论文发表2021年6期

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编译 | 未玖

Science , 04 JUNE 2021, VOL 372, ISSUE 6546

《科学》 2021年6月4日，第372卷，6546期

天文学 Astronomy

The first 5 years of gravitational-wave astrophysics

引力波天体物理学的最初5年

作者：Salvatore Vitale

链接：

摘要

引力波是由天体加速产生的时空涟漪；是广义相对论的直接推论，于2015年首次被直接观察到。

研究者回顾了引力波探测的前5年。目前已发现了50多个引力波事件，这些事件是由中子星和黑洞等致密物体的合并产生的。

这些信号使人们对致密物体及其前身星的形成有了深刻见解，使广义相对论的严格检验成为可能，并将物质的行为限制在比原子核更高的密度范围内。

发射引力波和电磁波的耦合波可用于探测短伽马射线爆的形成和重元素的核合成，并测量宇宙的局部膨胀率。

Abstract

Gravitational waves are ripples in spacetime generated by the acceleration of astrophysical objects; a direct consequence of general relativity, they were first directly observed in 2015. Here, I review the first 5 years of gravitational-wave detections. More than 50 gravitational-wave events have been found, emitted by pairs of merging compact objects such as neutron stars and black holes. These signals yield insights into the formation of compact objects and their progenitor stars, enable stringent tests of general relativity, and constrain the behavior of matter at densities higher than that of an atomic nucleus. Mergers that emit both gravitational and electromagnetic waves probe the formation of short gamma-ray bursts and the nucleosynthesis of heavy elements, and they measure the local expansion rate of the Universe.

Revealing x-ray and gamma ray temporal and spectral similarities in the GRB 190829A afterglow

GRB 190829A余辉中X射线和γ射线的时间和光谱相似性

作者：H.E.S.S. Collaboration, H. Abdalla, F. Aharonian, F. Ait Benkhali, E. O. Angüner, C. Arcaro, et al.

链接：

摘要

伽马射线爆（GRBs）是银河系外源的γ射线明亮闪烁，之后余辉发射衰减，与恒星核坍塌事件有关。

研究组使用高能立体视野系统（H.E.S.S.），在爆发后4至56小时内观测到GRB 190829A余辉中的超高能（VHE）γ射线。GRB 190829A的低亮度和红移降低了内部和外部吸收，使其本征能谱可测。

在0.18-3.3 TeV的能量之间，该光谱由幂律描述，光子指数为2.07 0.09，类似于X射线光谱。X射线和VHEγ射线光曲线也显示出类似的衰减曲线。

X射线和γ射线波段的这些相似特征挑战了GRB余辉发射场景。

Abstract

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which are bright flashes of gamma rays from extragalactic sources followed by fading afterglow emission, are associated with stellar core collapse events. We report the detection of very-high-energy (VHE) gamma rays from the afterglow of GRB 190829A, between 4 and 56 hours after the trigger, using the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.). The low luminosity and redshift of GRB 190829A reduce both internal and external absorption, allowing determination of its intrinsic energy spectrum. Between energies of 0.18 and 3.3 tera–electron volts, this spectrum is described by a power law with photon index of 2.07 0.09, similar to the x-ray spectrum. The x-ray and VHE gamma-ray light curves also show similar decay profiles. These similar characteristics in the x-ray and gamma-ray bands challenge GRB afterglow emission scenarios.

材料科学 Materials Science

Tough hydrogels with rapid self-reinforcement

可快速自我强化的坚韧水凝胶

作者：Chang Liu, Naoya Morimoto, Lan Jiang, Sohei Kawahara, Takako Noritomi, Hideaki Yokoyama, et al.

链接：

摘要

大多数坚韧的水凝胶通过引入能够耗散输入能量的牺牲结构来增强。然而，由于牺牲损伤不能迅速恢复，这些凝胶的韧性在连续循环加载过程中大幅下降。

研究组提出了一种基于应变诱导结晶的水凝胶无损伤增强策略。对于聚乙二醇链高度取向并在大变形下相互暴露的滑动交联凝胶，结晶度形成并随着拉伸和收缩而软化，导致拉伸能几乎100%地快速恢复，以及6.6-22 MJ/m2的优良韧性，这比聚乙二醇共价交联均质凝胶的韧性大一个数量级。

Abstract

Most tough hydrogels are reinforced by introducing sacrificial structures that can dissipate input energy. However, because the sacrificial damage cannot rapidly recover, the toughness of these gels drops substantially during consecutive cyclic loadings. We propose a damageless reinforcement strategy for hydrogels using strain-induced crystallization. For slide-ring gels in which polyethylene glycol chains are highly oriented and mutually exposed under large deformation, crystallinity forms and melts with elongation and retraction, resulting both in almost 100% rapid recovery of extension energy and excellent toughness of 6.6 to 22 megajoules per square meter, which is one order of magnitude larger than the toughness of covalently cross-linked homogeneous gels of polyethylene glycol.

物理学 Physics

Establishing gold and platinum standards to 1 terapascal using shockless compression

用无冲击压缩法建立1太帕金和铂标准

作者：D. E. Fratanduono, M. Millot, D. G. Braun, S. J. Ali, A. Fernandez-Pañella, C. T. Seagle, et al.

链接：

摘要

新技术突破了1太帕以上高压物理学的前沿，导致了新发现，为凝聚态物质理论和先进数值方法提供了严格测试。然而，绝对确定压力状态的能力仍是一个挑战，需要良好校准的压密基准材料。

为了得到了金和铂的准绝对、高精度、压密状态方程，研究组在国家点火装置和Z机器上进行了无冲击动态压缩实验，并推导出两个实验约束的太帕条件下的压力标准。

建立极端压力的精确实验测定将有助于更好地将实验与理论联系起来，为提高人们理解这些极端条件下的物质反应而铺路。

Abstract

New techniques are advancing the frontier of high-pressure physics beyond 1 terapascal, leading to new discoveries and offering stringent tests for condensed-matter theory and advanced numerical methods. However, the ability to absolutely determine the pressure state remains challenging, and well-calibrated pressure-density reference materials are required. We conducted shockless dynamic compression experiments at the National Ignition Facility and the Z machine to obtain quasi-absolute, high-precision, pressure-density equation-of-state data for gold and platinum. We derived two experimentally constrained pressure standards to terapascal conditions. Establishing accurate experimental determinations of extreme pressure will facilitate better connections between experiments and theory, paving the way toward improving our understanding of material response to these extreme conditions.

化学 Chemistry

CO2 electrolysis to multicarbon products in strong acid

强酸中电解CO 2 生成多碳产物

作者：Jianan Erick Huang, Fengwang Li, Adnan Ozden, Armin Sedighian Rasouli, F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Shijie Liu, et al.

链接：

摘要

二氧化碳电还原（CO2R）作为一条将碳排放转化为有价值的化学品和燃料的颇有前景的途径，正被积极研究中。

然而，投入二氧化碳中有效还原的比例通常很低，对于多碳产品来说小于2%；在碱性和中性反应器中，其余部分与氢氧化物反应生成碳酸盐。

酸性电解质可以克服这一限制，但在这些条件下，析氢占主导地位。研究组报道称，在电化学活性位点附近浓缩钾离子会加速CO2活化，使酸中的CO2有效。

研究组在pH<1的铜上实现了CO2R，单次CO2利用率为77%，在电流密度为1.2 A/cm2、全电池电压为4.2 V时，对多碳产品（乙烯、乙醇和1-丙醇）的转化效率为50%。

Abstract

Carbon dioxide electroreduction (CO2R) is being actively studied as a promising route to convert carbon emissions to valuable chemicals and fuels. However, the fraction of input CO2 that is productively reduced has typically been very low, <2% for multicarbon products; the balance reacts with hydroxide to form carbonate in both alkaline and neutral reactors. Acidic electrolytes would overcome this limitation, but hydrogen evolution has hitherto dominated under those conditions. We report that concentrating potassium cations in the vicinity of electrochemically active sites accelerates CO2 activation to enable efficient CO2R in acid. We achieve CO2R on copper at pH <1 with a single-pass CO2 utilization of 77%, including a conversion efficiency of 50% toward multicarbon products (ethylene, ethanol, and 1-propanol) at a current density of 1.2 amperes per square centimeter and a full-cell voltage of 4.2 volts.

地球科学 Earth Science

Antarctic surface temperature and elevation during the Last Glacial Maximum

末次冰盛期南极地表温度和海拔

作者：Christo Buizert, T. J. Fudge, William H. G. Roberts, Eric J. Steig, Sam Sherriff-Tadano, Catherine Ritz, et al.

链接：

摘要

极地冰芯中的水稳定同位素是古气候重建中广泛使用的温度指标，但在东南极洲的校准仍具有挑战性。

研究组利用钻孔测温和七个冰芯的积雪特性，重建了南极末次冰盛期最大地表冷却的幅度和空间格局。

南极西部地区相对于前工业化时期降温约10 。南极东部地区降温4-7 ，这与包括冰芯空气含量数据所显示的地形变化影响在内的全球气候模型结果一致，但比用水稳定同位素校准的现代空间梯度所显示的要小。

冰川期南极逆温改变使该预测与水同位素观测相一致。

Abstract

Water-stable isotopes in polar ice cores are a widely used temperature proxy in paleoclimate reconstruction, yet calibration remains challenging in East Antarctica. Here, we reconstruct the magnitude and spatial pattern of Last Glacial Maximum surface cooling in Antarctica using borehole thermometry and firn properties in seven ice cores. West Antarctic sites cooled ~10 C relative to the preindustrial period. East Antarctic sites show a range from ~4 to ~7 C cooling, which is consistent with the results of global climate models when the effects of topographic changes indicated with ice core air-content data are included, but less than those indicated with the use of water-stable isotopes calibrated against modern spatial gradients. An altered Antarctic temperature inversion during the glacial reconciles our estimates with water-isotope observations.

编译 | 未玖

Science , 06 AUGUST 2021, VOL 373, ISSUE 6555

《科学》 2021年8月6日，第373卷，6555期

物理学 Physics

Quantum-enhanced sensing of displacements and electric fields with two-dimensional trapped-ion crystals

二维捕获离子晶体对位移和电场的量子增强传感

作者：Kevin A. Gilmore, Matthew Affolter, Robert J. Lewis-Swan, Diego Barberena, Elena Jordan, Ana Maria Rey.

链接：

摘要

完全可控的超冷原子系统正在为量子传感创造机会，但通过利用纠缠展示有价值应用中的量子优势仍然是一项具有挑战性的任务。

研究组实现了一个多体量子增强传感器，使用约150个捕获离子的晶体来探测位移和电场。晶体的质心振动模式作为高Q机械振荡器，集体电子自旋作为测量装置。

通过纠缠振荡器和集体自旋，并通过多体回波控制相干动力学，位移被映射为自旋旋转，同时避免了量子反作用和热噪声。

研究组实现了低于标准量子极限8.8 0.4分贝的位移灵敏度，以及在1秒内测量240 10纳伏/米的电场灵敏度。适当改进后应该能够利用捕获离子来寻找暗物质。

Abstract

Fully controllable ultracold atomic systems are creating opportunities for quantum sensing, yet demonstrating a quantum advantage in useful applications by harnessing entanglement remains a challenging task. Here, we realize a many-body quantum-enhanced sensor to detect displacements and electric fields using a crystal of ~150 trapped ions. The center-of-mass vibrational mode of the crystal serves as a high-Q mechanical oscillator, and the collective electronic spin serves as the measurement device. By entangling the oscillator and collective spin and controlling the coherent dynamics via a many-body echo, a displacement is mapped into a spin rotation while avoiding quantum back-action and thermal noise. We achieve a sensitivity to displacements of 8.8 0.4 decibels below the standard quantum limit and a sensitivity for measuring electric fields of 240 10 nanovolts per meter in 1 second. Feasible improvements should enable the use of trapped ions in searches for dark matter.

Modeling of emergent memory and voltage spiking in ionic transport through angstrom-scale slits

埃级别狭缝离子输运中的新兴记忆和电压尖峰模型

作者：Paul Robin, Nikita Kavokine, Lydéric Bocquet.

链接：

摘要

纳米流体学的最新进展使水能够限制在单个分子层内。这种单分子层电解质有望通过离子传输的分子控制实现生物激发功能。然而，人们对这些体系中的离子动力学的了解仍然很少。

研究组发展了一个由分子动力学模拟支持的分析理论，该理论预测了离子输运在准二维狭缝中的强非线性效应。

研究组发现，在电场作用下，离子聚集成细长的团簇，其缓慢的动力学行为导致滞后传导。这种现象被称为忆阻效应，可以用来构建基本神经元。

作为概念证明，研究组对两个纳米流体狭缝进行了分子模拟，重现了霍奇金-赫胥黎模型，并观察了具有神经形态活动特征的电压尖峰自发发射。

Abstract

Recent advances in nanofluidics have enabled the confinement of water down to a single molecular layer. Such monolayer electrolytes show promise in achieving bioinspired functionalities through molecular control of ion transport. However, the understanding of ion dynamics in these systems is still scarce. Here, we develop an analytical theory, backed up by molecular dynamics simulations, that predicts strongly nonlinear effects in ion transport across quasi–two-dimensional slits. We show that under an electric field, ions assemble into elongated clusters, whose slow dynamics result in hysteretic conduction. This phenomenon, known as the memristor effect, can be harnessed to build an elementary neuron. As a proof of concept, we carry out molecular simulations of two nanofluidic slits that reproduce the Hodgkin-Huxley model and observe spontaneous emission of voltage spikes characteristic of neuromorphic activity.

材料科学 Materials Science

Suppressing atomic diffusion with the Schwarz crystal structure in supersaturated Al–Mg alloys

施瓦茨晶体结构抑制过饱和铝镁合金中的原子扩散

作者：W. Xu, B. Zhang, X. Y. Li, K. Lu.

链接：

摘要

金属中的高原子扩散率可通过调整扩散过程实现其结构和性能的可调性，但这会导致其定制性能在高温下不稳定。通过制造单晶或大量合金化消除扩散界面有助于解决这一问题，但不会抑制高同系温度下的原子扩散。

研究组发现施瓦茨晶体结构在具有极细晶粒的过饱和铝镁合金中可有效抑制原子扩散。通过形成这些稳定的结构，纳米晶粒中扩散控制的金属间化合物析出及其粗化被抑制到平衡熔化温度，在此温度附近，表观跨边界扩散率降低了约七个数量级。

利用施瓦茨晶体结构开发先进的高温应用工程合金意义重大。

Abstract

High atomic diffusivity in metals enables substantial tuneability of their structure and properties by tailoring the diffusional processes, but this causes their customized properties to be unstable at elevated temperatures. Eliminating diffusive interfaces by fabricating single crystals or heavily alloying helps to address this issue but does not inhibit atomic diffusion at high homologous temperatures. We discovered that the Schwarz crystal structure was effective at suppressing atomic diffusion in a supersaturated aluminum–magnesium alloy with extremely fine grains. By forming these stable structures, diffusion-controlled intermetallic precipitation from the nanosized grains and their coarsening were inhibited up to the equilibrium melting temperature, around which the apparent across-boundary diffusivity was reduced by about seven orders of magnitude. Developing advanced engineering alloys using the Schwarz crystal structure may lead to useful properties for high-temperature applications.

Hierarchical-morphology metafabric for scalable passive daytime radiative cooling

被动日间辐射冷却的形态分级超材料织物

作者：Shaoning Zeng, Sijie Pian, Minyu Su, Zhuning Wang, Maoqi Wu, Xinhang Liu, et al.

链接：

摘要

将被动辐射冷却结构融入个人热管理技术可有效保护人类免受日益加剧的全球气候变化影响。

研究组发现，由于整个超材料织物中随机分散的散射体的形态分级设计，大规模编织的超材料织物可在大气窗口中具有94.5%的高发射率，在太阳光谱中具有92.4%的高反射率。

通过可扩展的工业纺织品制造路线，研究组的超材料织物在保持高辐射冷却能力的同时，展现出了商业服装理想的机械强度、防水性和透气性。实际应用测试表明，这种超材料织物覆盖的人体温度可比商用棉织物覆盖的人体温度低约4.8 。

超材料织物的成本效益和高性能为智能服装、智能纺织品和被动辐射冷却应用提供了巨大优势。

Abstract

Incorporating passive radiative cooling structures into personal thermal management technologies could effectively defend humans against intensifying global climate change. We show that large-scale woven metafabrics can provide high emissivity (94.5%) in the atmospheric window and high reflectivity (92.4%) in the solar spectrum because of the hierarchical-morphology design of the randomly dispersed scatterers throughout the metafabric. Through scalable industrial textile manufacturing routes, our metafabrics exhibit desirable mechanical strength, waterproofness, and breathability for commercial clothing while maintaining efficient radiative cooling ability. Practical application tests demonstrated that a human body covered by our metafabric could be cooled ~4.8 C lower than one covered by commercial cotton fabric. The cost-effectiveness and high performance of our metafabrics present substantial advantages for intelligent garments, smart textiles, and passive radiative cooling applications.

Semiconductor quantum dots: Technological progress and future challenges

半导体量子点：技术进步与未来挑战

作者：F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Dmitri V. Talapin, Victor I. Klimov, Yasuhiko Arakawa, Manfred Bayer, Edward H. Sargent.

链接：

摘要

在量子限域的半导体纳米结构中，电子表现出与块状固体不同的行为。这使得设计具有可调化学、物理、电学和光学特性的材料成为可能。

零维半导体量子点（QD）在可见光和红外波长范围内具有较强的光吸收和明亮的窄带发射，并已被设计用于显示器件光学增益和激光。这些特性对成像、太阳能采集、显示和通信都很有意义。

研究组详述了量子点纳米材料的合成和机理进展，重点介绍了胶体量子点，并讨论了它们在显示与照明、激光、传感、电子、太阳能转换、光催化和量子信息等技术方面的前景。

Abstract

In quantum-confined semiconductor nanostructures, electrons exhibit distinctive behavior compared with that in bulk solids. This enables the design of materials with tunable chemical, physical, electrical, and optical properties. Zero-dimensional semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) offer strong light absorption and bright narrowband emission across the visible and infrared wavelengths and have been engineered to exhibit optical gain and lasing. These properties are of interest for imaging, solar energy harvesting, displays, and communications. Here, we offer an overview of advances in the synthesis and understanding of QD nanomaterials, with a focus on colloidal QDs, and discuss their prospects in technologies such as displays and lighting, lasers, sensing, electronics, solar energy conversion, photocatalysis, and quantum information.

化学 Chemistry

Watching a hydroperoxyalkyl radical (•QOOH) dissociate

观察氢过氧烷基自由基（•QOOH）离解

作者：Anne S. Hansen, Trisha Bhagde, Kevin B. Moore III, Daniel R. Moberg, Ahren W. Jasper, Yuri Georgievskii, et al.

链接：

摘要

通过红外指纹图谱，研究人员可直接观察到一种在挥发性有机化合物氧化过程中短暂形成的典型氢过氧烷基自由基（•QOOH）中间体，可能量依赖性单分子衰变为羟基自由基和环醚产物。

在宽能量范围内，•QOOH单分子离解率直接时域测量的结果，与使用最先进的过渡态势垒区电子结构表征的理论预测结果一致。

大量重原子隧穿增强了单分子衰变，包括沿反应途径的O-O延伸和C-C-O角收缩。主方程模型对•QOOH中间体的压力依赖性热单分子离解率进行了全面的先验预测（重原子隧穿再次增加了该离解率），这是大气化学和燃烧化学全球模型所需的。

Abstract

A prototypical hydroperoxyalkyl radical (•QOOH) intermediate, transiently formed in the oxidation of volatile organic compounds, was directly observed through its infrared fingerprint and energy-dependent unimolecular decay to hydroxyl radical and cyclic ether products. Direct time-domain measurements of •QOOH unimolecular dissociation rates over a wide range of energies were found to be in accord with those predicted theoretically using state-of-the-art electronic structure characterizations of the transition state barrier region. Unimolecular decay was enhanced by substantial heavy-atom tunneling involving O-O elongation and C-C-O angle contraction along the reaction pathway. Master equation modeling yielded a fully a priori prediction of the pressure-dependent thermal unimolecular dissociation rates for the •QOOH intermediate—again increased by heavy-atom tunneling—which are required for global models of atmospheric and combustion chemistry.

翰-林论-文工-作室不错，你去问问看吧

论文2021年发表

孙丹丹。在2020到2021年四川发表最多；论文的学者是孙丹丹，一年的时间发布了六篇论文，最具有代表性的论文是《人类与自然》。

中国哲学史。逻辑学作为一门科学的逻辑，是既古老又年轻的。2021年逻辑学最佳学生论文在中国哲学史一杂志发表，中国哲学是世界几大类型的传统哲学之一，它致力于研究天人之间的关系和古今历史演变的规律，形成了自己独具特色的自然观、历史观、人性论、认识论和方法论，特别重视哲学与伦理的联系。逻辑学历史悠久，源远流长。

2021，36(4)意思为：2021年发表的，第36卷，第四期。例如：2005，12(1)：26-33，2005年发表的，12卷，第一期，第26~33。页括号中代表第几期。