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Brief analysis family indoor design color factor[Abstract] color is the emotional expression of a language, it is an expression of the human heart in some very complex feelings. Color design is known as the "soul." It is the interior design of the most vivid, the most active, has a pivotal position. The success of design is the color we can meet the aesthetic demands of the residents is to express individuality. [Key words] color interior designFirst, color interior design is an important part of the The interior color design to be considered by a lot of factors which include space, form, structure, light, materials and colors. However, the design factors are often ignored is the color. This approach is often the color will not achieve the best results. Color choice should be included in the overall design of the building, and not like to deal with after the deal. The success of design is the color of all colors and other materials as a color combination to deal with. The most successful interior design and color of the overall design objectives. Second, the interior design of the basic requirements for color Interior design in color, there are many factors that influence the design of color. The main factors include the inherent interior. For example: the use of space for different purposes, such as workshops, wards, obviously taking into account the requirements of color, reflect the character and atmosphere of the formation varies. Another example: interior design can be different color space, in the form of further stressed or weakened. Of course, is also the interior design color reference, in a different direction under natural light colors are different, there are differences in a sense of well-being, may be used to adjust the color. Factors include the "residents". For example: the use of space, the type of person. Men, women and children of color requires a lot of difference between the colors should meet the preferences of the residents, another example: a user's activities in space and the use of the length of time. Learning classrooms, industrial production workshop, a variety of activities and work, require a different line of sight conditions, in order to improve efficiency, safety and comfort. Finally, should also be factors, including the space around which the environmental factors. Color and the environment are closely linked, especially in the interior, reflective color can affect the other colors. And a different environment, through the outdoor landscape can be reflective to the interior, the color should also be made to coordinate with the surrounding environment.Third, the color of the interior design 1. Color coordination. Indoor color design is the fundamental problem of color matching issues, Van Gogh said: "There is no bad colors, only with bad." Color effect of different colors depending on the relationship between the same color in different background conditions, a The results can be very different. Visual organs in accordance with the natural physiological conditions, with different colors on request. There will be a lot of visual color phenomenon. The vision colors of the organ to stimulate the instinct to carry out the swap in order to maintain visual physiological balance, and only when the color of the complementary relationship-building, the only vision and balance are met. 2. Indoor color composition. Color in the interior composition can often play a special role. (1) can cause people to hide or attention. (2) objects can have a swelling sense of contraction. (3) color can be fabricated in the form of indoor space, to break the pattern of the original space. (4) Color Indoor enable the object of varieties, materials, texture, form each other to form internal relations.
求求你！我不会你给我分好吗？
The relationship between painting and design of Thoughts Abstract: This paper analyzes the painting and design of the mission, characteristics, similarities and differences and development, objective and profound, scientifically described the relationship between the two. Key words: graphic design mission relations Artists and designers will sometimes cause some controversy. Some believe that painting and design belong to art, as long as martial art, engaging in design is not a problem; while another view is: just by painting the foundation to engage in the design is not enough. Therefore, it is necessary to seriously consider the mission of both painting and design, clarify the various relationships between them, this is art and design education and practice of such constructive. First, painting and design characteristics, mission, distinguish Although the painting and design are both creative activities, but have their own characteristics and mission. Specifically, the painting has been watching the feature, reflecting the ideological, spiritual, emotional catharsis and aesthetic expression, etc., so, drawing a non-material, non-utilitarian, non-pragmatic. Innovation is the art of life, and achieved through personalization reflects, at all times and each have a distinguished painter had a very personalized creative works, showing his typical style and features. Painters (especially modernist painter), in order to demonstrate the vitality of work, according to their wishes, in the skills, materials and tools, applications as they please without considering his work can not be understood by, enjoy, accept or endorse . In this regard, Van Gogh is a typical master as he created a lot of great, but at the time could not be widely accepted. The design has a distinct practical value, the production design, development and commercial activity has accompanied it, along with the commodity economy, intense competition occurs. Multi-level design is embodied in the rational thinking is reflected in the design and function of the first question, through science and technology, materials, technology, machinery, comprehensive level of industrial production, production of various products and ultimately satisfy the consumer society essential for survival of the material needs and spiritual needs. Therefore, the design is the material, utilitarian and practical, is not fully seat of your pants to complete, but more needs to accept and obey the general consumer's needs, culture, taste and lifestyle. For example, various types of electrical appliances from design to production, from market to consumer use, the whole design process reflects the need to consider various factors such as design, planning, marketing, consumption, production, cost, corporate culture, brand, design ideas, design styles and trends and other issues, to find the best expression, the designer's vision into a consumer to accept and adopt the reality. Second, similarities and differences between art and design Painting and design are two major branches of art, they share a common, belong to the creative activity, but there are essential differences, the relationship between the two belong to two different types of relationships between industry, specifically in the following aspects. First of all, painting and design making and implementation in process there is different way. Although the painting is an art, but the whole painting
1.引言景观设计是环境设计的组成部分，大到绵延几十公里的风景区规划，小到十几平方米的庭院设计，都属于景观设计的范畴。本文的景观设计定位于城市景观设计的层次上，选择城市景观设计作为切入点，从中研究分析一般的设计要素和方法，是比较适宜的。近年来，我们生活的城市发生了很大的变化，大批的广场绿地、商业步行街、主题公园、街头小品出现在我们的视觉以内，影响着我们的感观和行为方式。而新建的住宅小区都以景观优美的园林作为卖点，影响着人们的思维和购买心理。景观设计已经不知不觉中走到了我们的周围，走近了我们的身边，并对我们施展着潜移默化的作用。你可以不到美术馆去欣赏艺术品，但你不得不在城市环境中行走，不得不在居住小区的环境中活动，它的景观视觉美感、造型形态、色彩、材质、以及在阳光下灯光下呈现出来的效果，时时会刺激你的目光，影响你的行为和心理的变化。一个有良好景观的城市环境、居住环境，为人们提供了物质功能和精神功能双重价值。“诗意的栖居”始终是人们内心的向往，而景观设计正式通过提高生活品质，提升生活品位，以人为主体，以空间环境为客体，构架着现实通向理想的桥梁。2.景观的概念景观（Landscape），什么是景观，无论是在西方还是在东方，都是一个美丽而难以说清的概念。哪怕是同一景象，不同的人都有不同的理解。景观是人类的栖息地，景观是人类的工艺品，景观是需要科学分析方法能被理解的物质系统，景观是有待解决的问题，景观是可以带来财富的资源，景观是反映社会伦理、道德和价值观念的意识形态，景观是历史，景观是美。我们可以从景观与人的物我关系与景观的艺术性、科学性、场所性及符号性入手，来认识景观。2.1 景观的视觉美的含义：外在人眼中的景象景观作为城市景象景观的设计与创造，实际上也就是创造城市、造建筑的城市。景观作为视觉审美对象的含义，经历了一些微妙的变化。第一个变化来源于文艺复兴时期对乡村土地的贪欲，即景观作为城市的延伸；其二则来源于工业革命中后期对城市的恐惧和憎恶，即景观作为对工业城市的对抗。景观作为城市的延伸和附属 人们最早注意到的景观是城市本身，“景观的视野随后从城市扩展到了乡村，是乡村也成为景观”。文艺复兴之前的欧洲封建领主制度将人束缚在君权之下，人被束缚在土地之中，大自然充满神秘和恐怖，且又为人类生活之母，对土地的眷恋和依赖，使得人如母亲襁褓之中的婴儿。城市资本主义的兴起使人从土地中解放出来，土地的价值从生活和生存所必须的使用价值，转变成为可以交换的商品和资源，人与土地第一次分离而成为城里人。新兴的城市贵族通过强大的资本勾画其理想的城市，同时不断的向乡村扩展，将其作为城市的附属。1420年前后发明的ts原理，使理想城市的模式成为一个完全几何、数学的围有围墙的图案。在几何中心是一个大的开放空间，被行政建筑所包围：国王的宫殿，法院的大楼，主教堂，监狱，财务大楼和军事中心。这样的理想城市是为行政办公及法律公正而设立的，是为了城市生活而设计的，是纯粹理想化的。理想城市模式与文艺复兴时期的绘画一样，遵循了严格的比例关系和美学原则。而景观作为城市的延伸，也被同样的审美标准来设计和建造，因此有了凡尔塞为代表的巴洛克造园。景观作为城市的逃避 景观作为视觉美的含义的第二个转变，源于工业化带来的城市环境的恶化。工业化本身是文艺复兴的成果，但是至少从19世纪下半叶开始，在欧洲和美国各大城市，城市环境极度恶化。城市作为文明和高雅的形象被彻底破坏。相反成为了丑陋和恐怖的场所，而自然原野和田园成为了逃避的场所。因此。作为审美对象的景观也从欣赏和赞美城市，转向爱恋和保护田园。因此才有以Olmsted为代表的景观设计师的出现和景观设计学的诞生。一般来说，这个诞生的时间被确认为是1863年5月；因此才有以倡导田园风光为主调的美国城市公园运动，和以保护自然原始美景为主导的美国国家公园体系；因此也才有霍华德那深得人心的田园城市和随后的田园郊区运动。2.2 景观的栖息地含义：内在人的生活体验景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印 每一景观都是人类居住的家，或者说是潜在的家。中国古代山水画把可居性作为画境和意境的最高标准。所谓的“山水有可行者，有可望者，有可居者，有可游者……但可行可望不如可居可游之为得”（郭熙、郭思《林泉高致》）。无论是作画还是赏画，实质上都是一种卜居的过程。也就是场所概念（place）的深层含义。这便又回到哲学家海得歌尔的栖居概念。栖居的过程实际上与自然的力量与过程相互作用，以便取得和谐的过程，大地上的景观是人类为了生存和生活而对自然的适应、改造和创造的结果。同时，栖居的过程也是建立在人与人和谐相处的过程。因此，作为栖息地的景观，是人与人，人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。景观是内在人的生活体验 景观作为人在其中生活的地方，把具体的人和具体的场所联系在一起。景观是由场所构成的，而场所的结构又是通过景观来表达的。与时间和空间的概念一样，场所是无处不在的，人离不开场所，场所是人于地球和宇宙中的立足之处，场所使无变为有，使抽象变具体，是人在冥冥之中有了一个认识和把握外界空间和认识及定位自己的出发点和终点。2.3 景观作为系统的含义：科学、客观的解读在一个景观系统中，至少存在着五个层次以上的生态关系：第一是景观与外部系统的关系，如哈尼族村寨的核心生态流是水。哀劳山中，山有多高，水有多深，高海拔将南太平洋的暖湿气流截而为雨，在被灌溉，饮用和洗涤利用之后，流到干热的红河谷地，而后蒸腾、蒸发回大气，经降雨又回到本景观之中，从而有了经久不衰的元阳梯田和山上茂密的丛林，这是全球及区域生态系统科学研究的对象。根据Lovelock的盖娅理论，大地本来是一个生命体：地表、空气、海洋和地下水等通过各种生物的物理的和化学的过程，维持着一个生命的地球。第二是景观内部各个元素之间的生态关系，即水平生态过程。来自大气的雨、雾，经过村寨上丛林的截流、涵养，成为终年不断的涓涓细流，最先被引入寨中人所共饮的蓄水池；再流经家家户户门前的洗涤池，汇入寨中和寨边的池塘，那里是耕牛沐浴和养鱼的场所，最后富含养分的水流，被引入寨子下方的层层梯田，灌溉着他们的主要作物——水稻。这种水平生态过程，包括水流、物种流、营养流与景观空间格局的关系，正是景观生态学的主要研究对象。第三种生态关系，是景观元素内部的结构与功能的关系，如丛林作为一个森林生态系统，水塘作为一个水域生态系统，梯田本身作为一个农田系统，其内部结构与物质和能量流的关系，这是一种在系统边界明确情况下的垂直生态关系，其结构是食物链和营养阶，功能是物质循环和能量流动，这是生态系统生态学的研究对象。第四种生态关系则存在于生命和环境之间，包括植物与植物个体之间与群体之间的竞争、共生关系，是生物对环境的适应，及个体与群体的进化和演替过程，这便是植物生态、动物生态、个体生态、种群生态所研究的对象。第五种生态关系则存在于人类与其环境之间的物质、营养及能量的关系，这是人类生态学所要讨论的。当然，人类本身的复杂性，包括其社会、文化、政治性以及心理因素都使得人与人、人与自然的关系变得十分复杂。已远非人类生态本身所能解决，因此又必须借助社会学、文化生态、心理学、行为学等学科对景观进行研究。城市景观作为一个生态系统，几乎包含了所有上诉生态过程，而成为城市生态学的研究对象。2.4 景观作为符号的含义：人类理想和历史的书人类是符号动物，景观是一个符号传播的媒体，是有含义的，它记载着一个地方的历史，包括自然和社会历史；讲述着动人的故事，包括美丽的或者是凄惨的故事；讲述着土地的归属，也讲述着人与土地，人与人，以及人与社会的关系，因此行万里路，如读万卷书。这本书是由符号和语言写成的，“景观具有语言的所有特征，它包含着话语中的单词和构成——形状图案、结构、材料、形态和功能。所有景观都是由这些组成的。如同单词的含义一样，景观组成的含义是潜在的，只存在于上下文中才能显示。景观语言也有方言，它可以是实用的，也可以是诗意的。海得歌尔把语言比喻成人们栖居的房子。景观语言是人类最早的语言，是人类文字及数字语言的源泉。“河出图，洛出书”固然是一个神话传说，但它却生动的说明了中国文字与数字起源于对自然景观中自然物及现象的观察和启示的过程。同文字语言一样，景观语言可以用来说，读和书写，为了生存和生活——吃、住、行、求偶和生殖，人类发明了景观语言，如同文字语言一样，景观语言是社会的产物。景观语言是为了交流信息和情感的，同时也是为了庇护和隔离的，景观语言所表达的含义只能部分地为外来者所读懂，而有很大部分只能为自己族群的人所共享，从而在交流中维护了族群内部的认同，而有效的抵御外来者的攻击。景观中的基本名词是石头、水、植物、动物和人工构筑物，他们的形态、颜色、线条和质地是形容词和状语。这些元素在空间上的不同组合，便构成了句子、文章和充满意味的书。一本关于自然的书，关于这个地方的书，以及关于景观中人的书。当然，要读懂，读者就必须要有相应的知识和文化。不同的社会文化背景的人，如同上下文关系中的景观语言一样，是有多重含义的，这都是因为人是符号的动物；而景观符号，是人类文化和理想的载体。3.景观设计的概念景观设计是指通过对环境的设计使人与自然相互协调，和谐共存。她是大工业时代的产物、科学与艺术的结晶，融合了工程和艺术、自然与人文科学的精髓，创造一个高品质的生活居住环境，帮助人们塑造一种新的生活意识，更是社会发展的趋势。3.1 景观设计所涵盖的领域景观设计具有广泛的领域，大到国土与区域规划设计，小到庭院，甚至室内的绿色空间设计；从纯自然的生态保护和恢复，到城市中心地段的空间设计，都是景观设计多涵盖的领域。以下就初步的谈一下景观设计所涵盖的领域：3.1.1城镇规划景观设计师很早就开始担当城市物质空间的规划角色，城镇规划是城市空间的中心规划。城镇规划是针对城市与乡镇的规划与设计。规划者运用区域规划技术与法规、常规规划、概念规划、土地使用研究和其他方法来确定城市地域内的布局与组织。城镇规划也涉及到“城市设计”内容，如广场、街道景观等开放空间与公共空间的发展。3.1.2场地和社区规划环境设计是景观设计专业的核心问题。涉及到居住区、商业、工业、各机构的室内空间以及公共空间等室外空间的细部设计。它把场地作为艺术研究的对象来看待，综合平衡室内与室外的软、硬表面，建筑物与植物的材料选择以及灌溉、栽培等基础设施建设和详细的构筑物的规划说明与准备等。场地规划以某一地块内的建筑和自然元素的协调与安排为基础，场地规划项目涉及单幢建筑的土地设计、办公区公园设计、购物中心或整个居住社区的地块设计等。从更大的职业范围讲，基地设计还包括基地内自然元素与人工元素的秩序性、效率性、审美性以及生态等敏感性的组织与整合。其中，基地的自然环境包括地形、植物、水系、野生动物和气候。敏感性的设计有利于减少环境压力与消耗，从而提高基地的价值。(接下面！)
The relationship between painting and design of Thoughts Abstract: This paper analyzes the painting and design of the mission, characteristics, similarities and differences and development, objective and profound, scientifically described the relationship between the two. Key words: graphic design mission relations Artists and designers will sometimes cause some controversy. Some believe that painting and design belong to art, as long as martial art, engaging in design is not a problem; while another view is: just by painting the foundation to engage in the design is not enough. Therefore, it is necessary to seriously consider the mission of both painting and design, clarify the various relationships between them, this is art and design education and practice of such constructive. First, painting and design characteristics, mission, distinguish Although the painting and design are both creative activities, but have their own characteristics and mission. Specifically, the painting has been watching the feature, reflecting the ideological, spiritual, emotional catharsis and aesthetic expression, etc., so, drawing a non-material, non-utilitarian, non-pragmatic. Innovation is the art of life, and achieved through personalization reflects, at all times and each have a distinguished painter had a very personalized creative works, showing his typical style and features. Painters (especially modernist painter), in order to demonstrate the vitality of work, according to their wishes, in the skills, materials and tools, applications as they please without considering his work can not be understood by, enjoy, accept or endorse . In this regard, Van Gogh is a typical master as he created a lot of great, but at the time could not be widely accepted. The design has a distinct practical value, the production design, development and commercial activity has accompanied it, along with the commodity economy, intense competition occurs. Multi-level design is embodied in the rational thinking is reflected in the design and function of the first question, through science and technology, materials, technology, machinery, comprehensive level of industrial production, production of various products and ultimately satisfy the consumer society essential for survival of the material needs and spiritual needs. Therefore, the design is the material, utilitarian and practical, is not fully seat of your pants to complete, but more needs to accept and obey the general consumer's needs, culture, taste and lifestyle. For example, various types of electrical appliances from design to production, from market to consumer use, the whole design process reflects the need to consider various factors such as design, planning, marketing, consumption, production, cost, corporate culture, brand, design ideas, design styles and trends and other issues, to find the best expression, the designer's vision into a consumer to accept and adopt the reality. Second, similarities and differences between art and design Painting and design are two major branches of art, they share a common, belong to the creative activity, but there are essential differences, the relationship between the two belong to two different types of relationships between industry, specifically in the following aspects. First of all, painting and design making and implementation in process there is different way. Although the painting is an art, but the whole painting
好不容易上完四年大学，最后写论文了还得让别人写！~唉......自己反省吧
你好， foreknown下文从工业设计属性出发，讲到发展进程，立法权益保护还有产品设计的相关内容，字数有限，希望能多给你参考，期望能帮得上你。Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and sales.The term "industrial design" is often attributed to the designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied it in later interviews) but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States.Definition of industrial design Water kettle designed by Peter Behrens in 1909 A Braun stereo Vox Phantom guitar, 1962General Industrial Designers are a cross between an engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement, but they can affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.In Depth "Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer" according to the IDSA (Industrial Designers Society of America).Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange."Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design also has a focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of function and ergonomics of use (the so-called functionalist school）。Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft.Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from there.LegislationsIndiaIndia's Design Act, 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement. The new act, (earlier Patent and Design Act, 1911 was repealed by this act) now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any articlewhether in two or three dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manualal or mechanical or chemical, separate or combimed, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely bt the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of construction.CanadaCanada's industrial design act affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered; there is no protection if the design is not registered. The Industrial Design Act (R.S., c. I-8) defines "design" or "industrial design" to mean features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the eye.During the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or rent, any article in respect of which the design is registered." The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published designs.United KingdomIn addition to the design protection available under Community designs, UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right. The unregistered right, which exists automatically if the requirements are met can last for up to 15 years. The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees。United StatesU.S. design patents last fourteen years from the date of grant and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects. Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright -- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade dress, but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or "secondary meaning." It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations; trade dress protection cannot be used to prevent others from competing on the merits.Product designProduct design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service. Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible through products in a more systematic approach. The role of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manager, industrial designer and design engineer.The term is sometimes confused with industrial design, which defines the field of a broader spectrum of design activities, such as service design, systems design, interaction design as well as product design.[citation needed] The role of the product designer combines art, science and technology to create tangible three-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken greater manpower in the past.Skills neededProduct designers are equipped with the skills needed to bring products from conception to market. They should have the ability to manage design projects, and subcontract areas to other sectors of the design industry. Aesthetics is considered important in Product Design but designers also deal with important aspects including technology, ergonomics, usability, stress analysis and materials engineering.As with most of the design fields the idea for the design of a product arises from a need and has a use. It follows a certain method and can sometimes be attributed to more complex factors such as association and telesis. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).ApplicationSome companies or individuals have particularly strong feel for developing new products than others. In the modern world these include especially technological companies like iRobot, Google or Nokia. Many product designers are strategic assets to companies that need to maintain a competitive edge in innovation.
1.引言景观设计是环境设计的组成部分，大到绵延几十公里的风景区规划，小到十几平方米的庭院设计，都属于景观设计的范畴。本文的景观设计定位于城市景观设计的层次上，选择城市景观设计作为切入点，从中研究分析一般的设计要素和方法，是比较适宜的。近年来，我们生活的城市发生了很大的变化，大批的广场绿地、商业步行街、主题公园、街头小品出现在我们的视觉以内，影响着我们的感观和行为方式。而新建的住宅小区都以景观优美的园林作为卖点，影响着人们的思维和购买心理。景观设计已经不知不觉中走到了我们的周围，走近了我们的身边，并对我们施展着潜移默化的作用。你可以不到美术馆去欣赏艺术品，但你不得不在城市环境中行走，不得不在居住小区的环境中活动，它的景观视觉美感、造型形态、色彩、材质、以及在阳光下灯光下呈现出来的效果，时时会刺激你的目光，影响你的行为和心理的变化。一个有良好景观的城市环境、居住环境，为人们提供了物质功能和精神功能双重价值。“诗意的栖居”始终是人们内心的向往，而景观设计正式通过提高生活品质，提升生活品位，以人为主体，以空间环境为客体，构架着现实通向理想的桥梁。2.景观的概念景观（Landscape），什么是景观，无论是在西方还是在东方，都是一个美丽而难以说清的概念。哪怕是同一景象，不同的人都有不同的理解。景观是人类的栖息地，景观是人类的工艺品，景观是需要科学分析方法能被理解的物质系统，景观是有待解决的问题，景观是可以带来财富的资源，景观是反映社会伦理、道德和价值观念的意识形态，景观是历史，景观是美。我们可以从景观与人的物我关系与景观的艺术性、科学性、场所性及符号性入手，来认识景观。2.1 景观的视觉美的含义：外在人眼中的景象景观作为城市景象景观的设计与创造，实际上也就是创造城市、造建筑的城市。景观作为视觉审美对象的含义，经历了一些微妙的变化。第一个变化来源于文艺复兴时期对乡村土地的贪欲，即景观作为城市的延伸；其二则来源于工业革命中后期对城市的恐惧和憎恶，即景观作为对工业城市的对抗。景观作为城市的延伸和附属 人们最早注意到的景观是城市本身，“景观的视野随后从城市扩展到了乡村，是乡村也成为景观”。文艺复兴之前的欧洲封建领主制度将人束缚在君权之下，人被束缚在土地之中，大自然充满神秘和恐怖，且又为人类生活之母，对土地的眷恋和依赖，使得人如母亲襁褓之中的婴儿。城市资本主义的兴起使人从土地中解放出来，土地的价值从生活和生存所必须的使用价值，转变成为可以交换的商品和资源，人与土地第一次分离而成为城里人。新兴的城市贵族通过强大的资本勾画其理想的城市，同时不断的向乡村扩展，将其作为城市的附属。1420年前后发明的ts原理，使理想城市的模式成为一个完全几何、数学的围有围墙的图案。在几何中心是一个大的开放空间，被行政建筑所包围：国王的宫殿，法院的大楼，主教堂，监狱，财务大楼和军事中心。这样的理想城市是为行政办公及法律公正而设立的，是为了城市生活而设计的，是纯粹理想化的。理想城市模式与文艺复兴时期的绘画一样，遵循了严格的比例关系和美学原则。而景观作为城市的延伸，也被同样的审美标准来设计和建造，因此有了凡尔塞为代表的巴洛克造园。景观作为城市的逃避 景观作为视觉美的含义的第二个转变，源于工业化带来的城市环境的恶化。工业化本身是文艺复兴的成果，但是至少从19世纪下半叶开始，在欧洲和美国各大城市，城市环境极度恶化。城市作为文明和高雅的形象被彻底破坏。相反成为了丑陋和恐怖的场所，而自然原野和田园成为了逃避的场所。因此。作为审美对象的景观也从欣赏和赞美城市，转向爱恋和保护田园。因此才有以Olmsted为代表的景观设计师的出现和景观设计学的诞生。一般来说，这个诞生的时间被确认为是1863年5月；因此才有以倡导田园风光为主调的美国城市公园运动，和以保护自然原始美景为主导的美国国家公园体系；因此也才有霍华德那深得人心的田园城市和随后的田园郊区运动。2.2 景观的栖息地含义：内在人的生活体验景观是人与人、人与自然关系在大地上的烙印 每一景观都是人类居住的家，或者说是潜在的家。中国古代山水画把可居性作为画境和意境的最高标准。所谓的“山水有可行者，有可望者，有可居者，有可游者……但可行可望不如可居可游之为得”（郭熙、郭思《林泉高致》）。无论是作画还是赏画，实质上都是一种卜居的过程。也就是场所概念（place）的深层含义。这便又回到哲学家海得歌尔的栖居概念。栖居的过程实际上与自然的力量与过程相互作用，以便取得和谐的过程，大地上的景观是人类为了生存和生活而对自然的适应、改造和创造的结果。同时，栖居的过程也是建立在人与人和谐相处的过程。因此，作为栖息地的景观，是人与人，人与自然关系在大地上的烙印。景观是内在人的生活体验 景观作为人在其中生活的地方，把具体的人和具体的场所联系在一起。景观是由场所构成的，而场所的结构又是通过景观来表达的。与时间和空间的概念一样，场所是无处不在的，人离不开场所，场所是人于地球和宇宙中的立足之处，场所使无变为有，使抽象变具体，是人在冥冥之中有了一个认识和把握外界空间和认识及定位自己的出发点和终点。2.3 景观作为系统的含义：科学、客观的解读在一个景观系统中，至少存在着五个层次以上的生态关系：第一是景观与外部系统的关系，如哈尼族村寨的核心生态流是水。哀劳山中，山有多高，水有多深，高海拔将南太平洋的暖湿气流截而为雨，在被灌溉，饮用和洗涤利用之后，流到干热的红河谷地，而后蒸腾、蒸发回大气，经降雨又回到本景观之中，从而有了经久不衰的元阳梯田和山上茂密的丛林，这是全球及区域生态系统科学研究的对象。根据Lovelock的盖娅理论，大地本来是一个生命体：地表、空气、海洋和地下水等通过各种生物的物理的和化学的过程，维持着一个生命的地球。第二是景观内部各个元素之间的生态关系，即水平生态过程。来自大气的雨、雾，经过村寨上丛林的截流、涵养，成为终年不断的涓涓细流，最先被引入寨中人所共饮的蓄水池；再流经家家户户门前的洗涤池，汇入寨中和寨边的池塘，那里是耕牛沐浴和养鱼的场所，最后富含养分的水流，被引入寨子下方的层层梯田，灌溉着他们的主要作物——水稻。这种水平生态过程，包括水流、物种流、营养流与景观空间格局的关系，正是景观生态学的主要研究对象。第三种生态关系，是景观元素内部的结构与功能的关系，如丛林作为一个森林生态系统，水塘作为一个水域生态系统，梯田本身作为一个农田系统，其内部结构与物质和能量流的关系，这是一种在系统边界明确情况下的垂直生态关系，其结构是食物链和营养阶，功能是物质循环和能量流动，这是生态系统生态学的研究对象。第四种生态关系则存在于生命和环境之间，包括植物与植物个体之间与群体之间的竞争、共生关系，是生物对环境的适应，及个体与群体的进化和演替过程，这便是植物生态、动物生态、个体生态、种群生态所研究的对象。第五种生态关系则存在于人类与其环境之间的物质、营养及能量的关系，这是人类生态学所要讨论的。当然，人类本身的复杂性，包括其社会、文化、政治性以及心理因素都使得人与人、人与自然的关系变得十分复杂。已远非人类生态本身所能解决，因此又必须借助社会学、文化生态、心理学、行为学等学科对景观进行研究。城市景观作为一个生态系统，几乎包含了所有上诉生态过程，而成为城市生态学的研究对象。2.4 景观作为符号的含义：人类理想和历史的书人类是符号动物，景观是一个符号传播的媒体，是有含义的，它记载着一个地方的历史，包括自然和社会历史；讲述着动人的故事，包括美丽的或者是凄惨的故事；讲述着土地的归属，也讲述着人与土地，人与人，以及人与社会的关系，因此行万里路，如读万卷书。这本书是由符号和语言写成的，“景观具有语言的所有特征，它包含着话语中的单词和构成——形状图案、结构、材料、形态和功能。所有景观都是由这些组成的。如同单词的含义一样，景观组成的含义是潜在的，只存在于上下文中才能显示。景观语言也有方言，它可以是实用的，也可以是诗意的。海得歌尔把语言比喻成人们栖居的房子。景观语言是人类最早的语言，是人类文字及数字语言的源泉。“河出图，洛出书”固然是一个神话传说，但它却生动的说明了中国文字与数字起源于对自然景观中自然物及现象的观察和启示的过程。同文字语言一样，景观语言可以用来说，读和书写，为了生存和生活——吃、住、行、求偶和生殖，人类发明了景观语言，如同文字语言一样，景观语言是社会的产物。景观语言是为了交流信息和情感的，同时也是为了庇护和隔离的，景观语言所表达的含义只能部分地为外来者所读懂，而有很大部分只能为自己族群的人所共享，从而在交流中维护了族群内部的认同，而有效的抵御外来者的攻击。景观中的基本名词是石头、水、植物、动物和人工构筑物，他们的形态、颜色、线条和质地是形容词和状语。这些元素在空间上的不同组合，便构成了句子、文章和充满意味的书。一本关于自然的书，关于这个地方的书，以及关于景观中人的书。当然，要读懂，读者就必须要有相应的知识和文化。不同的社会文化背景的人，如同上下文关系中的景观语言一样，是有多重含义的，这都是因为人是符号的动物；而景观符号，是人类文化和理想的载体。3.景观设计的概念景观设计是指通过对环境的设计使人与自然相互协调，和谐共存。她是大工业时代的产物、科学与艺术的结晶，融合了工程和艺术、自然与人文科学的精髓，创造一个高品质的生活居住环境，帮助人们塑造一种新的生活意识，更是社会发展的趋势。3.1 景观设计所涵盖的领域景观设计具有广泛的领域，大到国土与区域规划设计，小到庭院，甚至室内的绿色空间设计；从纯自然的生态保护和恢复，到城市中心地段的空间设计，都是景观设计多涵盖的领域。以下就初步的谈一下景观设计所涵盖的领域：3.1.1城镇规划景观设计师很早就开始担当城市物质空间的规划角色，城镇规划是城市空间的中心规划。城镇规划是针对城市与乡镇的规划与设计。规划者运用区域规划技术与法规、常规规划、概念规划、土地使用研究和其他方法来确定城市地域内的布局与组织。城镇规划也涉及到“城市设计”内容，如广场、街道景观等开放空间与公共空间的发展。3.1.2场地和社区规划环境设计是景观设计专业的核心问题。涉及到居住区、商业、工业、各机构的室内空间以及公共空间等室外空间的细部设计。它把场地作为艺术研究的对象来看待，综合平衡室内与室外的软、硬表面，建筑物与植物的材料选择以及灌溉、栽培等基础设施建设和详细的构筑物的规划说明与准备等。场地规划以某一地块内的建筑和自然元素的协调与安排为基础，场地规划项目涉及单幢建筑的土地设计、办公区公园设计、购物中心或整个居住社区的地块设计等。从更大的职业范围讲，基地设计还包括基地内自然元素与人工元素的秩序性、效率性、审美性以及生态等敏感性的组织与整合。其中，基地的自然环境包括地形、植物、水系、野生动物和气候。敏感性的设计有利于减少环境压力与消耗，从而提高基地的价值。(接下面！)
图书馆查一下吧 应该上面有地址的
1、新美术2、装饰3、美术研究4、美术观察5、美术6、南京艺术学院学报.美术与设计版7、世界美术8、美苑以上这些都是中文核心。发表有二种形式，一直接向杂志社投稿，二通过代理发表。
不同的论文需要修改的原因和内容有所不同。有的稿件学术上很有价值但论文的写作水平欠佳；有的论文结构很好但细节上需要充实；而对中国作者的英文论文而言，文字上需要修改和提高的很普遍，大部分还需要学术表述和论文结构上的改进。 现在国际上的英文学术期刊大多是同行审稿(PEER REVIEW)，即请两位审稿人(REVIEWERS) 审阅一篇论文，有的是三位或更多 (也有的刊物是由编委会的成员审稿，不对外邀请)。但不论是几位，每一位审稿人的意见都很重要，作者要认真考虑。修改后的论文还要再重新回到主编或编辑部进行复审。许多期刊邀请参与复审和初审的人是一样的，所以作者在修改论文原稿时，最好能按审稿人提出的修改意见，仔细全面地修改彻底，否则修改后的论文很有可能不会顺利通过复审。有些论文修改一次就可以过关，被刊物采纳。但也有不少论文要反复修改许多遍，才最后被刊物接纳发表。在网上投稿的论文每经过一次修改，在投稿系统上都有记录，作者和主编均可以随时查询(参阅“国际英文科技期刊网上投稿详解”)。但无论文章修改过多少遍，只要没有被刊物接受，稿件就会始终徘徊在刊物的投稿系统内，不会进入出版社的出版系统。理论上讲，只有被编辑部最终接受的稿件，才会经主编或编辑部到达出版社，由出版社经手后进入出版程序。而送到出版社的稿件原则上讲必须是终稿，也称定稿，不能再有改动。换句话说，在此之前作者可以对论文的文字和内容进行不断的修改和补充，直到审稿人满意为止。然而一旦论文被期刊接受，稿件送到出版社后，作者对稿件的修改将受到极大的限制。作者可以在收到校样后对稿件进行有限制的改动，但对原稿的进一步完善则近乎不可能了。 有几家论文修改服务的公司也可供参考：essaystar,enpaper,internationalediting都提供相关的英文论文修改和编辑服务。 对作者而言, 精益求精，力求论文的完美无瑕是无可厚菲的。但从出版角度出发，不合事宜的追求完美会造成很多事与愿违的麻烦。笔者认为，送交出版社的稿件即然叫终稿就应该是名副其实的最后的定稿，不应该有大的错误，更不能再无休止地改动。尤其是科技文章，其出版和发表的核心重点是文章的科学内容，而不是文字和语言的华美。如果是科学内容有误，是一定要改动的。
具体看你想投什么样的期刊
和国内的投稿流程不会差的太大，
但你的文章要全是外文的，
还有交流可能不太方便。
没有想象中的那么难。
在还没有发英文的文章前，总觉得写一篇英文的文章是艰难万分，再加上道听途说，听那些有经验的人说审稿周期多长啦，审稿意见多难回答啊，整个过程多么复杂啊，所以对发英文SCI文章总是有一种恐惧感。有一段时间都心里安慰自己，这辈子就发发中文的文章吧，只要研究结果好，中文的照样可以引起别人的关注。再后来，身在国外，不得不用英文写文章，一段时间下来才发现，其实发英文文章不难，完全没有想象中的那么难。
请看在下的分析:
首先，大部分的英文期刊（在英国、美国出版的）都是被SCI收录的，这个要比入选SCI的中文期刊占所有中文期刊的比例大很多，所以在投稿的时候，基本上是不用考虑所选的英文期刊是不是被SCI收录的。只要是经常看的文献所在的期刊，基本上都是的。
在国内，有中文核心期刊跟科技核心期刊，中文核心要比科技核心层次上高一点。中文核心有一部分是SCI收录的，而科技核心的期刊给收录的非常少。那么换成英文期刊，就成了高影响因子的SCI期刊跟低影响因子的SCI期刊，只存在期刊水平的差别，不存在SCI跟非SCI的差别。
SCI一共收录3700多种期刊，所以按照研究领域划分的话，一篇文章可以找到几十个个可供投稿的期刊。如果是跨领域的文章，适合投稿的期刊的数量更多。反观中文的期刊，每一个领域一流的期刊的期刊也就是4-5个的样子。每期刊登的文章的数量受限，于与此同时，国内很多单位都有发文章的要求。在这种科研人员数量众多，一流期刊数量有限的僧多粥少的局面下，文章录用率是大大降低的。因此还不如主动出击，直接投英文的期刊。写英文的文章刚开始的时候是苦了一些，但是换来的将是更宽广的道路。
在审稿周期上，综合上看英文期刊的审稿周期反而是要比中文的短。当然，这里比较的是普通的SCI期刊跟国内一二流期刊的比较。国内的一些二三流的期刊的以收版面费为生。对文章的质量控制不严格，编辑觉得差不多的文章就录用了，文章的修改主要靠作者完成，这样的审稿周期确实很短。但是国内一流期刊的审稿周期都比较长，主要也是因为学术能力强的学者通常都兼带一些行政职务，平时都比较忙，审稿的事情自然是拖得比较久一点。
在审稿意见上，国外的审稿意见的确是要更加专业一些，要更难回答一些。但是从另外一个角度，这何尝不是一个提高自己能力的一个好机会。一个一针见血的意见要比那种笼统的审稿意见好多了。而且国外期刊的审稿意见基本上是不会出现同行相轻的恶意评价。
再说了，这些投稿步骤，都可以交给专业的论文公司如英论阁www.enago.cn处理。总结来说, 发表英文论文没有想象中的那么难。
问一下老师了，老师比你英语差，经验更丰富。另外,团IDC网上有许多产品团购,便宜有口碑
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毕业论文设计具有哪些要求：对于毕业论文来说，论文格式、排版等的要求都是统一的，内容要求上可能有所不同，导师一般都建议参考已经成功发表的论文，这样可以对毕业论文的写作有一个比较好的指导，那接下来就让我们一起来了解毕业论文设计具有哪些要求吧。
一、毕业论文（设计说明书)内容组成
毕业论文(设计说明书)应有以下几部分组成:1.毕业设计(论文)题目;
2.摘要(中、英文);
3.关键词;
4.目录;
5.正文;
6.参考文献;
7.致谢;
8.附录（可选)
二、毕业论文（设计说明书)撰写内容要求1.论文（设计说明书）题目
论文(设计说明书）题目应简短、明确、有概括性;字数要适当，一般不宜超过20个汉字。⒉.论文(设计说明书）摘要
论文(设计说明书）摘要以浓缩的形式概括课题的内容，中文摘要300汉字左右，英文摘要应与中文摘要相对应。
3.关键词
关键词是表述设计(论文)主题内容信息的单词或术语，关键词数量一般不超过6个。每个关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词不加标点符号。
4.目录
目录作为论文（设计说明书）提纲，是论文(设计说明书）各组成部分的小标题，文字应简明扼要。目录按章节排列编写，标明页数，便于阅读。章节、小节等应按数字依次标出。标题应层次清晰，并于正文中的标题一致。
5.正文
毕业论文（设计说明书)正文应包括前言、正文主体两部分。前言应说明课题的意义、目的、主要研究内容、范围及应解决的问题。正文主体是对设计研究工作和成果的详细表述，一般由标题、文字、图、表格和公式等部分组成。
你好， foreknown下文从工业设计属性出发，讲到发展进程，立法权益保护还有产品设计的相关内容，字数有限，希望能多给你参考，期望能帮得上你。Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of mass-produced products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of form, usability, user ergonomics, engineering, marketing, brand development and sales.The term "industrial design" is often attributed to the designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied it in later interviews) but the discipline predates that by at least a decade. Its origins lay in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance the Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and a precursor to the Bauhaus, was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on a competitive footing with England and the United States.Definition of industrial design Water kettle designed by Peter Behrens in 1909 A Braun stereo Vox Phantom guitar, 1962General Industrial Designers are a cross between an engineer and an artist. They study both function and form, and the connection between product and the user. They do not design the gears or motors that make machines move, or the circuits that control the movement, but they can affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. And usually, they partner with engineers and marketers, to identify and fulfill needs, wants and expectations.In Depth "Industrial Design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer" according to the IDSA (Industrial Designers Society of America).Design, itself, is often difficult to define to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not one made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design, "Design is the process of taking something from its existing state and moving it to a preferred state." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state is undefined and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved.According to the (Chartered Society of Designers) design is a force that delivers innovation that in turn has exploited creativity. Their design framework known as the Design Genetic Matrix (TM) determines a set of competences in 4 key genes that are identified to define the make up of designers and communicate to a wide audience what they do. Within these genes the designer demonstrates the core competences of a designer and specific competences determine the designer as an 'industrial designer'. This is normally within the context of delivering innovation in the form of a three dimensional product that is produced in quantity. However the definition also extends to products that have been produced using an industrial process.According to the ICSID, (International Council of Societies of Industrial Design) "Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles. Therefore, design is the central factor of innovative humanization of technologies and the crucial factor of cultural and economic exchange."Process of designAlthough the process of design may be considered 'creative', many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes can be chronological, or as best defined by the designers and/or other team members. Industrial Designers often utilize 3D software, Computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. Product characteristics specified by the industrial designer may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. However, some classic industrial designs are considered as much works of art as works of engineering: the iPod, the Jeep, the Fender Stratocaster, the Coke bottle, and the VW Beetle are frequently-cited examples.Industrial design also has a focus on technical concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns such as seduction, psychology, desire, and the emotional attachment of the user to the object. These values and accompanying aspects on which industrial design is based can vary, both between different schools of thought and among practicing designers.Product design and industrial design can overlap into the fields of user interface design, information design and interaction design. Various schools of industrial design and/or product design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design, to schools where aesthetic design is almost completely subordinated to concerns of function and ergonomics of use (the so-called functionalist school）。Industrial design rightsIndustrial design rights are intellectual property rights that protect the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. An industrial design consists of the creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft.Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs, a WIPO-administered treaty, a procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. Design rights started in the United Kingdom in 1787 with the Designing and Printing of Linen Act and have expanded from there.LegislationsIndiaIndia's Design Act, 2000 was enacted to consolidate and amend the law relating to protection of design and to comply with the articles 25 and 26 of TRIPS agreement. The new act, (earlier Patent and Design Act, 1911 was repealed by this act) now defines "design" to mean only the features of shape, configuration, pattern, ornament, or composition of lines or colours applied to any articlewhether in two or three dimensional, or in both forms, by any industrial process or means, whether manualal or mechanical or chemical, separate or combimed, which in the finished article appeal to and are judged solely bt the eye; but does not include any mode or principle of construction.CanadaCanada's industrial design act affords ten years of protection to industrial designs that are registered; there is no protection if the design is not registered. The Industrial Design Act (R.S., c. I-8) defines "design" or "industrial design" to mean features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornament and any combination of those features that, in a finished article, appeal to and are judged solely by the eye.During the existence of an exclusive right, no person can "make, import for the purpose of trade or business, or sell, rent, or offer or expose for sale or rent, any article in respect of which the design is registered." The rule also applies to kits and substantial differences are in reference to previously published designs.United KingdomIn addition to the design protection available under Community designs, UK law provides its own national registered design right and an unregistered design right. The unregistered right, which exists automatically if the requirements are met can last for up to 15 years. The registered design right can last up to 25 years subject to the payment of maintenance fees。United StatesU.S. design patents last fourteen years from the date of grant and cover the ornamental aspects of utilitarian objects. Objects that lack a use beyond that conferred by their appearance or the information they convey, may be covered by copyright -- a form of intellectual property of much longer duration that exists as soon as a qualifying work is created. In some circumstances, rights may also be acquired in trade dress, but trade dress protection is akin to trademark rights and requires that the design have source significance or "secondary meaning." It is useful only to prevent source misrepresentations; trade dress protection cannot be used to prevent others from competing on the merits.Product designProduct design can be defined as the idea generation, concept development, testing and manufacturing or implementation of a physical object or service. Product Designers conceptualize and evaluate ideas, making them tangible through products in a more systematic approach. The role of a product designer encompasses many characteristics of the marketing manager, product manager, industrial designer and design engineer.The term is sometimes confused with industrial design, which defines the field of a broader spectrum of design activities, such as service design, systems design, interaction design as well as product design.[citation needed] The role of the product designer combines art, science and technology to create tangible three-dimensional goods. This evolving role has been facilitated by digital tools that allow designers to communicate, visualize and analyze ideas in a way that would have taken greater manpower in the past.Skills neededProduct designers are equipped with the skills needed to bring products from conception to market. They should have the ability to manage design projects, and subcontract areas to other sectors of the design industry. Aesthetics is considered important in Product Design but designers also deal with important aspects including technology, ergonomics, usability, stress analysis and materials engineering.As with most of the design fields the idea for the design of a product arises from a need and has a use. It follows a certain method and can sometimes be attributed to more complex factors such as association and telesis. Also used to describe a technically competent product designer or industrial designer is the term Industrial Design Engineer. The Cyclone vacuum cleaner inventor James Dyson for example could be considered to be in this category (see his autobiography Against The Odds, Pub Thomson 2002).ApplicationSome companies or individuals have particularly strong feel for developing new products than others. In the modern world these include especially technological companies like iRobot, Google or Nokia. Many product designers are strategic assets to companies that need to maintain a competitive edge in innovation.
有人归纳了外刊论文撰写的五个基本要求，即5C：正确(correctness)、清楚(clarity)、简洁(concision)、完整(completion)和一致性(consistency)。只有在满足这5点要求的情况下才可以算是一篇合格的外刊文章。对此，我深表同意。下面，从外刊论文的基本结构分别来说明我的看法：1 Introduction我一直认为Introduction是外刊文章最为难写的部分之一(另外一个是Discussion)。中文文章的缺陷就在于Introduction没有内涵，过于简单，没有真正体现出一篇论文的研究起初和创新要素。应该说外刊论文对于Introduction的要求是非常高的，可以毫不夸张的说，一个好的Introduction就相当于文章成功了一半。所以大家应该在Introduction上集中足够的精力。我认为要写好一个Introduction，最重要的是要保持鲜明的层次感和极强的逻辑性，这两点是结合在一起的，即在符合逻辑性的基础上建立层层递进的关系。一开始，我们要首先阐述自己研究领域的基本内容，要尽量的简洁明了，不要罗里罗嗦一大堆。须知看文章的人都是该领域的专家，所以一些显而易见的知识要用概括性的而不是叙述性的语言来描述。接下来，就是Introduction的重头戏之一：文献的总结回顾。这一点要特别着重笔墨来描写。一方面要把该领域内的过去和现在的状况全面的概括总结出来，不能有丝毫的遗漏，特别是最新的进展和过去经典文献的引用。这是两个最容易出现的问题，应该是我们要极力避免的。如果一旦审稿人之处这两个毛病，很可能意味着说你做的不够深入或者全面，负面作用是非常明显的。另一方面，文献的应用和数据的提供一定要准确。片面的摘录部分结果而不反映文献的总体结果是千万要不得的。引用的数据也要正确，特别是间接引用的数据(即不是从原文献中查到的数据，而是从别人的文献中发现的另外一篇文献的数据)。数据出错会导致文章的印象大大失分。此外，引用文献的时候注意防止造成抄袭的印象，即不要原文抄录，要用自己的话来进行总结描述。如果审稿人正好是文献的引用者的话，这样做就会糟糕的。然后就是分析过去研究的局限性并且阐明自己研究的创新点，这是整个Introduction的高潮所在，所以更是要慎之又慎。阐述局限性的时候，需要注意的问题是要客观公正评价别人的工作，不要把抬高自己研究的价值建立在贬低别人的工作之上，这往往是我们写中文文章中容易犯的毛病。在外刊论文的写作中，这是万万要不得的，一定要遵循实事求是的原则来分析。在阐述自己的创新点时，要仅仅围绕过去研究的缺陷性来描述，完整而清晰的描述自己的解决思路。需要注意的是文章的摊子不要铺的太大，要抓住一点进行深入的阐述。只要能够很好的解决一个问题，就是一篇很好的文章了。创新性描述的越多越大，越容易被审稿人抓住把柄。中文文章的特点是创新性要多要大，而英文文章的特点恰恰相反：深入系统的解决一到两个问题就算相当不错。最后，就是总结性的描述论文的研究内容，可以分为一二三四等几个方面来描述，为Introduction做最后的收尾工作。至此，Introduction的写作算是大功告成。但是写完之后，还是要慎之又慎的仔细修改，仔细的琢磨里面的每一个句子是否表达的恰当准确，这对Introduction的修改完善是至关重要的。2 MethodsMethods部分是描述我们论文的实验过程(这是针对理工科而言，文科我不知道不能妄言)。这一过程的写作相对来说较为简单，但是需要注意的问题却不少，重要的在于完整和科学。完整就是实验当中的每一个环节都要注意到，不要顾此失彼，遗漏一些重要的内容。Methods部分一般可以按照实验对象、实验设备、实验材料、实验记录、实验分析方法等几个方面来进行组织。实验对象一般是人或者动物或者是一些组织等等，它们的基本信息要描述明确。此外需要注意的是国外的刊物大多对牵扯到人或者动物的实验都有一些特定的要求，有些是不允许在人或者动物身上进行的实验操作的，这需要认真阅读投稿刊物中关于实验的详细规定。如果违反这一规定的话，可能会不接受评审或者发表，这一点要特别注意。实验设备的描述中，要对仪器的型号、生产厂家、实验过程中的用途等做详细的说明(牵扯到保密项目的可能有另外的写法，我不清楚)。对实验设备之间的链接要做到科学正确，不要给人混乱或者操作错误的感觉。设备使用的时候一些必要的步骤不可或缺，尤其是有可能对实验结果造成特定影响的操作更是要详细说明。这样做的好处，是为了在Discussion中能够进行对应的分析。比如，一些设备在使用之前要首先进行校正(calibration)，有的要求每个阶段实验之后都要重新校正，以保证结果的正确性。这一点一定要详细说明你的操作步骤或者校正过程，便于评审人分析你的结果。实验材料的描述根据不同的学科应该有不同的要求，这里很难加以详细的描述。总体上来说要注意说明材料选择的必要性，也就是对为什么选择这种材料最好有一定的说明。如果这一点上描述不清的话，可能会导致整个实验过程是不成立的。实验过程就是讲自己实验的整个操作流程描述清楚，一般都要附加以实验的流程图进行说明。流程图的画法很多，有的是文字式的，有的式文字和示意图结合的，根据不同的实验有不同的做法。一般来说，可能后者多一些(对一些实验性学科来说尤其如此)，因为这样做能够使评审人对你的实验过程一目了然。如果示意图花的漂亮的话，还可以增强一些印象分。描述的时候，要有鲜明的层次感，对每个步骤之间的顺序和关联要描述清楚，不要造成实验过程混乱不堪的印象。因为最终评审人判断你的实验是否合理，是从这个过程的描述来的。只要能在上述4个方面做到完整和科学的描述，相信写好Methods不是问题。3 Results不少人在写论文的时候会把Results和Discussion两部分放在一起写，但是大多数的论文都是分成两个部分。这两种做法的选择，取决于文章的类型。如果你的结果在分析的同时进行讨论更加合适，并不适合单独拿出来分析(或者是那样做很困难，导致Discussion成为鸡肋的时候)，那么合在一起写是合适的;反之就要放在一起写。因为我没有放在一起写的经验，所以这里就只好单独分开来说了。希望有合在一起写经验的人能够补充这方面的内容。Results部分的要求是四个字：翔实准确。翔实就是要提供最为全面的分析结果，一切从你的实验当中能够得到的结果都应该提供给读者，不要故意的隐瞒或者遗漏某些重要的结果。准确就是结果必须是要真实的，不能是伪造合篡改的。从某种意义上来说，结果不够翔实并不会导致论文直接被拒，但是结果的真实性被人怀疑的话就肯定会被拒。在结果的提供上，一般是表格和图两种方式。不同的杂志对于图表的要求并不完全一致，应该要根据杂志的要求分别对待。表格的优点是能够清晰的展示论文获得的第一手结果，便于后人在研究时进行引用和对比。图的优点在于能够讲数据的变化趋势灵活的表现出来，表达上更为直接和富于感染力。应该来说，图表应该结合起来使用，这样能各自取长补短，使得结果的展现更加丰富。应该要提出的一点是：现在大家越来越喜欢给各种各样的图，但是杂志社的要求却是要尽量限制图的个数。因为这样子会增加排版的困难，版面也会增加，出版社的支出也就会增加。因此，我的建议是大家在提供图的时候，尽量用最少的图提供最多的信息，一般来说最多不要超过8个。图太多了，会显得过于罗索和累赘，主编那里就不会很欣赏。必要的时候可以用表格来替代一些图。图片的格式每个杂志不太一样，要求tif格式的比较多，不推荐使用bmp(jpg就更不能用)。有人说用矢量图清楚些，我的感觉和tif格式的没什么区别，只要足够清晰也就可以了。彩色图片的使用要慎重，因为黑白图片可以免费，但是彩色图片是绝对要收费，而且价格不菲。在Results和Discussion分开写的情况下，Results部分尽量不要设计对结果的评论，最多是总结的陈述结果也就可以了。否则造成这两部分的内容上的重叠，会显得很累赘，对Discussion的描述不利。结果的描述上也要注意层次之间的安排，要按照条理性的要求分别描述，显得有逻辑性一些。不要乱七八糟的堆在一起，只是给出来了就可以了。结果给的一团糟，会大大降低论文的可读性，吃亏的最终是自己。Results中大多都要提供统计性的结果，例如方差分析等。方差分析的结果形式要根据刊物的格式来给出，有的要求对分析值、自由度和概率都要详细的给出，有的则只要分析值和概率就可以了。概率可以用p=0.02或者p<0.03等形势给出，自由度的表达也有一些特殊要求。这些细节问题虽然关系不大，但是注意格式要统一，不要乱七八糟各自为战。统计分析结果过多时，可以用表格的方式来给出，具体上可以参照SPSS软件分析之后的结果。如果论文结果部分通篇都是统计分析的数据，会显得凌乱不堪，表格的形式会避免这种情况的发生。4 Discussion前面已经说过，Introduction和Discussion是整篇论文当中最为难写的两个部分。Discussion部分之所以难写，是因为这里面最能够显示一个作者研究问题的深度和广度。深度就是论文对于提出问题的研究到了一个什么样的程度，广度就是是否能够从多个较多来分析解释实验中的结果。要写好Discussion，我想大概可以分为下面两个步骤：第一，选择要深入讨论分析的问题。Results部分中，有的结果是重要的，有的则是一笔带过的。选择合适的结果在Discussion部分中进行深入的讨论，是写好该部分首先面临的一个问题。一般来说，可以根据一个简单的原则来判断：如果你得到的结果体现了实验的独特性，是其他研究中没有得到的结果，那么这个结果就是应该要重点讨论的问题。有些结果是和前人的研究相一致的，并没有显著性的差异，那么就应该一笔带过不要深入讨论，否则那只是重复别人的工作而已，没有任何价值。Discussion的一个重要作用就是要突出自己研究的创新性，体现出显著区别于他人的特点，区别大和小是另外一个问题，重要的在于有区别。第二，对选中的问题按照一定的层次从多个角度来进行讨论。选择的问题有时候不只一个(实际上多数情况下是2个以上)，所以描述的时候就要按照一定的层次描述清楚。一般来说要把最重要的放在中间，次之的放在开头和末尾。我觉得放在中间能够将评审人的情绪带至最高潮，前面是一个铺垫，后面是一个总结。这样的顺序似乎更合适一些，不妥之处还请诸位大家指正。无论问题大小，重要与否，都要从多个较多展开深入的讨论。这方面首先要有类似结果的对比，说明自己结论的独特性。其次，就要系统的阐述为什么会有这样的结果，方法可以有多种：从实验设计的角度，从理论原理的角度，从分析方法的角度，或者借鉴别人分析的方法等等。这并没有所谓一定的规则，重要的在于将这个问题深入的阐述清楚，不能让人有意犹未尽之感(这样其实很困难，因为评审人总是会提出新的问题，我们只能尽量做到这一点)。在Discussion中，需要特别指出的是要保持和Results的一致性，也就是结果和讨论要一一对应，前后呼应，相互衬托才可以。千万不要出现按照讨论的内容会推出与实验相反的结论这种事情，那就证明你的讨论思路是彻底的失败或者你的实验压根儿就是失败的。所以在Discussion的文字描述中，语言表达的精确性尤为重要。由于中英文表达习惯上的不同，总是会出现一些误解的情况，这一点要尽量在投稿之前解决好，否则由于这个问题导致被拒是很冤枉。到此为止，外刊论文的四个主题部分都介绍完了。有人说还少了Abstract和Conclusion，不过我认为只要上述四个部分解决好了，这两个写起来轻而易举，并且这两个部分也不属于评审人重点关注的问题(Abstract的重要性要略微高点)。下面再介绍一下另外两个部分：Acknowledge和References。关于Acknowledge部分，主要的内容分为两个：第一是表明研究的基金来源，象中国的话一般都是Nature Science Foundation of China(NSFC，国家自然科学基金)，美国的话大多是National Institute of Health(NIH，美国国家卫生研究院)。写上基金的时候一般都要标注清楚基金的号码(Grant Number)，只有这样才算是该项基金的研究成果，也可以算做实验室的研究成果。须知没有任何一项研究成果是在没有资金资助的情况下完成的，所以这一点非常必要。第二是对参与人员(没有列在作者中的研究人员)和单位表示感谢，如果通过一审和最终接受发表，还要添加上对editor和anonymous reviewers的感谢，这是一种最基本的礼貌。中国人的文章中很多人会少掉这部分，这一点很不好。关于References，重要的在于格式。不同的杂志对于参考文献的格式要求不一样，具体下来有所区别的可以分为：作者的写法，有的是简写在前，有的简写在后，有的简写有点，有的简写没有点;文章的名字，有的要加上引号，有的没有引号;期刊的写法，有的要简写，有的要全称，有的要斜体，有的则不需要;年和期卷号的顺序，有的是年在前，有的是年在后;期刊论文、书、学位论文、会议论文，四种引用的格式各不相同;文献的排列顺序，有的是按照字母的顺序，有的则是按照在论文中出现的顺序用阿拉伯数字排序。基本上就是这些问题，看来很是琐碎，但是如果你的参考文献排列的乱七八糟，那就会使得评审人对你论文的印象很差，认为你没有认知组织和撰写论文，造成一定的负面影响。所以，事情虽小，影响却大，还是要认真组织为好。此外，论文在撰写的时候要自始至终都用英语来写，千万不要先写中文再翻译成英文。这样写出来的文章肯定是中不中，英不英，而且还极大的浪费精力。宁可一开始写得语法差一些，但是慢慢修改都要比这种写法好。况且如果有同专业英语比较好的人帮助的话，那这样写就更加省事了。写作的时候，行文的时态要注意。中文没有时态的问题，但是英文有，而且要求还相当严格。一般来说，大多数情况下是过去时态，在Introduction文献的回顾，Methods的整个部分，Results结果的总结，Discussion中的大部分，都要用过去时态来陈述。其他情况下可以用一般时态来描述。时态之间的界限是比较严格的，最好是仔细的通读国外的论文好好分析一下，或者让有经验的人帮你把把关，这样比较好一些。我个人对于外刊论文主体写作上的体会就是这么多了，欢迎大家指正批评，希望对你有所帮助
好不容易上完四年大学，最后写论文了还得让别人写！~唉......自己反省吧