it is described that…
5. It has been illustrated that…
1. Nowadays,the Internet has been playing an important role in our everyday life There are two sides of opinion about it.Some students say … is their favorite They think that… (理由一)What’s more, …(理由二)Moreover, … (理由三)
2. However, others think that… is a better choice There are three reasons (然而,其余的人认为做某事是一种较好的选择,有三个方面的理由) Firstly, … (第一) Secondly, (第二)Last but not least, …(最后也是最重要的是)
3. As far as I am concerned that can't live without the Internet The reason why is that…(……的原因是……)
4. Nowadays,the Internet has been playing an important role in our everyday life There are many advantages in it Firstly, … (第一) Secondly, (第二)Last but not least, …(最后也是最重要的是)
5. As far as I am concerned that it has more disadvantages than advantages(依我看,它有更多好处多于坏处)… However,we also try to use it in a right way , not waste a lot of time in it
以上就是一些英语作文模板的相关信息,供大家参考。
1.议论论文: A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside. E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.
学术论文的开头写法没有固定模式,因文而异,但可以参照英文科技论文的通用结构来撰写,给你一个方向,内容只需你扩充罢了:Introduction(引言):研究的是什么问题? Materials and Methods(材料和方法):怎样研究这个问题? Results(结果):发现了什么? Discussion(讨论):这些发现意味着什么? 按照这个结构整体规划论文,有一个方法值得借鉴,即剑桥大学爱席比教授提出的“概念图”。首先在一张大纸上(A3或A4纸,横放)写下文章题目(事先定好题目很重要),然后根据IMRaD的结构确定基本的段落主题,把他们写在不同的方框内。你可以记录任何你脑海中闪现的可以包括在该部分的内容,诸如段落标题、图表、需要进一步阐述的观点等等,把它们写在方框附近的圈内,并用箭头标示它们的所属方框。画概念图的阶段也是自由思考的阶段,在此过程中不必拘泥于细节。哪些东西需要包括进文章?还需要做哪些工作,是找到某文献的原文,还是补画一张图表,或者需要再查找某个参考文献?当你发现自己需要再加进一个段落时就在概念图中添加一个新框。如果你发现原来的顺序需作调整,那就用箭头标示新的顺序。绘制概念图的过程看似儿童游戏,但其意义重大,它可以给你自由思考的空间,并通过图示的方式记录你思维发展的过程。这便是写论文的第一步:从整体考虑文章结构,思考各种组织文章的方法,准备好所需的资料,随时记录出现的新想法。采用这个方法,不论正式下笔时是从哪一部分写起,都能够能做到大局不乱。 查尔斯沃思论文润色提供如有疑问请加公 众号:lunwen64希望能帮到您,祝您论文发表顺利!
毕业论文开头应该怎么写
毕业论文开头应该怎么写,都说万事开头难,好的开头就已经成功了一半,写毕业论文也是如此,下面是我收集整理好的“毕业论文开头应该怎么写”,欢迎大家借鉴与参考,希望对大家有所帮助
一、标题
标题是文章的眉目。各类文章的标题,样式繁多,但无论是何种形式,总要以全部或不同的侧面体现作者的写作意图、文章的主旨。毕业论文的标题一般分为总标题、副标题、分标题几种。
(一)总标题
总标题是文章总体内容的体现。常见的写法有:
1、揭示课题的实质。这种形式的标题,高度概括全文内容,往往就是文章的中心论点。它具有高度的明确性,便于读者把握全文内容的核心。诸如此类的标题很多,也很普遍。如《关于经济体制的模式问题》、《经济中心论》、《县级行政机构改革之我见》等。
2、提问式。这类标题用设问句的方式,隐去要回答的内容,实际上作者的观点是十分明确的,只不过语意婉转,需要读者加以思考罢了。这种形式的标题因其观点含蓄,容易激起读者的注意。如《家庭联产承包制就是单干吗?》、《商品经济等同于资本主义经济吗?》等。
3、交代内容范围。这种形式的标题,从其本身的角度看,看不出作者所指的观点,只是对文章内容的范围做出限定。拟定这种标题,一方面是文章的主要论点难以用一句简短的话加以归纳;另一方面,交代文章内容的范围,可引起同仁读者的注意,以求引起共鸣。这种形式的标题也较普遍。如《试论我国农村的双层经营体制》、《正确处理中央和地方、条条与块块的关系》、《战后西方贸易自由化剖析》等。
4、用判断句式。这种形式的标题给予全文内容的限定,可伸可缩,具有很大的灵活性。文章研究对象是具体的,面较小,但引申的思想又须有很强的概括性,面较宽。这种从小处着眼,大处着手的标题,有利于科学思维和科学研究的拓展。如《从乡镇企业的兴起看中国农村的希望之光》、《科技进步与农业经济》、《从“劳动创造了美”看美的本质》等。
5、用形象化的语句。如《激励人心的管理体制》、《科技史上的曙光》、《普照之光的理论》等。
标题的样式还有多种,作者可以在实践中大胆创新。
(二)副标题和分标题
为了点明论文的研究对象、研究内容、研究目的,对总标题加以补充、解说,有的论文还可以加副标题。特别是一些商榷性的论文,一般都有一个副标题,如在总标题下方,添上“与××商榷”之类的副标题。
另外,为了强调论文所研究的某个侧重面,也可以加副标题。如《如何看待现阶段劳动报酬的差别——也谈按劳分配中的资产阶级权利》、《开发蛋白质资源,提高蛋白质利用效率——探讨解决吃饭问题的一种发展战略》等。
设置分标题的主要目的是为了清晰地显示文章的层次。有的用文字,一般都把本层次的中心内容昭然其上;也有的用数码,仅标明“一、二、三”等的顺序,起承上启下的作用。需要注意的是:无论采用哪种形式,都要紧扣所属层次的内容,以及上文与下文的联系紧密性。
对于标题的要求,概括起来有三点:一要明确。要能够揭示论题范围或论点,使人看了标题便知晓文章的大体轮廓、所论述的主要内容以及作者的写作意图,而不能似是而非,藏头露尾,与读者捉迷藏。二要简炼。、论文的标题不宜过长,过长了容易使人产生烦琐和累赘的感觉,得不到鲜明的印象,从而影响对文章的总体评价。标题也不能过于抽象、空洞,标题中不能采用非常用的或生造的词汇,以免使读者一见标题就如堕烟海,百思不得其解,待看完全文后才知标题的哗众取宠之意。三要新颖。标题和文章的内容、形式一样,应有自己的独特之处。做到既不标新立异,又不落案臼,使之引人入胜,赏心悦目,从而激起读者的阅读兴趣。
二、目录
一般说来,篇幅较长的毕业论文,都没有分标题。设置分标题的论文,因其内容的层次较多,整个理论体系较庞大、复杂,故通常设目录。
设置目录的目的主要是:
1、使读者能够在阅读该论文之前对全文的内容、结构有一个大致的了解,以便读者决定是读还是不读,是精读还是略读等。
2、为读者选读论文中的某个分论点时提供方便。长篇论文,除中心论点外,还有许多分论点。当读者需要进一步了解某个分论点时,就可以依靠目录而节省时间。
目录一般放置在论文正文的前面,因而是论文的导读图。要使目录真正起到导读图的作用,必须注意:
1、准确。目录必须与全文的纲目相一致。也就是说,本文的标题、分标题与目录存在着一一对应的关系。
2、清楚无误。目录应逐一标注该行目录在正文中的页码。标注页码必须清楚无误。
3、完整。目录既然是论文的导读图,因而必然要求具有完整性。也就是要求文章的各项内容,都应在目录中反映出来,不得遗漏。
目录有两种基本类型:
1、用文字表示的目录。
2、用数码表示的目录。这种目录较少见。但长篇大论,便于读者阅读,也有采用这种方式的。
三、内容提要
内容提要是全文内容的缩影。在这里,作者以极经济的笔墨,勾画出全文的整体面目;提出主要论点、揭示论文的研究成果、简要叙述全文的框架结构。
内容提要是正文的附属部分,一般放置在论文的篇首。
写作内容提要的目的在于:
1、为了使指导老师在未审阅论文全文时,先对文章的主要内容有个大体上的了解,知道研究所取得的主要成果,研究的主要逻辑顺序。
2、为了使其他读者通过阅读内容提要,就能大略了解作者所研究的问题,如果产生共鸣,则再进一步阅读全文。在这里,内容提要成了把论文推荐给众多读者的“广告”。
因此,内容提要应把论文的主要观点提示出来,便于读者一看就能了解论文内容的要点。论文提要要求写得简明而又全面,不要罗哩罗嗦抓不住要点或者只是干巴巴的几条筋,缺乏说明观点的材料。
内容提要可分为报道性提要和指示性提要。
报道性提要,主要介绍研究的主要方法与成果以及成果分析等,对文章内容的提示较全面。
指示性提要,只简要地叙述研究的成果(数据、看法、意见、结论等),对研究手段、方法、过程等均不涉及。毕业论文一般使用指示性提要。举例如下:
市场经济条件下的政府,固然应服从上级规划部署的全局,但主要的着眼点应放在对下负责,对本地的经济发展,对本地的人民生活水平提高负责,这才是发展全局经济的前提,从而也自然在根本上符合对上负责。
变部门“齐抓共管”企业为共同服务于企业,应成为部门工作的.主要重点。(摘自《政府在市场经济中
如何定位》一文的内容提要)
内容提要的写作要求可以概括为“全、精、简、实、活”。具体说来:
1、内容提要要求具有完整性。即不能把论文中所阐述的主要内容(或观点)遗漏。提要应写成一篇完整的短文,可以独立使用。
2、重点要突出。内容提要须突出论文的研究成果(或中心论点)和结论性意义的内容,其他各项可写得简明扼要。
3、文字要简炼。内容提要的写作必须字斟句酌,用精练、概括的语言表述,每项内容不宜展开论证说明。
4、陈述要客观。内容提要一般只写课题研究的客观情况,对工作过程、工作方法以及研究成果等,不宜作主观评价,也不宜与别人的研究作对比说明。一项研究成果的价值,自有公论,大可不必自我宣扬。因而,实事求是也是写作内容提要的基本原则。
5、语言要生动。提要既要写得简明扼要,又要生动活泼,引人入胜,在词语润色、表达方法和章法结构上要尽可能体现文彩,以求唤起读者阅读正文的欲望。
四、正文
正文包括绪论、本论、结论三部分。这是毕业论文最重要的组成部分,其它章节有专门详细论述,这里不再重复。
五、参考文献
参考文献又叫参考书目,它是指作者在撰写毕业论文过程中所查阅参考过的著作和报刊杂志,它应列在毕业论文的末尾。列出参考文献有三个好处:一是当作者本人发现引文有差错时,便于查找校正。二是可以使毕业论文答辩委员会的教师了解学生阅读资料的广度,作为审查毕业论文的一种参考依据。三是便于研究同类问题的读者查阅相关的观点和材料。
当然,论文所列的参考文献必须是主要的,与本论文密切相关的,对自己写成毕业论文起过重要参考作用的专著、论文及其它资料。不要轻重不分,开列过多。
毕业论文结尾怎么写
感谢我的养我的黄土高原,感谢父老乡亲,感谢一把屎一把尿把我喂大的父母。感谢我幼儿园给我擦PP的小王阿姨,感谢被我在小学被我用小刀割烂裙子的女生,如果当时没有这个经历的话我现在去经历就不好了吧。
感谢幼儿园到大学期间拒绝过我的无数女生,不是你们我那有这么多时间从事我的技术研究,你们对我真好,我理解你们。还感谢那些被我拒绝的女生们(虽然目前还没有,但我相信以后也不会有的)。
感谢寝室里的患难兄弟,是你们4年来对我的蹂躏才使我的意志品质变的如此坚强,大学真锻炼人呀。
还感谢陪我玩网络游戏的同学,我们一起砍怪物的日子我永远也不会忘记,感谢网络游戏中的朋友,尤其是我们团长,是你给了我好多装备,让我身心得到愉悦,更好的投身到毕业设计的工作中。
感谢冯·诺依曼先生。是他整出了世界上的第一台计算机,才使得我们这些后人鸟枪换炮,由“剪刀加糨糊”的“学术土匪”晋级为“鼠标加剪贴板”的“学术海盗”。
感谢比尔·盖茨先生。他以大无畏的英雄主义精神和牺牲主义精神毅然从哈佛辍学,将人类的历史推进到了信息时代。在信息的高速路上我们畅通无阻,正是借助了网络我们才得以找到了丰富翔实的论文、资料。可以说,比尔·盖茨先生以他的辍学换来了我们几百万中国大学生的毕业。
感谢百度和Google公司。他们的搜索功能庞大、快捷又免费,让我们很方便地搜索到了我们所需要的“论文材料”。有了这些“论文材料”,我们才得以顺利完成我们的“百衲衣”论文。更感谢Google公司增设了翻译功能,它的翻译不仅正确率高而且功能强大,一次便可翻译一整篇论文。我们的外文文献,全赖于此。
感谢我的导师。他放下神圣的师道尊严,以朋友的身份告诉我怎样完成这篇论文。他告诉我如何搜集资料;他告诉我如何快捷地找到相关论文;他告诉我哪个学校的网站有本专业的硕士、博士论文;他指导我如何利用手头上的论文取舍嫁接整合。本论文的完成,离不开他的悉心指导和孜孜不倦地教诲。
感谢负责答辩的老师。在我也不明白所写为何物的情况下,他们只问了我两个问题——都知道写的什么吗?知道;参考文献都看了么?看了。之后便让我通过了答辩。他们是如此和蔼可亲的老师,他们是如此善解人意的老师,他们是如此平易近人而又伟大的老师。
感谢那些与我朝夕相处了四年的同学。这些日子,他们和我一块努力奋斗共进共退,相互鼓励相互扶持,你帮我找我帮你找,互通有无,及时沟通,以免出现论文撞车事件。
1、道理开头 (1)法国作家雨果说过:“世界上最宽阔的是海洋,比海洋更宽阔的是天空,比天空更宽阔的是我们的胸怀。”学会宽容,让宽容之花在心中绽放。 (2)莎士比亚名剧《威尼斯商人》中有一段台词:“宽容就像天上的细雨滋润着大地。它赐福于宽容的人,也赐福于被宽容的人。我们应该学会对别人表现宽容……。”的确,在生活中,我们应该让宽容之火在心中燃起。 2、引用材料开头:依米花在干燥的非洲荒漠中,在黑暗地底下努力寻找着它赖以生存的养分,而所有这些努力只为了它的愿景——以七彩的花瓣与高空毒日争艳,即使为此而耗尽生命也在所不惜。愿景成就美丽人生。3、托物起兴开头:依米花,因“愿景”终就五色斑斓;荆棘鸟,因“愿景”终究美妙歌声。物如此,人依然。拥有愿景,并为之奋斗,美好明天属于你。 4、比喻性开头 (1)如果说生活是一条奔腾的河流,那么责任则是其中最美的一朵浪花;如果说生活是一方璀璨的星空,那么宽容则是其中最亮的一颗星辰……。有了责任,生活将更加美好。 (2)生活如海,宽容作舟,泛舟于海,方知海之深阔;生活如山,宽容为径,循径登山,方知山之高大;生活如歌,宽容是曲,和曲而歌,方知歌之动听。因此:人生需要宽容。 (说明:比喻性开头通常情况下都要用到排比句式,两句三句都可以) 5、陈述性开头(最一般性开头) 在这个纷纷扰扰的世界里,人与人之间必然会存在一些误会和摩擦,因此,我们必须学会宽容。 6、化虚为实开头
很多同学都想知道英语议论文有没有模板可以用,我整理了一些作文模板,大家一起来看看吧。
1) From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that …从以上的讨论我们可以肯定地得出结论,即…
2) Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that…把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论…
3) Overall, there is compelling evidence that …, and it follows that in this respect …总的说来,令人信服的证据是…,而且在这方面随之而来的是…
4) The analysis we have made leads to a sound idea that …由我们的分析得出一个正确的见解,即…
5) Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论…
1. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory The problem should be examined in a new way
2. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…
3. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclusion that…
4. As it is described that…
5. It has been illustrated that…
1. Nowadays,the Internet has been playing an important role in our everyday life There are two sides of opinion about it.Some students say … is their favorite They think that… (理由一)What’s more, …(理由二)Moreover, … (理由三)
2. However, others think that… is a better choice There are three reasons (然而,其余的人认为做某事是一种较好的选择,有三个方面的理由) Firstly, … (第一) Secondly, (第二)Last but not least, …(最后也是最重要的是)
3. As far as I am concerned that can't live without the Internet The reason why is that…(……的原因是……)
4. Nowadays,the Internet has been playing an important role in our everyday life There are many advantages in it Firstly, … (第一) Secondly, (第二)Last but not least, …(最后也是最重要的是)
5. As far as I am concerned that it has more disadvantages than advantages(依我看,它有更多好处多于坏处)… However,we also try to use it in a right way , not waste a lot of time in it
以上就是一些英语作文模板的相关信息,供大家参考。
英语写作能力的培养不是一日之功,必须从平时的练习中一点点培养。巧用一些经典句型会为作文添加一点亮色,多得一点印象分。本文整理了英语议论文常用的开头和结尾,希望对大家有帮助。
要求文章结构必须十分严谨,文章各个部分的功能都要十分清晰,开头、中间和结尾都有严格的要求。英语议论文共有三大特点:
1、观点鲜明的开头
2、紧扣主题的结尾
3、有主题句并且衔接自然的中间段落
另外,英语文章和汉语不同的是段落的主题句一定要放在段首,而不能按照中文的写作习惯放在段落的中间或者最后,换句话说,每段的内容都是根据首句来展开的,其顺序不能颠倒。
在中心统一这个问题,应该遵循英文议论文的写作思路和习惯:表示支持则旗帜鲜明地支彻彻底底地反对,而不能采取“墙头草两边倒”的做法。
1.It goes without saying that…不言而喻…
2.It can be said with certainty that…可以肯定地说……
3.As the proverb says,正如谚语所说的,
4.It has to be noticed that…必须注意到…
5.It's generally recognized that…普遍认为…
1. It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation.
很紧迫的是应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展
2. From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second.
在我看来,支持第一种观点比第二种更有道理.
3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that……
我无法完全同意这一观点
4.As far as I am concerned/In my opinion……
就我而言……
5. Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why ……
最后,坦率地说,还有另外一个实际的原因……
导语:议论文是 英语写作 中的一种体裁,下面是我收集整理的英语议论文万能写作模板,希望对你有帮助!
一.开头句型
1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言 比如说:就我而言 As far as I concerned 2 It can be said with certainty that... +从句 可以肯定地说......
3.As the proverb says, 正如 谚语 所说的, 可以用来引用名言名句
4 .It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到,...
5 .Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...
6 .Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...
7 .Its hardly that... 这是很难的......
8 Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问,无可否认
9 .Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…
10 .whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…
二.衔接句型
1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...
3 But the problem is not so simple. Therefore,+句子 ( 然而问题并非如此简单,所以……) 4 .But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是… it’s a pity that….遗憾的是。。。
5 In spite of the fact that...尽管事实...... In spite of 尽管
6 .Further, we hold opinion that... 此外,我们坚持认为,...
7 .However , the difficulty lies in..+名词或者动名词 .然而,困难在于…
8.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样,我们要注意...
9 As it has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的… (可以用来对前面所说的话进行补充说明)
10.In this respect, 从这个角度上
11.However, 然而…
三.结尾句型
1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…
2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此,我们有理由相信…
3.All things considered,总而言之 = In a word=In conclusion
It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......
4.Therefore, in my opinion,因此,在我看来,
5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论,我们可以得出结论…
6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是,....
7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论
8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来,如果……也许更好
四.举例句型
1. Here is one more example这里有不止一个的例子
2.Take … for example.就拿……为例子
五.常用于引言段的句型
1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…
To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for thee reasons below. 坦率地说,我不能同意他们的意见,理由如下。
2. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的,因为… 1
3. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意….这一观点的说法…
4. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展,越来越多…
5 It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…
6. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言,我完全同意前者/后者的观点。
六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法
1. A is completely different from B. (A和B完全不同)
2 The difference between A and B is lies in +名词或者动名词 ( A和B不同的地方是。。。) .
七 演绎法常用的句型
1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……,但一般,他们可以归结为三个主要的。
2. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.有很多方法可以解决这个问题,但下面的可能是最有效的。 ( 可以用在保护环境等话题的作文)
4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.一般来说,这些优势可以列举如下。
5. The reasons are as follows. 。。。的理由如下 (可以用来列举理由原因)
八 因果推理法常用句型
1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。
2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。
3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。
4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书,我们已经学到了很多。
英语演讲稿万能开头:
1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.
2. 俗话说(常言道)……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使在今天,它在许多场合仍然适用。
There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.
3. 现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.
4. 现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外(而且)……。
Nowadays,it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides,______.
5. 任何事物都是有两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception,it has both advantages and disadvantages.
英语演讲稿万能结尾句:
1、简单地向听众表达自己的谢意,如:
Thank you for your listening.谢谢你们的聆听。
Thank you very much again.再次感谢大家。
Thank you for your attention…谢谢你们…
I'd appreciate you all for careful listening.非常感谢你们的仔细聆听。
2、可以在结束的时候点明自己已经结束了演讲,并且向听众表达谢意,如:
This is the end of my speech. thank you very much for being here.我的演讲到此结束。非常感谢你们的到来。
I have finished delivering my speech. thank you for your support and your kind attention.我已经结束了我的演讲了。谢谢你的支持和关心。
3、可以在结束的时候表达自己非常高兴能在这里分享自己的想法,如:
I am very glad to be here today to share my thoughts with all of you.我很高兴今天能在这里与大家分享我的想法。
英语演讲稿的组成部分:
从大的方面看,英语演讲词实际上是属于一种特殊的说明文或议论文,其基本组成部分是:
(1)开始时对听众的称呼语
最常用的是Ladies and gentlemen,也可根据不同情况,选用Fellow students,Distinguished guests,Mr Chairman,Honorable Judges(评委)等等
(2)提出论题
由于演讲的时间限制,必须开门见山,提出论题。提出论题的方法有各种各样,但最生动,最能引起注意的是用举例法。
比如:你要呼吁大家关心贫穷地区的孩子,你可以用亲眼看到的或者收集到的那些贫穷孩子多么需要帮助的实例开始。另外,用具体的统计数据也是一个有效的引出论题的方法,比如:你要谈遵守交通规则的话题,你可以从举一系列有关车辆、车祸等的数据开始。
3)论证
对提出的论题,不可主观地妄下结论,而要进行客观的论证。这是演讲中最需要下功夫的部分。关键是要把道理讲清楚。常见的论证方法有举例法、因果法、对比法等等,可参见英语议论文的有关章节。
(4)结论
结论要简明扼要,以给听众留下深刻印象。